Practical Design to Eurocode 2

Beams
Bending / Flexure
Shear
Detailing
Anchorage & Laps
Members & particular rules
Beams
Flexure
Section Design: Bending
Flexural design is generally the same as BS8110 in
principle
Modified for high strength concrete
EC2 presents the principles only
Design manuals will provide the standard solutions for
basic design cases.
As
d
q fcd
Fs
x
cs
x
ccu3
Fc
Ac
fck s 50 MPa 50 < fck s 90 MPa
0.8 = 0.8 (f
ck
50)/400
q 1.0 = 1,0 (fck 50)/200
f
cd
= o
cc
f
ck
/
c
= 0.85 f
ck
/1.5
Rectangular Concrete Stress
Block (3.1.7, Figure 3.5)
Analysis of a singly reinforced beam
Cl 3.1.7 EN 1992-1-1
Design equations can be derived as follows:
For grades of concrete up to C50/60,
cu
= 0.0035, q = 1 and = 0.8.
f
cd
= 0.85f
ck
/1.5,
f
yd
= f
yk
/1.15 = 0.87 f
yk
F
c
= (0.85 f
ck
/ 1.5) b (0.8 x) = 0.453 f
ck
b x
F
st
= 0.87A
s
f
yk
For horizontal equilibrium F
c
= F
st
0.453 f
ck
b x = 0.87A
s
f
yk
Guess A
s
Solve for x z = d - 0.4 x M = F
c
z
M
b
Maximum neutral axis depth
M
b
Moment Bending Elastic
Moment Bending ted Redistribu
= o d
u 2 1
x k k + > o EC2 Equ 5.10a
x
u
= Neutral axis depth after redistribution
EC2 NA gives k
1
= 0.4 and k
2
= 1.0
d
u
x 0.4 + > o
0.4 -
d
x
u
o s
ck
2
f bd
M
K =
Value of K for maximum value of M
with no compression steel and
when x is at its maximum value.
If K > K Compression steel required
Analysis of a Singly Reinforced
Beam3.1.7 EN 1992-1-1
Design equations can be derived as follows:
For grades of concrete up to C50/60,
cu
= 0.0035, q = 1 and = 0.8.
f
cd
= 0.85f
ck
/1.5,
f
yd
= f
yk
/1.15
F
c
= (0.85 f
ck
/ 1.5) b (0.8 x) = 0.453 f
ck
b x
F
st
= 0.87A
s
f
yk
Take moments about the centre of the tension force
M = 0.453 f
ck
b x z 1
M
b
Now z = d - 0.4 x
x = 2.5(d - z)
& M = 0.453 f
ck
b 2.5(d - z) z
= 1.1333 (f
ck
b z d - f
ck
b z
2
)
Let K = M / (f
ck
b d
2
)
K can be considered as the normalised bending resistance
0 = 1.1333 [(z/d)
2
(z/d)] + K
0 = (z/d)
2
(z/d) + 0.88235K
Section analysis
|
|
.
|

\
|
=
2
2
2 2
- 1.1333
bd f
bz f
bd f
bdz f
bd f
M
ck
ck
ck
ck
ck
0 = (z/d)
2
(z/d) + 0.88235K
Solving the quadratic equation:
z/d = [1 + (1 - 3.529K)
0.5
]/2
z = d [ 1 + (1 - 3.529K)
0.5
]/2
Rearranging
z = d [ 0.5 + (0.25 K / 1.134)
0.5
]
This compares to BS 8110
z = d [ 0.5 + (0.25 K / 0.9)
0.5
]
The lever arm for an applied moment is now known
Higher Concrete Strengths
f
ck
50MPa
)]/2 3,529K (1 d[1 z + =
)]/2 3,715K (1 d[1 z + =
f
ck
= 60MPa
f
ck
= 70MPa
f
ck
= 80MPa
f
ck
= 90MPa
)]/2 3,922K (1 d[1 z + =
)]/2 4,152K (1 d[1 z + =
)]/2 4,412K (1 d[1 z + =
Take moments about the centre of the compression force
M = 0.87A
s
f
yk
z
Rearranging
A
s
= M /(0.87 f
yk
z)
The required area of reinforcement can now be:
calculated using these expressions
obtained from Tables (eg Table 5 of How to beams and ConciseTable 15.5 )
obtained from graphs (eg from the Green Book)
However, it is often considered good practice to limit the depth of the
neutral axis to avoid over-reinforcement (ie to ensure a ductile failure).
This is not an EC2 requirement and is not accepted by all engineers. A
limiting value for K can be calculated (denoted K) as follows.
Design aids for flexure
Concise: Table 15.5
o > k
1
+ k
2
x
u
/d
where
k
1
= 0.4
k
2
= 0.6 + 0.0014/ c
cu2
= 0.6 + 0.0014/0.0035 = 1
x
u
= depth to NA after redistribution
o = Redistribution ratio
x
u
= d (o - 0.4)
Substituting for x in eqn 1 above and rearranging:
M = b d
2
f
ck
(0.6 o 0.18 o
2
- 0.21)
K = M /(b d
2
f
ck
) = (0.6 o 0.18 o
2
- 0.21)
From BS 8110 K = (0.55 | 0.18 |
2
0.19) rearranged
Some engineers advocate taking x/d < 0.45, and K < 0.168
Beams with Compression
Reinforcement
There is now an extra force F
sc
= 0.87A
s2
f
yk
The area of tension reinforcement can now be
considered in two parts, the first part to balance the
compressive force in the concrete, the second part is to
balance the force in the compression steel. The area of
reinforcement required is therefore:
A
s
= K f
ck
b d
2
/(0.87 f
yk
z) + A
s2
where z is calculated using K instead of K
A
s2
can be calculated by taking moments about the centre of the tension
force:
M = K f
ck
b d
2
+ 0.87 f
yk
A
s2
(d - d
2
)
Rearranging
A
s2
= (K - K) f
ck
b d
2
/ (0.87 f
yk
(d - d
2
))
The following flowchart outlines the design procedure for rectangular
beams with concrete classes up to C50/60 and grade 500 reinforcement
Determine K and K from:
Note: o =1.0 means no redistribution and o = 0.8 means 20% moment redistribution.
Compression steel needed
- doubly reinforced
Is K K ?
No compression steel
needed singly reinforced
Yes
No
ck
2
f d b
M
K = 21 . 0 18 . 0 6 . 0 ' &
2
= o o K
Carry out analysis to determine design moments (M)
It is often recommended in the UK that K is limited to 0.168 to ensure ductile failure
o K
1.00 0.208
0.95 0.195
0.90 0.182
0.85 0.168
0.80 0.153
0.75 0.137
0.70 0.120
Design Flowchart
Calculate lever arm z from:
* A limit of 0.95d is considered good practice, it is not a requirement of Eurocode 2.
| | * 95 . 0 53 . 3 1 1
2
d K
d
z s + =
Check minimum reinforcement requirements:
d b
f
d b f
A
t
yk
t ctm
min ,
s
0013 . 0
26 . 0
> >
Check max reinforcement provided A
s,max
s 0.04A
c
(Cl. 9.2.1.1)
Check min spacing between bars >
bar
> 20 > A
gg
+ 5
Check max spacing between bars
Calculate tension steel required from:
z f
M
A
yd
s
=
Flow Chart for Singly-reinforced
Beam
Flow Chart for Doubly-
Reinforced Beam
Calculate lever arm z from:
| | ' 53 . 3 1 1
2
K
d
z + =
Calculate excess moment from:
( ) ' '
2
K K f bd M
ck
=
Calculate compression steel required from:
( )
2 yd
2
s
'
d d f
M
A

=
Calculate tension steel required from:
Check max reinforcement provided A
s,max
s 0.04A
c
(Cl. 9.2.1.1)
Check min spacing between bars >
bar
> 20 > A
gg
+ 5
2
s
yd
2
s
'
A
z f
bd f K
A
ck
+ =
Flexure Worked Example
Worked Example 1
Design the section below to resist a sagging moment of 370 kNm assuming
15% moment redistribution (i.e. o = 0.85).
Take f
ck
= 30 MPa and f
yk
= 500 MPa.
d
Initially assume 32 mm | for tension reinforcement with 25 mm nominal cover
to the link (allow 10 mm for link) and 20mm | for compression reinforcement
with 25 mm nominal cover to link.
Nominal side cover is 35 mm.
d = h c
nom
-
link
- 0.5
= 500 25 - 10 16
= 449 mm
d
2
= c
nom
+
link
+ 0.5
= 25 + 10 + 10
= 45 mm
449
provide compression steel
| |
| |
mm 368
168 . 0 53 . 3 1 1
2
449
' 53 . 3 1 1
2
=
+ =
+ = K
d
z
' 204 . 0
30 449 300
10 370
2
6
ck
2
K
f bd
M
K
> =


=
=
168 . 0 ' = K
o K
1.00 0.208
0.95 0.195
0.90 0.182
0.85 0.168
0.80 0.153
0.75 0.137
0.70 0.120
( )
kNm
K K f bd M
ck
3 . 65
10 ) 168 . 0 204 . 0 ( 30 449 300
' '
6 2
2
=
=
=

( )
2
6
2 yd
2
s
mm 372
45) (449 435
10 x 65.3
'
=

=

=
d d f
M
A
2
6
2
s
yd
s
mm 2293
372
364 435
10 ) 3 . 65 370 (
'
=
+

=
+

= A
z f
M M
A
368
Provide 2 H20 for compression steel = 628mm
2
(372 mm
2
reqd)
and 3 H32 tension steel = 2412mm
2
(2296 mm
2
reqd)
By inspection does not exceed maximum area or maximum spacing of
reinforcement rules
Check minimum spacing, assuming H10 links
Space between bars = (300 35 x 2 - 10 x 2 - 32 x 3)/2
= 57 mm > 32 mm OK
Factors for NA depth (=nd) and lever arm (=zd) for concrete grade s 50 MPa
0.00
0.20
0.40
0.60
0.80
1.00
1.20
M/bd
2
f
ck
F
a
c
t
o
r
n 0.02 0.04 0.07 0.09 0.12 0.14 0.17 0.19 0.22 0.24 0.27 0.30 0.33 0.36 0.39 0.43 0.46
z 0.99 0.98 0.97 0.96 0.95 0.94 0.93 0.92 0.91 0.90 0.89 0.88 0.87 0.86 0.84 0.83 0.82
0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.06 0.07 0.08 0.09 0.10 0.11 0.12 0.13 0.14 0.15 0.16 0.17
lever arm
NA depth
Simplified Factors for Flexure
(1)
Factors for NA depth (=nd) and lever arm (=zd) for concrete grade 70 MPa
0.00
0.20
0.40
0.60
0.80
1.00
1.20
M/bd
2
f
ck
F
a
c
t
o
r
n 0.03 0.05 0.08 0.11 0.14 0.17 0.20 0.23 0.26 0.29 0.33
z 0.99 0.98 0.97 0.96 0.95 0.94 0.93 0.91 0.90 0.89 0.88
0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.06 0.07 0.08 0.09 0.10 0.11 0.12 0.13 0.14 0.15 0.16 0.17
lever arm
NA depth
Simplified Factors for Flexure
(2)
Shear in Beams
Shear design is different from BS8110
Shear strength should be limited to the value for
C50/60
The shear effects in links and longitudinal steel have to
be considered explicitly
Definitions
Resistance of member without shear reinforcement
V
Rd,c
Resistance of member governed by the yielding of
shear reinforcement - V
Rd,s
Resistance of member governed by the crushing of
compression struts - V
Rd,max
Applied shear force - V
Ed
Members Requiring Shear
Reinforcement (6.2.3.(1))
u
s
d
V(cot u - coto )
V
N
M
o
z
z
V
z = 0.9d
F
cd
F
td
compression chord
compression chord
tension chord
shear reinforcement
o angle between shear reinforcement and the beam axis
u angle between the concrete compression strut and the beam axis
z inner lever arm. In the shear analysis of reinforced concrete
without axial force, the approximate value z = 0,9d may normally
be used.
u cot
sw
s Rd, ywd
f z
s
A
V =
u u
v o
tan cot
1
max Rd,
+
=
cd w cw
f z b
V
21.8 < u < 45
Strut Inclination Method
We can use the following expressions from the code to calculate shear
reinforcement for a beam (Assumes shear reinforcement is always
provided in a beam)
V
Rd,s
= A
sw
z f
ywd
cot u /s 1
V
Rd,max
= 0.5 z b
w
v f
cd
sin 2u 2
where v = 0.6 (1- f
ck
/250)
When cot u = 2.5 (u = 21.8)
V
Rd
= 0.138 b
w
z f
ck
(1 - f
ck
/250)
Or in terms of stress:
v
Rd
= 0.138 f
ck
(1 - f
ck
/250)
Rearranging equation 2 in terms of stress:
u = 0.5 sin
-1
[v
Rd
/(0.20 f
ck
(1 - f
ck
/250))]
f
ck
v
Rd, cot u = 2.5
v
Rd, cot u = 1.0
20 2.54 3.68
25 3.10 4.50
28 3.43 4.97
30 3.64 5.28
32 3.84 5.58
35 4.15 6.02
40 4.63 6.72
45 5.08 7.38
50 5.51 8.00
Shear
6.2.3 EN 1992-1-1
Shear Design: Links
Variable strut method allows a shallower strut angle
hence activating more links.
As strut angle reduces concrete stress increases
Angle = 45 V carried on 3 links
Angle = 21.8 V carried on 6 links
d
V
z
x
d
x
V
u
z
s
shear reinforcement control
V
Rd,s
= A
sw
z f
ywd
cotu/s Exp (6.8)
concrete strut control
V
Rd,max
= z b
w
v
1
f
cd
/(cot + tan) = 0,5zb
w
v
1
f
cd
sin2u
Exp (6.9)
where v
1
= v = 0,6(1-f
ck
/250) Exp (6.6N)
1 s cot u s 2,5
Basic equations
d
V
z
x
d
x
V
u
z
s
Shear Resistance of Sections with
Shear Reinforcement
f
ck
v
Rd, cot = 2.5
v
Rd, cot = 1.0
20 2.54 3.68
25 3.10 4.5
28 3.43 4.97
30 3.64 5.28
32 3.84 5.58
35 4.15 6.02
40 4.63 6.72
45 5.08 7.38
50 5.51 8.00
Procedure for design with variable strut
1. Determine maximum applied shear force at support, V
Ed
2. Determine V
Rd,max
with cotu = 2.5
3. If V
Rd,max
> V
Ed
cotu = 2.5, go to step 6 and calculate required shear
reinforcement
4. If V
Rd,max
< V
Ed
calculate required strut angle:
u = 0.5 sin
-1
[(v
Ed
/(0.20f
ck
(1-f
ck
/250))]
5. If cotu is less than 1 re-size element, otherwise
6. Calculate amount of shear reinforcement required
A
sw
/s = v
Ed
b
w
/(f
ywd
cot u) = V
Ed
/(0.78 d f
yk
cot u)
7. Check min shear reinforcement, A
sw
/s b
w

w,min
and max spacing,
s
l,max
= 0.75d
w,min
= (0.08 f
ck
)/f
yk
cl 9.2.2
Shear Resistance with Shear
Reinforcement
Shear - Variable strut method
Concise Fig 15.1 a)
Shear - Variable strut method
Concise Fig 15.1 b)
Where a
v
s 2d the applied shear force, V
Ed
, for a point load
(eg, corbel, pile cap etc) may be reduced by a factor a
v
/2d
where 0.5 s a
v
s 2d provided:
d
d
a
v
a
v
The longitudinal reinforcement is fully anchored at the support.
Only that shear reinforcement provided within the central 0.75a
v
is
included in the resistance.
Short Shear Spans with Direct
Strut Action (6.2.3)
Note: see PD6687-1:2010 Cl 2.14 for more information
Shift Rule for Shear
Horizontal component of
diagonal shear force
= (V/sinu) . cosu = V cotu
Applied
shear V
Applied
moment M
M/z + V cotu/2
= (M + Vz cotu/2)/z
AM = Vz cotu/2
dM/dx = V
AM = VAx Ax = z cotu/2 = a
l
z
V/sinu
u
M/z - V cotu/2
a
l
Curtailment of longitudinal tension reinforcement
Shift Rule
For members without shear reinforcement this is satisfied with a
l
= d
a
l
AF
td
a
l
Envelope of (MEd /z +NEd)
Acting tensile force
Resisting tensile force
lbd
lbd
lbd
lbd
lbd
lbd
lbd
lbd
AF
td
For members with shear reinforcement: Conservatively a
l
= 1.125d
Summary
Flexural principles similar
Shear approach different should result in less shear
reinforcement
We will look at the SLS and detailing rules later
Shear Example
Design of shear reinforcement using
Eurocode 2
Design Flow Chart for Shear
Yes (cot u = 2.5)
Determine the concrete strut capacity v
Rd
when cot u = 2.5
v
Rd
= 0.138f
ck
(1-f
ck
/250)
Calculate area of shear reinforcement:
A
sw
/s = v
Ed
b
w
/(f
ywd
cot u)
Determine v
Ed
where:
v
Ed
= design shear stress [v
Ed
= V
Ed
/(b
w
z) = V
Ed
/(b
w
0.9d)]
Determine u from:
u = 0.5 sin
-1
[(v
Ed
/(0.20f
ck
(1-f
ck
/250))]
Is v
Rd
> v
Ed
?
No
Check maximum spacing of shear reinforcement :
s
(,max
= 0.75 d
For vertical shear reinforcement
Find the minimum area of shear reinforcement required to resist the design
shear force using EC2.
Assume that:
f
ck
= 30 MPa and
f
yd
= 500/1.15 = 435 MPa
Shear stress:
v
Ed
= V
Ed
/(b
w
0.9d)
= 312.5 x 10
3
/(140 x 0.9 x 500)
= 4.96 MPa
v
Rd
= 3.64 MPa
v
Rd
< v
Ed
cot u < 2.5 Calculate u
f
ck
v
Rd, cot u = 2.5
v
Rd, cot u = 1.0
20 2.54 3.68
25 3.10 4.5
28 3.43 4.97
30 3.64 5.28
32 3.84 5.58
35 4.15 6.02
40 4.63 6.72
45 5.08 7.38
50 5.51 8.00
Calculate u
( )
=
(

=
(

0 . 35
250 / 30 - 1 30 x 20 . 0
96 . 4
sin 5 . 0
) 250 / 1 ( 20 . 0
sin 5 . 0
1
ck ck
Ed
1
u
u
f f
v
43 . 1 cot = u
A
sw
/s = v
Ed
b
w
/(f
ywd
cot u )
A
sw
/s = 4.96 x 140 /(435 x 1.43)
A
sw
/s = 1.12 mm
Try H10 links with 2 legs.
A
sw
= 157 mm2
s < 157 /1.12 = 140 mm
provide H10 links at 125 mm spacing
Beam Example 1
Cover = 40mm to each face
f
ck
= 30
Determine the flexural and shear
reinforcement required
(try 10mm links and 32mm main steel)
G
k
= 75 kN/m, Q
k
= 50 kN/m , assume no redistribution and use
equation 6.10 to calculate ULS loads.
8 m
450
1000
Beam Example 1 Bending
ULS load per m = (75 x 1.35 + 50 x 1.5) = 176.25
M
ult
= 176.25 x 8
2
/8
= 1410 kNm
d = 1000 - 40 - 10 32/2
= 934
120 . 0
30 934 450
10 1410
2
6
ck
2
=


= =
f bd
M
K
K = 0.208
K < K No compression reinforcement required
| | | | d K
d
z 95 . 0 822 120 . 0 x 53 . 3 1 1
2
934
53 . 3 1 1
2
s = + = + =
2
6
yd
s
mm 3943
822 x 435
10 x 1410
= = =
z f
M
A
Provide 5 H32 (4021 mm
2
)
Beam Example 1 Shear
Shear force, V
Ed
= 176.25 x 8/2 = 705 kN
Shear stress:
v
Ed
= V
Ed
/(b
w
0.9d) = 705 x 10
3
/(450 x 0.9 x 934)
= 1.68 MPa
v
Rd
= 3.64 MPa
v
Rd
> v
Ed
cot u = 2.5
A
sw
/s = v
Ed
b
w
/(f
ywd
cot u)
A
sw
/s = 1.68 x 450 /(435 x 2.5)
A
sw
/s = 0.70 mm
Try H8 links with 3 legs.
A
sw
= 151 mm
2
s < 151 /0.70 = 215 mm
provide H8 links at 200 mm spacing
f
ck
v
Rd, cot u = 2.5
v
Rd, cot u = 1.0
20 2.54 3.68
25 3.10 4.5
28 3.43 4.97
30 3.64 5.28
32 3.84 5.58
35 4.15 6.02
40 4.63 6.72
45 5.08 7.38
50 5.51 8.00
Workshop Problem
Workshop Problem
Cover = 35 mm to each face
f
ck
= 30MPa
Check the beam in flexure and shear
G
k
= 10 kN/m, Q
k
= 6.5 kN/m (Use eq. 6.10)
8 m
300
450
Solution - Flexure
ULS load per m = (10 x 1.35 + 6.5 x 1.5) = 23.25
M
ult
= 23.25 x 8
2
/8
= 186 kNm
d = 450 - 35 - 10 32/2
= 389
137 . 0
30 389 300
10 186
2
6
ck
2
=


= =
f bd
M
K
K = 0.208
K < K No compression reinforcement required
| | | | d K
d
z 95 . 0 334 137 . 0 x 53 . 3 1 1
2
389
53 . 3 1 1
2
s = + = + =
2
6
yd
s
mm 1280
334 x 435
10 x 186
= = =
z f
M
A
Provide 3 H25 (1470 mm
2
)
Solution - Shear
Shear force, V
Ed
= 23.25 x 8 /2 = 93 kN
Shear stress:
v
Ed
= V
Ed
/(b
w
0.9d) = 93 x 10
3
/(300 x 0.9 x 389)
= 0.89 MPa
v
Rd
= 3.64 MPa
v
Rd
> v
Ed
cot u = 2.5
A
sw
/s = v
Ed
b
w
/(f
ywd
cot u)
A
sw
/s = 0.89 x 300 /(435 x 2.5)
A
sw
/s = 0.24 mm
Try H8 links with 2 legs.
A
sw
= 101 mm
2
s < 101 /0.24 = 420 mm
Maximum spacing = 0.75 d = 0.75 x 389 = 292 mm
provide H8 links at 275 mm spacing
f
ck
v
Rd
(when
cot u = 2.5)
20 2.54
25 3.10
28 3.43
30 3.64
32 3.84
35 4.15
40 4.63
45 5.08
50 5.51
Detailing
UK CARES (Certification - Product & Companies)
1. Reinforcing bar and coil
2. Reinforcing fabric
3. Steel wire for direct use of for further
processing
4. Cut and bent reinforcement
5. Welding and prefabrication of reinforcing
steel
www.ukcares.co.uk
www.uk-bar.org
Identification of bars
Class A
Class B
Class C
Reinforced Concrete Detailing
to Eurocode 2
Section 8 - General Rules
Anchorage
Laps
Large Bars
Section 9 - Particular Rules
Beams
Slabs
Columns
Walls
Foundations
Discontinuity Regions
Tying Systems
Cover Fire
Specification and Workmanship
Clear horizontal and vertical distance > |, (d
g
+5mm) or 20mm
For separate horizontal layers the bars in each layer should be
located vertically above each other. There should be room to allow
access for vibrators and good compaction of concrete.
Section 8 - General Rules
Spacing of bars
EC2: Cl. 8.2 Concise: 11.2
To avoid damage to bar is
Bar dia s 16mm Mandrel size 4 x bar diameter
Bar dia > 16mm Mandrel size 7 x bar diameter
The bar should extend at least 5 diameters beyond a bend
Minimum mandrel size, |
m
Min. Mandrel Dia. for bent bars
EC2: Cl. 8.3 Concise: 11.3
Minimum mandrel size, |
m
To avoid failure of the concrete inside the bend of the bar:
|
m,min
> F
bt
((1/a
b
) +1/(2 |)) / f
cd
F
bt
ultimate force in a bar at the start of a bend
a
b
for a given bar is half the centre-to-centre distance between bars.
For a bar adjacent to the face of the member, a
b
should be taken as
the cover plus | /2
Mandrel size need not be checked to avoid concrete failure if :
anchorage does not require more than 5| past end of bend
bar is not the closest to edge face and there is a cross bar >| inside bend
mandrel size is at least equal to the recommended minimum value
Min. Mandrel Dia. for bent bars
EC2: Cl. 8.3 Concise: 11.3
Bearing stress
inside bends
Anchorage of reinforcement
EC2: Cl. 8.4
The design value of the ultimate bond stress, f
bd
= 2.25 q
1
q
2
f
ctd
where f
ctd
should be limited to C60/75
q
1
=1 for good and 0.7 for poor bond conditions
q
2
= 1 for | s 32, otherwise (132- |)/100
a) 45 s o s 90 c) h > 250 mm
h
Direction of concreting
> 300
h
Direction of concreting
b) h s 250 mm d) h > 600 mm
unhatched zone good bond conditions
hatched zone - poor bond conditions
o
Direction of concreting
250
Direction of concreting
Ultimate bond stress
EC2: Cl. 8.4.2
Concise: 11.5
300
l
b,rqd
= (| / 4) (o
sd
/ f
bd
)
where o
sd
is the design stress of the bar at the position
from where the anchorage is measured.
Basic required anchorage length
EC2: Cl. 8.4.3
Concise: 11.4.3
For bent bars l
b,rqd
should be measured along the
centreline of the bar
EC2 Figure 8.1
Concise Fig 11.1
l
bd
=
1

2

3

4

5
l
b,rqd
> l
b,min
However: (
2

3

5
) > 0.7
l
b,min
> max(0.3l
b,rqd
; 10|, 100mm)
Design Anchorage Length, l
bd
EC2: Cl. 8.4.4 Concise: 11.4.2
Alpha values
EC2: Table 8.2
Table requires values for:
C
d
Value depends on cover and bar spacing, see Figure 8.3
K Factor depends on position of confinement reinforcement,
see Figure 8.4
= (A
st

Ast,min
)/ A
s
Where A
st
is area of transverse reinf.
Table 8.2 - C
d
& K factors
Concise: Figure 11.3
EC2: Figure 8.3
EC2: Figure 8.4
Table 8.2 - Other shapes
Concise: Figure 11.1
EC2: Figure 8.1
Alpha values
EC2: Table 8.2 Concise: 11.4.2
Anchorage of links
Concise: Fig 11.2
EC2: Cl. 8.5
Laps
EC2: Cl. 8.7
l
0
=
1

2

3

5

6
l
b,rqd
> l
0,min

6
= (
1
/25)
0,5
but between 1.0 and 1.5
where
1
is the % of reinforcement lapped within 0.65l
0
from the
centre of the lap
Percentage of lapped bars
relative to the total cross-
section area
< 25% 33% 50% >50%

6
1 1.15 1.4 1.5
Note: Intermediate values may be determined by interpolation.

1

2

3

5
are as defined for anchorage length
l
0,min
> max{0.3
6
l
b,rqd
; 15|; 200}
Design Lap Length, l
0
(8.7.3)
EC2: Cl. 8.7.3
Concise: 11.6.2
Arrangement of Laps
EC2: Cl. 8.7.3, Fig 8.8
Worked example
Anchorage and lap lengths
Anchorage Worked Example
Calculate the tension anchorage for an H16 bar in the
bottom of a slab:
a) Straight bars
b) Other shape bars (Fig 8.1 b, c and d)
Concrete strength class is C25/30
Nominal cover is 25mm
Assume maximum design stress in the bar
Bond stress, f
bd
f
bd
= 2.25
1

2
f
ctd
EC2 Equ. 8.2

1
= 1.0 Good bond conditions

2
= 1.0 bar size 32
f
ctd
=
ct
f
ctk,0,05
/
c
EC2 cl 3.1.6(2), Equ 3.16

ct
= 1.0
c
= 1.5
f
ctk,0,05
= 0.7 x 0.3 f
ck
2/3
EC2 Table 3.1
= 0.21 x 25
2/3
= 1.795 MPa
f
ctd
=
ct
f
ctk,0,05
/
c
= 1.795/1.5 = 1.197
f
bd
= 2.25 x 1.197 = 2.693 MPa
Basic anchorage length, l
b,req
l
b.req
= (/4) (
sd
/f
bd
) EC2 Equ 8.3
Max stress in the bar,
sd
= f
yk
/
s
= 500/1.15
= 435MPa.
l
b.req
= (/4) ( 435/2.693)
= 40.36
For concrete class C25/30
Design anchorage length, l
bd
l
bd
=
1

2

3

4

5
l
b.req
l
b,min
l
bd
=
1

2

3

4

5
(40.36) For concrete class C25/30
Alpha values
EC2: Table 8.2 Concise: 11.4.2
Table 8.2 - C
d
& K factors
Concise: Figure 11.3
EC2: Figure 8.3
EC2: Figure 8.4
Design anchorage length, l
bd
l
bd
=
1

2

3

4

5
l
b.req
l
b,min
l
bd
=
1

2

3

4

5
(40.36) For concrete class C25/30
a) Tension anchorage straight bar

1
= 1.0

3
= 1.0 conservative value with K= 0

4
= 1.0 N/A

5
= 1.0 conservative value

2
= 1.0 0.15 (C
d
)/

2
= 1.0 0.15 (25 16)/16 = 0.916
l
bd
= 0.916 x 40.36 = 36.97 = 592mm
Design anchorage length, l
bd
l
bd
=
1

2

3

4

5
l
b.req
l
b,min
l
bd
=
1

2

3

4

5
(40.36) For concrete class C25/30
b) Tension anchorage Other shape bars

1
= 1.0 C
d
= 25 is 3 = 3 x 16 = 48

3
= 1.0 conservative value with K= 0

4
= 1.0 N/A

5
= 1.0 conservative value

2
= 1.0 0.15 (C
d
3)/ 1.0

2
= 1.0 0.15 (25 48)/16 = 1.25 1.0
l
bd
= 1.0 x 40.36 = 40.36 = 646mm
Worked example - summary
H16 Bars Concrete class C25/30 25 Nominal cover
Tension anchorage straight bar l
bd
= 36.97 = 592mm
Tension anchorage Other shape bars l
bd
= 40.36 = 646mm
l
bd
is measured along the centreline of the bar
Compression anchorage (
1
=
2
=
3
=
4
=
5
= 1.0)
l
bd
= 40.36 = 646mm
Anchorage for Poor bond conditions = Good/0.7
Lap length = anchorage length x
6
Anchorage & lap lengths
How to design concrete structures using Eurocode 2
Table 5.25: Typical values of anchorage and lap lengths for slabs
Bond Length in bar diameters
conditions f
ck
/f
cu
25/30
f
ck
/f
cu
28/35
f
ck
/f
cu
30/37
f
ck
/f
cu
32/40
Full tension and
compression anchorage
length, l
bd
good 40 37 36 34
poor 58 53 51 49
Full tension and
compression lap length, l
0
good 46 43 42 39
poor 66 61 59 56
Note: The following is assumed:
- bar size is not greater than 32mm. If >32 then the anchorage and lap lengths should be
increased by a factor (132 - bar size)/100
- normal cover exists
- no confinement by transverse pressure
- no confinement by transverse reinforcement
- not more than 33% of the bars are lapped at one place
Lap lengths provided (for nominal bars, etc.) should not be less than 15 times the bar size
or 200mm, whichever is greater.
Anchorage /lap lengths for slabs
Manual for the design of concrete structures to Eurocode 2
Laps between bars should normally be staggered and not located in regions
of high stress, the arrangement of lapped bars should comply with the
following (see Figure 8.7 on next slide):
The clear distance between lapped bars should not be greater than
4 or 50 mm otherwise the lap length should be increased by a length
equal to the clear space where it exceeds 4 or 50 mm
The longitudinal distance between two adjacent (staggered?) laps
should not be less than 0,3 times the lap length, l
0
;
In case of adjacent laps, the clear distance between adjacent bars
should not be less than 2 or 20 mm.
When the provisions comply with the above, the permissible percentage of
lapped bars in tension may be 100% where the bars are all in one layer.
Where the bars are in several layers the percentage should be reduced to
50%.
All bars in compression and secondary (distribution) reinforcement may be
lapped in one section.
Arrangement of Laps
EC2: Cl. 8.7.2 Concise: Cl 11.6
Arrangement of Laps
EC2: Cl. 8.7.2, Fig 8.7 Concise: Cl 11.6.2
Where the diameter, |, of the lapped bars > 20 mm, the transverse
reinforcement should have a total area, EA
st
> 1,0A
s
of one spliced bar. It
should be placed perpendicular to the direction of the lapped
reinforcement and between that and the surface of the concrete.
If more than 50% of the reinforcement is lapped at one point and the
distance between adjacent laps at a section is s 10 | transverse bars should
be formed by links or U bars anchored into the body of the section.
The transverse reinforcement provided as above should be positioned at
the outer sections of the lap as shown below.
l /3
0
EA /2
st
EA /2
st
l /3
0
F
s
F
s
s150 mm
l
0
Transverse Reinforcement at Laps
Bars in tension
EC2: Cl. 8.7.4, Fig 8.9
Rules apply if bar diameter 20mm
Concise: Cl 11.6.4
Figure 8.9 bars in tension
Transverse Reinforcement at Laps
Bars in compression
EC2: Cl. 8.7.4, Fig 8.9
Concise: Cl 11.6.4
In addition to the rules for bars in tension one bar of the transverse
reinforcement should be placed outside each end of the lap length.
Figure 8.9 bars in compression
SECTION 9
Detailing of members and particular rules
A
s,min
= 0,26 (f
ctm
/f
yk
)b
t
d but > 0,0013b
t
d
A
s,max
= 0,04 A
c
Section at supports should be designed for a
hogging moment > 0,25 max. span moment
Any design compression reinforcement (|) should be
held by transverse reinforcement with spacing s15 |
Beams (9.2)
Tension reinforcement in a flanged beam at
supports should be spread over the effective width
(see 5.3.2.1)
Beams (9.2)
(1) Sufficient reinforcement should be provided at all sections to resist the
envelope of the acting tensile force, including the effect of inclined cracks
in webs and flanges.
(2) For members with shear reinforcement the additional tensile force, F
td
,
should be calculated according to 6.2.3 (7). For members without shear
reinforcement F
td
may be estimated by shifting the moment curve a
distance a
l
= d according to 6.2.2 (5). This "shift rule may also be used
as an alternative for members with shear reinforcement, where:
a
l
= z (cot - cot )/2 = 0.5 z cot for vertical shear links
z= lever arm, = angle of compression strut
a
l
= 1.125 d when cot = 2.5 and 0.45 d when cot = 1
Curtailment (9.2.1.3)
For members without shear reinforcement this is satisfied with a
l
= d
a
l
AF
td
a
l
Envelope of (MEd /z +NEd)
Acting tensile force
Resisting tensile force
lbd
lbd
lbd
lbd
lbd
lbd
lbd
lbd
AF
td
Shift rule
Curtailment of reinforcement
EC2: Cl. 9.2.1.3, Fig 9.2 Concise: 12.2.2
For members with shear reinforcement: a
l
= 0.5 z Cot u
But it is always conservative to use a
l
= 1.125d
l
bd
is required from the line of contact of the support.
Simple support (indirect)
Simple support (direct)
A
s
bottom steel at support > 0.25 A
s
provided in the span
Transverse pressure may only be taken into account with
a direct support.
Shear shift rule
a
l
Tensile Force Envelope
Anchorage of Bottom
Reinforcement at End Supports
(9.2.1.4)
Simplified Detailing Rules for
Beams
How to.EC2
Detailing section
Concise: Cl 12.2.4
s h /3 1
s h /2
1
B
A
s h /3 2
s h /2 2
supporting beam with height h
1
supported beam with height h
2
(h
1
> h
2
)
The supporting reinforcement is in
addition to that required for other
reasons
A
B
The supporting links may be placed in a zone beyond
the intersection of beams
Supporting Reinforcement at
Indirect Supports
Plan view
EC2: Cl. 9.2.5
Concise: Cl 12.2.8
Curtailment as beams except for the Shift rule a
l
= d
may be used
Flexural Reinforcement min and max areas as beam
Secondary transverse steel not less than 20% main
reinforcement
Reinforcement at Free Edges
Solid slabs
EC2: Cl. 9.3
Detailing Comparisons
d or 150 mm from main bar 9.2.2 (8): 0.75 d s 600 mm
9.2.1.2 (3) or 15| from main bar
s
t,max
0.75d 9.2.2 (6): 0.75 d s
l,max
0.4 b s/0.87 f
yv
9.2.2 (5): (0.08 b s \f
ck
)/f
yk
A
sw,min
Links
Table 3.28 Table 7.3N S
max
d
g
+ 5 mm or | 8.2 (2): d
g
+ 5 mm or | or 20mm s
min
Spacing of Main Bars
0.04 bh 9.2.1.1 (3): 0.04 bd A
s,max
0.002 bh -- A
s,min
Main Bars in Compression
0.04 bh 9.2.1.1 (3): 0.04 bd A
s,max
0.0013 bh 9.2.1.1 (1): 0.26 f
ctm
/f
yk
bd >
0.0013 bd
A
s,min
Values Clause / Values Main Bars in Tension
BS 8110 EC2 Beams
Detailing Comparisons
places of maximum moment:
main: 2h s 250 mm
secondary: 3h s 400 mm
3d or 750 mm secondary: 3.5h s 450 mm S
max
d
g
+ 5 mm or | 8.2 (2): d
g
+ 5 mm or | or 20mm
9.3.1.1 (3): main 3h s 400 mm
s
min
Spacing of Bars
0.04 bh 9.2.1.1 (3): 0.04 bd A
s,max
0.002 bh 9.3.1.1 (2): 0.2A
s
for single way
slabs
A
s,min
Secondary Transverse Bars
0.04 bh 0.04 bd A
s,max
0.0013 bh 9.2.1.1 (1): 0.26 f
ctm
/f
yk
bd >
0.0013 bd
A
s,min
Values Clause / Values Main Bars in Tension
BS 8110 EC2 Slabs
Detailing Comparisons
Columns
150 mm from main bar 9.5.3 (6): 150 mm from main bar
12| 9.5.3 (3): min (12|min; 0.6 b;240 mm) S
cl,tmax
0.25| or 6 mm 9.5.3 (1) 0.25| or 6 mm Min size
Links
0.06 bh 9.5.2 (3): 0.04 bh A
s,max
0.004 bh 9.5.2 (2): 0.10N
Ed
/f
yk
s 0.002bh A
s,min
Main Bars in Compression
1.5d 9.4.3 (1):
within 1st control perim.: 1.5d
outside 1st control perim.: 2d
S
t
0.75d 9.4.3 (1): 0.75d S
r
Spacing of Links
Total = 0.4ud/0.87fyv 9.4.3 (2): Link leg = 0.053 s
r
s
t
\(f
ck
)/f
yk
A
sw,min
Values Clause / Values Links
BS 8110 EC2 Punching Shear