1

Basic Concept of Base Isolation

System for Buildings
Dr. Taiki SAITO
Japan Society of Seismic Isolation
Chief Research Engineer,
Building Research Institute, Japan
Email: tsaito@kenken.go.jp
Contents
Introduction
Basic Idea of BI system
Design procedure of BI building
Response spectrum method
Time history analysis
Ultimate capacity of isolators
International activity of JSSI
2
Basic Idea of BI system
Isolation from ground
By balloon? By Magnetic force?
Introduction
Seismic isolation
Rolling? Sliding?
Stopper
Friction
3
Introduction
Example of sliding system
Kamakura statue was rehabilitated in 1960 adopting sliding foundation.
Introduction
Restoring position?
Sliding?
4
Introduction
Restoring system
By spring? By sliding on a
curved plate?
Introduction
Gravity Force and I nertia Force
Resisting Force
k
m
T 2 =
g
L
T 2 =
(m: mass, k: stiffness)
Effective for heavy building
(L: curvature, g: gravity acceleration)
Effective for light building
5
Introduction
d
0
time
T
d
0
With Damper
Damping system
Damper
Introduction
Requirement of BI devices
1. Isolating the building from the ground
2. Supporting the weight of building
3. Damping of response amplitude
4. Restoring the original position after an earthquake
6
Introduction
Isolators
Rubber bearing
Large axial deformation
Weight of
building
Rocking
Rubber Block
Stiff
Rubber
Earthquake
Load
Soft
Steel
Laminated Rubber
Weight of
building
-500
-400
-300
-200
-100
0
100
200
300
400
500
-300 -200 -100 0 100 200 300
Displacement (mm)
F
o
r
c
e
(
k
N
)
High damping rubber
Reinforcing steel plate
Cover rubber
Flange plate
High damping rubber
Reinforcing steel plate
Cover rubber
Flange plate
-2
-1
0
1
2
-3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3
S
h
e
a
r

s
t
r
e
s
s


(
N
/
m
m
2
)
-800
-600
-400
-200
0
200
400
600
800
-300 -200 -100 0 100 200 300
Displacement (mm)
F
o
r
c
e

(
k
N
)
Natural Rubber Bearing
(NRB)
High-damping Rubber
Bearing (HRB)
Lead Rubber Bearing
(LRB)
7
Introduction
Isolators
Sliding bearing or Roller bearing


Linear Rail
Linear Block
Rubber Shim
Flange Plate
Sliding bearing
Curved plane
sliding bearing
-50
-40
-30
-20
-10
0
10
20
30
40
50
-150 -100 -50 0 50 100 150
Displacement (mm)
F
o
r
c
e
(
k
N
)
-200
-150
-100
-50
0
50
100
150
200
-400 -300 -200 -100 0 100 200 300 400
Displacement (mm)
F
o
r
c
e
(
k
N
)








CLB2000F (P =19 6MN)

P/P =0 98
Rail roller bearing
Introduction
Dampers
Cast Lead
Steel Flange Plate
Steel Damper Rod
Steel Flange Plate
Stud

F =1150(kNs/m) V 0.38
-20 -15 -10 -5 0 5 10 15 20 (cm)
(kN)
800
600
400
200
0
-200
-400
-600
-800
Lead damper
Viscous damper
Steel damper
8
Introduction
Response of BI building
STERA 3D
Introduction
Response of BI system
Y"
X
Upper structure
(rigid mass)
Base Isolation level
(spring)
9
Introduction
Response of BI system
Y"
X
- m(X" +Y" )
Q=k
e
X
c X'
Vibration model Equilibrium of forces
M X + CX + Ke X = - MY
Numerical integration
X + 2h X +
2
X = - Y
= (2 /T) = (Ke/M)
T: natural period
h : damping factor
Y
X
X
X
Equation of motion
Introduction
Effect of natural period
Y: JMA-Kobe NS component
h = 0.05
T longer
Displacement larger
T longer
Acceleration smaller
X
X
10
Introduction
Response spectrum
Time history of acceleration
Response spectrum of acceleration for
J MA Kobe-NS wave, h=0.05
Response of
SDOF system
with natural
period of T &
viscous damping
of h
X
Y
T longer
Acceleration smaller
Introduction
Effect of damping
J MA Kobe-NS wave
Acceleration response spectrum Displacement response spectrum
11
Introduction
Reduction of applied
lateral forces to super
structure
Increase of displacement
response of isolated story
Contents
Introduction
Idea of BI system
Design procedure of BI building
Response spectrum method
Time history analysis
Ultimate capacity of isolators
International activity of JSSI
12
Design procedure of BI building
Statistics
Number of buildings
Private house
Apartment building
1995 The Great Hanshin-
Awaji Earthquake Disaster
2000 Revision of
Building Standard Law
Design procedure of BI building
Building Standard Law, Japan
Height>60m
NO
YES
Reviewed by local government official Reviewed by
special committee
Response Spectrum Method Time History Analysis
Need for Structural Calculation?
YES
NO
Specification code
1 or 2 story wooden house
1 story S or RC building
13
Design procedure of BI building
Response Spectrum Method
Engineering Bedrock
Vs > 400 cm/sec
Design earthquake is defined as the response spectrum at the bedrock level.
cm/s
2
s
cm/s
2
s
Soft soil
Medium soil
Hard soil
Soil amplification
Bedrock
5% damping
Design procedure of BI building
Response Spectrum Method
Upper structure
(elastic range)
Base Isolation level
(inelastic range)
Force
Drift
Building is modeled by SDOF nonlinear hysteresis system.
14
Design procedure of BI building
Response Spectrum Method
Upper structure
(elastic range)
Base Isolation level
(inelastic range)
Force
Drift
Force
Drift
Ke
he
Ke: equivalent stiffness
he : equivalent damping
Responses are obtained by equivalent linearization.
Nonlinear system
Equivalent linear system
he
he
h=0.05
h=0.05
Te
Te
Acceleration response
Displacement response
cm/s
2
cm
s
s
Response evaluation
Design procedure of BI building
Time History Analysis
cm/s
2
s
Artificial earthquake compatible with design spectrum
Three different
phase models
cm/s
2
s
Historical earthquake scaled to have the max. velocity 50cm/s
El Centro1940NS,
Taft 1952EW,
Hachinohe1968EW,
etc.
cm/s
2
s
Site specific artificial earthquake
Wave generation
from the nearest
Fault, etc.
cm/s
2
s
Bedrock
5% damping
cm/s
2
s
Bedrock
5% damping
Earthquake response is obtained
by time history analysis
(numerical integration method)
using design earthquake ground
motions.
15
Design procedure of BI building
Time History Analysis
Building is modeled by MDOF nonlinear hysteresis system.

Sway
Rocking
RFL
10FL
9FL
8FL
7FL
6FL
5FL
4FL
3FL
2FL

Living Kitchen
10F
9FL
8FL
7FL
6FL
5FL
4FL
3FL
2FL
1FL
I solator I solator I solator
RFL
6,800 6,000 2,700
15,500 960 950
Y1 Y2 Y3
3
0
,7
9
2
9
,9
9
3
,5
5
0

2
,8
6
0

2
,8
6
0

GL
6
0
0

6
0
0

8
0
0

Responses are obtained by numerical integration method.
Design procedure of BI building
Confirmation of ultimate limit state
Example. LRB
Diameter: 800mm
Rubber sheet: 5.1mm
Number of sheets: 33
Rubber height: 168mm
Design criteria
21N/mm
2
Design criteria
240% 168 = 403mm =
Compression stress (N/mm
2
)
Shear strain (%)
a. Allowable deformation of isolation device
b. Compressive and tensile load of isolator
c. Isolation gap (horizontal and vertical)
Isolation gap
16
Design procedure of BI building
Ultimate capacity of isolators
Ultimate Shear Test
(from Prof. Nishi, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Japan)
Ultimate Compression Test
Contents
Introduction
Idea of BI system
Design procedure of BI building
Response spectrum method
Time history analysis
Ultimate capacity of isolators, etc.
International activity of JSSI
17
International Activity of JSSI
CIB/W114
As one of the working
commissions in CIB
(International Council for
Research and Innovation
in Building and
Construction), W114:
Earthquake Engineering
and Buildings has been
established since
November 2006 .
Headquarter: JSSI
Coordinator: Taiki SAITO
http://www.cibw114.net/
International Activity of JSSI
CIB/W114
The first CIB/W114 meeting, "International Workshop on Response Control and Seismic
Isolation of Buildings," was held in Guangzhou, China on 27 November 2006.
18
International Activity of JSSI
CIB/TG44 book
Contents
1. Introduction
2. Devices for Seismic Isolation
and Response Control
3. A Comparative Study of
Seismic Isolation Code
Worldwide
4. Observed Response of
Seismically Isolated Buildings
5. World Report
5.1 China
5.2 Italy
5.3 J apan
5.4 Korea
5.5 New Zealand
5.6 Taiwan
5.7 The United of America
6. Conclusions
published in November 2006
China from Dr. Zhou Fulin adn Dr. Wen Liuhan
Around 600 base isolation buildings have been constructed. The
one was constructed in 1991.
35 base isolation buildings are constructed on the two-story reinforced concrete
platform of subway station in Beijing, China.
Base isolators at the large span structure of the
Shanghai F1 circuit.
Miniature building models
for shaking table test
19
Italy from Mauro Dolce, Massimo Forni and Alessandro Martelli
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
1981 1986 1991 1996 2001 2006
Currently, there are
only two seismically
isolated buildings in
Korea, with a third to
be built soon.
The Unison Research
and Development
Center building,
constructed in 1997,
was the first
seismically-isolated
building.
Korea from Dong Guen Lee
20
The second was
Traum Hous III, a 12-
story apartment
building in Seoul
Korea from Dong Guen Lee
The first seismically
isolated structure in
New Zealand was the
Motu Bridge in the
North Island
completed in 1974.
New Zealand from John X. Zhao
The isolation mechanism is provided by
stepping action of each of the two feet
of the piers. Steel dampers are used for
energy dissipation.
Rocking Seismic Isolation System
21
Construction of the first seismically-isolated building in the
USA was completed in 1985, and by mid-2005 there were
approximately 80 seismically-isolated buildings in the USA
USA from Ian Aiken and Andrew Whitaker
The first building in the
USA is the Foothill
Communities Law &
Justice Center, in Rancho
Cucamonga, California,
was completed in
1985,with 98 high-
damping rubber bearings
located below the
basement level
USA from Ian Aiken and Andrew Whitaker
The second building
application in the USA
was the City and County
Building, in Salt Lake
City, Utah, completed in
1989 with 208 lead-rubber
and 239 natural rubber
bearings.
This project was the first
in the world to use
isolation for retrofit,
completed in 1989.
22
The USC University Hospital in
Los Angeles, completed in 1991,
was the first hospital in the world to
use seismic isolation with 68 lead-
rubber isolators and 81 natural-
rubber isolators.
USA from Ian Aiken and Andrew Whitaker

Roof
6th
4th
Lower
Foundation
The 1994 Northridge earthquake
Macedonia from Garevski A. Mihai and James M. Kelly
Primary School Pestalozzi" in Skopje, the first structure in the world
base isolated by means of rubber bearings constructed in 1969
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Thank you for your attention.