Seminar Report 2007-2008 1

MAR ATHANASIUS COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING

KOTHAMANGALAM
DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
SEMINAR REPORT
ON
POSITIVELY INFINITELY VARIABLE TRANSMISSION
SUBMITTED BY:
ARUN JOSE K A
ROLL NO: 10
S8 MA
2008
Department of Mechanical engineering MACE Kothamangalam
Seminar Report 2007-2008 2
MAR ATHANASIUS COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING
KOTHAMANGALAM
DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
C e r t i f i c a t e
Certified that this is bonafide seminar report on
POSITIVELY INFINITELY VARIABLE TRANSMISSION
Presented by
ARUN JOSE K A
During the year 2007-2008 in partial fulfillment of the requirement for the award of the Degree
of Bachelor of echnology in
MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
MAHATMA GANDHI UNIVERSITY, KOTTAYAM
Prof. Reji Mathew Prof. Raman Namoothiri
Staff in !har"e #ea$ of the %e&artment
Department of Mechanical engineering MACE Kothamangalam
Seminar Report 2007-2008 3
ACKNOLEDGEMENT
'ir(t of a))* + than, T!e A"#i$!t% GOD who )e((e$ me to $ea) with thi( to&i!.
+ ta,e thi( o&&ort-nit. to e/&re(( m. (in!ere "ratit-$e to Pr&f'Re(i Mat!e)*
Pr&f'De*i+ra,a- Var#a a.- Dr'Sa(i C'B* o-r (taff a$0i(er( for a)) the he)& an$ "-i$an!e
ren$ere$ $-rin" the &re&aration of thi( (eminar re&ort.
+t i( in$ee$ a "reat &)ea(-re to than, Pr&f'Ra#a. Na#/&&t!iri, #ea$ of the %e&artment
of Me!hani!a) en"ineerin" for hi( hea)th. !o1o&eration an$ !on(tant en!o-ra"ement.
La(t* -t not the )ea(t* + wo-)$ )i,e to than, a)) m. frien$( an$ we)) wi(her( who(e "oo$ wi))
he)&e$ me to ma,e thi( (eminar re&ort a rea)it..
Department of Mechanical engineering MACE Kothamangalam
Seminar Report 2007-2008 4
ABSTRACT
2ontin-o-(). 3aria)e 4ran(mi((ion( a(e$ on e)t(* &-))e.(* !one(* $i(!(* !o))e!ti0e). fri!tion
tran(mi((ion(* (hare man. of the $i(a$0anta"e( of !on0entiona) h.$ra-)i! tran(mi((ion(. 234(
re5-ire !)-t!hin" me!hani(m(* h.$ra-)i! &-m&( to !om&re(( 3 e)t( etween a$j-(ta)e &-))e.(*
an$ a)) ha0e a)ati0e e)t(* no matter if the. are !on(tr-!te$ from r-er or meta). 4he a$j-(ta)e
&-))e.( wi)) "rin$ oth the e)t( an$ &-))e.( (i$e(* more in &ro&ortion to the )oa$ moti0ate$.
234( ten$ to e/&erien!e (ome ()i&&in" -n$er )oa$. P+3 4ran(mi((ion (ee,( to a0oi$ fri!tion .
re).in" -&on "ear( an$ !hain(. Po(iti0e). +nfinite). 3aria)e 4ran(mi((ion i( a (te& )e(( (&ee$
!ontro). +t i( main). a !hain $ri0e. +t !ontain( (&ro!,et( whi!h are two &air( of whee)(. +t i(
mo-nte$ on (&)ine$ (haft( whi!h are ra$i!a)). "roo0e$ an$ !one (ha&e$. 2hain( are (-!h that
!hain )in,( !ontain (e)f1tooth1formin" har$ene$ (tee) ()at(. 4he(e ()at( !an mo0e (i$ewi(e. +t( ()i&
)e(( an$ ha( "ot man. in$-(tria) a&&)i!ation( whi!h wi)) e $i(!-((e$.
Department of Mechanical engineering MACE Kothamangalam
Seminar Report 2007-2008
CONTENTS
1. +ntro$-!tion
2. 2ontin-o-(). 3aria)e 4ran(mi((ion 62347
8. 2on0er(ion of a 234 into an +34
9. +nfinite). 3aria)e 4ran(mi((ion
:. Po(iti0e). +nfinite). 3aria)e 4ran(mi((ion
;. 2on!)-(ion
<. Referen!e(
Department of Mechanical engineering MACE Kothamangalam
Seminar Report 2007-2008 !
0' INTRODUCTION
After more than a !ent-r. of re(ear!h an$ $e0e)o&ment* the "ear tran(mi((ion i( nearin"
oth &erfe!tion an$ o(o)e(!en!e: en"ineer( !ontin-e to e/&)ore the o-ter )imit( of
effi!ien!. an$ &erforman!e. Attem&t( ha0e een ma$e to o0er!ome the(e )imitation(
thro-"h re&)a!in" the (o-r!e( of fri!tion with me!hani(m( to $-&)i!ate their
f-n!tion(. 4hi( )ea$( to the $e0e)o&ment of P+3. P+3 i( an infinite). 0aria)e tran(mi((ion
whi!h i( a (- !ate"or. of !ontin-o-(). 0aria)e tran(mi((ion* whi!h ha( "ot man.
in$-(tria) a&&)i!ation( e(&e!ia)). in 4e/ti)e +n$-(trie(* Pa!,a"in" = 2orr-"atin" +n$-(trie(*
'oo$ Pro!e((in" +n$-(trie(* R-er Ma!hiner.* Rotar. Printin" Ma!hiner.* an$ 2hemi!a) =
Pharma!e-ti!a)(. +t i( a (te& )e(( (&ee$ !ontro). +t i( main). a !hain $ri0e. +t !ontain(
(&ro!,et( whi!h are two &air( of whee)(. +t i( mo-nte$ on (&)ine$ (haft( whi!h are ra$i!a)).
"roo0e$ an$ !one (ha&e$. 2hain( are (-!h that !hain )in,( !ontain (e)f1tooth1formin"
har$ene$ (tee) ()at(.

1' CONTINUOUSLY VARIABLE TRANSMISSION 2CVT3
After more than a !ent-r. of re(ear!h an$ $e0e)o&ment* the interna) !om-(tion 6+27
en"ine i( nearin" oth &erfe!tion an$ o(o)e(!en!e: en"ineer( !ontin-e to e/&)ore the o-ter
)imit( of +2 effi!ien!. an$ &erforman!e* -t a$0an!ement( in f-e) e!onom. an$ emi((ion(
ha0e effe!ti0e). (ta))e$. >hi)e man. +2 0ehi!)e( meet Low Emi((ion( 3ehi!)e (tan$ar$(*
the(e wi)) "i0e wa. to new* (tri!ter "o0ernment re"-)ation( in the 0er. near f-t-re. >ith
)imite$ room for im&ro0ement* a-tomoi)e man-fa!t-rer( ha0e e"-n f-))1(!a)e
$e0e)o&ment of a)ternati0e &ower 0ehi!)e(. Sti))* man-fa!t-rer( are )oath to (!ra& a !ent-r.
of $e0e)o&ment an$ i))ion( or &o((i). e0en tri))ion( of $o))ar( in +2 infra(tr-!t-re*
e(&e!ia)). for te!hno)o"ie( with no hi(tor. of !ommer!ia) (-!!e((. 4h-(* the i$ea) interim
(o)-tion i( to f-rther o&timi?e the o0era)) effi!ien!. of +2 0ehi!)e(.
One &otentia) (o)-tion to thi( f-e) e!onom. $i)emma i( the !ontin-o-(). 0aria)e
tran(mi((ion 62347* an o)$ i$ea that ha( on). re!ent). e!ome a a(tion of ho&e to
a-toma,er(. 234( !o-)$ &otentia)). a))ow +2 0ehi!)e( to meet the fir(t wa0e of new f-e)
re"-)ation( whi)e $e0e)o&ment of h.ri$ e)e!tri! an$ f-e) !e)) 0ehi!)e( !ontin-e(. Rather
than (e)e!tin" one of fo-r or fi0e "ear(* a 234 !on(tant). !han"e( it( "ear ratio to o&timi?e
en"ine effi!ien!. with a &erfe!t). (mooth tor5-e1(&ee$ !-r0e. 4hi( im&ro0e( oth "a(
mi)ea"e an$ a!!e)eration !om&are$ to tra$itiona) tran(mi((ion(.
4he f-n$amenta) theor. ehin$ 234( ha( -n$enia)e &otentia)* -t )a/ f-e) re"-)ation(
an$ oomin" (a)e( in re!ent .ear( ha0e "i0en man-fa!t-rer( a (en(e of !om&)a!en!.: if
!on(-mer( are -.in" mi))ion( of !ar( with !on0entiona) tran(mi((ion(* wh. (&en$ i))ion(
to $e0e)o& an$ man-fa!t-re 234(@
A)tho-"h 234( ha0e een -(e$ in a-tomoi)e( for $e!a$e(* )imite$ tor5-e !a&ai)itie(
an$ 5-e(tiona)e re)iai)it. ha0e inhiite$ their "rowth. 4o$a.* howe0er* on"oin" 234
re(ear!h ha( )e$ to e0er1more ro-(t tran(mi((ion(* an$ th-( e0er1more1$i0er(e a-tomoti0e
a&&)i!ation(. A( 234 $e0e)o&ment !ontin-e(* man-fa!t-rin" !o(t( wi)) e f-rther re$-!e$
an$ &erforman!e wi)) !ontin-e to in!rea(e* whi!h wi)) in t-rn in!rea(e the $eman$ for
f-rther $e0e)o&ment. 4hi( !.!)e of im&ro0ement wi)) -)timate). "i0e 234( a (o)i$
fo-n$ation in the wor)$A( a-tomoti0e infra(tr-!t-re.
Department of Mechanical engineering MACE Kothamangalam
Seminar Report 2007-2008 7
1'0 Bac4$r&5.- a.- Hi,t&r%
4o (a. that the !ontin-o-(). 0aria)e tran(mi((ion 62347 i( nothin" new wo-)$ e a
"ro(( -n$er(tatement: Leonar$o $a 3in!i (,et!he$ hi( i$ea for 234 in 19B0. +n a-tomoti0e
a&&)i!ation(* 234( ha0e een aro-n$ near). a( )on" a( !ar( them(e)0e(* an$ !ertain). a(
)on" a( !on0entiona) a-tomati!(. Cenera) Motor( a!t-a)). $e0e)o&e$ a f-)). toroi$a) 234 in
the ear). 1B80( an$ !on$-!te$ e/ten(i0e te(tin" efore e0ent-a)). $e!i$in" to im&)ement a
!on0entiona)* (te&&e$1"ear a-tomati! $-e to !o(t !on!ern(. Cenera) Motor( Re(ear!h
wor,e$ on 234( a"ain in the 1B;0(* -t none e0er (aw &ro$-!tion . Driti(h man-fa!t-rer
A-(tin -(e$ a 234 for (e0era) .ear( in one of it( (ma))er !ar(* -t Eit wa( $ro&&e$ $-e to it(
hi"h !o(t* &oor re)iai)it.* an$ ina$e5-ate tor5-e tran(mi((ionF . Man. ear). 234( -(e$ a
(im&)e r-er an$ an$ !one (.(tem* )i,e the one $e0e)o&e$ . %-t!h firm %af in 1B:8.
#owe0er* the 234 !o-)$ on). han$)e a 0.; L en"ine* an$ &ro)em( with noi(e an$ ro-"h
(tart( h-rt it( re&-tation. Unin(&ire$ . the(e ear). fai)-re(* a-toma,er( ha0e )ar"e).
a0oi$e$ 234( -nti) 0er. re!ent).* e(&e!ia)). in the Unite$ State(.
1'1 CVT T!e&r% a.- De,i$.
4o$a.A( a-tomoi)e( a)mo(t e/!)-(i0e). -(e either a !on0entiona) man-a) or a-tomati!
tran(mi((ion with Em-)ti&)e &)anetar. "ear (et( that -(e inte"ra) !)-t!he( an$ an$( to
a!hie0e $i(!rete "ear ratio(F . A t.&i!a) a-tomati! -(e( fo-r or fi0e (-!h "ear(* whi)e a
man-a) norma)). em&)o.( fi0e or (i/. 4he !ontin-o-(). 0aria)e tran(mi((ion re&)a!e(
$i(!rete "ear ratio( with infinite). a$j-(ta)e "earin" thro-"h one of (e0era) a(i! 234
$e(i"n(.

P-(h De)t
4hi( mo(t !ommon t.&e of 234 -(e( (e"mente$ (tee) )o!,( (ta!,e$ on a (tee) rion* a(
(hown in 'i"-re 617. 4hi( e)t tran(mit( &ower etween two !oni!a) &-))e.(* or (hea0e(* one
fi/e$ an$ one mo0a)e . >ith a e)t $ri0e:


+n e((en!e* a (en(or rea$( the en"ine o-t&-t an$ then e)e!troni!a)). in!rea(e( or $e!rea(e(
the $i(tan!e etween &-))e.(* an$ th-( the ten(ion of the $ri0e e)t. 4he !ontin-o-().
Department of Mechanical engineering MACE Kothamangalam
Seminar Report 2007-2008 8
!han"in" $i(tan!e etween the &-))e.(Gtheir ratio to one anotherGi( ana)o"o-( to (hiftin"
"ear(. P-(h1e)t 234( were fir(t $e0e)o&e$ $e!a$e( a"o* -t new a$0an!e( in e)t $e(i"n
ha0e re!ent). $rawn the attention of a-toma,er( wor)$wi$e.
4oroi$a) 4ra!tion1%ri0e
4he(e tran(mi((ion( -(e the hi"h (hear (tren"th of 0i(!o-( f)-i$( to tran(mit tor5-e
etween an in&-t tor-( an$ an o-t&-t tor-(. A( the mo0a)e tor-( ()i$e( )inear).* the an")e
of a ro))er !han"e( re)ati0e to (haft &o(ition* a( (een in 'i"-re 627. 4hi( re(-)t( in a !han"e in
"ear ratio.
3aria)e %iameter E)a(tomer De)t
4hi( t.&e of 234* a( re&re(ente$ in 'i"-re 627* -(e( a f)at* f)e/i)e e)t mo-nte$ on
mo0a)e (-&&ort(. 4he(e (-&&ort( !an !han"e ra$i-( an$ th-( "ear ratio. #owe0er* the
(-&&ort( (e&arate at hi"h "ear ratio( to form a $i(!ontin-o-( "ear &ath* a( (een in 'i"-re 687.
4hi( !an )ea$ to the &ro)em( with !ree& an$ ()i& that ha0e &)a"-e$ 234( for .ear( .
4hi( inherent f)aw ha( $ire!te$ re(ear!h an$ $e0e)o&ment towar$ &-(h e)t 234(.
1'6 I.!ere.t A-*a.ta$e, 7 Be.efit,
2ertain).* the !)-n, of a (hiftin" tran(mi((ion i( fami)iar to a)) $ri0er(. D. !ontra(t* a
!ontin-o-(). 0aria)e tran(mi((ion i( &erfe!t). (moothGit nat-ra)). !han"e( E"ear(F
$i(!reet). an$ min-te). (-!h that the $ri0er or &a((en"er fee)( on). (tea$. a!!e)eration. +n
Department of Mechanical engineering MACE Kothamangalam
Seminar Report 2007-2008 "
theor.* a 234 wo-)$ !a-(e )e(( en"ine fati"-e an$ wo-)$ e a more re)ia)e tran(mi((ion*
a( the har(hne(( of (hift( an$ $i(!rete "ear( for!e the en"ine to r-n at a )e((1than1o&tima)
(&ee$.
Moreo0er* 234( offer im&ro0e$ effi!ien!. an$ &erforman!e. 4a)e 617 e)ow (how( the
&ower tran(mi((ion effi!ien!. of a t.&i!a) fi0e1(&ee$ a-tomati!* i.e. the &er!enta"e of
en"ine &ower tran()ate$ thro-"h the tran(mi((ion. 4hi( .ie)$( an a0era"e effi!ien!. of 8;H*
!om&are$ to a t.&i!a) man-a) tran(mi((ion with B<H effi!ien!.. D. !om&ari(on* 4a)e 627
e)ow "i0e( effi!ien!. ran"e( for (e0era) 234 $e(i"n(.

4he(e 234( ea!h offer im&ro0e$ effi!ien!. o0er !on0entiona) a-tomati! tran(mi((ion(*
an$ their effi!ien!. $e&en$( )e(( on $ri0in" hait than man-a) tran(mi((ion(. Moreo0er:
De!a-(e the 234 a))ow( an en"ine to r-n at thi( mo(t effi!ient &oint 0irt-a)).
in$e&en$ent of 0ehi!)e (&ee$* a 234 e5-i&&e$ 0ehi!)e .ie)$( f-e) e!onom. enefit( when
!om&are$ to a !on0entiona) tran(mi((ion. 4e(tin" . I' Cetriee Cm# (e0era) .ear( a"o
fo-n$ that Ethe 234 -(e( at )ea(t 10H )e(( f-e) than a 91 (&ee$ a-tomati! tran(mi((ionF for
U.S. En0ironmenta) Prote!tion A"en!. !it. an$ hi"hwa. !.!)e(.
Moreo0er* the 234 wa( more than one (e!on$ fa(ter in 01;0 m&h a!!e)eration te(t( . 4he
&otentia) for f-e) effi!ien!. "ain( !an a)(o e (een in the 234 !-rrent). -(e$ in #on$aA(
2i0i!. A 2i0i! with a tra$itiona) a-tomati! a0era"e( 28J8: mi)e( &er "a))on 6m&"7
!it.Jhi"hwa.* whi)e the (ame !ar with a 234 "et( 89J88 m&" !it.Jhi"hwa.. #on$a ha( -(e$
!ontin-o-(). 0aria)e tran(mi((ion( in the 2i0i! for (e0era) .ear(* -t the(e are 1.; )iter !ar(
with )imite$ tor5-e !a&ai)itie(. On"oin" re(ear!h an$ $e0e)o&ment wi)) ine0ita). e/&an$
the a&&)i!ai)it. of 234( to a m-!h roa$er ran"e of en"ine( an$ a-tomoi)e(.
234( !an !om&en(ate for !han"in" 0ehi!)e (&ee$(* a))owin" the en"ine (&ee$ to remain at
it( )e0e) of &ea, effi!ien!.. 4hi( im&ro0e( f-e) e!onom. an$ . effe!t* e/ha-(t( emi((ion(.
234( o&erate (mooth). (in!e there are no "ear !han"e( whi!h !a-(e (-$$en jer,(. 3er. few
&ro)em( ha0e een re&orte$ with the 234 tran(mi((ion* )owerin" !o(t of owner(hi&. 4here
are 2:H fewer mo0in" &art( to a 234 tran(mi((ion +t i( a)(o !hea&er to re&air. 4he f)-i$( $o
not ha0e to e !han"e$ a( often a( a-tomati! tran(mi((ion %i(a$0anta"e( Man. ear). 234
$ri0en !ar( ha$ $i(a&&ointin" &erforman!e. 4he ori"ina) 'or$ 'ie(ta 1.1 24K* for e/am&)e*
-(e$ 8.2 &er!ent more "a(o)ine than the man-a) tran(mi((ion 0er(ion in !it. $ri0in". 234(
o&erate (mooth).. 4hi( !an "i0e a &er!e&tion of )ow &ower* e!a-(e man. $ri0er( e/&e!t a
jer, when the. e"in to mo0e the 0ehi!)e. 4he e/&e!te$ jer, of a non1234 !an e em-)ate$
. 234 !ontro) (oftware tho-"h* e)iminatin" thi( mar,etin" &ro)em.
Sin!e the 234 ,ee&( the en"ine t-rnin" at !on(tant RPM o0er a wi$e ran"e of 0ehi!)e
(&ee$(* &re((in" on the a!!e)erator &e$a) wi)) ma,e the !ar mo0e fa(ter -t $oe(nLt !han"e
the (o-n$ !omin" from the en"ine a( m-!h a( a !on0entiona) a-tomati! tran(mi((ion "ear1
(hift. 4hi( !onf-(e( (ome $ri0er( an$* a"ain* )ea$( to an im&re((ion of a )a!, of &ower.
Department of Mechanical engineering MACE Kothamangalam
Seminar Report 2007-2008 10
234 tor5-e han$)in" !a&ai)it. i( )imite$ . the (tren"th of their tran(mi((ion me$i-m
6-(-a)). a e)t or !hain7* an$ . their ai)it. to with(tan$ fri!tion wear etween tor5-e
(o-r!e an$ tran(mi((ion me$i-m for fri!tion1$ri0en 234(. 234( in &ro$-!tion &rior to 200:
are &re$ominant). e)t or !hain $ri0en an$ therefore t.&i!a)). )imite$ to )ow &owere$ !ar(
an$ other )i"ht $-t. a&&)i!ation(. Unit( -(in" a$0an!e$ )-ri!ant(* howe0er* ha0e een
&ro0en to (-&&ort an. amo-nt of tor5-e in &ro$-!tion 0ehi!)e(* in!)-$in" that -(e$ for -(e(*
hea0. tr-!,(* an$ earth mo0in" e5-i&ment.
De!a-(e a-tomoti0e 234( are a-tomati!* the. are (ti"mati?e$ in (ome re"ion(M whi)e
a-tomati! tran(mi((ion( are !ommon in the Ameri!a(* &)a!e( (-!h a( (o-thern E-ro&e $o not
"enera)). a!!e&t a-tomati! tran(mi((ion( of an. ,in$. Ja&an with it( "enera)). (ma))er !ar(
an$ (to&1an$1"o traffi!* ha( &ro0en a m-!h etter mar,et for 234 $ri0en !ar(.
1'8 A++"icati&.,
4ra!tor( j-(t a( !ar( ha0e the nee$ for a f)e/i)e (.(tem to !on0e. &ower from their
en"ine to their whee)(. 4he 2.3.4. wi)) &ro0i$e j-(t thi( an$ at hi"h f-e) (a0in"( with )ow
atmo(&heri! &o))-tion.
Co)f 2art( (tan$ to enefit from the 2.3.4. a( we)) in the wa. e)e!tri! !ar( $o. that i(:
Lar"e ran"e of (&ee$(* )on"er $ri0in" ran"e etween !har"e(* 'ewer atterie(* )ower
maintenan!e !o(t* )e(( wei"ht.
Motori?e$ >hee)!hair(. Datter. r-n* (&ee$ !ontro))e$ . a rheo(tat. Coin" -& a ram&
()ow). !a-(e( a $ro& in &ower 6when itL( mo(t nee$e$7. 2.3.4. i( a form of tran(mi((ion*
)ower (&ee$ mean( MORE PO>ER.
Di!.!)e(. E0er tr. to (hift "ear( whi)e &e$a)in" -&hi))@ Coo$ new(M the K+NES+S 2.3.4.
wi)) a-tomati!a)). (e)e!t the a&&ro&riate for the (it-ation N"earN ratio. No ha(()e* no tro-)e.
En$ of (tor..
Power too)( an$ ho-(eho)$ a&&)ian!e(* that 0ar. from en!h to& $ri))( to wa(h ma!hine(
an$ )en$er( nee$ to $e&art from the !ent-rie( o)$ e)t an$ &-))e. !onfi"-ration for
(moother o&eration an$ more re)iai)it..
+n$-(tria) E5-i&ment an$ &ro$-!tion ma!hiner. often -(e either "ear( or !-mer(ome
e)t an$ &-))e. !onfi"-ration(. 2.3.4. !an $o awa. with a)) that an$ a$$itiona)). "i0e them
infinite ratio(.
Mini ma!hine( Sma)) $e0i!e( that nee$ to o&erate in a wi$e ran"e of (&ee$(* a( the nee$
ari(e(. O-r -ni5-e $e(i"n a))ow( the &ro$-!tion of an ine/&en(i0e miniat-re 2.3.4. to
ena)e them $o j-(t tho(e.
1'9 C!a""e.$e, 7 Li#itati&.,
234 $e0e)o&ment ha( &ro"re((e$ ()ow). for a 0ariet. of rea(on(* -t m-!h of the $e)a.
in $e0e)o&ment !an e attri-te$ to a )a!, of $eman$: !on0entiona) man-a) an$ a-tomati!
tran(mi((ion( ha0e )on" offere$ (-ffi!ient &erforman!e an$ f-e) e!onom.. 4h-(* &ro)em(
en!o-ntere$ in 234 $e0e)o&ment -(-a)). (to&&e$ (ai$ &ro"re((. E%e(i"ner( ha0e O
-n(-!!e((f-)). trie$ to $e0e)o& Pa 234Q that !an mat!h the tor5-e !a&a!it.* effi!ien!.* (i?e*
wei"ht* an$ man-fa!t-rin" !o(t of (te&1ratio tran(mi((ion(F. One of the major !om&)aint(
with &re0io-( 234( ha( een ()i&&a"e in the $ri0e e)t or ro))er(.
4hi( i( !a-(e$ . the )a!, of $i(!rete "ear teeth* whi!h form a ri"i$ me!hani!a)
!onne!tion etween to "ear(M fri!tion $ri0e( are inherent). &rone to ()i&* e(&e!ia)). at hi"h
Department of Mechanical engineering MACE Kothamangalam
Seminar Report 2007-2008 11
tor5-e. >ith ear). 234( of the 1B:0( an$ 1B;0(* en"ine( e5-i&&e$ with 234( wo-)$ r-n at
e/!e((i0e). hi"h RPM tr.in" to E!at!h -&F to the ()i&&in" e)t. 4hi( wo-)$ o!!-r an. time
the 0ehi!)e wa( a!!e)erate$ from a (to& at &ea, tor5-e: E'or !om&re((i0e e)t(* in the
&ro!e(( of tran(mittin" tor5-e* mi!ro ()i& o!!-r( etween the e)ement( an$ the &-))e.(. 4hi(
mi!ro ()i& ten$( to in!rea(e (har&). on!e the tran(mitte$ tor5-e e/!ee$( a !ertain 0a)-e OF
'or man. .ear(* the (im&)e (o)-tion to thi( &ro)em ha( een to -(e 234( on). in !ar(
with re)ati0e). )ow1tor5-e en"ine(. Another (o)-tion i( to em&)o. a tor5-e !on0erter 6(-!h
a( tho(e -(e$ in !on0entiona) a-tomati!(7* -t thi( re$-!e( the 234A( effi!ien!..
Perha&( more than an.thin" e)(e* 234 $e0e)o&ment ha( een hin$ere$ . !o(t. Low
0o)-me an$ a )a!, of infra(tr-!t-re ha0e $ri0en -& man-fa!t-rin" !o(t(* whi!h ine0ita).
.ie)$ hi"her tran(mi((ion &ri!e(. >ith in!rea(e$ $e0e)o&ment* mo(t of the(e &ro)em( !an
e a$$re((e$ (im&). . im&ro0ement( in man-fa!t-rin" te!hni5-e( an$ materia)(
&ro!e((in". 'or e/am&)e* Ni((anA( E/troi$ Ei( $eri0e$ from a !ent-r.1o)$ !on!e&t* &erfe!te$
. mo$ern te!hno)o".* meta))-r".* !hemi(tr.* e)e!troni!(* en"ineerin"* an$ &re!i(ion
man-fa!t-rin"F.
+n a$$ition* 234 !ontro) m-(t e a$$re((e$. E0en if a 234 !an o&erate at the o&tima)
"ear ratio at an. (&ee$* how $oe( it E,nowF what ratio to (e)e!t@ Man-a) tran(mi((ion( ha0e
man-a) !ontro)(* where the $ri0er (hift( when he or (he (o $e(ire(M a-tomati! tran(mi((ion(
ha0e re)ati0e). (im&)e (hiftin" a)"orithm( to a!!ommo$ate etween three an$ fi0e "ear(.
#owe0er* 234( re5-ire far more !om&)e/ a)"orithm( to a!!ommo$ate an infinite $i0i(ion
of (&ee$( an$ "ear ratio(.
1': CVT Varietie,
Se0era) other t.&e( of 234( ha0e een $e0e)o&e$ o0er the !o-r(e of a-tomoti0e hi(tor.*
-t the(e ha0e e!ome )e(( &rominent than &-(h e)t an$ toroi$a) 234(. A m-tatin" tra!tion
$ri0e -(e( a &i0otin"* !oni!a) (haft to !han"e E"ear(F in a 234. A( the !one( !han"e an")e*
the in)et ra$i-( $e!rea(e( whi)e the o-t)et ra$i-( in!rea(e(* or 0i!e 0er(a* re(-)tin" in an
infinite). 0aria)e "ear ratio. A 0aria)e "eometr. 234 -(e( a$j-(ta)e &)anetar. "ear1(et(
to !han"e "ear ratio(* -t thi( i( more a,in to a f)e/i)e tra$itiona) tran(mi((ion than a
!on0entiona) 234.
1'; E<i,ti.$ CVT De,i$.,
Rat!hetin"
#.$ro(tati!
4oroi$a)
31De)t = P-))e.
+nfinite). 3aria)e 4ran(mi((ion 6+347
Department of Mechanical engineering MACE Kothamangalam
Seminar Report 2007-2008 12
6' CONVERSION OF A CVT INTO AN IVT
234( on). &ro0i$e &o(iti0e ratio(. 4herefore* a re0er(e "ear an$ a !)-t!h 6or a tor5-e
!on0erter7 i( ne!e((ar.. +34( 6+nfinite). 3aria)e 4ran(mi((ion(7 &ro0i$e a f-)) ran"e of ratio
from re0er(e* thro-"h (tationar.* an$ from e/treme). )ow (&ee$(* -& to hi"h o0er$ri0e. 4he
en"ine i( &ermanent). !onne!te$ to whee)(. 2)-t!h an$ re0er(e "ear are not re5-ire$.
1
'i" 9
A &)anetar. "ear (et 6e&i!.!)i!7 !an e -(e$ to !on0ert a 234 into a +34 . &ower (&)it.4he
&)anetar. "ear (et N(-tra!t( (ome RPM(N from the 234 o-t&-t. 4h-(* the o0era)) ratio (&rea$
!an e free). !-(tomi?e$.
4he &)anetar. "ear (et form-)a:
>P R 6%R S %S7 T >R R %R 1 >S R %S
6>: an"-)ar 0e)o!itie(M %: &rimiti0e $iameter(7
.
'i" : 234 with &)anetar. "ear (et
Department of Mechanical engineering MACE Kothamangalam
Seminar Report 2007-2008 13

'i" ; 234 with e&i!.!)i! "ear (et
6'0 Deter#i.ati&. &f IVT ,+ee-:
6>in T en"ine (&ee$ M R!0t T 234 ratio7
>hat wi)) e the +34 o0era)) ratio@

6Ratio( are in&-t (&ee$Jo-t&-t (&ee$ 7
6'1 Si< c&#/i.ati&., &f a CVT a.- a +"a.etar% $ear ,et:
+34 i( a !omination of 234 with an e&i!.!)i! "ear (.(tem 6&ower (&)it7.4he $ifferent
!omination( of a 234 an$ a &)anetar. "ear (et are a( (hown e)ow. 4he in&-t !an e "i0en to
&)anet(* (-n "ear or to rin" "ear an$ the o-t &-t !an a)(o e ta,en from the(e three "ear(. 4he
in&-t an$ an$ the o-t&-t !an e inter!han"e$ (o that we !an "et (i/ $ifferent !omination for an
effe!ti0e +34.

'i" < %ifferent !omination of 234 an$ &)anetar. "ear (et.
Department of Mechanical engineering MACE Kothamangalam
Seminar Report 2007-2008 14
8' INFINITELY VARIABLE TRANSMISSION 2IVT3
A (&e!ifi! t.&e of 234 i( the infinite). 0aria)e tran(mi((ion 6+347* in whi!h the ran"e of
ratio( of o-t&-t (haft (&ee$ to in&-t (haft (&ee$ in!)-$e( a ?ero ratio that !an e !ontin-o-().
a&&roa!he$ from a $efine$ Nhi"herN ratio. A ?ero o-t&-t (&ee$ with a finite in&-t (&ee$ im&)ie( an
infinite in&-t1to1o-t&-t (&ee$ ratio* whi!h !an e !ontin-o-(). a&&roa!he$ from a "i0en finite
in&-t 0a)-e with an +34. Low "ear( are a referen!e to )ow ratio( of o-t&-t (&ee$ to in&-t (&ee$.
4hi( ratio i( ta,en to the e/treme with +34(* re(-)tin" in a Nne-tra)N* or non1$ri0in" N)owN "ear
)imit* in whi!h the o-t&-t (&ee$ i( ?ero* a)tho-"h* -n)i,e ne-tra) in a norma) a-tomoti0e
tran(mi((ion* the o-t&-t tor5-e ma. e non1?ero: the o-t&-t (haft i( ri"i$). fi/e$ at ?ero (&ee$
rather than ein" free). rotatin".
Mo(t +34( re(-)t from the !omination of a 234 with an e&i!.!)i! "ear (.(tem 6whi!h i( a)(o
,nown a( a &)anetar. "ear (.(tem7 whi!h enfor!e( an o-t&-t (haft rotation (&ee$ whi!h i( e5-a)
to the $ifferen!e etween two other (&ee$(. +f the(e two other (&ee$( are the in&-t an$ o-t&-t of a
234* there !an e a (ettin" of the 234 that re(-)t( in an o-t&-t (&ee$ of ?ero. 4he ma/im-m
o-t&-tJin&-t ratio !an e !ho(en from infinite &ra!ti!a) &o((ii)itie( thro-"h (e)e!tion of
a$$itiona) in&-t or o-t&-t "ear* &-))e. or (&ro!,et (i?e( witho-t affe!tin" the ?ero o-t&-t or the
!ontin-it. of the who)e (.(tem. 4he +34 i( a)wa.( en"a"e$* e0en $-rin" it( ?ero o-t&-t
a$j-(tment.
+34( !an in (ome im&)ementation( offer etter effi!ien!. when !om&are$ to other 234( a( in
the &referre$ ran"e of o&eration e!a-(e mo(t of the &ower f)ow( thro-"h the &)anetar. "ear
(.(tem an$ not the !ontro))in" 234. 4or5-e tran(mi((ion !a&ai)it. !an a)(o e in!rea(e$. 4hereL(
a)(o &o((ii)it. to (ta"e &ower (&)it( for f-rther in!rea(e in effi!ien!.* tor5-e tran(mi((ion
!a&ai)it. an$ etter maintenan!e of effi!ien!. of a wi$e "ear ratio ran"e.
An e/am&)e of a tr-e +34 i( the #.$ri(tor e!a-(e the front -nit !onne!te$ to the en"ine !an
$i(&)a!e from ?ero to 2< !-i! in!he( &er re0o)-tion forwar$ an$ ?ero to 110 !-i! in!he( &er
re0o)-tion re0er(e. 4he rear -nit i( !a&a)e of ?ero to <: !-i! in!he( &er re0o)-tion.
4he +34 mo0e( awa. from the !on(traint( of (te&&e$ ratio a-tomati! tran(mi((ion( an$ -n)i,e
2ontin-o-(). 3aria)e 4ran(mi((ion( there i( no tor5-e )imitation. 4he ratio ran"e i( &ro0i$e$ not
. a (.(tem of "ear(* a( fo-n$ in a !on0entiona) a-tomati! tran(mi((ion* -t . a 0ariator whi!h
!on(i(t( of a (et of $i(!( an$ ro))er(.
4he +34 te!hno)o". a))ow( !ontro) of the !om&)ete &ower train ena)in" o&timi(ation of the
effi!ien!. of the en"ine. +n !on0entiona) tran(mi((ion( the en"ine an$ tran(mi((ion are !ontro))e$
(e&arate)..
4he +34 i( tor5-e !ontro))e$ rather than ratio !ontro))e$. 4he (oftware $etermine( the tor5-e
re5-ire$ at the roa$ whee)( an$ then re5-e(t( tor5-e from the tran(mi((ion rather than (ettin" a
(&e!ifi! ratio. 4he en"ine !an then e -(e$ to $e)i0er the &ower at it( mo(t effi!ient o&eratin"
&oint. +n !on0entiona) a-tomati!( where the "ear ratio( are fi/e$ the en"ine on). r-n( at it( mo(t
effi!ient o&eratin" &oint( for (hort &erio$( of time.
4hi( o&timi(ation of the entire &ower train rin"( ao-t a f-e) e!onom. enefit in three wa.(:
%-e to the "eare$ ne-tra) feat-re of the +34 the en"ine !an e $ire!t). !onne!te$ to the
roa$ whee)( whi)(t the 0ehi!)e i( (tationar.. 4here i( no nee$ for a (e&arate (tartin" $e0i!e
(-!h a( an ineffi!ient tor5-e !on0erter.
%-e to it( wi$e ratio (&rea$ the +34 &ro0i$e( the ai)it. for the en"ine to r-n at a hi"h
o0er$ri0e of <9m&hJ1000r&m.
Department of Mechanical engineering MACE Kothamangalam
Seminar Report 2007-2008 1
De!a-(e the +34 $oe( not ha0e $i(!rete ratio (te&( it !an r-n the en"ine at o&tim-m
!on$ition( for f-e) e!onom. an$ emi((ion(.
'i" 8 An +34 Ma!hine
An +34 ma!hine in!)-$e( an in&-t (haft* a $ri0e whee) on the in&-t (haft* an o-t&-t (haft* a
ratio !han"in" $e0i!e whi!h i( mo-nte$ on the o-t&-t (haft* an en$)e(( e)t whi!h &a((e( o0er the
$ri0e whee) an$ in an o&en )oo& on the ratio !han"in" $e0i!e* !ontro) e)ement( for en)ar"in" an$
re$-!in" the e)t )oo& $imen(ion ao-t the o-t&-t (haft a/i(* e)t "-i$e e)ement( &ro0i$in" a
throat thro-"h whi!h the e)t enter( an$ )ea0e( it( )oo& on the ratio !han"in" $e0i!e* an$ a $ri0e
arran"ement on the ratio !han"in" $e0i!e for the tran(mi((ion of $ri0e &ower to the o-t&-t (haft
an$ i( en"a"e$ with the e)t in a &ortion of it( )oo& on the $e0i!e an$ en"a"ea)e with the e)t on
oth (i$e( of the throat in it( tran(ition a!ro(( the throat $-rin" rotation of the ratio !han"in"
$e0i!e.
8'0 A-*a.ta$e:
1. +m&ro0e$ 4ran(mi((ion Ratio(
2. Iero 4R witho-t ?ero in&-t
8. Ne"ati0e 4R for re0er(e
8' >i$er ran"e of S 4R 0a)-e(
8'1 C&#+&.e.t,:
1. 31De)t an$ P-))e. 234
2. P)anetar. Cear 4rain
8. 'i/e$ Ratio Me!hani(m
+n&-t Power i( S&)it thro-"h 234 to 'i/e$ Ratio Me!hani(m an$ P)anetar. Cear
Department of Mechanical engineering MACE Kothamangalam
Seminar Report 2007-2008 1!
8'6 Pr&/"e#, )it! c5rre.t IVT De,i$.:
+nterna)). )e(( effi!ient than man-a) an$ a-tomati! tran(mi((ion(
'ri!tion $ri0en !om&onent( for 0aria)e !ontro)
#i"h Lo((e(
#i"h Stre((e(
Low %-rai)it.
#i"h Maintenan!e
8'8 Pr&+&,e- De,i$. =5a"itie,:
U(e hi"h interna)). effi!ient !om&onent( to a!hie0e tran(mi((ion ratio(
#a0e two (e&arate &ower in&-t(
#a0e oth &o(iti0e an$ ne"ati0e 6re0er(e7 tran(mi((ion ratio( witho-t )ar"e !han"e in
0aria)e !ontro))er (&ee$
E)iminate fri!tion $ri0en !om&onent(
Department of Mechanical engineering MACE Kothamangalam
Seminar Report 2007-2008 17
9' POSITIVELY INFINITELY VARIABLE TRANSMISSION 2PIV3
4he mo$ern nee$ for rotar. motion tran(mi((ion $e0i!e( ori"inate$ with the intro$-!tion of
interna) !om-(tion en"ine( &ro$-!in" narrow ran"e( of hi"h &ower o-t&-t. 4wo form( of
tran(mi((ion( a&&eare$: 617 infinite). 0aria)e tra!tion $e0i!e(* an$ 627 "eare$ m-)ti&)e1ratio
(hiftin" me!hani(m( oth form( e/&erien!e$ (erio-( )imitation(.
M-)ti&)e1ratio "ear o/e( re5-ire !)-t!hin" me!hani(m to interr-&t $ri0e !ontin-it. $-rin"
ratio (hiftin". 4herefore* the(e me!hani(m( m-(t in!or&orate fri!tion !)-t!he( or f)-i$ tor5-e
!on0erter( whi!h ha0e )imite$ )ife (&an(* wa(te "enerate$ ener".* an$ are me!hani!a)). !om&)e/.
+nfinite). 0aria)e $e0i!e( are &refera)e (in!e the. are !a&a)e of ein" 0arie$ to the e/a!t
$e(ire$ ratio. 4herefore* effort( ha0e !ontin-e$ to &erfe!t the(e. +nitia) effort( in!)-$e$ a wi$e
0ariet. of fri!tion tra!tion $e0i!e( -ti)i?in" whee)( ()i$in" a!ro(( $i(,( or !one(. Limitation( of
the(e $e0i!e( in!)-$e$ ra&i$ wear an$ )imite$ tra!tion &ro$-!in" (hort me!hani(m )ife1(&an(.
Attem&t( ha0e een ma$e to o0er!ome the(e )imitation( thro-"h re&)a!in" the (o-r!e(
of fri!tion with me!hani(m( to $-&)i!ate their f-n!tion(. 4hi( )ea$( to the $e0e)o&ment of
P+3.
+t i( a (te& )e(( (&ee$ !ontro). +t i( main). a !hain $ri0e. +t !ontain( (&ro!,et( whi!h are two
&air( of whee)(. +t i( mo-nte$ on (&)ine$ (haft( whi!h are ra$i!a)). "roo0e$ an$ !one (ha&e$.
2hain( are (-!h that !hain )in,( !ontain (e)f1tooth1formin" har$ene$ (tee) ()at(. 4he(e ()at( !an
mo0e (i$ewi(e.

'i" B P+3 S&ee$ %ri0e
Department of Mechanical engineering MACE Kothamangalam
Seminar Report 2007-2008 18

'i" 10 P+3 S&ee$ %ri0e(
9'0 S+ee- ,etti.$, a.- ,+ee- *ariati&.:
Ma/im-m S&ee$ Settin" a$j-(t( in&-t (haft whee)( !)o(e to"ether to form a )ar"e $ri0in"
$iameter. 4hi( a-tomati!a)). (e&arate( o-t&-t (haft whee)( to form a (ma)) $ri0en $iameter.
Minim-m S&ee$ Settin" a$j-(t( in&-t (haft whee)( wi$e a&art to form a (ma)) $ri0in" $iameter.
4hi( a-tomati!a)). !)o(e( o-t&-t (haft whee)( to form a )ar"e $ri0en $iameter.
#ere i( the P+3 2hain $ri0e 1 &o(iti0e &ower tran(mi((ion .et infinite). 0aria)e 1 rea)).
(tee&)e( (&ee$ !ontro). 4he (&ro!,et( of the !hain $ri0e are two &air( of the !one 1 (ha&e$ ra$ia)).
1 "roo0e$ whee)( mo-nte$ on (&)ine$ (haft(.
4he !hain i( ma$e from -ni5-e )in,( whi!h !ontain &a!,( of (e)f 1 tooth 1 formin" har$ene$
(tee) ()at(. Ea!h ()at i( free to mo0e (i$ewi(e an$ !onform to the tooth (ha&e of the &aire$
(&ro!,et(.
>hen the &aire$ whee)( are far a&art the !hain a!t-a)). o&erate( aro-n$ a (ma)) $iameter.
>hen the whee)( are !)o(e to"ether the !hain o&erate( aro-n$ a )ar"e $iameter.
4hi( &rin!i&)e 1 0ar.in" the $ri0in" an$ $ri0en $iameter( 1 i( the &rin!i&)e on whi!h a)) 0aria)e
(&ee$ $ri0e( o&erate. On). the P+3 a&&)ie( the &rin!i&)e to a !hain $ri0e an$ th-( !omine(
infinite). 0aria)e (&ee$ !ontro) with &o(iti0e &ower tran(mi((ion.


'i" 11 Minim-m S&ee$ Settin" 'i" Ma/im-m S&ee$ Settin"
Department of Mechanical engineering MACE Kothamangalam
Seminar Report 2007-2008 1"
9'1 O+erati.$ A-*a.ta$e,:
4he P+3 !anLt ()i&. 4he P+3 !an &ro0i$e a!!-rate (&ee$(* infinite). 0aria)e within the ran"e of
ea!h -nit. 4hi( ma,e( the P+3 a -ni5-e 0aria)e (&ee$ tran(mi((ion* &arti!-)ar). -(ef-) where
$e)i!ate or (en(iti0e o&eration( are in0o)0e$.
Lon" $e&en$a)e )ife 1 Pro&er $e(i"n an$ !aref-) man-fa!t-re of &art(* roa$ -(e of man.
a))o. (tee)( heat1treate$ for ma/im-m (tren"th an$ wear re(i(tan!e* an$ a-tomati! )-ri!ation
from a !ommon re(er0oir* in(-re )on" )ife a( atte(te$ . man. P.LU. +n(ta))ation( with o0er 2:
.ear( of (er0i!e.
Low maintenan!e re5-irement( 1 Maintenan!e i( )imite$ to maintainin" !orre!t !hain ten(ion
an$ oi) )e0e).
An infinite n-mer of (&ee$( etween ma/im-m an$ minim-m (ettin"( !an e ea(i). otaine$
. (im&). t-rnin" the !ontro) (!rew whi)e 1the P.13:1i( o&eratin". V4he !ontro) (!rew ma. a)(o e
a!ti0ate$ . man. t.&e( of a-tomati! !ontro)(.
9'6 PIV Acce,,&rie,
+t i( main). a !hain $ri0e. +t !ontain( (&ro!,et( whi!h are two &air( of whee)(. +t i( mo-nte$ on
(&)ine$ (haft( whi!h are ra$i!a)). "roo0e$ an$ !one (ha&e$. 2hain( are (-!h that !hain )in,(
!ontain (e)f1tooth1formin" har$ene$ (tee) ()at(. 4he(e ()at( !an mo0e (i$ewi(e.
2hain )in,( !ontain( &a!,( of har$ene$ (tee) ()at( whi!h ()i$e free). from (i$e to (i$e to
!onform with "roo0e( in the whee) fa!e(. 4hi( -ni5-e ,e"f f&r#i.$ t&&t! ca+a/i"it% re(-)t( in
&o(iti0e no ()i& tran(mi((ion an$ )on" !hain )ife.
'i" 12 P+3 2hain
'i" 18 2oni!a) %i(!
9'8 PIV Veritie,:
Se0era) other t.&e( of P+3( ha0e een $e0e)o&e$ o0er the !o-r(e. 'o))owin" are (ome of the
e/i(tin" new P+3 0eritie(.
Department of Mechanical engineering MACE Kothamangalam
Seminar Report 2007-2008 20
a3 D5a" C&.ce.tric P&,iti*e"% I.fi.ite"% Varia/"e Tra.,#i,,i&.
4he %2P+3 i( a tr-e a))1"eare$ tor5-e !on0ertin" &o(iti0e). infinite). 0aria)e tran(mi((ion
whi!h -ti)i?e( a -(er a!t-ate$ in$e&en$ent in&-t !ontro) to 0ar. the tran(mi((ion o-t&-t. 4he
in&-t !ontro) !han"e( the effe!ti0e ratio etween a $ri0in" rin" "ear an$ a $ri0en &inion "ear .
&h.(i!a)). re&o(itionin" them re)ati0e to the me!hani(mL( !entra) a/i(. 4hi( &ro$-!e( an o-t&-t
re!ei0in" "ear an$ atta!he$ o-t&-t (haft tor5-e !on0ertin" (&ee$ ran"e o&eratin" etween a
"eare$ ne-tra) (to&&e$ &o(ition an$ it( ma/im-m $ri0en (&ee$. 4he re(-)tin" o-t&-t i( a re0er(e$
$ire!tiona) o-t&-t (haft rotation with a ratio infinite). ran"in" from 1:0 at the "eare$ ne-tra)
!onfi"-ration to 1:2 an$ "reater at ma/im-m (&ee$* $e&en$in" on the a!t-a) (i?e re)ation(hi&
etween the $-a) !on!entri! "ear(. No (e!on$ar. rotationa) motion inje!tion or e/tra!tion i(
re5-ire$ to a!t-ate the me!hani(m an$ no fri!tion !)-t!h or tor5-e !on0erter me!hani(m( are
ne!e((ar. to !o-&)e the tran(mi((ion to the $ri0e train.
4he $efinition of the term( N$-e) !on!entri!N or N$-a) !on!entri!t.N refer( to the me!hani!( of
two in$i0i$-a) "ear(* en"a"e$ with one another whi!h: 617 !han"e their &o(ition( re)ati0e to the
me!hani(m !entra) a/i(* an$ 627 !han"e their !on!entri! orita) re)ation(hi&( re)ati0e to one
another. A $-a) !on!entri! &o(iti0e). infinite). 0aria)e tran(mi((ion -ti)i?e( the &rin!i&)e of $-a)
!on!entri!it. to !han"e the !on!entri! orita) re)ation(hi&( of two en"a"e$ "ear( to !on0ert in&-t
rotationa) motion into two (e&arate !om&onent(: 617 rotationa) motion* an$ 627 orita) motion.
%-rin" o&eration at the "eare$ ne-tra) &ha(e* the orita) !om&onent effe!ti0e). !an!e)( the
rotationa) !om&onent. %-rin" the tor5-e !on0ertin" tran(ition* an$ 0ar.in" )e0e)( of me!hani!a)
o-t&-t* the orita) !om&onent i( "ra$-a)). $e!rea(e$ -nti) on). the rotationa) !om&onent remain(.
Mai. Feat5re, &f DCPIV Tra.,#i,,i&.
A tran(mi((ion !a&a)e of maintainin" a "eare$ ne-tra) o-t&-t (to&&e$ &o(ition a( we)) a(
initia)i?in" tor5-e !on0ertin" o-t&-t $ri0e a!t-ation with an. motor in&-t (&ee$.
A tran(mi((ion whi!h &ro0i$e( -(er1a!t-ate$ infinite). 0ar.in" o-t&-t from it( "eare$ ne-tra)
(to&&e$ &o(ition witho-t an. $ri0e )ine $i(en"a"ement an$ in$i0i$-a) "ear ratio (hiftin".
A tran(mi((ion whi!h &ro0i$e( infinite). 0ar.in" motor !om&re((ion ra,in" from an. (&ee$ to
the 0ehi!-)ar or ma!hine (to&&e$ &o(ition. A tran(mi((ion whi!h in!rea(e( the effi!ien!. of the
tran(fer of &ower from the motor to 0ehi!)e whee)( to in!rea(e f-e) !on(er0ation an$ $e!rea(e
&o))-tion. A &o(iti0e). infinite). 0aria)e tran(mi((ion whi!h i( a!t-ate$ witho-t inje!tion( or
e/tra!tion( of rotar. motion. A $-a) !on!entri! &o(iti0e). infinite). 0aria)e tran(mi((ion with a
&ara))e) rotar. $ri0er to e)iminate the ne!e((it. for 617 a te)e(!o&in" $ri0e (haft an$ 627 -ni0er(a)
(haft joint( to re$-!e the o0era)) )en"th of the me!hani(m.
/3 Geare->.e5tra" /i-irecti&.a" +&,iti*e"% i.fi.ite"% *aria/"e r&tar% #&ti&. tra.,#i,,i&.:
A &ro!e(( for -ti)i?in" a 0aria)e oritin" "ear $ri0en $i(, "ear to $ri0e a !entra) !ore "ear an$
hi"h = )ow (&ee$ o-t&-t (haft( in a $ri0e arran"ement ha0in" an in&-t (haft* an in&-t re!ei0in"
"ear* a $i(, $ri0in" "ear* a re&o(itiona)e $ri0e "ear orita) a)i"nment (haft* a re&o(itiona)e $i(,
"ear* a re&o(itiona)e 0aria)e orita) $ri0er arm* a !ore "ear* a &)anetar. "ear (et in!)-$in" (-n
an$ &)anet "ear(* hi"h (&ee$ an$ )ow (&ee$ o-t&-t (haft(* a !entra) a/i( $efine$ . the in&-t an$
)ow (&ee$ o-t&-t (haft(* a -ni0er(a)). &o(itiona)e !onne!tin" )in,a"e* the &ro!e(( !om&ri(in":
re0o)0in" (ai$ $i(, $ri0in" "ear an$ (ai$ re&o(itiona)e 0aria)e orita) $ri0er arm aro-n$ (ai$
rotatin" re&o(itiona)e $i(, "ear thro-"h (ai$ in&-t re!ei0in" "ear* (ai$ $i(, $ri0in" "ear* an$ (ai$
re&o(itiona)e $ri0e "ear orita) a)i"nment (haftM rotatin" (ai$ !ore "ear an$ (ai$ hi"h (&ee$ =
Department of Mechanical engineering MACE Kothamangalam
Seminar Report 2007-2008 21
)ow (&ee$ o-t&-t (haft( thro-"h the rotatin" (ai$ re&o(itiona)e 0aria)e orita) $ri0er armM
tran()atin" rotation of (ai$ re&o(itiona)e $i(, "ear to $ri0e (ai$ &)anetar. "ear (et (-n "ear
thro-"h (ai$ -ni0er(a)). &o(itiona)e !onne!tin" )in,a"eM tran()atin" (ai$ (-n "ear rotation to
!on!-rrent). rotate (ai$ !ore "ear thro-"h (ai$ &)anetar. "ear (et &)anet "ear(M !ontin-o-().
!han"in" the rotation (&ee$( of (ai$ !ore "ear* (ai$ hi"h (&ee$ an$ )ow (&ee$ o-t&-t (haft(
etween &re$etermine$ minim-m an$ ma/im-m (&ee$(.
c3 T!e C&r&.e" Effect P&,iti*e"% I.fi.ite"% Varia/"e Tra.,#i,,i&.:
+t intro$-!e( the N2orone) Effe!tN "ear (et* with a (in")e fir(t "ear en"a"in" with a
in$e&en$ent). $ri0en (e!on$ "ear. D. !han"in" the an")e of rotation of the fir(t "ear the an"-)ar
0e)o!it. of the (e!on$ "ear i( !han"e$. 4hi( !han"e in an"-)ar 0e)o!it. wi)) form a re(-)tant
0e)o!it. etween the two "ear( !a-(in" the re!ei0in" "ear to &ro$-!e a tr-e* a)) "eare$* i1
$ire!tiona)* 0aria)e tran(mi((ion. +m&)ementation of thi( !on!e&t in the &rotot.&e i( &re(ente$
thro-"h a re&ort of !on(tr-!tion. D. the 2orone) effe!t &rin!i&)e a (in")e fir(t "ear $ri0e( a (in")e
en"a"e$ $ri0en "ear twi!e* !on!-rrent).* with two $ifferent rotationa) in&-t(. One of the(e two
!om&onent( i( 0aria)e an$ the other i( !on(tant. 4he two !om&onent( are ,nown a( the !ir!-m
re0o)0in" !om&onent an$ the $ri0en !om&onent.
4he %ri0en 2om&onent W 4hi( i( the rotation in$-!e$ in the re!ei0in" "ear . the $ri0e "ear
whi)e the $ri0e "ear i( rotatin". 4he rotation i( in the (ame $ire!tion a( the $ire!tion a( the $ri0e
"ear. 4hi( !on0entiona)). tran(mit( rotation from the $ri0e "ear to the re!ei0in" "ear.
2ir!-m re0o)0in" !om&onent 1 4he 2orone) Effe!t i( the rotation in$-!e$ in the re!ei0in" "ear
. rotatin" the (.(tem !on(i(tin" of the en"a"e$ $ri0e "ear an$ re!ei0in" "ear. 4hi( in$-!e(
rotation in the re!ei0in" "ear in the o&&o(ite $ire!tion of the $ire!tion of rotation of the (.(tem.
A( e0er. a!tion ha( an e5-a) an$ o&&o(ite rea!tion* the rotation of the (.(tem m-(t e
!om&en(ate$ for. Sin!e the (haft wa( ori"ina)). in a re)ati0e). !on(tant &o(ition* an$ $e(ire( to
remain in that &o(ition* the !o-nter rotation i( in$-!e$ in the o-t&-t (haft. 4he mathemati!a) a(i(
for thi( motion i( !on!)-(i0e). $eri0e$ e)ow in the (e!tion tit)e$ EMe!hani!( of the 2EP+34.F
4he mathemati!a) re&re(entation( of the(e !om&onent( wi)) e $i(!-((e$ an$ $eri0e$ in the
fo))owin" me!hani!( (e!tion. 4he term E!ir!-m re0o)0in"F wa( !reate$ to $e(!rie the re0o)0in"
of the !ir!-mferen!e of the $ri0in" "ear. 4hi( !an e ana)o"i?e$ to a wo)in" !oin. 3i(-a)i?e a
!oin (&innin" on a ta)e near the en$ of it( !.!)e. +t( e$"e i( &ro"re((i0e). an$ re0o)0in").
!ontra!tin" the ta)e witho-t the !oin it(e)f rotatin". Now ima"ine thi( (ame !oin &o((e((in" "ear
teeth with it( e$"e N!ir!-m re0o)0in"F or wo)in" aro-n$ a &erfe!t). (i?e$ (ma))er "ear with
fewer teeth. Sin!e more teeth in the !ir!-m re0o)0in" "ear are in $ri0in" !onta!t with fewer teeth
in the (ma))er $ri0en "ear* rotation of the $ri0en "ear i( in$-!e$. 4hi( in$-!e$ &ro$-!t i( the
N2orone) Effe!t.N 4he an"-)ar 0e)o!it. of the !ir!-m re0o)0in" !om&onent !an e 0arie$
in$e&en$ent). of the an"-)ar 0e)o!it. of the $ri0en !om&onent. 4he 0e)o!it. of !ir!-m re0o)0in"
E(-tra!t(F from the rotationa) $ri0in" &ro$-!in" the 0arie$ o-t&-t. 4hi( i( the fir(t ,nown "ear
(et in hi(tor. !a&a)e of a!!om&)i(hin" two in$e&en$ent* !on!-rrent $ri0in" f-n!tion( with one
"ear.
9'9 O+erati.$ A-*a.ta$e, &f PIV:
Po(iti0e an$ e/a!t W 4he P.+.3 !anAt ()i&. De!a-(e it !anAt ()i&* the P.+.3 !an &ro0i$e
a!!-rate (&ee$(* infinite). 0aria)e within the ran"e of ea!h -nit. 4hi( ma,e( the P.+.3 a
Department of Mechanical engineering MACE Kothamangalam
Seminar Report 2007-2008 22
-ni5-e 0aria)e (&ee$ tran(mi((ion* &arti!-)ar). -(ef-) where $e)i!ate or (en(iti0e
o&eration( are in0o)0e$.
Lon" $e&en$a)e )ife1 Pro&er $e(i"n an$ !aref-) man-fa!t-re of &art(* roa$ -(e of man.
a))o. (tee)( heat1treate$ for ma/im-m (tren"th an$ wear re(i(tan!e* an$ a-tomati!
)-ri!ation from a !ommon re(er0oir* in(-re )on" )ife a( atte(te$ . man. P.+.3
in(ta))ation with o0er 2: .ear( of (er0i!e.
Low maintenan!e re5-irement(1 Maintenan!e i( )imite$ to maintainin" !orre!t !hain
ten(ion an$ oi) )e0e).
An infinite n-mer of (&ee$(1 Detween ma/im-m an$ minim-m (ettin"(* !an e ea(i).
otaine$ . (im&). t-rnin" the !ontro) (!rew whi)e the P.+.3 i( o&eratin". 4he 2ontro)
(!rew ma. a)(o e a!ti0ate$ . man. t.&e( of a-tomati! !ontro)(.
Ma/im-m (&ee$ (ettin" W a$j-(t( in&-t (haft whee)( !)o(e to"ether to form a )ar"e $ri0in"
$iameter. 4hi( a-tomati!a)). (e&arate( o-t&-t (haft whee)( to form a (ma)) $ri0en
$iameter.
Minim-m (&ee$ (ettin" W XA$j-(t in&-t (haft whee)( wi$e a&art to form a (ma)) $ri0in"
$iameter. 4hi( a-tomati!a)). !)o(e( o-t&-t (haft whee)( to form a )ar"e $ri0en $iameter.
9': A++"icati&., &f PIV:
1Q 4e/ti)e +n$-(trie(
2Q Pa!,a"in" = 2orr-"atin" +n$-(trie(
8Q 'oo$ Pro!e((in" +n$-(trie(
9Q C)a(( +n$-(tr.
:Q Pa&er an$ P-)& +n$-(tr.
;Q 2oa) an$ Minin" E5-i&ment(
<Q R-er Ma!hiner.
8Q Rotar. Printin" Ma!hiner.
BQ 2hemi!a) = Pharma!e-ti!a)(
10Q 2ement P)ant(
11Q Oi) Refinerie(
12Q 4herma) Power P)ant(
:' CONCLUSION
4o$a.* on). a )imite$ n-mer of in$-(trie( wor)$wi$e ma,e -(e of P+34(* -t the
a&&)i!ation( an$ enefit( of Po(iti0e). +nfinite). 3aria)e 4ran(mi((ion( !an on).
in!rea(e a(e$ on to$a.A( re(ear!h an$ $e0e)o&ment.. A( $e0e)o&ment !ontin-e(* f-e)
effi!ien!. an$ &erforman!e enefit( wi)) ine0ita). in!rea(eM thi( wi)) )ea$ to
in!rea(e$ (a)e( of (-!h "ear me!hani(m(. +n!rea(e$ (a)e( wi)) &rom&t f-rther
$e0e)o&ment an$ im&)ementation* an$ the !.!)e wi)) re&eat a$ infinit-m. An.
te!hno)o". with inherent enefit( wi)) e0ent-a)). rea!h fr-itionM the P+34 ha( on).
j-(t e"-n to )o((om.
;' REFERENCES
Department of Mechanical engineering MACE Kothamangalam
Seminar Report 2007-2008 23
A0er.* C. 4ener"e* P.* EE)e!trome!hani!a) #.ri$ 4ran(mi((ion W !on!e&t*
$e(i"n* (im-)ationF* Pro!. +nte"rate$ Power train( an$ their 2ontro)*
Uni0er(it. of Dath* +Me!hE* 2000.
Dra!e* 2.J.* %ea!on* M.* 3a-"han* N.%.* #orro!,(* R.>.* D-rrow( 2.R.* NAn
O&eratin" Point O&timi?er for the %e(i"n an$ 2a)iration of an +nte"rate$
%ie(e) J 234 Power trainN* Pro!ee$in"( of 4he +n(tit-tion of Me!hani!a)
En"ineer( Jo-rna) of A-tomoi)e En"ineerin" 6Part %7 3o) 218* Ma. 1BBB* &"
21:122;* +SSN: 0B:9190<0* 1BBB.
4he 2orone) Effe!t Po(iti0e). +nfinite). 3aria)e 4ran(mi((ion
Pa-) Ka. 2orone)* >a)ter K. K. 2orone) an$ J-(tin C. Co(h"arian 2orone) %e0e)o&ment
%-a) !on!entri! &o(iti0e). infinite). 0aria)e rotar. motion tran(mi((ion
US Patent +((-e$ on O!toer 9* 1BB9 to Pa-). K 2orone) Coyright 2004 SAE International
www.e(m.0t.e$-
htt&:JJen.wi,i&e$ia.or"Jwi,iJ2ontin-o-().Y0aria)eYtran(mi((ion
htt&:JJwww.,ri(hnaen".!omJ&ro$-!t(.htm
4orotra,* home&a"e* htt&JJwww.torotra,.!om* 2001
Department of Mechanical engineering MACE Kothamangalam