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Simulation
Mechanical 2012
Part 1 Seminar Notes
II Autodesk
L
AE
F
dx
E
A
F
=
=
=
=
L
0
Where,
Introduction
12 Autodesk
\
|
=
L
T
kA q
where: k =Thermal conductivity
A =Area
T =Change in temperature
L =Length
The two most common loads for a thermal analysis are convection and radiation loads. These
loads are applied to a surface. The equation for the heat flow due to convection is:
( )
= T T hA q
s
where: h =Convection coefficient
A =Area
T
s
=Temperature of the surface
T
=Ambient temperature
Introduction
14 Autodesk
where: = Emissivity which describes the surface finish for gray bodies. (If =1.0, it
is a true blackbody.)
=Stefan-Boltzmann constant for radiation
A =Area
V.F. =View factor from the surface to the infinite source
T
=Ambient temperature (in units of absolute temperature)
T
b
=Temperature of the node (in units of absolute temperature)
Li near Dynami cs Revi ew
Equat ion for Dynamic Analyses
The basic equation of dynamics is:
[m]{a}+[c]{v}+[k]{x}=0
where:
[m] =the mass matrix
{a} =the acceleration vector
[c] =the damping constant matrix
{v} =the velocity vector
[k] =the stiffness matrix
{x} =the displacement vector
A natural frequency analysis provides the natural vibration frequencies of a part or assembly
based on a linear eigenvalue solution. Because the above equation is solved in this linear
solution, only mass and stiffness are taken into account. No damping is used. In addition,
loads are ignored. As a result, actual displacement output is meaningless except to define the
shape of the natural frequency mode. Note that loads are taken into account for a natural
frequency with load stiffening analysis, assuming the loads produce membrane stresses that
affect the stiffness of the structure.
Constraints have a very significant effect on the solution. When no boundary conditions or
insufficient boundary conditions are used, rigid-body movement or modes will be found.
Unlike a static solution, this is acceptable in a modal analysis.
Autodesk
Simulat ion
Chapt er Obj ect i ves
Introduction to the user interface
Commands - Ribbon
Keyboard
Mouse
View Cube and other view controls
Complete an example of using Autodesk Simulation
Overview of launching a Simulation from Autodesk Inventor and creating a mesh
Overview of adding loads and constraints to a model
Overview of defining material properties
Overview of performing an analysis
Overview of reviewing results
Overview of generating a report
Navi gat i ng t he User Int erface
In this section, we will introduce you to the Autodesk Simulation user interface. This
interface is the same for each of the available packages, including the Simulation Mechanical
and Simulation Multiphysics products. The only difference will be with regard to which
advanced features or capabilities are enabled.
We will begin with an overview of the major components of the graphical user interface.
Then we will discuss the Ribbon, keyboard, mouse, View Cube, and additional view controls.
Please note that the behavior of the keyboard, mouse and View Cube as discussed within
this manual are based on the default program settings for a clean installation of the product.
Many of the features to be discussed are customizable via tabs and settings within the
"Application Options" dialog, reachable via the "Tools: Application Options" command.
Figure 1.1 on the next page, along with the legend that follows it introduces the major
components of the user interface. This manual is based on Autodesk Simulation 2012. Users
of other versions may encounter differences between their version and the interface described
herein.
Chapter
1
Chapter 1: Example Using Autodesk
Simulation
16 Autodesk
Simulation
Autodesk
Simulation
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Simulation
Autodesk
Simulation
20 Autodesk
Simulation
Autodesk
Simulation
22 Autodesk
Simulation
Autodesk
Simulation
24 Autodesk
Simulation
Autodesk
Simulation
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Simulation
Autodesk
Simulation
28 Autodesk
Simulation
Autodesk
Simulation
30 Autodesk
Simulation
Autodesk
Simulation
32 Autodesk
=
Where n is the total number of nodes in the model.
Chapter 8: Steady-State Heat Transfer
160 Autodesk
=
=
n
1 i
2
i
n
1 i
2
i i
old
new old
T
T T
.
Where n is the total number of nodes in the model. The "Corrective tolerance" field can be
used to define the maximum value for the corrective norm. The "Relative tolerance" field
can be used to define the maximum value for the relative norm. The temperature of a node
after an iteration, T
cur
, could be higher or lower than the final converged value. The value in
the "Relaxation parameter" field can be used to minimize the oscillations. This value will
be multiplied by the difference of the new and old temperatures for this node. The product
will be added to the old temperature. This value will be used as T
cur
. A relaxation parameter
between 0.8 and 1 will provide the best results.
There are five options to decide to stop the iterative process. These can be selected in the
"Criteria" drop-down box. If the "Do all N iterations" option is selected, all of the
iterations specified in the "Maximum number of iterations" field will be performed. If the
"Stop when corrective norm < E1 (case 1)" option is selected, the iterations will stop when
the corrective norm is less than the value in the "Corrective tolerance" field. If the "Stop
when relative norm < E2 (case 2)" option is selected, the iterations will stop when the
relative norm is less than the value in the "Relative tolerance" field. If the "Stop when
either case 1 or 2" option is selected, the iterations will stop when either the corrective norm
is less than the value in the "Corrective tolerance" field or the relative norm is less than the
value in the "Relative tolerance" field. If the "Stop when both case 1 and 2" option is
selected, the iterations will stop when the corrective norm is less than the value in the
"Corrective tolerance" field and the relative norm is less than the value in the "Relative
tolerance" field.
Chapter 8: Steady-State Heat Transfer
Autodesk
=
0 ' ' if 0
0 ' ' if
' ' 2
min
' '
max
' '
MAX
MAX
MAX
i i
q
q
q
q q
Pi
where:
Pi is the precision at node i,
max
' '
i q
is the maximum heat flux magnitude at node i, obtained by finding the maximum
over its neighboring elements,
min
' '
i q
is the minimum heat flux magnitude at node i, obtained by finding the minimum
over its neighboring elements,
MAX
q
' '
is the global maximum of the heat flux magnitude.
Calculating the Total Flow: It is often important to know the total amount of heat flowing
through a surface of a model. This can be done in the Results environment. First, access the
RESULTS pull-down menu and select the "Heat Rate of Face" command.
Note: In order to inquire about and to sum the heat rate of element faces or model surfaces,
smoothing of the results must be disabled. To do this, go to the "Results Options" pull
down menu and deselect the "Smooth Results" command.
Select the element faces or model surface through which you want to know the total heat
flow. Access the INQUIRE pull-down menu and select the "Results" command. The
Chapter 8: Steady-State Heat Transfer
162 Autodesk
\
|
=
T
node
is the value of the applied temperature at a specific time. T
applied temperature
is the
magnitude of the applied temperature defined in the FEA Editor environment. Factor refers to
the factor of the load curve specified in the "Load Case / Load Curve" field. Scale refers to
the value in the "Scale" field. Stiffness refers to the stiffness of the applied temperature.
The easiest and most intuitive way to control the temperature of nodes or surfaces is to do the
following. Specify an applied temperature "Magnitude" of zero (0). Set both the
"Stiffness" and "Scale" fields to the same high value. By default, both of these fields will
have a value of 1e11. Define a load curve with the values in the factor column equal to the
exact temperatures that you want for each time listed in the load curve table. Substituting
these values into the above equation, it can be seen that the Scale and Stiffness values will
cancel each other out and, since T
applied temperature
=0, the resultant T
node
value will be equal to
the Factor throughout the analysis. In other words, the load curve will show actual
temperature versus time values when this technique is employed.
Resul t Opt i ons
All of the result options available for a steady-state heat transfer analysis are also available for
a transient heat transfer analysis. These results are calculated at each time step of the
analysis. Each time step can be viewed in the Results environment as a separate load case.
The "next/previous" buttons in the "Load Case Options" panel within the "Results
Contours" tab can be used to toggle forward and backward through the load cases. An
animation of a result through all of the time steps can be created using the "Save As AVI"
button in the "Captures" panel.
In addition to viewing the results in the display area, you can also create a graph of the results
at one or multiple nodes at each time step of an analysis. This can be done by selecting the
nodes and right-clicking in the display area. Select either the "Graph Value(s)" or the
Embed Graph" command, depending upon whether you want a separate graph window or a
graph embedded within the current presentation plot. A graph will appear plotting the
currently displayed value throughout the analysis duration.
Chapter 9: Transient Heat Transfer
Autodesk
F F F
x
(1)
0 000 , 10 sin
13 12
= + =
F F F
y
(2)
Since we will assume small deflections, we can ignore the rotation of the trusses. Consider
the elongation of each member as the deflection along the original position.
Appendix A Finite Element Method Using Hand Calculations
180 Autodesk
12
=3,965
13
=1,465
14
=1,036
x=0.00414
y=-0.01586
F = 10,000 lbs force
L =120 in length
A =2 in
2
area
E =30x10
6
psi modulus of elasticity
=45
Appendix A Finite Element Method Using Hand Calculations
Autodesk
=
(
(
(
(
=
1 0 1 0
0 0 0 0
1 0 1 0
0 0 0 0
120
10 30 2
1 0 1 0
0 0 0 0
1 0 1 0
0 0 0 0
6
x
L
AE
k
For the element from point 1 to point 3:
( )( )
(
(
(
(
=
(
(
(
(
=
5 . 0 5 . 0 5 . 0 5 . 0
5 . 0 5 . 0 5 . 0 5 . 0
5 . 0 5 . 0 5 . 0 5 . 0
5 . 0 5 . 0 5 . 0 5 . 0
2 120
10 30 2
5 . 0 5 . 0 5 . 0 5 . 0
5 . 0 5 . 0 5 . 0 5 . 0
5 . 0 5 . 0 5 . 0 5 . 0
5 . 0 5 . 0 5 . 0 5 . 0
2
6
x
L
AE
k
For the element from point 1 to point 4:
( )( )
(
(
(
(
=
(
(
(
(
=
0 0 0 0
0 1 0 1
0 0 0 0
0 1 0 1
120
10 30 2
0 0 0 0
0 1 0 1
0 0 0 0
0 1 0 1
6
x
L
AE
k
Combine the individual matrices to create the total stiffness matrix:
( )
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
=
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1
0 0 354 . 0 354 . 0 0 0 354 . 0 354 . 0
0 0 354 . 0 354 . 0 0 0 354 . 0 354 . 0
0 0 0 0 1 0 1 0
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 354 . 0 354 . 0 1 0 354 . 1 354 . 0
0 1 354 . 0 354 . 0 0 0 354 . 0 354 . 1
000 , 500 k
The force vector can be constructed. The horizontal and vertical forces at point 1 are known.
=
y
x
y
x
F
F
F
F
F
3
3
2
2
000 , 10
0
Appendix A Finite Element Method Using Hand Calculations
182 Autodesk
=
0
0
0
0
1
1
y
x
D
D
D
Now we can invert the stiffness matrix and solve the equation:
{ } | | { } F K D
1
=
After solving the above equation, the displacement results are:
in x D
in x D
y
x
2
1
2
1
10 59 . 1
10 414 . 0
=
=
The stresses can be calculated by dividing the axial forces by the cross-sectional area.
psi
psi
psi
1035
3
1471
2
3965
1
=
=
=
Aut odesk
1x
0.00414 in 0.00414 in
1y
-0.0159 in -0.0159 in
12
3965 psi 3964 psi
13
1465 psi 1464 psi
14
-1036 psi -1036 psi
Appendix A Finite Element Method Using Hand Calculations
184 Autodesk
Simulat ion
Appendix B Analysis Types in AutodeskSimulation
186 Autodesk
Simulation
Mechanical 2012
Part 1 Solutions Manual
II Autodesk