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CONTENTS

Acknowledgement ................................................................................................ 2
Preface ................................................................................................................... 3
1.0 INTRODUCTION .......................................................................................... 9
2.0 METHOD USED TO CREATE AWARENESS
2.1 Campaign ............................................................................................ 12
2.2 Website ................................................................................................. 17
2.3 HPV Programme ................................................................................. 18
2.4 Talk Show ............................................................................................. 22
3.0 CONCLUSION ................................................................................................ 25
4.0 APPENDICES .................................................................................................. 26
5.0 REFFERENCE ................................................................................................ 28














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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT



Assalammualaikum S.W.T, we would like to express our deepest appreciation to who has
support we in completing this assignment. It is pleasure to also acknowledge the debts that
we owe to lecturer teaching Public Relation (PRO 458) at Faculty of Science Administrative
and Policy, UITM Samarahan who have given his invaluable constructive comments and
suggestions on the original manual, especially Madam Jenifah bt Nordin. Finally, we give our
sincere thanks for a job well done to the entire group members.































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PREFACE
Cervical Cancer
Cervical cancer is a disease that occurs when cancer cells form in the tissues of the cervix, a part of a
woman's reproductive system. While no one knows the exact cause of this cancer, human papilloma
virus (HPV) infection is the major risk factor for developing the disease. Symptoms may not appear
in the early stages of this type of cancer; when symptoms are present, they can include vaginal
bleeding and pelvic pain, among other things. Treatment options include surgery, chemotherapy, and
radiation therapy.

Specific risk factors for this condition include:
Human papilloma virus (HPV) infection
Lack of regular Pap smears
Weakened immune system
Age
Sexual history
Cigarette use
Long-term use of birth control pills
Having many children
Diethylstilbestrol (DES).

People who think that they may be at risk of cervical cancer should discuss this concern with
their doctor.
Stages of Cervical Cancer
After the cancer has been diagnosed, tests are done to find out how far the cancer has spread
within the cervix and other parts of the body. In order to treat cervical cancer, it is important
to know the stage of cancer that you have.

The stages of cervical cancer include:
Stage 0
Stage I
Stage II
Stage III
Stage IV
Recurrent.



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Treatment Options
There are many different types of cervical cancer treatment, which vary based on the type
of cervical cancer that a person has. Factors that may influence treatment include:
The stage of the cancer
The size of the tumor
The patient's desire to have children
The patient's age.

In general, treatment can include:
Surgery
Chemotherapy
Radiation therapy.

Patients should work with their healthcare provider to develop a treatment plan that meets
their medical needs and personal values. Choosing the most appropriate treatment is a
decision that ideally involves the patient, the patient's family, and the patient's healthcare
team.

Prognosis
The prognosis of cervical cancer will depend on the following:
The stage of the cancer
The type of cervical cancer
The size of the tumor.
Survival Trends for Those With Cervical Cancer
Cervical dysplasia (precancerous condition) mostly occurs in women who are in their 20s and
30s. However, the chances of survival may be affected by race, age, and how often a woman
gets screenings. Death from cervical cancer:
Is rare in women younger than 30 years of age
Is rare in women of any age who have regular screenings
Increases with age
Is highest for white women between the ages of 45 and 70 years of age and for black
women in their 70s
Occurs more often in black women than in white women.
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Summary of Key Points About Cervical Cancer
Key information about cervical cancer includes the following:
Cervical cancer is a disease in which malignant (cancer) cells form in the tissues of
the cervix.
Possible signs of cervical cancer include vaginal bleeding and pelvic pain.
Tests that examine the cervix are used to find and diagnose cervical cancer.
Certain factors affect the cervical cancer prognosis and treatment options.
Symptoms of Cervical Cancer
There are usually no early symptoms of cervical cancer, which is why cervical cancer
screenings are so important. When cervical cancer becomes worse, symptoms can develop.
These signs and symptoms can include abnormal vaginal bleeding, bleeding that occurs
between regular menstrual periods, and menstrual bleeding that lasts longer and is heavier
than usual.

Cervical cancer usually develops slowly over time, which means that before cancer appears
in the cervix, the cells of the cervix go through changes known as dysplasia (precancerous
changes). During dysplasia, cells that are not normal begin to appear in the cervical tissue.
Later, cancer cells start to grow and spread more deeply into the cervix and to surrounding
areas.

Early Cervical Cancer Symptoms
Regular cervical cancer screenings allow doctors to see early changes in the cervix that
could be signs of cervical cancer. It is important to note that pain is not an early cervical
cancer symptom. Therefore, patients should not to wait to feel pain before seeing a doctor.

Serious Symptoms
When cervical cancer becomes worse, women may notice one or more of these symptoms:
Abnormal vaginal bleeding
Bleeding that occurs between regular menstrual periods
Bleeding after sexual intercourse, douching, or a pelvic exam
Menstrual periods that last longer and are heavier than before
Bleeding after menopause
Increased vaginal discharge
Pelvic pain
Pain during sexual intercourse.

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Stages of Cervical Cancer

Staging Tests for Cervical Cancer
The following tests may be used in the staging process of cervical cancer.

Chest X-Ray
An x-ray is a type of energy beam that can go through the body and onto film. It creates a
picture of areas inside the body. Doctors will perform a chest x-ray to make sure that the
cervical cancer hasn't spread to other areas of the body.

Computed Tomography (CT) Scan
A CT scan is a procedure that makes a series of detailed pictures of areas inside the body,
taken from different angles. A computer that is linked to an x-ray machine creates these
pictures. Doctors may also use a dye that is injected into a vein or swallowed by the person
to help the organs or tissues show up more clearly on these pictures. This procedure is also
called computed tomography, computerized tomography, or computerized axial tomography
(CAT). This can help determine the extent of the cervical cancer and whether it has spread.

Lymphangiogram
A lymphangiogram is a procedure that is used to x-ray the lymph system. This procedure
requires doctors to inject a dye into the lymph vessels in the feet. The dye will travel upward
through the lymph nodes and lymph vessels, and an x-ray will be taken to see if there are
any blockages. A lymphangiogram will show doctors if the cervical cancer has spread to the
lymph nodes.
Ultrasound Exam
An ultrasound is a procedure in which high-energy sound waves (ultrasound) are bounced off
internal tissues or organs, resulting in echoes. These echoes will form a picture (called a
sonogram) of body tissues.

MRI (Magnetic Resonance Imaging)
An MRI is a procedure that uses a magnet, radio waves, and a computer to make a series of
detailed pictures of areas inside the body. This procedure is also called nuclear magnetic
resonance imaging (NMRI).

Staging Test Conclusions
The results of these tests are viewed together with the results of the original tumor biopsy to
determine the stage of cervical cancer.



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Specific Stages of Cervical Cancer
Stages of cervical cancer include:
Stage 0
Stage I
Stage II
Stage III
Stage IV
Recurrent.
Stage 0 (Carcinoma in Situ)
In stage 0, cancer is only found in the first layer of cells lining the cervix, which means that it
has not invaded the deeper tissues of the cervix. Stage 0 is also called carcinoma in situ.

Stage I
In stage I, cancer is only found in the cervix. This stage of cervical cancer is divided into
stages IA and IB, based on the amount of cancer that is found.

Stage I A
In stage IA:
A very small amount of cancer that can only be seen with a microscope is found in the
tissues of the cervix
The cancer is not deeper than 5 millimeters
The cancer is not wider than 7 millimeters.
Stage I B
In stage IB, one of the following conditions is present:
Cancer is still within the cervix
Cancer can be seen without a microscope and may be larger than 4 centimeters.
Stage II
In stage II, cancer has spread beyond the cervix but not to the pelvic wall (the tissues that line
the part of the body between the hips). This cervical cancer stage is divided into stages IIA
and IIB, based on how far the cancer has spread.



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Stage I I A
In stage IIA, cancer has spread beyond the cervix to the upper two-thirds of the vagina but
not to the tissues around the uterus.

Stage I I B
In stage IIB, cancer has spread beyond the cervix to the upper two-thirds of the vagina and to
the tissues around the uterus.

Stage III
In stage III, cancer has spread to the lower third of the vagina and may have spread to the
pelvic wall and nearby lymph nodes. This stage of cervical cancer is divided into stages IIIA
and IIIB, based on how far the cancer has spread.

Stage I I I A
In stage IIIA, cancer has spread to the lower third of the vagina but not to the pelvic wall.

Stage I I I B
In stage IIIB, cancer has spread to the pelvic wall and/or the tumor has become large enough
to block the ureters (the tubes that connect the kidneys to the bladder). This blockage can
cause the kidneys to enlarge or stop working. In stage IIIB, cancer cells may also have spread
to the lymph nodes in the pelvis.

Stage IV
In stage IV, cancer has spread to the bladder, rectum, or other parts of the body. This cervical
cancer stage is divided into stages IVA and IVB, based on where the cancer is found.

Stage I VA
In stage IVA, cancer has spread to the bladder or rectal wall and may have spread to lymph
nodes in the pelvis.

Stage I VB
In stage IVB, cancer has spread beyond the pelvis and pelvic lymph nodes to other places in
the body, such as the abdomen (stomach), liver, intestinal tract, or lungs.

Recurrent Cervical Cancer
Recurrent cervical cancer is cancer that has recurred (come back) after it has been treated.
The cancer may come back in the cervix or in other parts of the bod




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1.0 INTRODUCTION
Recently, cervical cancer is the third most common cancer among the Malaysian women. It is
became less because of the routine use of pap smears. For an average, one women in the
world dies because of cervical cancer every 2 minutes. Cervical cancer start with the cell on
the surface of the cervix. There are two types of cells on the cervix surface that is squamous
and columnar. Mostly, the factors of cervical cancer are from squamous cells.
3rd most common cancer among Malaysian women

MOH Malaysia cancer statistic- data and figure 2007
For the first stage, cervical cancer develop very slowly. It is starting with a precancerous
condition known as dysplasia. Dysplasia cancer refer to abnormal change on the surface of
cervix through the cell that can be trace under a microscope. The part of cervix is lower of the
uterus (womb) that will open at the top of vagina. By precancerous condition usually can be
detect with Pap Smear and it is treatable. It also take time for precancerous changes to turn
into cervical cancer. Normally, the person who is diagnosed with cervical cancer test today
had not regularly do the Pap Smears or maybe they are not followed up on abnormal result of
Pap Smear.
Generally, cervical cancers are caused by Human Papilloma Virus (HPV). HPV is
commonly the virus that spread by sexual intercourse. A women, who are involve with sexual
habits can increase the risk of cervix cancer. Which is, risky sexual practice is having sex at
early age and multiple sexual partners. Risk factors for cervical cancer include not getting
vaccine of HPV, poor of economic status, women whose mothers took the drug DES
(diethylstilbestrol) during the pregnancy in the early 1960s to prevent miscarriage and
weakened immune system.
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1.1 Symptoms of Cervix Cancer
Normally, for the early stage there is no symptoms will be detected. The symptoms will occur
such as :
i. Abnormal vaginal bleeding between periods, after intercourse or after menopause
ii. Continuous vaginal discharge, which may be pale, watery, pink, brown, bloody or
foul-smelling
iii. Periods became heavier and last longer than usual
Unfortunately, the women have this disease, it may spread to the bladder, intestines, lungs
and liver. This patients not usually have problems until the cancer is advanced and has
spread. The symptom may include :
i. Back pain
ii. Bone pain or fractures
iii. Fatigue
iv. Leaking of urine or feces from the vagina
v. Leg pain
vi. Loss of appetite
vii. Pelvic pain
viii. Single swollen leg
ix. Weight loss
1.2 Treatment
The treatment that must be consider :
i. The stage of the cancer
ii. The size and shape of the tumor
iii. The woman's age and general health
iv. Her desire to have children in the future
Actually, cervical cancer will can be cured by removing or destroying precancerous tissue.
For the advancement era, there are many of surgical ways to do this without removing the
uterus or damaging the cervix. This is give change to women having a children for a future.
The patience can do the surgery for early stage of cervical cancer include :
i. Loop electrosurgical excision procedure (LEEP) - uses electricity to remove abnormal
tissue
ii. Cryotherapy - freezes abnormal cells
iii. Laser therapy - uses light to burn abnormal tissue



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1.3 Complications


Some types of cervical cancer do not respond well to treatment.
i. The cancer may come back (recur) after treatment.
ii. Women who have treatment to save the uterus have a high risk of the cancer coming
back (recurrence).
iii. Surgery and radiation can cause problems with sexual, bowel, and bladder function.












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1.4 Prevention
The prevention of cervical cancer can be done with various method. To be success the
prevention must be necessary to do. In additional, many developed countries including
Malaysia in reducing the cases of mortality from cervical cancer.
Usually, the prevention of any type of disease can be solve by primary or secondary method.
Here, the former involves taking and action on the determinants to prevent it from occurring.
The latter involves the early detection of disease, and then followed by appropriate
interventions to prevent its progression.
Currently, cervical smears have scarcely been mentioned in the media focus on cervical
cancer prevention. This is showed the fact that only 43% of Malaysian women have ever had
a cervical smear in their lives (National Health and Morbidity Survey 2006) although cervical
cancer is the third most common cancer in women (National Cancer Registry 2003). There is
an overuse of cervical screening by women who are younger and/or who are at low risk.
Dr MI LTON LUM, Sunday November 22, 2009 the star online, Cervical Cancer Prevention
















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2.0 METHOD UDED
2.1 Campaign On Cervical Cancer
2.1.1 Power Over Cervical Cancer In July 2011
the POCC campaign aims to highlight these escalating incidences of cervical cancer
and to urge women to protect themselves against the disease.
The Digital Ambassadors will educate and create awareness on cervical cancer and
encourage their readers to participate in the Cervical Cancer Risk
The campaign had an initial target of 10,000 people to complete the Cervical Cancer
Risk Questionnaire. NCSM surpassed the target and at the end December 2009, 14,526
people took the Cervical Cancer Risk Questionnaire. GSK presented RM14,526 to
NCSM at the appreciation event.

Here you go: Choong presenting the mock cheque to medical director of NCSM Dr Saunthari
Somasundaram

Bloggers against cervical cancer: (from left) Cheong, Serena C, Wong and Lee at the event.
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2.1.2 SEGi - Cervical Cancer Awareness Talk & Campaign
The event held at SEGi University Colleges Multipurpose Hall (MPH) was attended by more
than 250 students from various faculties, including lecturers and SEG International staff.
Organised by SEG Internationals Learning & Development department, the event was supported
by Merck, Sharp and Dohme (MSD), Alpha Specialist Centre and sponsored by Lecka Lecka
(M) Sdn Bhd.
According Dr. Surinder Kaur Gill, speaker for the Cervical Cancer talk, most female patients do
not go in for a regular pap-smear test because they are afraid or sometimes even shy; the only
way to detect an abnormality is through pap-smear, and if patients shy away, there is no way
screen for HPV.
Dr. Surinder Kaur Gill, certified in Woman & Reproductive Health from the Academy of Family
Physicians Malaysia (AFPM) practices at KL Sports Medicine Centre (KLSMC), is also
ClinicalTutor at Monash Universitys Medical School Malaysia.
Dr. Surinder stressed that it is important for individuals who are sexually active to seek
vaccination to prevent HPV infection, this also reduces the risk of cervical cancer and other HPV
related diseases; adding that Ideally females should get the vaccine before they are sexually
active, as the vaccine is most effective up to a rate of 99% in women or girls who have not yet
acquired any HPV virus.

Ms. Sau's opening address

Dr. Surinder Kaur Gill speaking on HPV infection

Q&A Session

Nursing students registering for talk
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Dr. Surinder Kaur Gill and Ms. Sau

FOCAD Poster Art Display - Silence is deadly



























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2.1.3 Breaking the silence

Spread the word, and take action against cervical cancer.
Power Over Cervical Cancer (POCC), a campaign initiated by the National Cancer Society
Malaysia (NCSM) and supported by GlaxoSmithKline Pharmaceutical Sdn Bhd (GSK),
continues its fight against the disease with the BFFs Break the Silence Campaign.
aimed at empowering all best friends forever (BFFs) to speak out against cervical cancer,
and getting people to themselves from the disease
, the BFFs Break the Silence Campaign will feature several activities to engage various groups
of people from all walks of life.
POCC will take education, awareness and prevention on cervical cancer to media houses, as
well as local universities and colleges.
Design students from participating local universities and colleges will be called upon to
channel their creativity through the POCC Design-A-Bag competition









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2.2 Websites
1.http://thestar.com.my/metro/story.asp?file=/2010/2/8/central/ 5589728&sec=central
2. http://www.klsmc.com/component/content/article/7-english-news/102-segi-cervical-
cancer-awareness-talk-a-campaign.html
3. deepa@segi.edu.my
4.http://thestar.com.my/health/story.asp?file=/2012/4/22/health/11139567&sec=health
5. www.pocc.com.my orwww.cancer.org.my

In the nut shell, this website will help all whether housewife or career woman to
spend their time to find knowledge about cervical cancer at their fingertips only. This also
helps the women to take preventive way or warrant assistance to the needy.











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2.3 Human Papillomaviruses (HPV)

Cervical cancer has long been known as a preventable disease. In Malaysia, the cervical
cancer screening program was introduced in 1960s, and has been found to be unsuccessful in
terms of Pap Smear coverage. By through it is, 11 informant interviews were conducted with
policy marker and health care providers from the Ministry of Health in Malaysia starting
from October 2009 until May 2010. Regarding this research, interviewee's perception were
explored on current and organized cervical screening program based on their experience and
expertise.


Abdullah, Fauziah; Su, Tin Tin (2010) Enhancement of the cervical cancer screening
program in malaysia: a qualitative


To create the awareness about cervical cancer among women in Malaysia is the Ministry of
Health was introduced and encouraged the public people to take this vaccine. As all know,
cervical cancer affect women from different ages, background across the world. Cervical
cancer begins from cervix, which is the part of womb (uterus) that is open the vagina and can
make gradually more invasive if she left untreated. One of the factor of cervical cancer is
persistent infection with extremely common and contagious virus. There are more than 100 to
identified type of HPV. Cervical cancer is the third most common cancer among Malaysian
females after breast and colorectal cancer. In year 2006, cervical cancer showed for 9.1% of
cases occurring in Peninsula Malaysia .








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Ranking of Cervical Cancer with others cancer according to incidence rates : women
15-44 years old.


WHO/ICO Information Centre on HPV and Cervical Cancer (HPV Information Centre).
Human Papillomavirus and Related Cancers in the World. Summary Report 2010.
Available at www.who.int/hpvcentre (accessed: March 2011).

Regarding this cancer, three ethnic groups are involved namely Chinese, Malays and Indians.
Obviously the Chinese group was experienced the highest rate in 2006, at 15.6 per 100,000
of population. This followed by Indians and Malays at 9.5 and 5.8 per 100,000 population
respectively. Later, in year 1998, 7.9% of all cancer admissions in government hospitals were
due to cervical cancers, of which 10.5% died from cervical cancer. It is indicate that, 50-80%
of women will acquire a genital HPV infection in their lifetime, and up to 50% of those
infections will be potentially cancer. The risk starts right from sexual debut as HPV is
transmitted through sexual activity, so that the infection may occur simply through skin-to-
skin contact in the genital area . For every one million women who are infected with cancer-
causing HPV, approximately 10%, or 100,000, will develop abnormal and pre-cancerous
cervical cell changes known as cervical dysplasia. This stage is fairly common and nearly
half the time it will go away on its own. Approximately 8% of women (8,000) with abnormal
and pre-cancerous cervical cells will develop early cancer and 1,600 of these women will go
on to develop invasive cervical cancer.
Progression of cervical cancer disease have no symptoms therefore it can remain undetected.
The progressive development of cellular changes takes place many years in all cases.
However, the more aggressive adenocarcinoma develops more rapidly and is more difficult to
detect. Adenocarcinoma is on the rise in young women . Although these factors may have an
impact on the development of cervical cancer, it has been proven that cancer-causing HPV
infection is the necessary cause of cervical cancer. Cancer-causing HPV is present in
99.7% of cervical cancers. In year 1943, the Pap smear test was launched to detect abnormal
cells from cervix, as a secondary cancer prevention ways. Cells for a Pap smear are collected
during a routine pelvic examination done. This is directly discribed screening programmes
that a using Pap smears are very significant in early detection tool, but it do not detect all pre-
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cancerous lesions or cancer. By screening programmes it is can identify abnormal and pre-
cancerous cells on the cervix. They do not prevent the cause of cervical cancer and abnormal
cells. However, it must beware that the risk of developing cervical cancer is approximately
five times higher in women who are not regularly screened.
The Star online, Sunday, May 22 2011, HPV and cervical cancer

By doing the HPV vaccine to create awareness it is directly support the mother policy that all
of Malaysian girl start from 13 years old must get the vaccine to prevent them from getting
cervical cancer.


". . . . free HPV vaccinations for women to prevent cervical cancer . . . ." - Datuk Seri Najib
Tun Razak , YAB Prime Minister, Budget 2012.
Kuala Lumpur, Oct 7 (Bernama)- the government provide free of HPV vaccinations to enable
more women to be immunised against cervical cancer, said Datuk Seri Najib Tun Razak. The
Prime Minister said, three dose vaccine immunisation that cost Rm150 will be implemented
by National Family Planning Board.
Budget 2012, Free Vaccination for Women in 2012, says Najib

Besides that, " Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia's study in 2007 showed that the government
spends RM 382 million for cervical treatment a year. In contrast, providing the vaccine will
only cost RM 150 million a year to prevent cervical cancer. Thus, the best way would be to
choose a cost effective method and prevent the cancer instead of spending more to cure it "
Health Minister, Datuk Seri Liow Tiong Lai, 2009.
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PUTRAJAYA, July 16, 2012, free HPV vaccination program (Human Papilloma Virus) to
women aged 18 years begins today with the first phase involving the people in Kuala
Lumpur, Putrajaya, Selangor, Negeri Sembilan and Malacca, while the second phase in other
states begin next month. Director General of National Population and Family Development
Board (NPFDB), Datuk Aminah Abdul Rahman said the program is the promotion of
vaccination to prevent cervical cancer.
"Injection for the 18-year-old woman was only made after the injection for the 13-year-old
woman started last year after Budget 2012 witness the government has allocated RM50
million for this purpose," she said.


Free Injection HPV Vaccination Program of Women Aged 18 Years Began, Benama, July 18
2012










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2.4 Talk Show
Talk show program is one program that can be done to inform the public about cervical
cancer. This because these programs are usually well received because some people do not
like to read but love to listen. To the success of this program the hospital may invite doctors
to give talk show to the community. For example, to tell the community about the occurrence
factors of cervical cancer.
There are some factors that why cervical cancer happen.
1) Smoking
2) Taking birth control pills
3) Family history
4) Diet
The doctor who gave the talk show to attach the current study gives a talk show to further
argued. For example, a study conducted by America Cancer Society.
The factors of cervical cancer is smoking. Women who smoke are about twice as likely as
non-smokers to get cervical cancer. Smoking exposes the body to many cancer-causing
chemicals that affect organs other than the lungs. These harmful substances are absorbed
through the lungs and carried in the bloodstream throughout the body. Tobacco by-products
have been found in the cervical mucus of women who smoke. Researchers believe that these
substances damage the DNA of cervix cells and may contribute to the development of
cervical cancer. . (America Cancer Society).
Oral contraceptives that is taking birth control pills. There is evidence that taking oral
contraceptives (OCs) for a long time increases the risk of cancer of the cervix. Research
suggests that the risk of cervical cancer goes up the longer a woman takes OCs, but the risk
goes back down again after the OCs are stopped. In one study, the risk of cervical cancer was
doubled in women who took birth control pills longer than 5 years, but the risk returned to
normal 10 years after they were stopped. (America Cancer Society).
Factor of cervical cancer is family history. If your mother or sister had cervical cancer, your
chances of developing the disease are 2 to 3 times higher than if no one in the family had it.
Some researchers suspect that some instances of this familial tendency are caused by an
inherited condition that makes some women less able to fight off HPV infection than others.
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In other instances, women from the same family as a patient already diagnosed may be more
likely to have one or more of the other non-genetic risk factors previously described in this
section. (America Cancer Society).
Women with diets low in fruits and vegetables may be at increased risk for cervical cancer.
Also overweight women are more likely to develop adenocarcinoma of the cervix. (America
Cancer Society).
The doctor also must give the public how to prevent cervical cancer from occurs.
1) Colposcopy
2) Avoid being exposed to HPV
3) Get Vaccinated

These are a step recommended by the America Cancer Society to prevent the disease. This
because to convince public that cervical cancer can be avoid if these step are follow.

Colposcopy is the way to prevent cervical cancer. If you have certain symptoms that suggest
cancer or if your Pap test shows abnormal cells, you will need to have a test called
colposcopy. In this procedure you will lie on the exam table as you do with a pelvic exam. A
speculum will be placed in the vagina to help the doctor see the cervix. The doctor will use a
colposcope to examine the cervix. The colposcope is an instrument (that stays outside the
body) that has magnifying lenses (like binoculars). It lets the doctor see the surface of the
cervix closely and clearly. The doctor will apply a weak solution of acetic acid (similar to
vinegar) to your cervix to make any abnormal areas easier to see. (America Cancer Society).
Avoid being exposed to HPV. Since HPV is the main cause of cervical cancer and pre-
cancer, avoiding exposure to HPV could help you prevent this disease. In women, HPV
infections occur mainly in younger women and are less common in women older than 30.
The reason for this is not clear. Certain types of sexual behavior increase a woman's risk of
getting genital HPV infection, such as:
1) Having sex at an early age
2) Having many sexual partners
3) Having a partner who has had many sex partners
4) Having sex with uncircumcised males
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Get vaccinated. Vaccines have been developed that can protect women from HPV infections.
So far, a vaccine that protects against HPV types 6, 11, 16 and 18 (Gardasil) and one that
protects against types 16 and 18 (Cervarix) have been studied. Cervarix was approved in
2009 for use in the United States by the FDA, while Gardasil has been approved for use in
this country since 2006. Gardasil is also approved to prevent anal, vaginal, and vulvar cancers
and pre-cancers and to prevent anal and genital warts. Both vaccines require a series of 3
injections over a 6-month period. The side effects are usually mild. The most common one is
short-term redness, swelling, and soreness at the injection site. Rarely, a young woman will
faint shortly after the vaccine injection. Cervarix is approved for use in girls and young
women ages 10 to 25 years, while Gardasil is approved for use in both sexes aged 9 to 26
years old. In clinical trials, both vaccines prevented cervical cancers and pre-cancers caused
by HPV types 16 and 18. Gardasil also prevented anal, vaginal, and vulvar cancers caused by
those HPV types, as well as genital warts caused by HPV types 6 and 11. Cervarix also
provides some protection against infection and pre-cancers of the cervix by high-risk HPV
types other than HPV 16 and 18. It has also been shown to prevent anal infection with HPV
types 16 and 18. Both Gardasil and Cervarix only work to prevent HPV infection -- they will
not treat an infection that is already there. That is why, to be most effective, the HPV vaccine
should be given before a person starts having sex. (America Cancer Society).

Therefore, through talk show presented by a specialist can indirectly provide some
knowledge especially to women because they are prone to ignore if this hurts their health. In
addition, for those who are concerned can undergo inspection.








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3.0 CONCLUSION
Cervical cancer is the third common dangerous to women include in Malaysia. There is
various of solution can be done to prevent this cancer among women. As a common
knowledge ,the cervix is the organ that connects the uterus and vagina in a woman's body.
Cervical cancer is a cancer that forms in the tissues of the cervix. Cervical cancer may not
have symptoms that can be detected easily and is a slow growing form of cancer. It only can
be detected with regular Pap tests. Here, Pap test is a procedure in which scraped cells from
the cervix are examined under a microscope.
Risk factors may be any number of things that will affect the chances of a person developing
a disease greater. Protective factors are elements that affect the chances of a person
developing a disease less. A person may be able to avoid some risk factors while others
cannot be avoided. Avoiding known risk factors and increasing known protective factors for
cancer development is cancer prevention.
Avoiding risk factors does not offer assurance that a person will not develop cancer. This is
because, research has found some people may be more sensitive to cancer causing factors
while others are not at all sensitive to the same risk factors. By studying patterns of cancer in
the population it can be learned what factors may contribute to cancer development and what
may aid in the prevention of cancer.
Therefore, more of program can be done to create the awareness to women. As a public
relation in hospital, really hope with do the program to public can be decrease the number of
patience in cervical cancer. And the percentage may be can reduce by year. And also
encourage public to stay in healthy and practice good lifestyle. Within do this campaign can
built some of awareness to them about cervical cancer and hope also take an action in the
early stages to prevent this cancer. This is because avoid is better than cure it.


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4.0 APPENDICES.








Parents received consent forms together with Leaflet explaining the importance of HPV
immunisation.





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HPV Immunisation Card






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5.0 REFERENCES

1. Noller KL. Intraepithelial neoplasia of the lower genital tract (cervix, vulva):
Etiology, screening, diagnostic techniques, management. In: Katz VL, Lentz GM,
Lobo RA, Gershenson DM, eds. Comprehensive Gynecology. 5th ed. Philadelphia,
Pa: Mosby Elsevier; 2007:chap 28.
2. National Comprehensive Cancer Network. NCCN Practice Guidelines in Oncology:
Cervical Cancer Screening. v.1.2011.
3. Smith RA, Cokkinides V, Brooks D, Saslow D, Brawley OW. Cancer screening in the
United States, 2010: a review of current American Cancer Society guidelines and
issues in cancer screening. CA Cancer J Clin. 2010;60:99-119.

Website :
i. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmedhealth/PMH0001895/
ii. http://thestar.com.my/health/story.asp?file=/2009/11/22/health/5146468&sec=health
iii. www.cancer.org/.../cid/documents/webcontent
iv. www.cancer.org/.../cid/documents/webcontent