Y.

Dong
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MECH-210
STATICS

Chapter 2
Concurrent Force Systems
COURSE INFORMATION
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Fundamental Concepts
Force action of one body on another. Where do forces come
from?
! Direct contact (surface)
" Concentrated force
" Distributed force
! Non-contact (body)
" Gravitational
" Electrical
" Magnetic
Effect of force on a body
! External effect: change of motion
! Internal effect: deformation
Force system a number of forces treated as a group
! No external effect -> Forces in balance -> body in equilibrium
! change of motion must occur if a force system is unbalanced (has a
resultant)
Statics Forces in balance -> Body in equilibrium -> No external effect
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Fundamental Concepts
Concurrent forces: a set of forces which all pass through the
same point
Coplanar forces: if forces lie in the same plane
Parallel forces: the lines of action are parallel
Collinear forces: forces with the common line of action
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Resultant of Two Concurrent Forces
Force: action of one body on another;
characterized by its
! magnitude
! direction (line of action & sense), and
! point of application
Force is a vector quantity.
The resultant is equivalent to the diagonal of a
parallelogram which contains the two forces in
adjacent legs.
Transmissibility: for rigid body, only the
external effects of any force Force are of
interest. So the force can be applied at any
point along its line of action.
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Resultant of Two Concurrent Forces
Parallelogram rule for vector addition
Triangle rule for vector addition
B
B
C
C
Q P R
B PQ Q P R
! ! !
+ =
! + = cos 2
2 2 2
Law of cosines,
Law of sines,
B
R
C
Q
A
P
sin sin sin
= =
Example problems 2-1, 2-2.
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Resultant of 3 or More Concurrent Forces
Resultant of three or more concurrent forces
through repeated application of the triangle
rule
The polygon rule for the addition of three or
more vectors.
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Resolution of a Force into Components
Reverse process of finding the resultant
A single force can be replaced by a system of 2
or more forces (components)
R
!
A
!
B
!
D
!
C
!
D C R
! ! !
+ =
B A R
! ! !
+ =
Resolution process > non unique sets of
vector components
Use parallelogram & triangle laws to resolve
a force into components along any directions
(coordinates).
Example problems 2-4, 2-5.
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Rectangular Components of a Force
R
!
A
!
B
!
D
!
C
!
A force can be resolved into components
along any oblique lines, however, rectangular
coordinates are used the most
F
!
x
F
!
y
F
!
x
y
!
j F i F F F F
y x y x
! ! ! ! "
+ = + =
x
y
y x
y
x
F
F
F F F
F F
F F
1
2 2
tan
sin
cos
!
=
+ =
=
=
"
"
"
2-D
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Rectangular Components of a Force
F z y x
z y x z y x
e F k F j F i F
k F j F i F F F F F
!
! ! !
! ! ! ! ! ! "
= + + =
+ + = + + =
! ! ! cos cos cos
2 2 2
cos
cos
cos
z y x
z z
y y
x x
F F F F
F F
F F
F F
+ + =
=
=
=
!
!
!
k j i e
z y x F
! ! !
!
! ! ! cos cos cos + + =
3-D
F
!
x
F
!
y
F
!
z
F
!
F
e
!
Use Dot (Scalar) product to the determine
force components
n n n
x z y x x
F e F F
F i k F j F i F i F F
!
!
cos
cos ) (
= " =
= " + + = " =
!
!
! ! ! ! ! !
Example problems 2-7, 2-8.
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Resultant by Rectangular Components
S Q P R
! ! ! !
+ + =
Wish to find the resultant of 3 or more
concurrent forces,
( ) ( )j S Q P i S Q P
j S i S j Q i Q j P i P j R i R
y y y x x x
y x y x y x y x
! !
! ! ! ! ! ! ! !
+ + + + + =
+ + + + + = +
Resolve each force into rectangular components
!
=
+ + =
x
x x x x
F
S Q P R
The scalar components of the resultant are equal
to the sum of the corresponding scalar
components of the given forces.
!
=
+ + =
y
y y y y
F
S Q P R
x
y
y x
R
R
R R R
1 2 2
tan
!
= + = "
To find the resultant magnitude and direction,
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Sample Problem
Four forces act on bolt A as shown.
Determine the resultant of the force
on the bolt.
SOLUTION:
Resolve each force into rectangular
components.
Calculate the magnitude and direction
of the resultant.
Determine the components of the
resultant by adding the corresponding
force components.
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Sample Problem
SOLUTION:
Resolve each force into rectangular components.
9 . 25 6 . 96 100
0 . 110 0 110
2 . 75 4 . 27 80
0 . 75 9 . 129 150
4
3
2
1
! +
!
+ !
+ +
! !
F
F
F
F
comp y comp x mag force
!
!
!
!
2 2
3 . 14 1 . 199 + = R
N 6 . 199 = R
Calculate the magnitude and direction.
N 1 . 199
N 3 . 14
tan = !
= 1 . 4 !
Determine the components of the resultant by
adding the corresponding force components.
1 . 199 + =
x
R 3 . 14 + =
y
R