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PSY 105 Week 1 Introduction to Quantitative Research 1

Quantitative Research

The Science of Psychology
1. Ways to acquire knowledge
a. Tenacity
b. Authority
c. Experience
d. Reason & logic
e. Science
2. Components of the scientific method
a. Objectivity
b. Confirmation of findings replication
c. Self-correction
d. Control
3. The research process
a. Find a problem/idea
b. Review the literature/theories
c. Identify research gaps
d. Formulate research question
e. Formulate hypothesis & design research
f. Conducting the research
g. Analyze the data analysis (statistical decisions)
h. Make decisions in terms of past research and theory
i. Prepare research presentation (e.g. lab report)

Research Ideas, Questions, Hypotheses
1. Sources of research ideas
a. Nonsystematic
1) Inspiration
2) Serendipity
3) Everyday occurrences
b. Systematic
1) Past research
2) Theory
3) Lectures
2. Characteristics of research hypotheses
a. Testable
b. Null vs. alternative
c. Directional vs. non-directional

Research Strategies & Designs
1. Basic research strategies
a. Cross-sectional research
b. Longitudinal research; cohort & cohort effect
2. Experimental versus non-experimental research
a. Manipulation
b. Control
3. Non-experimental designs
a. Observational research
b. Correlational research
c. Survey research
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Observational research
1. Types of observation
a. Naturalistic
b. Participant
Observer as participant
Participant as observer; ethnography
c. Field experiments
2. Inter-observer/inter-rater reliability
Correlational research
1. Nature of correlations
a. Positive correlation
b. Negative correlation
c. Zero correlation
Survey research
1. Surveys questionnaires, interviews; tests, inventories
2. Characteristics of good surveys validity & reliability

Experimental research
1. Basic terms in experimental research
a. Variable
b. Independent variable (IV)
c. Dependent variable (DV)
d. Confounding variables
Extraneous variables
Nuisance variables
e. Operational definitions
f. Continuous or discrete
g. Principle of parsimony
2. Types of independent variables
a. Physiological
b. Experience
c. Stimulus (or environmental)
d. Participant
3. Types of dependent variables
a. Correctness
b. Rate or frequency
c. Degree or amount
d. Latency or duration
Sampling
1. Sampling
a. Population vs. sample
Small populations (under 1,000) = 30% sample size for accuracy
Moderately large populations (10,000) = 10% sample size
Large populations (over 150,000) = 1% sample size
Very large populations (over 10 million) = 0.025% is enough
b. Sample types
1) Non-probability samples
a) Haphazard
b) Convenience
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c) Quota
d) Purposive
e) Snowball
f) Sequential
2) Probability samples
a) Simple Random sampling
Random sampling without replacement
Random sampling with replacement
b) Systematic Sampling
Sampling frame
Sampling interval
c) Stratified random sampling
d) Proportionate stratified random sampling
Probability Proportionate to size (PPS) sampling
e) Cluster sampling

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