Vedic Mathematics1

Introduction :
Vedic mathematics & FastMaths

"FastMaths" is a system of reasoning and mathematical working based on ancient Indian teachings called Veda. It is
fast, efficient and easy to learn and use.
It is being taught in some of the most prestigious institutions in ngland and urope. !"#" scientists applied its
principles in the area of artificial intelligence.
Vedic mathematics, which simplifies arithmetic and algebraic operations, has increasingly found acceptance the
world o$er. %perts suggest that it could be a handy tool for those who need to sol$e mathematical problems faster
by the day.
In what way FastMaths Methods are different from &on$entional Methods'
FastMaths pro$ides answer in one line where as con$entional method re(uires se$eral steps.
)hat is Vedic Mathematics'
It is an ancient techni(ue, which simplifies multiplication, di$isibility, comple% numbers, s(uaring, cubing, s(uare
and cube roots. $en recurring decimals and au%iliary fractions can be handled by Vedic mathematics. Vedic
Mathematics forms part of *yotish #hastra which is one of the si% parts of Vedangas. +he *yotish #hastra or
"stronomy is made up of three parts called #kandas. " #kanda means the big branch of a tree shooting out of the
trunk.
)ho ,rought Vedic Maths to limelight'
+he sub-ect was re$i$ed largely due to the efforts of *agadguru #wami ,harathikrishna +irtha-i of .o$ardhan /eeth,
/uri *aganath 01223415678. 9a$ing researched the sub-ect for years, e$en his efforts would ha$e gone in $ain but
for the enterprise of some disciples who took down notes during his last days.
)hat is the basis of Vedic Mathematics'
+he basis of Vedic mathematics, are the 16 sutras, which attribute a set of (ualities to a number or a group of
numbers. +he ancient 9indu scientists 0:ishis8 of ,harat in 16 #utras 0/hrases8 and 1;7 words laid down simple
steps for sol$ing all mathematical problems in
easy to follow ; or < steps.
Vedic Mental or one or two line methods can be used effecti$ely for sol$ing di$isions, reciprocals, factorisation,
9&F, s(uares and s(uare roots, cubes and cube roots, algebraic e(uations, multiple simultaneous e(uations,
(uadratic e(uations, cubic e(uations, bi(uadratic e(uations, higher degree e(uations, differential calculus, /artial
fractions, Integrations, /ythogorus theoram, "pollonius +heoram, "nalytical &onics and so on.
)hat is the speciality of Vedic Mathematics'
Vedic scholars did not use figures for big numbers in their numerical notation. Instead, they preferred to use the
#anskrit alphabets, with each alphabet constituting a number. #e$eral mantras, in fact, denote numbers= that
includes the famed .ayatri mantra, which adds to 172 when decoded.
9ow important is #peed'
9ow fast your can sol$e a problem is $ery important. +here is a race against time in all the competitions. >nly those
people ha$ing fast calculation ability will be able to win the race. +ime sa$ed can be used to sol$e more problems or
used for difficult problems.
Is it useful today'
.i$en the initial training in modern maths in today?s schools, students will be able to comprehend the logic of Vedic
mathematics after they ha$e reached the 2th standard. It will be of interest to e$eryone but more so to younger
students keen to make their mark in competiti$e entrance e%ams.
India?s past could well help them make it in today?s world.
It is ama@ing how with the help of 16 #utras and 16 sub4sutras, the Vedic seers were able to mentally calculate
comple% mathematical problems.
Introduction :
Aearn to calculate 1741B times faster.
"FastMaths" is a system of reasoning and mathematical working based on ancient Indian teachings called Veda. It is
fast, efficient and easy to learn and use.
%ample 1: Finding #(uare of a number ending with B
+o find the s(uare of CB
Do the following
Multiply B by B and put ;B as your right part of answer. Multiply C with the ne%t higher digit ie 0CE18F2 gi$es B6 as
the left part of the answer, "nswer is B6;B
%ample ;: &alculate 3< G 3C
+he answer is ;7;1 #ame theory worked here too.
+he abo$e ?rule? works when you multiply ; numbers with units digits add up to 17 and tenth place same
%ample <: Find B; G B2 ' "nswer F <716 9ow long this take'
%ample 3: Multiply B; G 11
"nswer is BC;
)rite down the number being multiplied and put the total of the digits between ; digits
B; G 11 is H B and BE;FC and ; I , answer is BC;
%ample B: &an you find the following within less than a minute'
a8 1771J1< '
b8 1J15 '
!ow you can learn Fastmaths techni(ues with ease at your home in your spare time
&hapter 1 : !umbers
1.1 !umbers
!umbers begins at 1. "ll other numbers come from one. +here are only nine numbers and a @ero.
!KM,:#
>' L:> I' >! ;'+)> <' +9: 3' F>K:
B ' FIV 6' #IG C' #V! 2' I.9+ 5' !I!'
#tarting from number 1 all whole numbers are generated using" ,y one more than one before" .
; is more than 1= 3 is more than <= 6 is more than B and so on. '
)hole numbers are also called !atural !umbers
"ssignments
1. )hich !umber is 1 more than
a8 15
b8 37
c8 125
d8 ;<
e8 3B25
;.)hich number is 1 less than
a8 ;5
b8 32 c8 ;<<5 d8 B e8 6B<;7
"ssignments "nswers
a8 ;7 c8 157
e8 3B57
b8 31 d8 ;3
a8 ;2
c8 ;<<2
e8 6B<15
www.fastmaths.com
b8 3C d8 3
&hapter 1 : !umbers
1.; /lace Value
#ince there are only 5 numbers and a @ero we count in groups of 17.
M +en Knits make a +!,
M +en +ens make a 9K!D:D.
M +en 9undreds make a +9>K#"!D.
/A"& V"AK
%
%
G ''''''''G'
+housand
9undred +en Knits
+he first se$en place $alues are K!I+#, +!#, 9K!D:D#, +9>K#"!D#, +!4 +9>K#"!D#,9K!D:D4
+9>K#"!D#, and MIAAI>!#.
In any number the $alue of a digit depends upon its position
M +he 3 in 31 stands for four +ens
M +he two in 3; stands for two Knits
M +he $alue of the digit B in 3B; is fi$e +ens, because it is in the tens column.
+he following !umber can be written as
1B3<;1 F B3 G 1777 E < G 177 E ; G 17 E 1 G 11
since
M +he B3 in B3<;1 stands for B3 +housands
M +he < in B3<;1 stands for < 9undreds
M +he ; in B3<;1 stands for ; +ens
M +he 1 in B3<;1 stands for 1 Knits
+he number B3,<;1 says fifty four thousand, three hundred
and twenty one'
"ssignments
l.Find the $alue of 3 in the following
a8 3<7
b8 53C c8 13
d8 1;B773
;. )rite the following numbers in )ords
a8 BC b8 C77; c8 37B d8 5
<. Fill in the blanks
a8 ;3< F N G 177 E 3 G NE NG <
b8 3B F 1777 G E 177 G E 17 G NE 1 G c8 5 F 177 G E 17 G NE 1 G
3. )rite the following numbers in Figures
a8 +wo hundred and thirty fi$e b8 !ine thousand and twenty nine c8 Four million
d8 #i%ty4eight
e8 +wenty four thousand
"ssignments "nswers
l.Find the $alue of 3 in the following
a8 9K!D:D b8 +!
c8 K!I+O
d8 K!I+O
;. )rite the following numbers in )ords
a8 Fifty #e$en
b8 #e$en thousand two c8 Four hundred Fi$e d8 !ine
<. Fill in the blanks
a8 ;3< F ; G 177 E 3 G 17E 1 G <
b8 3B F 1777 G 7 E 177 G> E 17 G 3E 1 G B c8 5 F 177 G 7 E 17 G 7E 1 G 5
a8 ;<B b8 57;5
c8 3777777 d8 62
e8 ;3777
www.fastmaths.com
&hapter 1 : !umbers
1.< 54/oint &ircle
+he basic numbers always remain one to nine.
5
C
;
B
3
)e can represent 5 numbers as shown abo$e. +his circle is called a nine4point circle.
+he number 1 is the absolute and is inside e$erything.
I+he number 1 is a factor of e$ery number and e$ery number is a factor to itself. '
)here do we add 17 on a nine4point &ircle'
!ow where do we add 7 '
C
5
;
B
3
www.fastmaths.com
&hapter 1 : !umbers
1.<.; /roduct:
)hen two numbers multiplied together the answer is called product.
%ample
M +he product of < and 6 is 12''
M +he product of B and 5 is 3B' '
Multiplying by 1 brings about no change
"ny number when multiplied by 7 gi$es 7
"ssignments
Find the /roduct of
a8 B G 3
b8 C G 5
c8 6 G ;
d8 1 G 7
e8 1; Gl
"ssignments "nswers
Find the /roduct of
a8 ;7
b8 6<
c8 1;
d8 7
e8 1;
www.fastmaths.com
&hapter 1 : !umbers
1.<.< Factors:
!umbers, which multiplied together to gi$e a product, are called factors.
< and 2 are factors of ;3, because ;3F < G 2'
" number may also be seen as a factor of itself. '#ome numbers ha$e more than one pair as factors
PII numbers ha$e one and themsel$es as a Ifactor.
%ample 1: Find Factors of <6 '
Factors of <6
<6 can be e%pressed as 1 G <6 F <6, ; G 12 F <6, < G 1; F <6, 3 G 5 F <6, 6 G 6 F <6
Factors of <6 are 1,;,<,3,6,5,1;,12,<6.
+he number 1 is a factor of e$ery number
1.<.<.1 Factor pairs
!umber 12 has 6 factors= 1,;,<,6, 5,12
12 can be e%pressed as 1 G 12 F 12, ; G 5 F 12, < G 6 F
12
"rrange /air factors like 0lG128,0 ;G58, 0<G68. '+hese pair of numbers is called factor pairs.
Factor pairs of 12 are 0lG128,0 ;G58, 0 <G68
If you know one factor of a number, you can get another using factor pairs.
If you know 33 can be di$ided by 3, than another factor of 33 must be 11 since llG3 F 33
"ssignments
Aist all factors and list factor pairs if any.
a8 63
b8 32 c8 1;2
d8 ;C
e8 <C
"ssignments "nswers
Aist all factors and list factor pairs if any.
a8 63
M Factors 1,;,3,2,16,<;,63
M Factor /airs 01,638 0;,<;8 0 3,168 02,28
b8 32
M Factors 1,;,<,3,6,2,1;,16,;3,32
M Factor /airs 01,328 0;,;38 0<,168 03,1;8 06,28
c8 1;2
M Factors 1,;,3,2,16,<;,63,1;2
M Factor /airs 01,1;28 0;,638 03,<;8 02,168
d8 ;C
M Factors 1,<,5,;C
M Factor /airs 01,;C8 0<,58
e8 <C
M Factors 1,<C
M Factor /airs 01,<C8
www.fastmaths.com
&hapter 1 : !umbers
1.<.<.; 9ighest common factor 09&F8
#uppose we ha$e ; numbers C7 and 55
C7 F ; G B G C 55 F < G < G 11
Aooking at the factors, there is no common factor e%cept number 1. +here is no factor of one number, which is also
a factor of the other number, e%cept for 1. #uch pair of numbers is called relati$ely prime= they are prime in relation
to each other.
%ample 1: &heck 12 and <7
12 F ; G < G < <7 F ; G < G B
#o 12 and <7 are not relati$ely prime, they ha$e factors in common
,oth numbers can be di$ided by ;, < and ; G < F 6
>f these three factor numbers the number 6 is the highest &ommon Factor 09&F8
%ample ;: &heck 32 and C;
32 F ; G ; G ; G ; G < C; F ; G ; G ; G < G <'
#o 32 and C; are not relati$ely prime, they ha$e factors in common. >f these factor numbers the number ; G ; G ;
G < F ;3 is the highest &ommon Factor 09&F8
%ample <: &heck 137 and ;C
137 F ; G ; G B G C ;C F < G < G <
#o 137 and ;C are relati$ely prime. +he highest &ommon Factor 09&F8 F 1
)hen numbers are close together the 9&F will also be a factor of the sum and of the difference of the numbers'
%ample 3: Find 9&F of 311 and 31C'
+he abo$e note means the 9&F will di$ide into 311 and 31C also 311 E 31C F 2;2
31C' 311F 6
+his means that 9&F is either 6 or a factor of 6 0 6 or < or ; or 18.
#ince 6 is not a factor of 311 and 31C , test for < or ; 9&F0311,31C8F <
%ample B: Find 9&F of 57 and 17;
+his means the 9&F will di$ide into 17; and 57 also
17; E 57 F 15; 17;' 57 F 1;
+his means that 9&F is either 1; or a factor of 1; 01;, 6,3,<,;,18
< is a common factor of 57 and 17;
"nd ; also, but not 3 ,+herefore ;G< F 6, 9&F F 6
9&F057,17;8F 6
"ssignments
1. Find the following
a8 9&F027,;78F
b8 9&F062,;38F
c8 9&F022,<28F
d8 9&F022,2;8F
e8 9&F06<,128F
"ssignments "nswers
a8 9&F027,;78F;7
27 F ; G ; G ; G ; G B ;7 F ; G ; G #'
#o 27 and ;7 are not relati$ely prime, they ha$e factors in common. >f these factor numbers the number ; G ; G B
F ;7 is the highest &ommon Factor 09&F8
b8 9&F062,;38F3
62 F ; G ; G 1C ;3 F ; G ; G 6'
#o 62 and ;3 are not relati$ely prime, they ha$e factors in common. >f these factor numbers the number ; G ; F 3
is the highest &ommon Factor 09&F8
c8 9&F022,<28F ;
22 F ; G ; G ; G 11 <2 F ; G 15
#o 22 and <2 are not relati$ely prime, they ha$e factors in common. >f these factor numbers the number ; is the
highest &ommon Factor 09&F8
d8 9&F022,2;8F;
22 F ; G ; G ; G 11 2; F ; G 31
#o 22 and 2; are not relati$ely prime, they ha$e factors in common. >f these factor numbers the number ; is the
highest &ommon Factor 09&F8
e8 9&F06<,128F5
6< F < G < G C 12 F ; G < G <
#o 6< and 12 are not relati$ely prime, they ha$e factors in common. >f these factor numbers the number < G < F 5
is the highest &ommon Factor 09&F8
www.fastmaths.com
&hapter 1 : !umbers
1.<.3 Di$isibility
+he number 1 is not a product and cannot be di$ided. " number, which is a product, is di$isible by anyone of its
factors.
17 is a product of ; and B and so ; and B are factors of 17.
17 can be di$ided by ; or B without any reminders
17 JB F; or 17J; F B
1.<.B /rime !umbers
#ome numbers will ha$e only one pair of factors
11 F 11 G 1 and there are no other numbers which multiply together to gi$e 11.
#uch numbers are called prime numbers. '
he first few prime numbers are 1, <, #, C, 11,
1<, 1C, 15 '
"ssignments
Find /rime !umber from the following <1, 35, 13C, 5C, 21
"ssignments "nswer
Find /rime !umber from the following <1, 35,13C,5C, 21 "nswer: <1, 5C.
"ll other numbers ha$e more than 1 factor. 35 can be written as CGC and 21 can be written as <G ;C or 5G5
www.fastmaths.com
&hapter 1 : !umbers
1.<.6 +he number ;.
+he number two stands for ; types of beings in the creation, good and e$il. #o the number two di$ides the creation
into two types of beings. It also di$ides the number into two sorts, odd and e$en.
1.<.6.1 >dd and $en !umbers'
!umbers which ha$e ; as a factor are called $en !umbers, which do not ha$e ; as a ,factor, are called >dd.
+he e$en numbers are ;,3,6,2,17,1; 13, and so on.
ny number which ends in a ;,3,6,2,or 7 is e$en.
+he odd numbers are 1,<,B,C,5,11,1<, and so on.
Pny number, which ends in a 1,<,B,C or 5, is an odd number. "n odd number cannot be di$ided into two e(ual parts.
1.<.6.;. Multiples
Multiple means many. If we take number 1 many times, we arri$e at 1,;,<,3,B .... #imilarly if we take number two
many times, we arri$e at ;,3,6,2 .... +hese are all multiples of two.
P multiple of a number is that number Imultiplied by any number' '
"ssignments
1. Find the >dd numbers from the following <, 6, C, 1;, 1B, 15, ;1, 17,177
;. Find the $en numbers from the following 1<, ;6, C7, 1;, 15, <5, 61, 17;,1B7
"ssignments "nswers
1. Find the >dd numbers from the following <, C,1B, 15, ;1
;. Find the $en numbers from the following ;6, C7, 1;, 17;,1B7
www.fastmaths.com
&hapter 1 : !umbers
1.<.C. +he !umber 5
In our number system number nine is the largest digit
+he digital root of a number can be obtained by summing the digits of the number, for e%ample, for ;<, digital root
is ; E < F B. ' )e will learn more about digital roots in chapter <.
+he digit sum or Digital root of a number is unchanged if 5 is added to it or subtracted from it.
+able of 5
M 5 Gl'F 5
M 5 G ;'F 1 2
M 5G< F; C
M 5 G 3'F < 6
M 5 G B'F 3 B
M 5G6 FB 3
M 5 G C'F 6 <
M 5 G 2'F C ;
M 5G5 F2 1
If you read the answers as two columns the left column goes up by one more than one before 01,;,<,3,B .... 8 and the
right column goes down by one less than the one before 0 5,2,C,6,B ... 8
1.<.C.1 ,y "ddition and ,y #ubtraction'
)hen adding or subtracting numbers which end in 5 or 5?s use the following method.
%ample: Find CB E <5
"dd 37 to CB and take 1 off. CB E <5 F CB E <7 4 1 F 113
%ample: Find 1;; 4B5
#ubtract 67 from 1;; and put 1 back. 1;; 4 67 E 1 F 6<
"ssignments
Find the following
a8 1<; E 35 F
b8 <3 E ;5 F
c8 6< 4 15 F
d8 B6 4 5 F
e8 C5 E15 F
"ssignments "nswers
Find the following
a8 1<; E 35 F 121
M "dd B7 to 1<; and take 1 off.
M 1<; E 35 F 1<; E B7 4 1 F 12; 4 1 F 121
b8 <3 E ;5 F 6<
M "dd <7 to <3 and take 1 off.
M <3 E ;5 F <3 E <7 4 1 F 63 4 1 F 6<
c8 6< 4 15 F 33
M #ubtract ;7 to 6< and add 1.
M 6< 4 15 F 6< 4 ;7 E 1 F 3< E 1 F 33
d8 B6 4 5 F3C
M #ubtract 17 to #6 and add 1.
M #6 4 5 F #6 4 17 E 1 F 36 E 1 F 3C
e8 C5 E15 F 52
M "dd ;7 to C5 and take 1 off.
M C5 E 15 F C5 E ;7 4 1 F 55 4 1 F 52
www.fastmaths.com
&hapter 1 : !umbers
1.<.2. +he !umber 17
+he number ten is 1 with a @ero ne%t to it. #o multiplying a number by ten the answer is the same but with a @ero on
the end.
%ample 1 Find 23 G 17
23 G 17 F 237
%ample ;: Find CC G 17
CC G 17 F CC7
I+he effect of multiplying a number by ten is to mo$e e$ery digit in that number one place to Qthe left and a @ero is
added to the end.
)hen multiplying decimal fraction by 17. ach number is mo$ed into the ne%t column to the left. +he effect of this
is to mo$e the decimal point one place to the right.
%ample <. Find 7.3C61 G 17
7.3C61 G 17 F 3.C61
"ssignments
Find the following
a8 33 G 17 F
b8 C1 G 17 F
c8 7.1;< Gl7 F
d8 7.B6C Gl7 F
e8 17.;B G 17 F
"ssignments "nswers
Find the following
a8 33 G 17 F 337 b8 C1 G 17 FC17
c8 7.1;< Gl7 F 1.;< d8 B.6C
e8 17;.B
www.fastmaths.com
&hapter 1 : !umbers
1.<.5 #(uare !umbers
!umber of #(uares !umber of &ounts
o 1 1
1
777 77 777 77 >>>'
; <
; '''' <
3 5 '''''''
+he numbers 1,3,5,16 ... are called #(uare !umbers because you can arrange the number of counters to form a
#(uare. +he 3 &ounters are in ; rows of ;. +he 5 counters are in < rows and < columns.
lGlFl ;G;F3 <G<F5
#o if we s(uare a number we multiply it by itself.
< #(uared is <G< F 5=
3 #(uared is 3G 3 F 16= '
#(uare numbers always ha$e an odd number of factors. "ll other numbers ha$e an e$en number of factors
1.<.17 +riangular !umbers
!umber of #(uares !umber of &ounts
o
o 77
o 77 >>>'
1 ; <
1 ; '''' <
1 < 6 '''''''
+he numbers 1,<,6 .... are called +riangular !umbers because you can arrange the number of counters to form a
+riangle.
1.<.11 &ube !umbers
!umber of &ube !umber of &ounts
1 1 1
; <
; '''' <
2 ;C '''''''
!umbers 1, 2, ;C are called &ube numbers because you can arrange that many cubes to form a larger cube.
+he length, breadth and height of cubes are always same .
M lG1GlF1
M ;G;G;F2
M < G < G < F ;C
'
If we cube a number we multiply it by itself twice'
%amples:
< cubed is <G<G< F ;C=
3 &ubed is 3G3G3 F63= ''
www.fastmaths.com
&hapter 1 : !umbers
1.<.1;.1 Doubling and 9al$ing
Multiply by 3
#ince 3 F ; G ;, we can multiply a number 3 by doubling it and doubling the answer'
Find <B G 3 F'
#imply double <B to C7, then double C7 to 137.
<B G 3 F 137
Multiply by 2
#ince 2 F ; G ; G ;, we can multiply a number 2 by doubling it three times'
Find ;6 G 2 F'
#imply double ;6 to B;, doubling B; to 173, doubling 173 gi$es ;72.
;6 G 2 F ;72
Di$ide by 3 '
#imilarly if we hal$ed a number and then hal$ed again we would be di$iding the number by 3.
Di$ide C; by 3
)e hal$e C; twice= 9alf of C; is <6, half of <6 is 12
Di$ide by 2
#imilarly if we hal$ed a number < times we would be di$iding the number by 2
Di$ide 173 by 2
)e hal$e 173 three times= 9alf of 173 is B;, 9alf of B; is ;6, half of ;6 is 1<
.eneral
Find 13 G 12
9al$ing 13 and 12 gi$es C and 5. #ince C G 5 F 6<, we double this twice. )e get 1;6 and ;B;
#o 13 G 12 F ;B;
Oou will learn more techni(ues in ne%t chapters.
"ssignments
Find the following
a8 1;2J 2 F
b8 ;2 G 3 F
c8 C G 2 F
d8 63J3 F
"ssignments "nswers
Find the following
a8 1;2J 2 F 16
b8 ;2 G 3 F 11;
c8 C G 2 F B6
d8 63J3 F 16
www.fastmaths.com
&hapter 1 : !umbers
"ssignment' 1
18 155
;8 371
18 ;7
;8 <75
<.Find the $alue of 3 in the following
18 3<7
;8 53C
<8 13
38 1;B773
3. )rite the following numbers in )ords
18 BC
;8 C77;
<8 37B
38 5
B. Fill in the blanks
18 ;3< F NN G 177 E 3 G NE NG <
;8 C77; F 1777 GNE 177 GN E 17 GNE 1 GN
<8 3B F 1777 G N E 177 G N E 17 G NE 1 G N
38 5 F 177 GN E 17 GNE 1 GN
18 +wo hundred and thirty fi$e
;8 !ine thousand and twenty nine
<8 Four million
38 #i%ty4eight
B8 +wenty four thousand
C. Find the ne%t member of the series
18 ;,3,6,2, ''
;8 2,16,;3,<; , ' ..
<8 ;C, ;B, ;<, ;1,' ..
38 <6,3B,B3,6<,'' ..
B8 17<, 117, 11C, 1;3,'
2. "ddition and #ubtraction
18 6 ' < E ; F
;8 6C ' ;< F
<8 ;3 E B'; F
38 <36 '<3 E;< F
B8 < E 3 EB E6 F
5. Aist all factors and list factor pairs if any.
18 63
;8 32
<8 1;2
38 ;C
B8 <C
17. Find /rime !umber from the following <1, 35,13C, 5C, 21
18 9&F027,;78F
;8 9&F062,;38F
<8 9&F022,<28F
38 9&F022,2;8F
B8 9&F06<,128F
68 9&F066,638F
C8 9&F0BC,<<8F
28 9&F037,38F
58 9&F067,;68F
178 9&F0C3,B;8F
1; Find the following
18 1;2J2
;8 ;2 G 3
<8 C G 2
38 63J3
1<. )rite the following numbers in "scending and Descending orders
185C,6P<C,<5,<7
;8 11, #>, B, 6, 7
<8 17, BC, C, <2, 3
38 67, 3, 66, 3, ;<
B8 6B, <C, <C, ;;, ;B
www.fastmaths.com
&hapter 1 : !umbers
"nswers
"ssignment' 1
M "ns ;77
M "ns 37;
M ;7 "ns 15
M <75 "ns <72
<.Find the $alue of 3 in the following
M
3<7 53C
13 1;377;
"ns 9undred "ns +en
"ns Knity
"ns +housand
M
M
M
3. )rite the following numbers in )ords
M
BC C77; 37B 75
Fifty #e$en
#e$en +housand and two Four 9undred Fi$e
!ine
M
M
M
B. Fill in the blanks
M ;3< F ; G 177 E 3 G 17 E 1 G <
M C77; F 1777 G CE 177 G 7 E 17 G 7 E 1 G ;
M 3B F 1777 G 7 E 177 G 7 E 17 G 3 E 1 GB
M 5 F 177 G 7 E 17 G 7 E 1 G 5
M +wo hundred and thirty fi$e F ;<B
M !ine thousand and twenty nine F 5;B
M Four million F 3777777
M #i%ty4eight F 62
M +wenty four thousand F ;3777
C. Find the ne%t member of the series
M ;,3,6,2,'' 17
M 2,16,;3,<;,'.. 37
M ;C, ;B, ;<, ;1,' .. 15
M <6,3B,B3,6<,'' .. C;
M 17<, 117, 11C, 1;3,' .. 1<1
2. "ddition and #ubtraction
M 6'<E;FB
M 6C' ;< F 33
M ;3 E B'; F ;C
M <36 '<3 E;< F <<B
M < E 3 EB E6 F 12
5. Aist all factors and list factor pairs if any.
M 63 Factors 1,;,3,2,16,<;,63
Factor /airs 01,638,0;,<;8,03,16802,28
M 32 Factors 1,;,<,3,6,2,1;,16,;3,32
Factor /airs 01,328,0;,;38,0<,168,03,1;8,06,28
M 1;2 Factors 1,;,3,2,16,<;,63,1;2
Factor /airs 01,1;28,0;,638,03,<;8,02,168
M ;C Factors 1,<,5,;C
Factor /airs 01,;C8,0<,58
M <C Factors 1,<C
Factor /air 01,<C8
17. Find /rime !umber from the following
M <1 /rime !umber
M 35 !ot a /rime !umber
M 13C !ot a /rime !umber
M 5C /rime !umber
M 21 !ot a /rime !umber
M 9&F027,;78F ;7
M 9&F062,;38F 3
M 9&F022,<28F ;
M 9&F022,2;8F ;
M 9&F06<,128F 5
M 9&F066,638F ;
M 9&F0BC,<<8F <
M 9&F037,38F 3
M 9&F067,;68F ;
M 9&F0C3,B;8F ;
1; Find the following
M 1;2 J 2 F First 1;2J ; gi$es 63. again di$ide by ; gi$es <; , again di$ide by ; gi$es <1 since 2 F ;G;G;
M ;3 G 3 F First ;3 G ; gi$es 32 and again 32G; gi$es 56 since 3 F ;G;
M C G 2 F First C G ; gi$es 13 and again 13G; gi$es ;2 , again ;2G; gi$es B6. since 2 F ;G;G;
M 63 J 3 F 63 by ; gi$es <; and again <; by ; gi$es 16
1<. )rite the following numbers in "scending and Descending orders
"scending >rder
M <7, <C, <5, 6<, 5C
M 7, B, 6, 11, B7
M 3, C, 17, <2, BC
M 3, 3, ;<, 67, 66
M ;;, ;B, <C, <C, 6B
Descending >rder
M 5C, 6< , <5 , <C , <7
M B7, 11 , 6, B, 7
M BC, <2 , 17 , C , 3
M 66, 67 , ;< , 3 , 3
M 6B, <C , <C , ;B , ;;
&hapter < : Digital roots or Digital #um of !umbers
<.1 Digital :oots or Digit #ums
+he word Digit means the single figure numbers= the numbers from 1 to 5 and @ero
Digital :oot or Digital #um of a number: is the remainder when the number is di$ided by 5.
#o for ;<, the remainder is B because ;< ' 5 F; remainder B. +he digital root is also B.
he digital root can also be obtained by summing the digits of the number.
For e%ample,
M Digital sum of ;< is ; E < F B. M Digital sum of 1C is 1 E C F 2
M Digital sum of C6< is C E 6 E < F 16. "nd 16 is a ;digit number and we add the figures in 16 to get 1 E 6 F C. #o
digital root of C6< is C
)hen the sum of digits is greater than 5, you keep adding. #o for ;2B6, the digital root is ; E 2 E B E 6 F ;1, ; E 1 F
<.
For e%ample, with 12, 1 E 2 F 5, but 12 ' 5 F ; remainder >. +herefore we take a remainder of 7 as being identical
with a digital root of 5.
Aook at the 54/oint &ircle below.
C
5
;
B
3
"dding 5 to a number does not affect its digit sum. #o 1,17, 15, ;2 all ha$e a digit sum of 1
Digital sum of <5375 is < E 3 E 7 F C, ignore all 5?s
Aooking again at the 5 point circle, if we count backwards round the circle we see that since 7 comes before 1 and it
is logical to put @ero at the same place as 5.
In terms of digit sums 5 and 7 are e(ui$alent
"ny group of digits in a number that add up to a 5 can also be remo$ed.
Digit sum of ;3C71 is B
)e see that ; and C which adds up to 5. )e can remo$e ; and C and add up only other digits 3 E 7 E 1 F B
"ssignments
Rl Find the digit sum of 16, ;C, ;7< and <717<
R; +he digit sum of a ; digit number is 2 and the digits are same, )hat is the number'
R< +he digit sum of a ; digit number is 5 and the first digit is twice the second. )hat is the number'
R3 Find the digit sum of 63<C , <B3; and 6C<52;3C1
"ssignments "nswers
Rl Find the digit sum of 16, ;C, ;7< and <717< "ns : Digit #um of 16 is 1E6 FC
Digit #um of ;C is ;EC F5
Digit #um of ;7< is ;E7E< FB
Digit #um of <717< is <E7E1E7E< FC
"ns: 33
"ns : <6
R3 Find the digit sum of 63<C , <B3; and 6C<52;3C1 "ns : Digit #um of 63<C is ;
Digit #um of <B3; is B
Digit #um of 6C<52;3C1 is ;
www.fastmaths.com
<.1 Digital :oots or Digit #ums
+he word Digit means the single figure numbers= the numbers from 1 to 5 and @ero
Digital :oot or Digital #um of a number: is the remainder when the number is di$ided by 5.
#o for ;<, the remainder is B because ;< ' 5 F; remainder B. +he digital root is also B.
he digital root can also be obtained by summing the digits of the number.
For e%ample,
M Digital sum of ;< is ; E < F B. M Digital sum of 1C is 1 E C F 2
M Digital sum of C6< is C E 6 E < F 16. "nd 16 is a ;digit number and we add the figures in 16 to get 1 E 6 F C. #o
digital root of C6< is C
)hen the sum of digits is greater than 5, you keep adding. #o for ;2B6, the digital root is ; E 2 E B E 6 F ;1, ; E 1 F
<.
For e%ample, with 12, 1 E 2 F 5, but 12 ' 5 F ; remainder >. +herefore we take a remainder of 7 as being identical
with a digital root of 5.
Aook at the 54/oint &ircle below.
C
5
;
B
3
"dding 5 to a number does not affect its digit sum. #o 1,17, 15, ;2 all ha$e a digit sum of 1
Digital sum of <5375 is < E 3 E 7 F C, ignore all 5?s
Aooking again at the 5 point circle, if we count backwards round the circle we see that since 7 comes before 1 and it
is logical to put @ero at the same place as 5.
In terms of digit sums 5 and 7 are e(ui$alent
"ny group of digits in a number that add up to a 5 can also be remo$ed.
Digit sum of ;3C71 is B
)e see that ; and C which adds up to 5. )e can remo$e ; and C and add up only other digits 3 E 7 E 1 F B
"ssignments
Rl Find the digit sum of 16, ;C, ;7< and <717<
R3 Find the digit sum of 63<C , <B3; and 6C<52;3C1
"ssignments "nswers
Rl Find the digit sum of 16, ;C, ;7< and <717< "ns : Digit #um of 16 is 1E6 FC
Digit #um of ;C is ;EC F5
Digit #um of ;7< is ;E7E< FB
Digit #um of <717< is <E7E1E7E< FC
"ns: 33
"ns : <6
R3 Find the digit sum of 63<C , <B3; and 6C<52;3C1 "ns : Digit #um of 63<C is ;
Digit #um of <B3; is B
Digit #um of 6C<52;3C1 is ;
www.fastmaths.com
<.; Di$isibility rules for 5 and <
"n easy test for 5 is to look at the sum of the digits.
+ake any number like ;3< and add the digits. If the sum is 5 then the number is di$isible by 5.
/atterns within the 5' table shown below.
+able of 5
5 G 1 F 5 Digit #um is 5 5 G ; F 1 2 Digit #um is 5 5 G < F ; C Digit #um is 5 5 G 3 F < 6 Digit #um is 5
5 G B F 3 B Digit #um is 5 5 G 6 F B 3 Digit #um is 5 5 G C F 6 < Digit #um is 5 5 G 2 F C ; Digit #um is 5 5 G 5 F
2 1 Digit #um is 5 5 G17 F 5 7 Digit #um is 5
)hen a number is di$isible by 5 the digit sum is also 5
)hen a number is di$isible by < the digit sum is <,6 or 5
"ssignments
&heck the following numbers di$isible by <
R1.1; R;.1B
R<.;7
R3.<6
RB.B7
&heck the following numbers di$isible by 5
R1.12 R;.3B
R<.<7
R3. 1;2;B
RB. 66;C<
"ssignments "nswers
&heck the following numbers di$isible by <
R1. 1; O# R;. 1B O#
R<.;7 !>
R3.<6 O#
RB.B7 !>
&heck the following numbers di$isible by 5
R1. 12 O#
R;.3B O#
R<.<7 !>
R3. 1;2;B O#
RB. 66;C< !>
www.fastmaths.com
&hapter 3 : Digital roots or Digital #um of !umbers
<.< Digital roots applied to se(uences
Various symmetries can be disco$ered within se(uences by plotting the digital roots on a circle of nine points.
"nswers to the multiplication tables pro$ide some easy e%amples as shown below.
;7 ;
;; 3
;3 6
li+he pattern for a number is the same as the pattern of its complement from 5.
For e%ample:
i+he pattern for 3 is the same as the pattern for B Hfrom 5, complement of 3 is B I e%cept one is the re$erse of the
other.
Digital root patterns for two4digit multiplication tables are the same as those of Ithe digital roots of those two4digit
numbers.
For e%ample:
i+he pattern for 1; is the same as that for 1E; F <.
www.fastmaths.com
<.< Digital roots applied to se(uences
Various symmetries can be disco$ered within se(uences by plotting the digital roots on a circle of nine points.
"nswers to the multiplication tables pro$ide some easy e%amples.
+he pattern are shown below
/"++:! F>:: 1 G ,ill:Q e% ,
2
;
/"?lrni:! F>: ;G Q)I CG 2
/"?lrni:! F>: <G and 6=,0
"1
B
/"i"l?:! F>: 3G and BG ?5
C
www.fastmaths.com
<.B Kseful application of Digital sums
&hecking the answers to addition and subtraction sums
<.B.1 "ddition: Digital #um &heck <.B.1.1 #um In$ol$ing !o &arriers
%ample 1: Find 3<B; E <3; and check the answer using digit sum
3<B;E <3;
3653
Aine the numbers up with the units under units. +here are no carriers so we simply add in each column
; E ; F 3, BE3 F 5, < E< F 6 and 3 E7 F 3
Digit sum of 3 < B ; is 3 E < E B E ; F 13, again digit sum of 13 gi$es 1E3 F B
Digit sum of < 3 ; is < E 3 E ; F 5
#um of digital roots F B E 5 F 13 , again digit sum of 13 gi$es 1E3 F B
+he answer should ha$e a digit sum of B
Verifying the digit sum of the answer 3 E 6 E 5 E 3 F ;<, Digit sum of ;< is ;E< FB
%ample ;. Find <; E 1; and check the answer using digit sum
<;E 1;
33
Digit sum of <; is < E ; F B and the digit sum of 1; is
1E; F <. +he sum total of the digital sums is BE< F 2 . If the answer is correct the digit sum of the answer should be
2. Ae 3 E 3 F 2.
<.B.1.; #um In$ol$ing &arriers
%ample 1. Find C6 E 12 and check the answer using digit sum
C 6 E 1 2
&arrying lo$er to the left gi$es 5 3
"dd 2 E 6 F 13, so write down 3 in the unit?s column and ?carry? 1 to the ne%t column. "dd this carry 1 to CE1 and
write 5 in tens column.
%ample ;: "dd <CB and 172 and check the number
< C B E ;72
B2<
Digit sum of <CB is < E C E B F 1B, again 1E B F 6 and the digit sum of ;72 is ; E 7 E 2 F 17 or 1. +he sum total of
the digital sums is 6 E 1 F C. If the answer is correct the digit sum of the answer should be 6. l.e BE2E< F 16, again
1E 6 FC.
<.B.; #ubtraction: Digital #um &heck
%ample 1: Find BC 4 ;; and check the answer using digit sum
BC;;
<B
Digit sum of BC is B E C F 1;, againl E ;, the digit sum is <. +he digit sum of ;; is ; E ; F 3. +he difference of the
digital sums is < 4 3 F < E 5 ' 3 F 2. If the answer is correct the digit sum of the answer should be 2. Ae < E B F 2.
%ample ;: Find B12 4 ;11 and check the answer using digit sum
B12E ;11
<7C
Digit sum of B12 is B E 1 E 2 F 13, again 1 E 3 F B and the digit sum of ;11 is ; E 1 E 1 F 3. +he difference of the
digital sums is B 4 3 F 1. If the answer is correct the digit sum of the answer should be 1 , l.e < E 7 E C F 17, again 1
E 7 F 1.
www.fastmaths.com
<. 6 "ssignments
R1. "dd the following and check your answers using digital roots
1. <3 E 36
;. B3 E ;C <. 152 E ;C6 3. BBB ECC B. 3B<7 E 6C;
R;. #ubtract the following and check your answers using digital roots
1. 6; 4 ;C
;. 21; 4 <33
<. B7< 4 ;C3
3. 677B 4 ;C<5
B. 5C26 4 62C5
www.fastmaths.com
<. 6 "ssignments "nswers
R1. "dd the following and check your answers using digital roots
1. <3 E 36 F 27
;. B3 E ;C F 21
<. 152 E ;C6 F 3C3 3. BBB ECC F 6<; B. 3B<7 E 6C; F B;7;
R;. #ubtract the following and check your answers using digital roots
1. 6; 4 ;C F <B
;. 21; 4 <33 F 362
<. B7< 4 ;C3 F ;;5
3. 677B 4 ;C<5 F <;66
B. 5C26 4 62C5 F ;57C
www.fastmaths.com
&hapter 3 : Multiplication
3.1 Multiplication:
+here is no change when any number is multiplied by 1.
)hen we multiply one number by another then it is increased and becomes further away from one. )hen 3 is
multiplies by B it becomes ;7 which is further away from 3 and B.
Ksing our multiplication techni(ues, we relate each number $ery close to another number called base. +he
difference between the number and the base is termed as de$iation.
De$iation may be positi$e or negati$e. /ositi$e de$iation is written without the positi$e sign and the negati$e
de$iation, is written using a bar or negati$e sign on the number.
!umber ,ase De$iation
1B 17 1B417 F B
5 17 5417F41
52 177 524177F4;
11; 177 11;4177F1;
553 1777 55341777F46
171< 1777 171<41777F 1<
%ample 1: Find the de$iation of 53 from base 177
!ow de$iation can be obtained by 'all from 5 and the last from 17' method l.e, the last digit 3 is subtracted from 17
gi$es 76 and remaining digit 5 is subtracted from5 gi$es 77.
De$iation of 53 from base 177 is 76
%ample ;: Find the de$iation of 26 from base 177
+he last digit 6 is subtracted from 17 gi$es 73 and remaining digit 2 from 5 gi$es 1.
"ssignments
R1. )rite down the de$iation from nearest base for the following
1. 22 from 177 B. 3;< from 1777
;. CB from 177 6. 57; from 1777
<. 2773 from 17777 C. C7B7< from 177777
3.1;<2C7 from 1777777 2.555< from 17777
"ssignments "nswers
1. 1;
;. ;B
<. 1556 3.2C61<7
B.BCC 6.752 C. ;535C 2.777C
www.fastmaths.com
3.; : Multiplication near to the base
3.;.1 ,oth the numbers are lower than the base.
3.;.1.1 Multiplication using a base of 17
%ample 1: Multiply C by 2.
&onsider the base number as 17 since it is near to both the numbers.
#tep 1. )rite the numbers one below the other. CG
2
#tep ;. +ake the de$iations of both the numbers from the base and represent
C 4< 2 4;
H ,ase 17I
:emainders < and ; implies that the numbers to be multiplied are both less than 17
#tep <. +he product or answer will ha$e two parts, one on the left side and the other on the right. " $ertical or a
slant line l.e, a slash may be drawn for the demarcation of the two parts.
C 4< 2 4;
H ,ase 17I
I
#tep3. +he :.9.#. of the answer is the product of the de$iations of the numbers. It contains the number of digits
e(ual to number of @eroes in the base.
C 4< 2 4;
H ,ase 17I
I 0<%;8
#ince base is 17, <G; F 6 can be taken as it is.
#tep#. A.9.# of the answer is the sum of one number with
the de$iation of the other. It can be arri$ed at in anyone of the four ways.
M i8 &ross4subtract de$iation ; on the second row from the original number C in the first row C4; F B.
M ii8 &ross'subtract de$iation < on the first row from the original number2 in the second row 24<FB
M iii8 #ubtract the base 17 from the sum of the gi$en numbers. 0C E 28 ' 17 F B
M i$8 #ubtract the sum of the two de$iations
from the base. 17 ' 0 < E ;8 F B
9ence B is left hand side of the answer.
C 4< 2 4;
H ,ase 17I
B I 6
#tep 6: If :.9.#. contains less number of digits than the number of @eros in the base, the remaining digits are filled
up by gi$ing @ero or @eroes on the left side of the :.9.#.
If the number of digits are more than the number of @eroes in the base, the e%cess digit or digits are to be added to
A.9.# of the answer.
+he general form of the multiplication
Aet !l and !; be two numbers near to a gi$en base in powers of 17, and 71 and 7; are their respecti$e de$iations
from the base. +hen !l G !; can be represented as
!l 71 H,"#I !; 7;
0!lE7;8 >: 0!;E718 I 071%7;8
www.fastmaths.com
3.;.1 ,oth the numbers are lower than the base. 3.;.1.; Multiplication using a base of 177
%ample. 1: Find 5C G 53.
9ere base is 177
De$iation of 5C from 177 is 47< De$iation of 53 from 177 is 476
5C 47< H,"# 177I 53 476
05C4768 or 05347<8 I 0<G68
5C 47< H,"# 177I 53 476
51 I 12
"nswer is 5112
%ample. ;: Find 52 G 5C.
De$iation of 52 from 177 is 47; De$iation of 5C from 177 is 47<
9ere base is 177
52 47; H,"# 177I 5C 47<
05247<8 or 05C47;8 I 0;G<8
52 47; H,"# 177I
5C 47<
5B J 76
"nswer is 5B76
%ample. <: Find CB G 5B.
9ere base is 177
De$iation of CB from 177 is 4;B De$iation of 5B from 177 is 47B
CB 4;B H,"# 177I 5B 47B
0CB47B8 or 05B4;B8 J 0;BGB8
CB 4;B H,"# 177I 5B 47B
#ince the base is 177, we write down ;B and carry lo$er to the left gi$ing us C7 J1;B F 0C7E18 J ;B
"nswer is C1;B
"ssignments
Find the following
R1. 5B G 55 R<. C6 G 52 RB. 5C G 25 RC. 53 G 5<
R;. 5< G 52 R3. 56 G 52 R6. 52 G 51 R2. 5; G 5C
"ssignments "nswers
Find the following
R1. 5B G 55 F 537B R;. 5< G 52 F 5113
R<. C6 G 52 F C332 R3. 56 G 52 F 5372
RB. 5C G 25 F 26<< R6. 52 G 51 F 2512
RC. 53 G 5< F 2C3; R2. 5; G 5C F 25;3
www.fastmaths.com
3.;.1 ,oth the numbers are lower than the base. 3.;.1.< Multiplication using a base of 1777
%ample 1: Find C26 G 552
9ere base is 1777
&omplement of C26 is ;13.
C from 5 is ; and 2 from 5 is 1 and 6 from 17 is 3 .
&omplement of 552 is 77;
C26 4;13 H,"# 1777I 552 477;
0C26477;8 or 05524;138 J 0;13G;8
C26 4;13 H,"# 1777I 552 477;
C23 J3;2
"nswer is C233;2
%ample. ;: Find 553 G 522.
9ere base is 1777
553 4776 H,"# 1777I 522 471;
0C26477;8 or 05524;138 J 0;13G;8
553 4776 H,"# 1777I 522 471;
52; J 7C;
"nswer is 52;7C;
%ample. <: Find CB7 G 55B.
9ere base is 1777
CB7 4;B7 H,"# 1777I 55B 477B
0CB7477B8 or 055B4;B78 J 0;B7G77B8
CB7 4;B7 H,"# 1777I 55B 477B
C3B J 1;B7
#ince the base is 1777, we write down ;B7 and carry lo$er to the left gi$ing us C3B J1;B7 F 0C3BE18 J ;B7
"nswer is C36;B7
"ssignments
Find the following R1. 55< G 552
R;. 21B G 552
R<. 52C G 553 RB. 55B G 555 RC. 555 G 555
R3. 52B G 552 R6. 622 G 552 R2. 2C; G 552
"ssignments "nswers
Find the following
R1. 55< G 552 F551713 R<. 52C G 553 F5217C2 RB. 55B G 555 F55377B RC. 555 G 555 F552771
R;. 21B G 552 F21<<C7 R3. 52B G 552 F52<7<7 R6. 622 G 552 F6266;3 R2. 2C; G 552 F2C7;B6
www.fastmaths.com
3.;.; ,oth the numbers are higher than the base.
+he method and rules: +he only difference is the positi$e de$iation. Instead of cross'subtract, we follow cross'add.
%ample.l: Find 1<G1;.
,ase is 17
1< < H,"# 17I 1; ;
01< E ;8 or 01; E <8 I 0< G ;8
1< < H,"# 17I 1; ;
1B I 6
"nswer is 1B6
%ample.;: Find 12G13.
,ase is 17
12 2 H,"# 17I 13 3
012 E 38 or 013 E 28 I 02 G 38
12 2 H,"# 17I 13 3
#ince the base is 17, we write down ; and carry < o$er to the left gi$ing us ;; I <; F 0;;E<8 I ;
"nswer is ;B;
%ample <: Find 173 G 17;
9ere base is 177
173 73 H,"# 177I 17; 7;
0173 E 7;8 or 017; E 738 I 073 G 7;8
173 73 H,"# 177I 17; 7;
176J72
"nswer is 17672
%ample. 3: Find 1;CB G 1773.
9ere base is 1777
1;CB ;CB H,"# 1777I 1773 773
01;CB E 7738 or 01773 E ;CB8 J 0;CB G 7738
1;CB ;CB H,"# 1777I 1773 773
1;C5 J1177
#ince the base is 1777, we write down 177 and carry lo$er to the left gi$ing us 1;C5 J1177 F 01;C5E18 J 177
"nswer is 1;27177
"ssignments
Find the following R71. 11 G 13 R7<. 1; G 1< R7B. 171 G 173 R7C. 17C G 17< R75. 1773 G 1775 Rl1. 177B G
177<
R7;. 1B G 17
R73. 11 G 11
R76. 1;1 G 173 R72. 1<3 G 17; Rl7. 111B G 1773 R1;. 17<B G 177;
"ssignments "nswers
Find the following R71. 1B3
R7<. 1B6
R7B. 17B73 R7C. 117;1 R75. 171<7<6 Rl1. 177271B
R7;. 1B7 R73. 1;1 R76. 1;B23 R72. 1<662 Rl7. 1115367
R1;. 17<C7C7
www.fastmaths.com
3.; : Multiplication near to the base 3.;.<.1.1 ,ar !umbers and application
Aook at the following #ubtractions
5 F 17 '1 F 11
2 F 17'; F 1;
C F 17'< F 1<
6 F 17'3 F 13
B F 17'B F 1B
3 F 17'< F 16
5 is same as 17 4 1, and this may be written as one ten in the ten's column and take away 1 in the units column.
2 is same as 17 4 ;, and this may be written as one ten in the ten's column and take away ; in the units column.
More e%amples
52 F l>>' ; F 17;
156 F ;77 ' 3 F ;73
<; F <7' ; F ;2
13B F 137 ' B F 1<B
" Viniculum !umber >: ,ar !umber is a take away or minus number.
;2 F <7 ' ; F <; because ;2 is ; less than <7.
+hirty $iniculum two is ;2.
%ample 1.
,ar number of 3C can be found by 3C F B7 ' < F B< >ne more than 3 is B and the complement of C is <.
It is like telling the time when we say 'Fi$e to si%' instead of B:BB
+o change a number back into its ordinary form, write down the complement of the $iniculum number and subtract
1 from the ne%t digit to the left
+o con$ert Viniculum B<
&omplement of < is C and B ' 1 is 3 gi$e us the original number as 3C.
%ample ;
+o con$ert CB
&omplement of B is B and C41 gi$es 6 +he original number is 6B
+o change a tens column digit into a Viniculum we use same method. +he digit is replaced by its complement and
the digit to the left is increased by 1
%ample <
&on$ert Viniculum 1C3
+he complement of C is < and 1E1 F ;
+his is saying that one hundred se$en tens and four units is the same as two hundreds minus three tens and 3 units.
Viniculum 1C3 is ;<3
Po change a tens column digit into a $iniculum e use same method. +he digit is replaced by its complement and the
digit to the left is increased by 1
%ample 3
&on$ert Viniculum 6<;
+he complement of < is C and 6 ' 1 F B . "nswer is BC;
#ome !umbers may ha$e more than one Viniculum number
<<;3B2;F;C;33;;
3.;.<.1.; "dding and subtracting Viniculum numbers
Viniculum numbers are added or subtracted -ust like ordinary numbers.
< E ; FB
B 4 ; F<
1; E < F 5
"ssignments
Find the following
R1. &hange units digit into $iniculum number for 36
R;. &hange the following numbers back to ordinary
form
1. 1;
;. B1
<. 3;
3. 2B
R<. &hange tens digit into $iniculum number for 6;1
R3. &hange the following numbers back to ordinary form
1. 31<1
;. <<<<
<. C1B1
3. 6B<;1
RB. Find the following
1. <E;
;. 2 4 3
<. ; 4 ;
3. 6 E ;
"ssignments "nswers
Find the following
R1. B3
R;. &hange the following numbers back to ordinary form
1. 2 ;. 35 <. <2 3. CB
R<. C21
1. <5;5
;. ;C;C
<. 6535
3. BB;21
1. B
;. 3
<. 7
3. 3
3.1 Multiplication:
+here is no change when any number is multiplied by 1.
)hen we multiply one number by another then it is increased and becomes further away from one. )hen 3 is
multiplies by B it becomes ;7 which is further away from 3 and B.
Ksing our multiplication techni(ues, we relate each number $ery close to another number called base. +he
difference between the number and the base is termed as de$iation.
De$iation may be positi$e or negati$e. /ositi$e de$iation is written without the positi$e sign and the negati$e
de$iation, is written using a bar or negati$e sign on the number.
!umber ,ase De$iation
1B 17 1B417 F B
5 17 5417F41
52 177 524177F4;
11; 177 11;4177F1;
553 1777 55341777F46
171< 1777 171<41777F 1<
%ample 1: Find the de$iation of 53 from base 177
!ow de$iation can be obtained by 'all from 5 and the last from 17' method l.e, the last digit 3 is subtracted from 17
gi$es 76 and remaining digit 5 is subtracted from5 gi$es 77.
%ample ;: Find the de$iation of 26 from base 177
+he last digit 6 is subtracted from 17 gi$es 73 and remaining digit 2 from 5 gi$es 1.
"ssignments
1. 22 from 177 B. 3;< from 1777
;. CB from 177 6. 57; from 1777
<. 2773 from 17777 C. C7B7< from 177777
3.1;<2C7 from 1777777 2.555< from 17777
"ssignments "nswers
1. 1;
;. ;B
<. 1556 3.2C61<7
B.BCC 6.752 C. ;535C 2.777C
www.fastmaths.com
3.;.1 ,oth the numbers are lower than the base.
3.;.1.1 Multiplication using a base of 17
%ample 1: Multiply C by 2.
&onsider the base number as 17 since it is near to both the numbers.
#tep 1. )rite the numbers one below the other. CG
2
#tep ;. +ake the de$iations of both the numbers from the base and represent
C 4< 2 4;
H ,ase 17I
:emainders < and ; implies that the numbers to be multiplied are both less than 17
#tep <. +he product or answer will ha$e two parts, one on the left side and the other on the right. " $ertical or a
slant line l.e, a slash may be drawn for the demarcation of the two parts.
C 4< 2 4;
H ,ase 17I
I
#tep3. +he :.9.#. of the answer is the product of the de$iations of the numbers. It contains the number of digits
e(ual to number of @eroes in the base.
C 4< 2 4;
H ,ase 17I
I 0<%;8
#ince base is 17, <G; F 6 can be taken as it is.
#tep#. A.9.# of the answer is the sum of one number with
the de$iation of the other. It can be arri$ed at in anyone of the four ways.
M i8 &ross4subtract de$iation ; on the second row from the original number C in the first row C4; F B.
M ii8 &ross'subtract de$iation < on the first row from the original number2 in the second row 24<FB
M iii8 #ubtract the base 17 from the sum of the gi$en numbers. 0C E 28 ' 17 F B
M i$8 #ubtract the sum of the two de$iations
from the base. 17 ' 0 < E ;8 F B
9ence B is left hand side of the answer.
C 4< 2 4;
H ,ase 17I
B I 6
#tep 6: If :.9.#. contains less number of digits than the number of @eros in the base, the remaining digits are filled
up by gi$ing @ero or @eroes on the left side of the :.9.#.
If the number of digits are more than the number of @eroes in the base, the e%cess digit or digits are to be added to
A.9.# of the answer.
+he general form of the multiplication
Aet !l and !; be two numbers near to a gi$en base in powers of 17, and 71 and 7; are their respecti$e de$iations
from the base. +hen !l G !; can be represented as
!l 71 H,"#I !; 7;
0!lE7;8 >: 0!;E718 I 071%7;8
www.fastmaths.com
9ere base is 177
5C 47< H,"# 177I 53 476
05C4768 or 05347<8 I 0<G68
5C 47< H,"# 177I 53 476
51 I 12
"nswer is 5112
9ere base is 177
52 47; H,"# 177I 5C 47<
05247<8 or 05C47;8 I 0;G<8
52 47; H,"# 177I
5C 47<
5B J 76
"nswer is 5B76
9ere base is 177
CB 4;B H,"# 177I 5B 47B
CB 4;B H,"# 177I 5B 47B
"nswer is C1;B
"ssignments
Find the following
R1. 5B G 55 R<. C6 G 52 RB. 5C G 25 RC. 53 G 5<
R;. 5< G 52 R3. 56 G 52 R6. 52 G 51 R2. 5; G 5C
"ssignments "nswers
Find the following
R1. 5B G 55 F 537B R;. 5< G 52 F 5113
R<. C6 G 52 F C332 R3. 56 G 52 F 5372
RB. 5C G 25 F 26<< R6. 52 G 51 F 2512
RC. 53 G 5< F 2C3; R2. 5; G 5C F 25;3
www.fastmaths.com
9ere base is 177
5C 47< H,"# 177I 53 476
05C4768 or 05347<8 I 0<G68
5C 47< H,"# 177I 53 476
51 I 12
"nswer is 5112
9ere base is 177
52 47; H,"# 177I 5C 47<
05247<8 or 05C47;8 J 0;G<8
52 47; H,"# 177I 5C 47<
5B J 76
"nswer is 5B76
9ere base is 177
CB 4;B H,"# 177I 5B 47B
CB 4;B H,"# 177I 5B 47B
"nswer is C1;B
"ssignments
Find the following
R1. 5B G 55 R<. C6 G 52 RB. 5C G 25 RC. 53 G 5<
R;. 5< G 52 R3. 56 G 52 R6. 52 G 51 R2. 5; G 5C
"ssignments "nswers
Find the following
R1. 5B G 55 F 537B R;. 5< G 52 F 5113
R<. C6 G 52 F C332 R3. 56 G 52 F 5372
RB. 5C G 25 F 26<< R6. 52 G 51 F 2512
RC. 53 G 5< F 2C3; R2. 5; G 5C F 25;3
www.fastmaths.com
3.;.1 ,oth the numbers are lower than the base. 3.;.1.< Multiplication using a base of 1777
%ample 1: Find C26 G 552
9ere base is 1777
&omplement of C26 is ;13.
C from 5 is ; and 2 from 5 is 1 and 6 from 17 is 3 .
&omplement of 552 is 77;
C26 4;13 H,"# 1777I 552 477;
0C26477;8 or 05524;138 J 0;13G;8
C26 4;13 H,"# 1777I 552 477;
C23 J3;2
"nswer is C233;2
%ample. ;: Find 553 G 522.
9ere base is 1777
553 4776 H,"# 1777I 522 471;
0C26477;8 or 05524;138 J 0;13G;8
553 4776 H,"# 1777I 522 471;
52; J 7C;
"nswer is 52;7C;
%ample. <: Find CB7 G 55B.
9ere base is 1777
CB7 4;B7 H,"# 1777I 55B 477B
0CB7477B8 or 055B4;B78 J 0;B7G77B8
CB7 4;B7 H,"# 1777I 55B 477B
C3B J 1;B7
#ince the base is 1777, we write down ;B7 and carry lo$er
to the left gi$ing us C3B 11;B7 F 0C3BE18 1 ;B7
"nswer is C36;B7
"ssignments
Find the following R1. 55< G 552 R<. 52C G 553 RB. 55B G 555 RC. 555 G 555
R;. 21B G 552 R3. 52B G 552 R6. 622 G 552 R2. 2C; G 552
"ssignments "nswers
Find the following
R1. 55< G 552 F551713 R<. 52C G 553 F5217C2 RB. 55B G 555 F55377B RC. 555 G 555 F552771
R;. 21B G 552 F21<<C7 R3. 52B G 552 F52<7<7 R6. 622 G 552 F6266;3 R2. 2C; G 552 F2C7;B6
www.fastmaths.com
3.;.; ,oth the numbers are higher than the base.
+he method and rules: +he only difference is the positi$e de$iation. Instead of cross'subtract, we follow cross'add.
%ample.l: Find 1<G1;.
,ase is 17
1< < H,"# 17I 1; ;
01< E ;8 or 01; E <8 I 0< G ;8
1< < H,"# 17I 1; ;
1B I 6
"nswer is 1B6
%ample.;: Find 12G13.
,ase is 17
12 2 H,"# 17I 13 3
012 E 38 or 013 E 28 I 02 G 38
12 2 H,"# 17I 13 3
#ince the base is 17, we write down ; and carry < o$er to the left gi$ing us ;; I <; F 0;;E<8 I ;
"nswer is ;B;
%ample <: Find 173 G 17;
9ere base is 177
173 73 H,"# 177I 17; 7;
0173 E 7;8 or 017; E 738 J 073 G 7;8
173 73 H,"# 177I 17; 7;
176J72
"nswer is 17672
%ample. 3: Find 1;CB G 1773.
9ere base is 1777
1;CB ;CB H,"# 1777I 1773 773
01;CB E 7738 or 01773 E ;CB8 J 0;CB G 7738
1;CB ;CB H,"# 1777I 1773 773
1;C5 J1177
#ince the base is 1777, we write down 177 and carry lo$er to the left gi$ing us 1;C5 J1177 F 01;C5E18 J 177
"nswer is 1;27177
"ssignments
Find the following R71. 11 G 13 R7<. 1; G 1<
R7;. 1B G 17 R73. 11 G 11
R7B. 171 G 173 R7C. 17C G 17< R75. 1773 G 1775 Rl1. 177B G 177<
R76. 1;1 G 173 R72. 1<3 G 17; Rl7. 111B G 1773 R1;. 17<B G 177;
"ssignments "nswers
Find the following R71. 1B3
R7<. 1B6
R7B. 17B73 R7C. 117;1 R75. 171<7<6 Rl1. 177271B
R7;. 1B7 R73. 1;1 R76. 1;B23 R72. 1<662 Rl7. 1115367
R1;. 17<C7C7
www.fastmaths.com
Aook at the following #ubtractions
5 F 17 '1 F 11
2 F 17'; F 1;
C F 17'< F 1<
6 F 17'3 F 13
B F 17'B F 1B
3 F 17'< F 16
5 is same as 17 4 1, and this may be written as one ten in the ten's column and take away 1 in the units column.
2 is same as 17 4 ;, and this may be written as one ten in the ten's column and take away ; in the units column.
More e%amples
52 F l>>' ; F 17;
156 F ;77 ' 3 F ;73
<; F <7' ; F ;2
13B F 137 ' B F 1<B
" Viniculum !umber >: ,ar !umber is a take away or minus number.
;2 F <7 ' ; F <; because ;2 is ; less than <7.
+hirty $iniculum two is ;2.
%ample 1.
,ar number of 3C can be found by 3C F B7 ' < F B< >ne more than 3 is B and the complement of C is <.
It is like telling the time when we say 'Fi$e to si%' instead of B:BB
+o change a number back into its ordinary form, write down the complement of the $iniculum number and subtract
1 from the ne%t digit to the left
+o con$ert Viniculum B<
&omplement of < is C and B ' 1 is 3 gi$e us the original number as 3C.
%ample ;
+o con$ert CB
&omplement of B is B and C41 gi$es 6 +he original number is 6B
+o change a tens column digit into a Viniculum we use same method. +he digit is replaced by its complement and
the digit to the left is increased by 1
%ample <
&on$ert Viniculum 1C3
+he complement of C is < and 1E1 F ;
+his is saying that one hundred se$en tens and four units is the same as two hundreds minus three tens and 3 units.
Viniculum 1C3 is ;<3
o change a tens column digit into a $iniculum e use same method. +he digit is replaced by its complement and the
digit to the left is increased by 1
%ample 3
&on$ert Viniculum 6<;
+he complement of < is C and 6 ' 1 F B . "nswer is BC;
#ome !umbers may ha$e more than one Viniculum number
<<;3B2;F;C;33;;
3.;.<.1.; "dding and subtracting Viniculum numbers
Viniculum numbers are added or subtracted -ust like ordinary numbers.
< E ; FB
B 4 ; F<
1; E < F 5
"ssignments
Find the following
R1. &hange units digit into $iniculum number for 36
1. 1;
;. B1
<. 3;
3. 2B
R<. &hange tens digit into $iniculum number for 6;1
1. 31<1
;. <<<<
<. C1B1
3. 6B<;1
1. <E;
;. 2 4 3
<. ; 4 ;
3. 6 E ;
"ssignments "nswers
Find the following
R1. B3
1. 2 ;. 35 <. <2 3. CB
R<. C21
1. <5;5
;. ;C;C
<. 6535
3. BB;21
1. B
;. 3
<. 7
3. 3
www.fastmaths.com
%ample.l: Find 1< G C.
,ase is 17
1< < H,"# 17 I
C 4<
17 I 5
>ne de$iation is positi$e and the other is negati$e. #o the product of de$iations becomes negati$e. #o the right hand
side of the answer obtained will therefore ha$e to be subtracted.
Ksing '+o change a tens column digit into a Viniculum we use same method. +he digit is replaced by its
complement and the digit to the left is decreased by 1'
&omplement of 5 is 1 and 17 is decreased by 1
1< < H,"# 17 I
C 4<
017418 I &omplement of 5 F 51
"nswer is 51
%ample.;: Find 172 G 53.
,ase is 177
172 72 H,"# 177 I
53 476
17; I 32
&omplement of 32 is B; and 17; is decreased by 1 017;418 I &omplement of 32 F 171B;
"nswer is 171B;
%ample.<: Find 552 G 17;B.
,ase is 1777
552 477; H,"# 1777 I
17;B 7;B
17;< I 7B7
&omplement of B7 is 5B7 and 17;< is decreased by 1 017;<418 I &omplement of B7 F 17;;5B7
"nswer is 17;;5B7
"ssignments
Find the following R1. 5 G 1<
R<. 5C G 176 RB. 55C G 1776
R;. 2 G 1C
R3. 22 G 17; R6. 525 G 17;2
"ssignments "nswers
Find the following
R1. 5 G 1< F 11C R;. 2 G 1C F 1<6
R<. 5C G 176 F 17;2; R3. 22 G 17; F C25222
RB. 55C G 1776 F 177;52; R6. 525 G 17;2 F 171665;
www.fastmaths.com
&h3 : Multiplication
3.< #(uaring numbers that ends in B
%ample 1 : Find CB ;
C B G C B
2GC I BGB FS B6;B
#imply multiply C the number before B by the ne%t number up 2 . +his gi$es C G 2 F B6 as the first part of the
answer and the last part is B G B F;B so the answer is B6;B
%ample ; : Find <7B
;

<7 B <7 B
<7G<1 1BGB FS 5<7;B
#imply multiply <7 the number before B by the ne%t number up <1 . +his gi$es <7 G <1 F 5<7 as the first part of the
answer and the last part is B G B F;B so the answer is 5<7;B
"ssignments
Find the following R1. <B
;

R<. 17B
;

"ssignments "nswers
Find the following R1. 1;;B
R<. 117;B
R;. ;7;B R3. C;;B
http:JJwww.fastmaths.com
3.3 Multiplying numbers whose first figures are the same and whose last figures add up to 17, 177 etc
%ample.l : Find 3< G 3C
&heck for :.9.#: < E C F 17, A.9.#. portion remains the same i.e." 3.
3 < G 3 C
3GB J <GC F S ;7;1
Multiply 3 0 the same figure in both the numbers8 by the ne%t number up B. +his gi$es 3 G B F ;7 as the first part of
the answer and the last part is < G C F ;1 so the answer is ;7;1
%ample.; : Find <1 G <5
&heck for :.9.#: 5 E1 F 17, A.9.#. portion remains the same i.e." <.
< 1 G < 5
<G3J1G5 FS 1;75
Multiply < 0 the same figure in both the numbers8 by 3. +his gi$es < G 3 F 1; as the first part of the answer and the
last part is lG 5 F 75 so the answer is 1;75
%ample.< : Find 1;C G 1;<
&heck for: C E < F 17, A.9.#. portion remains the same l.e.-, 1;.
1; C G 1; <
1;G1< J CG< F S 1B6;1
"nswer is 1B6;1
%ample.3 : Find <5B G <5B
&heck for: B E B F 17, A.9.#. portion remains the same l.e.-, <5.
<5 B G <5 B
<5G37 I BGB F S 1B67;B
"nswer is 1B67;B
"ssignments
Find the following R1. ;< G ;C
R<. 6; G 62
R;. <3 G <6 R3. 1<6 G 1<3
"ssignments "nswers
Find the following R1. 6;1
R<. 3;16
R;. 1;;3 R3. 12;;3
3.B !umbers of which the last ; >r < >r 3 digits added up gi$e 177,1777,17777
+he same rule works when the sum of the last ;, last <, last 3 digits added respecti$ely e(ual to 177, 1777, 17777 .
%ample.l : Find ;5; G ;72
9ere 5; E 72 F 177, A.9.# portion is same l.e, ;
; 5; G ; 72
;G<J5;G72 FS 67JC<6
67 J C<6 0 for 177 raise the A.9.#. product by 7 l.e 6Gl7 8
"nswer is 67C<6.
%ample.; : Find 232 G 2B;
9ere 32 E B; F 177, A.9.# portion is same l.e, 2
2 32 G 2 B;
2G5J32GB;
)e can use our fastmaths techni(ue to find the product of 32GB;
32 4; H,"# B7 I B; ;
9alf of 0 B78 J complement of 73 FS 0;B418J 56 FS
;356
and write 232 % 2B; F 2 % 5 J 32 % B;
F C;7 J ;356 0 for 177 raise the A.9.#. product by 7 Ae C;Gl78
F0C;7E;8J356 F C;;356
#ince A.9.# product is to be multiplied by 17 and ; to be carried o$er as the base is 177
"nswer is C;;356
%ample.< : Find 65< G 67C
&heck for: 5< E 7C F 177, A.9.#. portion remains the same l.e., 6
6 5< G 6 7C
6GC J 5<G7C F S ;7;1
!ow :.9.# product 5< G 7C can be obtained mentally.
65< % 67C F 6 % C J 5< % 7C
F 3;7 J 6B1 0for 177 raise the A.9.#. product by o l.e, 3;Gl78
F 3;76B1.
"nswer is 3;76B1.
"ssignments
Find the Following R1. <5< G <7C R;. 656 G 673 R<. 2C< G 2;C R3. 122 G 11; RB. 3B3 G 336
"ssignments "ssignments
Find the Following
R1. <5< G <7C F 1;7J6B1 F 1;76B1
R;. 656 G 673 F 3;7<23 F 3;7J<23 F 3;7<23 R<. 2C< G 2;C F C;7J
1
5C1 F C;15C1
R3. 122 G 11; F ;7J
1
7B6 F ;17B6
RB. 3B3 G 336 F ;77J
;
323 F;7;323
3.B !umbers of which the last ; >r < >r 3 digits added up gi$e 177,1777,17777
+he same rule works when the sum of the last ;, last <, last 3 digits added respecti$ely e(ual to 177, 1777, 17777 .
%ample.l : Find ;5; G ;72
9ere 5; E 72 F 177, A.9.# portion is same l.e, ;
; 5; G ; 72
;G<J5;G72 FS 67JC<6
67 J C<6 0 for 177 raise the A.9.#. product by 7 l.e 6Gl7 8
"nswer is 67C<6.
%ample.; : Find 232 G 2B;
9ere 32 E B; F 177, A.9.# portion is same l.e, 2
2 32 G 2 B;
2G5J32GB;
)e can use our fastmaths techni(ue to find the product of 32GB;
32 4; H,"# B7 I B; ;
9alf of 0 B78 J complement of 73 FS 0;B418J 56 FS
;356
and write 232 % 2B; F 2 % 5 J 32 % B;
F C;7 J ;356 0 for 177 raise the A.9.#. product by 7 Ae C;Gl78
F0C;7E;8J356 F C;;356
#ince A.9.# product is to be multiplied by 17 and ; to be carried o$er as the base is 177
"nswer is C;;356
%ample.< : Find 65< G 67C
&heck for: 5< E 7C F 177, A.9.#. portion remains the same l.e., 6
6 5< G 6 7C
6GC J 5<G7C F S ;7;1
!ow :.9.# product 5< G 7C can be obtained mentally.
65< % 67C F 6 % C J 5< % 7C
F 3;7 J 6B1 0for 177 raise the A.9.#. product by o l.e, 3;Gl78
F 3;76B1.
"nswer is 3;76B1.
"ssignments
Find the Following R1. <5< G <7C R;. 656 G 673
R<. 2C< G 2;C R3. 122 G 11; RB. 3B3 G 336
"ssignments "ssignments
Find the Following
R1. <5< G <7C F 1;7J6B1 F 1;76B1
R;. 656 G 673 F 3;7<23 F 3;7J<23 F 3;7<23 R<. 2C< G 2;C F C;7J
1
5C1 F C;15C1
R3. 122 G 11; F ;7J
1
7B6 F ;17B6
RB. 3B3 G 336 F ;77J
;
323 F;7;323
3.6 Multiplication using other bases
%ample.l : Find B62 G 552
,ase is 1777
&omplement of B62 is 3<; &omplement of 552 is 77;.
B62 43<; H,"# 1777 I 552 477;
B62 4 ; J 263 F S B66 J 263
"nswer is B66263
%ample.; : Find ;1< G ;7<
,ase is ;77
&omplement of ;1< is 1< &omplement of ;7< is 7<.
;1< 1< H,"# ;77 I ;7< 7<
;1<E< I <5 FS ;16 % ; I <5
since the base is ;77 i e ;Gl77
+he numbers are close to ;77 which is 177G ; we multiply only the left hand part of the answer by ; to get 3<;<5
"nswer is 3<;<5
%ample.< : Find ;5 G ;2
,ase is <7
&omplement of ;5 is 41 &omplement of ;2 is 4;.
;5 41 H,"# <7 I ;2 4;
;5 4; I ; FS ;C % < I ; since the base is <7 l.e <G 17
+he numbers are close to <7 which is 17G < we multiply only the left hand part of the answer by < to get 21;
"nswer is 21;
%ample.3 : Find 3< G 33
,ase is 37
&omplement of 3< is < &omplement of 33 is 3.
3< < H,"# 37 I 33 3
3< E 3 J1; FS 3C % 3J
1
; since the base is 37 l.e 3G 17
+he numbers are close to 37 which is 17G 3 we multiply only the left hand part of the answer by 3 0before carrying
lo$er to the left8 to get 122J
1
; F 0122E18J;
"nswer is 125;
%ample.# : Find 2< G35
#ame as '02< G 528
2< 41C H,"# 177 I 52 47;
2< 47; J1CG; FS 21J<3 F 21<3
"nswer F '021<38 F 376C
"nswer is 376C
%ample.6 : Find 5552 G 53
!umbers are close to different bases 17,777 and 177
5552 4; 53 46
H ,"# 17777 I H ,"# 177 I
5<52J1;
FS 5<521;
!ote that 6 is not subtracted from 2, but from the 5 abo$e the 3 in 53
#econd column from left. #o 5552 becomes 5<52
"nswer is 5<521;
%ample.C: Find 1777C G 177<
!umbers are close to different bases 17,777 and 177
1777C 77C 1777 77<
H ,"# 17777 I H ,"# 177 I
177<C I 7;1
FS 177<C7;1
!ote that < is not added to C, but to the third column from left.
"nswer F 177<C7;1
"ssignments
Find the Following R1. <13 G <73 R;. 1713 G 552 R<. C3 G C<
R3. 5<G 35
RB. 5552 G 56
"ssignments "nswers
Find the Following
R1. <13 G <73 F 5B3B6 R;. 1713 G 552 F17115C; R<. C3 G C< F B37;
R3. 5< G 35 F3BBC
RB. 5552 G 56 F5B5272
3.C Multiplication by B, B7 and ;B
%ample 1: Find 33 G B
Multiply by ; and di$ide by ; gi$es 33 G 0B G ;8 J ; F 33 Gl7J;
Find 33 G 17 and di$ide by ;
337J; F ;;7
"nswer F ;;7
%ample ;: Find ;C G B7
Multiply by ; and di$ide by ; gi$es ;C G 0B7 G ;8 J ; F ;C Gl77J;
Find ;C G 177 and di$ide by ;
;C77J; F 1<B7
"nswer F 1<B7
%ample.<: Find 2; G ;B
Multiply by 3 and di$ide by 3 gi$es 2; G 0;B G 38 J 3 F 2; Gl77 J3 Find 2; G 177 and di$ide by 3
2;77J3 F ;7B7
"nswer F ;7B7
"ssignments
Find the following R1. ## G B
R;. ## G ;B
R<. ## G #>
R3. 52 G #>
RB. 52 G ;B
"ssignments "nswers
Find the following R1. ## G B F ;CB R;. ## G ;B F 1<CB R<. ## G #> F ;CB7 R3. 52 G #> F 3577 RB. 52 G ;B F
;3B7
3.2 Multiplication by 5
Method:
M #tep 1. +he left hand side digit is obtained by deduction 1 from the left side digit. +o find C % 5= A9#. digit is C 4 1
F 6
M #tep ;. +he right hand side digit is the complement or difference between the multiplier and the left hand side
digit. l.e, +o find C G 5, :9# is 5 4 6 F <.
M #tep <. +he two numbers gi$e the answer= l.e, C G 5 F 6<.
%ample 1: Find 2 % 5
M #tep 1: 2 4 1 F C 0A9#. Digit8
M #tep ;: 5 4 C F ; 0:9#. Digit8
M #tep <: +he answer is C;
%ample ;: Find 1B % 55
M #tep 1: 1B 4 1 F 13
M #tep ;: 55 4 13 F 2B 0or &omplement of 1B , 177 1B8
M #tep <: 1B % 55 F "nswer is 132B
%ample <: Find ;3 % 55
M #tep 1: ;3 4 1 F ;<
M #tep ;: 55 4 ;< F C6 0or complement of ;3, 177 ;38
M #tep <: ;3 % 55 F "nswer is ;<C6
%ample 3: Find <B6 % 555
M #tep 1: <B6 4 1 F <BB
M #tep ;: 555 4 <BB F 633 0or &omplement of <B6 , 1777 4 <B68
M #tep <: <B6 % 555 F "nswer is <BB633
%ample B: Find 2C2 % 5555
M #tep 1: 2C2 4 1 F 2CC
M #tep ;: 5555 4 2CC F 51;; 0or &omplement of 2C2, 17777 4 2C28
M #tep <: 2C2 % 5555 F "nswer is 2CC51;;
I+he multiplicand has to be reduced by 1 to obtain the A9# and the right side is obtained by Qthe subtraction of the
A9# from the multiplier.
"ssignments
Find the products
M R1. 63 % 55
M R;. C;< % 555
M R<. <;B1 % 5555
M R3. 33< % 555
M RB. ;B6 % 5555
M R6. 12BC % 55555
"ssignments "nswers
Find the products
M R1. 6<<6
M R;. C;;;CC
M R<. <;B76C35
M R3. 33;BBC
M RB. ;BB5C33
M R6. 12B65213<
)e ha$e dealt the cases
a8 )hen the multiplicand and multiplier both ha$e the same number of digits
b8 )hen the multiplier has more number of digits than the multiplicand.
In both the cases the same rule applies. ,ut what happens when the multiplier has lesser digits'
l.e, for problems like 3; G 5, 1;3 G 5, ;6<;B G 55 etc
Multiplication table when both multiplicand and multiplier are of ; digits.
m n
11 % 55 F 17 25 F 011418 I 55 4 011418 F 1725 1; % 55 F 11 22 F 01;418 I 55 4 01;418 F 1122 1< % 55 F 1; 2C F 01<418
I 55 4 01<418 F 1;2C
12 % 55 F 1C2;
15 % 55 F 1221
;7 % 55 F 15 27 F 0;7418 I 55 4 0;7418 F 1527
+he rule mentioned in the case of abo$e table also holds good here. Further we can state that the rule applies to all
cases, where the multiplicand and the multiplier ha$e the same number of digits.
&onsider the following +ables.
+able "
mn 11 % 5 F 55 1; % 5 F 172 1< % 5 F 11C
12 % 5 F 16; 15 % 5 F 1C 1 ;7 % 5 F 127
+able ,
;1 % 5 F 125 ;; % 5 F 152 ;< % 5 F ;7C
;2 % 5 F ;# ; ;5 % 5 F ;6 1 <7 % 5 F ;C7
+able &
<# % 5 F <1 #
36 % 5 F 31 3
#< % 5 F 3C C
6C % 5 F 67< 4444444444444 and so on.
From the abo$e tables the following points can be obser$ed:
18 +able " has the multiplicands with 1 as first digit e%cept the last one. 9ere A9# of products are uniformly ; less
than the multiplicands. #o also with ;7 % 5
;8 +able , has the same pattern. 9ere A9# of products are uniformly < less than the multiplicands.
<8 +able & is of mi%ed e%ample and yet the same result. If < is first digit of the multiplicand then A9# of product is
3 less than the multiplicand= if 3 is first digit of the
multiplicand then, A9# of the product is # less than the multiplicand and so on.
38 +he right hand side of the product is obtained by subtracting the :9# part of the multiplicand from 17.
Teeping these points in $iew we sol$e following problems:
%amplel: Find 3; G 5
#tep 18 Di$ide the multiplicand 03;8 of by a line ?J? into a right hand portion consisting of as many digits as the
multiplier.
l.e, 3; has to be written as 3J;
#tep ;8 #ubtract from the multiplicand one more than the whole e%cess portion on the left. Aeft portion of
multiplicand is 3.
one more than it 3 E 1 F #.
)e ha$e to subtract this from multiplicand l.e, write it as
3J; J4#
<JC
+his gi$es the A9# part of the product.
#tep <8 #ubtract the :9# part of the multiplicand. :9# of multiplicand is ;. Its complement is 2.
It gi$es the :9# of the product
l.e, answer is < J C J 2 F <C2.
+hus 3; G 5 can be represented as
3J;
J4# J 2
<JCJ2 F <C2.
%ample ;: Find 1;3 G 5
#tep 18 9ere Multiplier has one digit only. )e
write 1; J3
#tep ;8 1; E 1 F 1<
i.e.1;J3 41J <
#tep <8 :9# of multiplicand is 3. Its complement is 6
1;3 G 5 is 1; J 3 41J<J 6
11 J 1 J 6 F 1116
+he process can also be represented as
1;3 % 5 F H 1;3 4 0 1; E 1 8 I J 0 17 4 3 8 F 0 1;3 4 1< 8 J 6 F 1116
%ample <: Find 1B6<5 % 55
#ince the multiplier has ; digits, the answer is
H1B6<5 4 01B6 E 18I J 0177 4 <58 F 01B6<5 4 1BC8 J 61 F 1B32;61
"ssignments
Find the products in the following cases.
M R1. B2 % 5
M R;. 6; % 5
M R<. 3;C % 55
M R3. 2<; % 5
M RB. ;32;1 % 555
M R6. 111711 % 55
"ssignments "nswers
Find the products in the following cases.
M R1. B;;
M R;. BB2
M R<. 3;;C<
M R3. C322
M RB. ;3C561C5
M R6. 17557725
3.2 Multiplication by 11
11 Multiplication table is easy to remember
11 G 1 F 11 11 G ; F ;; 11 G < F << 11 G 3 F 33 11 G B F BB 11 G 6 F 66 11 G C F CC 11 G 2 F 22 11 G 5 F 55
Multiplying larger number by 11 is also easy.
%ample 1. Find B; G 11
B; G 11 is B C;
)rite down the number being multiplied and put the total of the digits between ; digits
B; G 11 is HB and BE;FC and ;I, answer is BC;
%ample ;. Find BC G 11
BC G 11 is HB and 1; and CI, e(uals 6;C
BJ
1
;J C F 6;C
+he 1 in 1; is carried o$er to B to gi$e 6
%ample <. Find ;<3 G 11
;<3 G 11 is H; and ;E< and <E3 and 3I e(uals ; B C 3
%ample 3. Find CCC G 11
CCC G 11 is HC and CEC and CEC and CI simplifies to H C and 13 and 13 and C I
C J13 J13 J C F 2 B3C
"nswer is 2B3C. )e simply carry the 1 ?s o$er
%ample B. Find 1<3;< G 11
1<3;< G 11 is H1 and <E1 and <E3 and 3E; and ;E< and <I simplifies to H1 and 3 and C and 6 and B and <I
"nswer is 13C6B<
"ssignments
Find the Following R1. <C GII
R;. 1<C GII R<. 1;<<C G 11 R3. B6C GII RB. 52 GII
"ssignments "nswers
Find the Following R1. 37C
R;. 1B7C
R<. 1<BC7C R3. 6;<C RB. 17C2
3.5 Multiplication by 1;
Multiplication table of 1; is easy to remember
1; Gl F 1; 1; G ; F ;3 1; G < F <6 1; G 3 F 32 1; G B F 67 1; G 6 F C; 1; G C F 23 1; G 2 F 56 1; G 5 F 172
Multiplication of large numbers with 1; is also easy. *ust double the digit to the left before adding
%ample 1. Find B; G 1;
B; G 1; is
"dd 7 to the left and right as shown below
o B ; 7
o B 1; 3 H;G> E B, ;GB E ;, ;G;E7I
"nswer is 6;3
%ample ;. Find ;<3 G 1;
;<3 G 1; is
o ; < 3 7
o ; C 17 2 H;G> E ;, ;G; E <, ;G<E3, ;G3E7I
"nswer is ;272
%ample <. Find 6B;13 G 1;
6B;13 G 1; is
76B;137
o 6 1C 1; B 6 2 H;G>E6, ;G6 EB, ;GBE;, ;G;E1, ;GlE3, ;G3E7I
"nswer is C2;B62
"ssignments
Find the Following R1. 52 G 1;
R;. B6 G 1;
R<. 1<3 G 1; R3. B63 G 1;
RB. 1;<352 G 1;
"ssignments "nswers
Find the Following R1. 11C6
R;. 6C;
R<. 1672
R3. 6C62
RB. 13215C6
3.17 Multiplication by $ertically and &rosswire
)e ha$e seen all the multiplication sums had at least one of the numbers to be multiplied close to a particular base
of 17,177 , 1777 etc. )e learn a more general formula which can be used for all cases of multiplication.
Multiplying ; two4digit !umbers
:emember the following diagram. ach dot represents a digit in the number and the lines -oining the dots stand for
digits to be multiplies
#tep 1
#tep ;
#tep <
M M
I
M M
M M
G.
M M
I
M M
nlt/=Jwww,r M.. trn In , .om
%ample 1: Multiply 3; by 1<
#tep 1. #tarting from left, multiply the two left handed most digits $ertically. 3 G 1 F 3 and set the answer down
underneath as the left most part of the answer.
3 ; G 1 <
3
#tep ;. Multiply 3 by < and ; by 1, cross multiplying and add these two answers
together 3 G < E ; G 1 F 13. #et down 3 as the ne%t answer digit and carry the 1 to the left.
3 ; G 1 <
#tep <. Multiply ; by < $ertically and set down the answer 6 as the right most answer digit.
3 ; G 1 <
#tep 3. "dd to the carry digit to gi$e the answer B36
+his method can be started either from the right or from the left.
%ample ; Find ;< G C;
#tep 1. #tarting from right, multiply the two right4handed most digits $ertically. < G ; F 6 and set the answer down
underneath as the right most part of the answer.
; < G C ;
6
#tep ;. Multiply ; by ; and < by C, cross multiplying and add these two answers together ; G ; E < G C F 3 E ;1 F
;B. #et down B as the ne%t answer digit and carry the ; to the left.
; < G C ;
#tep <. Multiply ; by C $ertically and set down the answer 13 as the left most answer digit.
; < G C ;
16B6
"ssignments
Find the Following R1. ;< G 1; R;. 2C G ;3 R<. 6< G 3; R3. ;2 G 52 RB. 3B G 6C
"ssignments "nswers
Find the Following R1. ;C6
R;. ;722
R<. ;636
R3. ;C33
RB. <71B
3.11 Multiplying larger numbers
ach dot represents a digit in the number and the lines -oining the dots stand for digits to be multiplied.
#+/
1
#+/; #+/ <
M M M
:%:
M
.Sk:
I
M M M M M M M
#+/ 3
#+/
B
M M M M M M
G I
M M M M M M
%ample 1: Find <6; G 1<3
#tep 1. #tarting from left, multiply the two left handed most digits $ertically. < G 1 F < and set the answer down
< 6 ; G 1<3
<
#tep ;. Multiply < by < and 6 by 1, cross multiplying and add these two answers together < G < E 6 G 1 F 1B. #et
down B as the ne%t answer digit and carry the 1 to the left.
< 6 ; G 1<3
#tep <. Middle step is to add the cross product of all si% digits as shown below
< G 3 E ; G 1 E 6 G < F <;
< 6 ; G 1<3
#tep 3. #um of the products of the four right hand most digits gi$e
< G ; E 6 G 3 F <7
< 6 ; G
1<3
#tep B. +he final step is the product of the two right hand most digits ; G 3 F2
< 6 ; G 1<3
#tep 6. "fter adding up the carry digits the answer is 32B72
%ample ; Find 352 G ;25
#tep 1. #tarting from left, multiply the two left handed most digits $ertically. 3 G ; F 2 and set the answer down
3 5 2 G ;25
2
#tep ;. Multiply 3 by 2 and 5 by ;, cross multiplying and add these two answers together 3 G 2 E 5 G ; F B7. #et
down 7 as the ne%t answer digit and carry the B to the left.
3 5 2 G ;25
2
B
7
#tep <. Middle step is to add the cross product of all si% digits as shown below
3 G 5 E 2 G ; E 5 G 2 F <6E16EC;F1;3. #et down 3 as the ne%t answer digit and carry the 1; to the left.
3 5 2 G ;25
#tep 3. #um of the products of the four right hand most digits gi$e
5 G 5 E 2 G 2 F 21 E 63F 13B #et down B as the ne%t answer digit and carry the 13 to the left.
3 5 2 G ;25
#tep B. +he final step is the product of the two right hand most digits 2 G 5 FC;
3 5 2 G ;25
#tep 6. "fter adding up the carry digits
#tep C. "fter adding up the carry digits the answer is 13<5;;
"ssignments
Find the Following R1. 13C G 3CC R;. ;C7 G 1<1 R<. 3;C G 3C R3. <B< G B66 RB. CCC G ;;7
"ssignments "nswers
Find the Following R1. C7115
R;. <B<C7
R<. ;7765
R3. 155C52
RB. 1C7537
3.1; Multiplication using "$erage
&onsider the following e%ample
%ample 1 : Find ;5 G <1
#ince the a$erage of ;5 and <1 is <7
Find <7
;
and subtract the s(uare of the difference of either number from the a$erage. 577 4 1 F 255
#(uare the a$erage and subtract the s(uare of the difference of either number from the a$erage.
%ample ; : Find ;6 G <3
#ince the a$erage of ;6 and <3 is <7
Find <7
;
and subtract the s(uare of the difference of either number from the a$erage. 577 4 3
;
F 223
"ssignments
R1. Find B2 G 6; ' R;. Find 6C G 65 ' R<. Find 52 G 17; ' R3. Find 35 G B1 ' RB. Find C< G 5< '
"ssignments "nswers
R1. Find B2 G 6; '
#ince the a$erage of B2 and 6; is 67
Find 67
;
and subtract the s(uare of the difference of either number from the a$erage. <677 4 ;
;
F <B56
R;. Find 6C G 65 '
#ince the a$erage of 6C and 65 is 62
Find 62
;
and subtract the s(uare of the difference of either number from the a$erage. 36;3 4 1
;
F 36;<
R<. Find 52 G 17; '
#ince the a$erage of 52 and 17; is 177
Find 177
;
and subtract the s(uare of the difference of either number from the a$erage. 17777 4 ;
;
F 5556
R3. Find 35 G B1 '
#ince the a$erage of 35 and B1 is #>
Find B7
;
and subtract the s(uare of the difference of either number from the a$erage. ;B77 4 1
;
F ;355
RB. Find C< G 5< '
#ince the a$erage of C< and 5< is 2<
Find 2<
;
and subtract the s(uare of the difference of either number from the a$erage. 6225 4 17
;
F 6C25
&hapter B : Di$ision
B.1 Di$ision:
Ksing one, there is no di$ision. )hen one is di$ided into four, the answer four shows that four has not been di$ided
at all. Di$ision always start at two.
B.;.1. #imple Di$ision
Find 1632J3
M 3 Into 1 does not go, 3 into 16 F 3
M 3 into 3 F 1
M 3 into 2 F;
M +he answer is 31;
B.;.1.Di$ision with reminders
" di$ision sum has 3 parts called Di$isor, Di$ident, Ruotient and :emainder.
+he di$isor is the number that di$ided the di$idend, the answer is the (uotient, the remainder?s at the end.
In the con$entional procedure for di$ision, the process is of the following form.
Ruotient
Di$isor8 Di$idend >: Di$isor8 Di$idend 0 Ruotient
:emainder
:emainder
Find ;26;J3
M 3 Into ; goes 7 remainder ;
M 3 goes into ;2 F C
M 3 into 6 goes 1 remainder ;
M 3 into ;; goes B remainder ;
"bo$e e%ample
C1B
3 8 ;26; ;2
6 3
;; ;7
;
Di$isor F 3 Di$ided F ;26; Ruotient F C1B :emainder F ;
,ut in the FastMaths Di$ision process, the format is
Di$isor8 Di$idend
Ruotient I :emainder
+he con$entional method is always the same irrespecti$e of the di$isor. ,ut FastMaths methods are different
depending on the nature of the di$isor.
B.< Di$isibility +ests
B.<.1 Di$isibility by ;,B,17
Aook at the following #eries ;,3,6,2,17,1;,13,16,'''
"ll numbers ending in e$en numbers or @ero must ha$e ; as a factor. )e say the number is di$isible by ;. "ny
number ending in an e$en number or @ero is a multiple of ;.
.i$en number <6
; is a factor of <6 <6 is a multiple of ; <6 is di$isible by ;
Aook at the following #eries B,17,1B,;7,;B ,''' "ll numbers ending in B or @ero are di$isible by B.
Aook at the following #eries 17,;7,<7,37,' .. "ll numbers ending in 7 are di$isible by 17
tll numbers ending in e$en numbers or @ero are di$isible by ;
"ll numbers ending in B or @ero are di$isible by B.
,"ll numbers ending in 7 are di$isible by 17
B.<.; Di$isibility by < and 5
Aook at the following #eries 5,12,;C,<6'' Digital root or digit sum of the series 5,5,5,5' ..
"ll numbers whose digit sum is 5 are di$isible by 5
PII numbers with a digit sum is 5 are di$isible Iby 5
Aook at the following #eries <, 6, 5, 1;, 1B, 12,' .. '. Digital root or digit sum of the series <, 6, 5, <, 6,5 ''' .. "ll
numbers with a digit sum of <,6 or 5 are di$isible by <
11 numbers with a digit sum of <,6 or 5 are di$isible by <
B.<.< Di$isibility by 3
Aook at the following #eries 3,2,1;,16,;7,;3,;2,<;'' If 3 di$ides into last ; digits of a number then 3 di$ides into
the whole number
If 3 di$ides into last ; digits of a number then 3 di$ides into the whole number
B.<.3 Di$isibility by 6
"ny number which is di$isible by 6 must also di$isible by ; and by <. #o the test for di$isibility by 6 = it must pass
the test for both ; and <
C2 is di$isible by ;, but also by < 0as its digit sum is 68 so C2 is di$isible by 6. "ll numbers di$isible by both ; and <
are di$isible by 6
PII numbers di$isible by both ; and < are Idi$isible by 6
B.<.3 Di$isibility by 2
" < digit number is di$isible by 2 if the ultimate plus ; times the penultimate plus 3 times the pen4penultimate is
di$isible by 2.
Is 1<3 is di$isible by 2 '
Find we can di$ide 3 E ; G < E 2 G 1 by 2 :
3 E 6 E 2 F 12
12J2 gi$es ; and remainder ; ,
2 does not di$ide e%actly 1<3 so 1<3 is not di$isible by 2
" < digit number is di$isible by 2 if the ultimate plus ; times the penultimate plus 3 times the pen4penultimate is
di$isible by 2.
If a number is di$isible by 2 it must also be di$isible by ; and 3.
B.<.B Di$isibility by 11
"dd all the digits in the >DD position and all digits in the V! position and subtract the smaller result from the
larger result. If we get 7 or 11 or any multiples of 11 I then the number is di$isible by 11
%ample: C;2;;<1
#um of odd digits: CE2E;E1 F 12
#um of $en digits: ; E;E< F C
124C F 11. the number C;2;;<1 is di$isible by 11
"dd all the digits in the >DD position and all digits in the V! position and subtract the smaller result from the
larger result. If we get o or 11 or any multiples of 11 I then the number is di$isible by 11
B.<.B Di$isibility by 1B
"ny number which is di$isible by 1B must also di$isible by B and by <. #o the test for di$isibility by 1B = it must
pass the test for both B and <
"ll numbers di$isible by both B and < are di$isible by 1B
<3B is di$isible by B, but also by < 0as its digit sum is <8 so <3B is di$isible by 1B
PII numbers di$isible by both B and < are Idi$isible by 1B
B.<.6 #ummary
Di$isibility +ests: #ummary
!umber
+est
tested
7,; Is the last digit 7 or e$en'
<,6,5 Is the digit #um <, 6 or 5'
3
Is the ; digit number on the end is
di$isible by 3'
B Is the last digit is 7 or B'
6 Is the number di$isible by both ; and <'
If the ultimate plus ; times penultimate
2 plus four times the pen4penultimate is
di$isible by 2
5 Is the digit sum 5'
17 Is the last digit >'
1B Is the number di$isible by both < and B'
"ssignments
R1. Is 366; di$isible by 12 ' R;. Is 1232 di$isible by ;3 ' R<. Is <333 Di$isible by 1; ' R3. Is ;CC; Di$isible by
<6 ' RB. Is C<31 Di$isible by B;'
"ssignments "nswers
R1. Is 366; di$isible by 12 '
#ince 12 F ; G 5 , a number will be di$isible by 12 if it is di$isible by both ; and 5
366; can be easily di$isible by ;
366; digit sum is 5 , so di$isible by 5 also
366; is di$isible by 12
R;. Is 1232 di$isible by ;3 '
#ince ;3 F 6 G 3 , Do not use 6 and 3 since they are not relati$ely prime.
;3 F < G 2 , use < and 2 and $erify 1232 can be di$ided by both < and 2.
1232 can be easily di$isible by 2 since ultimate plus ; times penultimate plus four times the pen4penultimate is 2 E
; G 3 E 3 G 2 F 32 is di$isible by 2
1232 digit sum is <, so di$isible by < also
1232 is di$isible by ;3
R<. Is <333 Di$isible by 1; '
#ince 1; F < G 3, $erify <333 can be di$ided by both < and 3.
<333 can be easily di$isible by < since the digit sum is
6
<333 can be di$ided by 3 since the last ; digit sum 33 can be di$ided by 3
<333 is di$isible by 1;
R3. Is ;CC; Di$isible by <6 '
#ince <6 F 6 G 6 , $erify ;CC; can be di$ided by 6, ie di$isible by ; and <
;CC; can be easily di$isible by < since the digit sum is
5
;CC; can be di$ided by ;
;CC; is di$isible by <6
RB. Is C<31 Di$isible by B;'
C<31 is an odd number cannot be di$ided by an e$en number B;
B.3. Di$ision techni(ues
B.3.1. Di$iding by 5
&onsider some two digit numbers 0di$idends8 and same di$isor 5.
>bser$e the following e%ample.
i8 1B ' 5 +he (uotient 0R8 is 1, :emainder 0:8
is 6.
since 5 8 1B 0 1 5
6
ii8 <3 ' 5, R is <, : is C.
iii8 67 ' 5, R is 6, : is 6.
i$8 27 ' 5, R is 2, : is 2.
ach number to be di$ided has been separated into two parts by a diagonal stroke. +he left4hand part gi$es the first
part of the answer and right4hand side gi$es the reminder.
#teps
18 #eparate off the last digit of the di$idend with a diagonal stroke.
;8 /ut the first digit of the di$idend as it is under the hori@ontal line. /ut the same digit under the right hand part for
the remainder, add the two and place the sum l.e.-, sum of the digits of the numbers as the remainder.
%ample 1: Find 1<J5, <3J5 and 27J5
1J< 1
<J3 <
2J7 2
1J3
<JC
2J2
1< ' 5 gi$es R F 1, : F 3
<3 ' 5 gi$es R F <, : F C
27 ' 5 gi$es R F 2, : F 2
%ample ;: Find ;1 ' 5
58 ; J1 ;J<
Ae RF;, :F<
%ample <: Find 3< ' 5
58 31 < 3JC
Ae R F 3, : F C.
In the di$ision of two digit numbers by 5, we can take the first digit down for the (uotient4column and by adding
the (uotient to the second digit, we get the remainder.
&onsider the following e%amples
18 Find 173 15
58 173 0 11 55
'''''' as
B
58 17 I 3 1J1 ''''''' 11JB
;8 Find ;1; I 5
58 ;1; 0 ;< ;7C '''''
B
58 ;11 ; ;1< ''''''' ;<JB
as
<8 Find 371 I 5
58 371 0 33 <56 '''''
B
58 37 11 3J3 ''''''' 33JB
as
!ote that the remainder is the sum of the digits of the di$idend. +he first digit of the di$idend from left is added to
the second digit of the di$idend to obtain the second digit of the (uotient. +his digit added to the third digit sets the
remainder. +he first digit of the di$idend remains as the first digit of the (uotient.
Di$ision by 5 rules:
M +he remainder is the sum of the digits of
the di$idend.
M +he first digit of the di$idend from left is added to the second digit of the di$idend to obtain the second digit of the
(uotient.
M +his digit is added to the third digit set the remainder.
M +he first digit of the di$idend remains as the first digit of the (uotient.
%ample 3: Find B11J5
"dd the first digit B to second digit 1 getting B E 1 F 6. 9ence Ruotient is B6. !ow second digit of B6 l.e.-, 6 is
added to third digit 1 of di$idend to get the remainder l.e.-, 1E6FC
58 B1 J1 B6JC
R is B6, : is C.
%ample B: Find 1;73J5
+he first digit 1 is set down as the first answer digit. +ake this 1 and add the ne%t digit ;. +his gi$es < as the ne%t
digit. )orking this way <E7 F<, and the remainder is <E3 FC
58 1;7J3 1<<JC
R F 1<<, : F C
%ample 6: Find 1<;17 J 5
+he first digit 1 is set down as the first answer digit. +ake this 1 and add the ne%t digit <. +his gi$es 3 as the ne%t
digit. )orking this way 3E; F6, 6E1 FC and the remainder is CE7 FC
58 1<;1J 7
136CJC
R F 136C, : F C
"ssignments
R1. Find ;<B3C1 J 5 R; Find 3;111 J 5 R<. Find ;13751 J 5 R3. Find 11; J 5
RB. Find 17;;J 5
"ssignments "nswers
R1. Find ;<3BC1J5
+he first digit ; is set down as the first answer digit. +ake this ; and add the ne%t digit <. +his gi$es B as the ne%t
digit. )orking this way BE3 F5,5EB F13, 13EC F;1 and the remainder is ;1E1 F;;
58 ;<3 B C J1 ;B5 13;1J ;;
;6761 J ;;
+he remainder ;; is larger than 5 , the di$isor and so di$ide by 5 gi$ing ; and remainder 3. +his ; is carried o$er to
the left gi$ing answer are ;676<J3
RF ;676<, : F 3
R;. Find 3;111 J 5
+he first digit 3 is set down as the first answer digit. +ake this 3 and add the ne%t digit ;. +his gi$es 6 as the ne%t
digit. )orking this way 6E1 FC, CE1 F2, and the remainder is 2E1 F5
58 3;11J1 36C2J5
36C2 J5
+he remainder 5 is e(ual to 5 , the di$isor and so di$ide by 5 gi$ing 1 and remainder >. +his 1 is carried o$er to the
left
gi$ing answer are 36C5J7
RF 36C5, : F 7
R<. Find ;13751J5
58 ;1375J1 ;<CC 16J1C
;<C26 J1C
+he remainder 1C is larger than 5, the di$isor and so di$ide by 5 gi$ing 1 and remainder 2. +his 1 is carried o$er to
the left gi$ing answer are ;<C2CJ2
RF ;<C2C, : F 2
R3. Find 11;J5
58 11 J ; 1;J3
1; J3
RF 1;, : F 3
R#. Find 17;;J5
58 17;J ; 11<JB
11< J B
RF 11<, : F B
B.3. Di$ision techni(ues
B.3.; Di$iding by B, B7 and ;B
%ample 1: Find 2B J B
Find double of 2B and di$ide by 17
2BG;JBG;
1C7J17 F 1C
"nswer F 1C
%ample ;: Find CB7 J B7
Find double of CB7 and di$ide by 177
CB7G;JB7G;
1B77 J 177 F 1B
"nswer F 1B
%ample <: Find 2; J ;B
Double 2; twice and di$ide by 177
2;G3J;BG3
2;G;G;J177
Double 2; gi$es 163 and doubling this gi$es <;2
"nswer F <;2J177 F <.;2
"ssignments
R1. Find ;B7 JB
R;. Find <3< J ;B R<. Find C6B J B7
"ssignments "nswers
R1. Find ;B7 JB
&an be written as ;B7 G ; J 17
Find double of ;B7 and di$ide by 17
;B7G; J 17 F B77J17 F B7
"nswer F B7
R;. Find <3< J ;B
&an be written as <3< G 3 J 177
Double <3< gi$es 626 and doubling this gi$es 1<C;
1<C; J 177 F 1<.C;
"nswer F 1<.C;
R<. Find C6B J B7
&an be written as C6B G ; J 177
Double C6B gi$es 1B<7
1B<7 J 177 F 1B.<
"nswer F 1B.<
B.3.< Di$ision +echni(ues
B.3.< Di$ision with any base
%ample 1: &onsider the di$ision 1;<B ' 25.
&on$entional method:
258 1;<B 0 1< 25
<3B ;6C
C2
+hus R F 1< and : F C2.
FastMaths method:
+his method is useful when the di$isor is nearer and less than the base. #ince for 25, the base is 177 we can apply
the method.
#tep 0i8: )rite the di$idend and di$isor as in the con$entional method. >btain the modified di$isor 0M.D.8 applying
the complement formula. )rite M.D. -ust below the actual di$isor. +hus for the di$isor 25, the M.D. obtained by
using complement is 11 in the last from 17 and the rest from 5. !ow #tep 1 gi$es
25 8 1;<B
11
#tep 0ii8: ,ifurcate the di$idend by by a slash so that :9# of di$idend contains the number of digits e(ual to that of
M.D. 9ere M.D. contains ; digits hence
258 1;J <#
11
#tep 0iii8: Multiply the M.D. with first column digit of the di$idend. 9ere it is 1. l.e, 11 % 1 F 11. )rite this product
place wise under the ;nd and <rd columns of the di$idend.
258 1;J< #
11 1 1
1
#tep 0i$8: "dd the digits in the ;nd column and multiply the M.D. with that result l.e, ;E1F< and ll%<F<<. )rite the
digits of this result column wise as shown below, under <rd and 3th columns. l.e,
258 1;J< #
11 1 1
<<
1<J
#tep 0$8: "dd the digits in the <rd column < E1 E<FC. "dd the digits in the 3th column # E< F2.
258 1;J< #
11 1 1
<<
1<JC2
!ow the di$ision process is complete, gi$ing R F 1< and : F C2.
%ample ;: Find R and : for 1;11<3 ' 2522.
#teps 01E;8:
2522 8 1; J11<3
171;
#tep 0<8:
2522 8 1; I 11<3 171; 1 71;
1
#tep 038:
2522 8 1 ; I 11<3
171; 1 71;
<7<6 H ; E 1 F < and <%l71; F
<7<6 I
1< I
!ow final #tep
2522 8 1 ; I 11<3
171; 1 71;
<7<6 0&olumn wise addition8
1< I 3;57
+hus 1;11<3 I 2522 gi$es R F 1< and : F 3;57.
In all the cases mentioned abo$e, the remainder is less than the di$isor.
)hat about the case when the remainder is e(ual or greater than the di$isor'
%ample <.
58<J6
< '''''' or
< I 5 0e(ual8
58 ;31 6 ;16 ''''''''
;6 I 1; 0greater8.
)e proceed by re4di$iding the remainder by 5, carrying o$er this Ruotient to the (uotient side and retaining the
final remainder in the remainder side.
58<J6 1< ''''''' <J5 ''''''' 3J7
58 ;3J6 ;16 '''''''' ;6J1; '''''''' ;CJ<
R F 3, : F 7
R F ;C, : F <.
%ample 3. Find 11<J25
.et the complement of 25 as 11. #et off the ; digits from the right as the remainder consists of ; digits. Further
while carrying the added numbers to the place below the ne%t digit, we ha$e to multiply by this 11.
258 1J1<
11 J11
'''''''' 1J;3
R F 1, : F ;3.
%ample B. Find 1771B J 25
.et the complement of 25 as 11. #et off the ; digits from the right as the remainder consists of ; digits. Further
while carrying the added numbers to the place below the ne%t digit, we ha$e to multiply by this 11.
258 177J1B
11 11J
1J1 J;;
first digit 1 % 11
total second is 7E1F1, l%ll
total of <
rd
digit is 7E1E1F;, ;%llF;;
11;J3C
R F 11;, : F 3C.
%ample 6: )hat is 1771B ' 52 '
.et the complement as 177 4 52 F 7;. #et off the ; digits from the right as the remainder consists of ; digits. )hile
carrying the added numbers to the place below the ne%t digit, multiply by 7;.
+hus
528 177J1B
7; 7;J
7J7 J73 ''''''''''
l.e., 1771B ' 52 gi$es R F 17;, : F 15
17;J15
%ample C: Find 113;; ' 25C '
&omplement of 25C is 17<
25C8 11J3;; 17< 1J7< J;76 ''''''''' 1;J6#2 :F6#2.
"nswer is R F 1;,
%ample 2: Find 1<C3J 2C2 F '
#tep1. #eparate off the last < digit of the di$idend 1<C3 with a diagonal stroke
#tep;. )rite the complement of 2C2 ie 1;; underneath 2C2.
2C28 1J <C3 1;;
#tep<. ,ring down the first digit.
2C28 1J <C3 1;;
1
#tep3. Multiply this 1 by the complement 1;; and write 1 G 1;; F 1;; underneath the ne%t di$idend digit
2C28 1J <C3 1;; 1;; 1
#tep#. "dd up the second column. <C3 E1;; F 356 and this is the ne%t (uotient digit.
2C28 1J <C3 1;; 1;; 1J356
+he answer is 1 remainder 356
"ssignments
Find +he following Rl8 <116 ' 52
R;8 1;771; ' 5
R<8 11<B' 5C R38 11<371 ' 55C
RB8 111551C1 ' 555C5
"ssignments "nswers
Rl Find <116' 22
#tep1. #eparate off the last ; digit of the di$idend <116 with a diagonal stroke
#tep;. )rite the complement of 22 ie 1; underneath 52.
228 <1J16 1;
#tep<. ,ring down the first digit.
228 <1J16 1;
<
#tep3. Multiply this < by the complement 1; and write < G 1; F <6 underneath the ne%t di$idend digit
228 < 1J1 6
1; <J6
<
#tep#. "dd up the second column. < E1 F 3 and this is the ne%t (uotient digit.
228 < 1J1 6
1; <J6
<3
#tep6. Multiply this 3 by the complement 1; and write 3 G 1; F 32 underneath the ne%t di$idend digit
228 < 1J1 6
1; <J6
32
<3J1;3
:emainder is 1;3 and it is greater than 22. Di$ide 1;3 by 22 gi$es 1 and remainder <6. &arry o$er 1 to left and
gi$es <BJ<6
+he answer is <B remainder <6.
R;8 1;771; ' 5 F 1<<<3 and remainder 6
R<8 11<B ' 5C F 11 and remainder 62
R38 11<371 ' 55C F 11< and remainder C37
RB8 111551C1 ' 555C5 F 11; and remainder 116;<
B.3.3 Vulgar fractions whose denominators are numbers ending in 5 :
&onsider e%amples of 1 J a5, where a F 1, ;, 44444, 5. In the
con$ersion of such $ulgar fractions into recurring decimals
%ample.l: Di$ision Method: Find the $alue of 1 J15.
+he numbers of decimal places before repetition is the difference of numerator and denominator, l.e.-, 1541F12
places.
For the denominator 15, the pre$ious is 1.
9ence one more than the pre$ious is 1 E 1 F ;.
+he method of di$ision is as follows:
#tep.l: Di$ide numerator 1 by ;7.
1 J ;7 F 7.1 J ; F ?17 07 times, 1 remainder8
#tep.;: Di$ide 17 by ; 7.7
7
B0B times, 7 remainder8
#tep.<: Di$ide B by ;
7.7B
1
; 0; times, 1 remainder8
#tep.3: Di$ide 1; by ;
7.7B;6 06 times, !o remainder8
#tep.B: Di$ide 6 by ;
7.7B;6< 0< times, !o remainder8
#tep. 6: Di$ide < by ; 7.7B;6<
1
101 time, 1 remainder8
#tep.C: Di$ide 11 i.e." 11 by ; 7.7B;6<1
1
B 0B times, 1 remainder8
#tep.2: Di$ide 1B i.e." 1B by ; 7.7B;6<1B
1
C 0 C times, 1 remainder8
#tep.5: Di$ide 1C i.e." 1C by ; 7.7B;6<1BC
1
2 02 times, 1 remainder8
#tep.l7: Di$ide 12 i.e." 12 by ; 7.7B;6<1BC25 05 times, !o remainder8
#tep.ll: Di$ide 5 by ;
7.7B;6<1BC25
1
#tep.1;: Di$ide 13 i.e." 13 by ;
7.7B;6<1BC253C 0C times, !o remainder8
#tep.1<: Di$ide C by ;
7.7B;6<1BC253C
1
< 0< times, 1 remainder8
#tep. 13: Di$ide 1< l.e.-, 1< by ; 7.7B;6<1BC253C<
1
#tep.1B: Di$ide 16 i.e." 16 by ; 7.7B;6<1BC253C<62 02 times, !o remainder8
#tep.16: Di$ide 2 by ; 7.7B;6<1BC253C<623 03 times, !o remainder8
#tep.1C: Di$ide 3 by ; 7.7B;6<1BC253C<623; 0; times, !o remainder8
#tep.12: Di$ide ; by ; 7.7B;6<1BC253C<623;1 01 time, !o remainder8
!ow from #tep 15, l.e.-, di$iding 1 by ;, #tep ; to #tep 12 repeats thus gi$ing
1 I 15 F 7.7B;6<1BC253C<623;1
!ote that we ha$e completed the process of di$ision only by using ';' !owhere the di$ision by 15 occurs.
B.3.3 Multiplication Method: Find the $alue of 1 I 15
"s we recogni@e the right most digit of the repeating block of decimals for the type 1 I a5. For any fraction of the
form
l.e.-, in whose denominator 5 is the digit in is 1, we continue in the case of 1 J 15 as follows:
For 1J15, 'pre$ious' of 15 is 1 and one more than of it is 1 E 1 F ;. In the case of 1J;5 we work with ; E1 F<, In the
case of 1J35 we work with 3E1 F B
+herefore ; is the multiplier for the con$ersion. In all cases of multiplication, we write the right most digit in the
block as 1 and follow steps leftwards. )hen there is more than one digit in that product, we set the last of those
digits down there and carry the rest of it o$er to the ne%t immediately preceding digit towards left.
#tep. 1 : 1
#tep. ; : ;1 0multiply 1 by ;, put to left8
#tep. < : 3;1 0multiply ; by ;, put to left8
#tep. 3 : 23;1 0multiply 3 by ;, put to left8
#tep. B : 1623;1 0multiply 2 by ; F16, 1 carried o$er, 6 put to left8
#tep. 6 : 1<623;1 0 6 G ; F1;,E1 Hcarry o$erI F 1<, 1 carried o$er, < put to left8
#tep. C : C<623;1 0 < G ;, F 6 E1 H&arryo$erI F C, put to left8
#tep. 2 : 13C<623;1 0as in the same process8
#tep. 5 : 53C<623;1 0 continue to step 128
#tep. 17 : 1253C<623;1
#tep. 11 : 1C253C<623;1
#tep. 1; : 1BC253C<623;1
#tep. 1< : 11BC253C<623;1
#tep. 13 : <1BC253C<623;1
#tep. 1B : 6<1BC253C<623;1
#tep. 16 : 1;6<1BC253C<623;1
#tep. 1C : B;6<1BC253C<623;1
#tep. 12 : 17B;6<1BC253C<623;1
!ow from step 12 onwards the same numbers and order towards left continue.
+hus 1 115 F 7.7B;6<1BC253C<623;1
It is interesting to note that we ha$e
i8 !ot at all used di$ision process
ii8 Instead of di$iding 1 by 15 continuously, -ust multiplied 1 by ; and continued to multiply the resultant
successi$ely by ;.
>bser$ations:
a8 For any fraction of the form lJa5 l.e., in whose denominator 5 is the digit in the units place and 'a' is the set of
remaining digits, the $alue of the fraction is in recurring decimal form and the repeating block's right most digit is
1.
b8 )hate$er may be a5, and the numerator, it is enough to follow the said process with 0aEl8 either in di$ision or in
multiplication.
c8 #tarting from right most digit and counting from the right, we see 0in the gi$en e%ample 1 1158
1 1 15 F 7 . 7 B ; 6 < 1 B C 2 5 3 C < 623 ; 1
#um of 1st digit E 17th digit F 1 E 2 F 5 #um of ;nd digit E 11th digit F ; E C F 5 #um of <rd digit E 1;th digit F 3
E B F 5
#um of 5th digit E 12th digit F 5E 7 F 5
From the abo$e obser$ations, we conclude that if we find first 5 digits, further digits can be deri$ed as complements
of 5.
i8 +hus at the step 2 in di$ision process we ha$e 7.7B;6<1B1C and ne%t step. 5 gi$es 7.7B;6<1BC2
!ow the complements of the numbers 7, B, ;, 6, <, 1, B, C, 2 from 5
5, 3, C, <, 6, 2, 3, ;, 1 follow the right order
l.e.-, 7.7B;6<1BC253C<623;1
!ow taking the multiplication process we ha$e #tep. 2 : 13C<623;1
#tep. 5 : 53C<623;1
!ow the complements of 1, ;, 3, 2, 6, <, C, 3, 5 from 5
l.e.-, 2, C, B, 1, <, 6, ;, B, 7 precede in successi$e steps, gi$ing the answer. 7.7B;6<1BC253C<623;1.
d8 )hen we get 0Denominator' !umerator8 as the product in the multiplication process, half the work is done. )e
stop the multiplication there and write the remaining half of the answer by merely taking down complements from
5.
e8 ither di$ision or multiplication process of gi$ing the answer can be put in a single line form.
Find the $alue of 1 J 35
9ere 'pre$ious' is 3. '>ne more than the pre$ious' is 3 E 1 F B. !ow by di$ision right ward from the left by 'B'
1J35 F ?17 4444 0di$ide 1 by #>8
F .7; 4 4 4 4 4 4 40di$ide ; by B, 7 times, ; remainder8 F .7;
;
7 4 4 4 4 40di$ide ;7 by B, 3 times8
F .7;73 4 4 4 44 0di$ide 3 by B, 7 times, 3 remainder8 F .7;73
3
7 44 44 0di$ide 37 by B, 2 times8
F .7;7372 4 4 4 0di$ide 2 by B, 1 time, < remainder8
F .7;7372
<
1 4 40di$ide <1 by B, 6 times, 1 remainder8 F .7;73721
1
6 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 continue
F .7;7372161<<;;61B<76111;;;;33332 4 44 4 4 4 4
>n completing ;1 digits, we get 32 H Denominator !umerator F 35 ' 1 F 32I standing up before us. 9alf of the
process stops here. +he remaining half can be obtained as complements from 5.
+hus 1 J 35 F 7.7;737216<;6B<761;;332 5C5B512<6C<365<2CCBB1
!ow finding 1 J 35 by process of multiplication left ward from right by B, we get
1 J 35 F444444444444444444444444444444441
F 4444444444444444444444444444444B 1 F 4444444444444444444444444444;
BB1
F 444444444444444444444444444;
CBB1
F
44444444444444444444444444<CCBB1
32<53C;53B53112<<<61C;<<33653<<2<C;CBB1
Denominator' !umerator F 35 ' 1 F 32
)hen we get 3B E < F 32 half of the process is o$er. +he remaining half is automatically obtained as complements
of 5.
+hus 1 J 35 F 4444444444444445C5B512<6C<365<2CCBB1
F7.7;737216<;6B<761;;3325C5B512<6C<365<2CCBB1
%ample ;: Find 1J<5
!ow by multiplication method, < E 1 F 3
1J<5 F 4444444444444444444444444444444441 F 44444444444444444444444444444444444431
F 44444444444444444444444444444444441
631

F 444444444444444444444444444444444;
B
631 F 44444444444444444444444444444444;
;B
631 F 444444444444444444444444444444417;B631
9ere the repeating block happens to be block of 6 digits. !ow the rule predicting the completion of half of the
computation does not hold. +he complete block has to be computed.
!ow continue and obtain the result.
1J<5 F 7.7;B6317;B6317;B6317;B631 ...
"ssignments
Find the recurring decimal form of the fractions
R1. 1J;5 R;. 1JB5 R<. 1J65 R3. 1JC5 RB. 1J25
"ssignments "nswers
Find the recurring decimal form of the fractions
R1. 1 J ;5 F 7.7<332;CB26;76256BB1C;31<C5<17<332 .
R;. 1 J B5 F 7.7165351B;B3;<C;221<BB5<;;7<<252<1 .
R<. 1 J 65 F 7.71335;CB<6;<12237BC5C1 .
R3. 1 J C5 F 7.71;6B2;;C2321 .
RB. 1 J 25 F 7.711;<B5BB7B61C5CCB;272522C6373353
.eneral Method: #traight di$ision
%ample 3: 3<2B; ' B3.
#tep1:
/ut down the first digit 0B8 of the di$isor 0B38 in the di$isor column as operator and the other digit 038 as flag digit.
#eparate the di$idend into two parts where the right part has one digit. +his is because the flag digit is single digit.
+he representation is as follows.
3:3<2B:; B
#tep;:
i8 Di$ide 3< by the operator B. !ow RF 2 and : F <. )rite this RF2 as the 1st Ruotient 4 digit and prefi% :F<,
before the ne%t digit l.e, 2 of the di$idend, as shown below. !ow <2 becomes the gross4di$idend 0 ..D. 8 for the
ne%t step.
3:3<2B:; B: <
2
ii8 #ubtract the product of flag digit 038 and first (uotient digit 028 from the ..D. 0<28 l.e, <203G28F<24<;F6. +his is
the netdi$idend 0!.D8 for the ne%t step.
#tep<:
!ow !.D >perator gi$es R and : as follows. 6 ' B, R F 1, : F 1. #o R F 1, the second (uotient4digit and : F 1, the
prefi% for the ne%t digit 0B8 of the di$idend.
3:3<2B:; B: < 1
21
#tep3:
!ow ..D F 1B= product of flag4digit 038 and ;nd (uotient 4 digit 018 is 3GlF3 9ence !.DF1B43F11 di$ide !.D by B
to get 11 ' B, R F ;, :F 1. +he representation is
3:3<2B:;
B: <1:1
21;:
#tepB:
!ow the :9# part has to be considered. +he final remainder is obtained by subtracting the product of flag4digit
038and third (uotient digit 0;8 form 1;.
Final remainder F 1; 4 03 G ;8 F 1; 4 2 F 3. +hus the di$ision ends into
3:3<2B:; B: <1 : 1
21;: 3
+hus 3<2B; ' B3 gi$es R F 21; and : F 3.
%ample B: Di$ide ;<C56< ' B;3
#tepl:
)e take the di$isor B;3 as B, the operator and ;3, the flag4digit and proceed as in the abo$e e%ample. )e now
separate the di$idend into two parts where the :9# part contains two digits for :emainder.
;3: ;<C5 : 6< B
#tep;:
i8 ;<'B gi$es R F 3 and : F <, ..D F <C. ii8 !.D is obtained as
F <C ' 0 3 % ; E 3 % 78 F ;5.
:epresentation ;3: ;<C5 : 6<
B <
:3
#tep<:
i8 !.D ' >perator F ;5 ' B gi$es R F B, : F 3 and ..D F 35.
ii8 !.D is obtained as
F 35 ' 017 E 168 F 35' ;6
F ;<.
l.e.,
;3: ;<C5 : 6<
B: <3:
3 B :
#tep 3:
i8 !.D ' >perator F ;< ' B gi$es R F 3, : F < and ..D F <6<.
!ote that we ha$e reached the remainder part, thus <6< is total sub'remainder.
;3: ;<C5: 6<
B: <3 : <
3B3 :
#tep B:
)e find the final remainder as follows. #ubtract the cross4product of the two, flagdigits H;,3I and two last (uotient4
digits HB,3I and then $ertical product of last flag4digit with last (uotient4digit from the total subremainder.
!ote that ;, 3 are two flag digits: B, 3 are two last (uotient digits:
<6< 4 H 0 2 E ;7 8 I 16I F <6< 4 H;2 I 16 I F <6< 4 ;56 F 6C
+hus the di$ision ;<C56< ' B;3 gi$es R F 3B3 and : F 6C.
"ssignment
R1. Find ;36BJ 52 R; . Find 1<1< J 26C R< . Find 111 J C6
R3. Find 1;7<3J22CC R3. Find 166 J 2;
"ssignment "nswers
R1. Find ;36BJ 52
#tepl:
/ut down the first digit 058 of the di$isor 0528 in the di$isor column as operator and the other digit 028 as flag digit.
#eparate the di$idend into two parts where the right part has one digit. +his is because the flag digit is single digit.
+he representation is as follows.
2:;36:B 5
#tep;:
i8 Di$ide ;3 by the operator 5. !ow RF ; and : F 6. )rite this RF; as the 1st Ruotient 4 digit and prefi% :F6,
before the ne%t digit l.e, 1 of the di$idend, as shown below. !ow 61 becomes the gross4di$idend 0 ..D. 8 for the
ne%t step.
2:;36:B 5: 6
: ;
ii8 #ubtract the product of flag digit 028 and first (uotient digit 0;8 from the ..D. 0668 l.e, 660;G28F66416FB7. +his
is the net di$idend 0!.D8 for the ne%t step.
#tep<:
!ow !.D >perator gi$es R and : as follows. B7 ' 5, R F B, : F B. #o R F B, the second (uotient4digit and : F B,
the prefi% for the ne%t digit 0B8 of the di$idend.
2:;36:B 5 : 6 B
;B:
#tep3:
!ow ..D F BB= product of flag4digit 028 and ;nd (uotient 4 digit 0B8 is 2GBF37 9ence !.DFBB437F1B
2:;36:B 5 : 6 B
;B : 1B
+hus ;36B ' 52 gi$es R F ;B and : F 1B.
R; . Find 1<1< I 26C
#tep1:
)e take the di$isor 26C as 2, the operator and 6C, the flag4digit and proceed as in the abo$e e%ample. )e now
6C : 1< : 1< 2
#tep;:
i8 1<'2 gi$es R F 1 and : F B
:epresentation 6C : 1<: 1<
2 B
:1
#tep <: )e find the final remainder as follows. #ubtract the cross4product from B1< 4 6C F 336
6C : 1<: 1<
2 B
: 1 : 336
+hus the di$ision 1<1< ' 26C gi$es R F 1 and : F 336.
R< . Find 111 I C6
#tepl:
)e take the di$isor C6 as C, the operator and 6, the flag4digit and proceed as in the abo$e e%ample. )e now separate
the di$idend into two parts where the :9# part contains one digit for :emainder.
6: 11 : 1 C
#tep;:
i8 11'C gi$es R F 1 and : F 3
:epresentation 6: 11 : 1
C 3
:1
#tep <: ..D F 31. !.D is obtained as
F 31 ' 0 6 %l8
F <B.
6: 11 : 1
C 3
: 1: <B
+hus the di$ision 111 ' 6C gi$es R F 1 and : F <B.
R3. Find 1;7<3J22CC
#tepl:
)e take the di$isor 22CC as 22, the operator and CC, the flag4digit and proceed as in the abo$e e%ample. )e now
CC : 1;7 : <3 22
#tep;:
i8 1;7'22 gi$es R F 1 and : F <;
:epresentation CC : 1;7 : <3
22 <;
:1
#tep <:
)e find the final remainder as follows. #ubtract the cross4product from <;<3 4 CC F <1BC
..D F <;<3. !.D is obtained as
F <;<3 ' 0 CCGl8
F <;<3 4 CC F <1BC
CC : 1;7 : <3
22 <;
: 1 : <1BC
+hus the di$ision 1;7<3 ' 22CC gi$es R F 1 and : F <1BC
R3. Find 166 I 2;
#tepl:
)e take the di$isor 2; as 2, the operator and ;, the flag4digit and proceed as in the abo$e e%ample. )e now separate
the di$idend into two parts where the :9# part contains one digit for :emainder.
;: 16: 6 2
#tep;:
i8 16'2 gi$es R F ; and : F 7, ..D F 6.
;: 16: 6 2 7
: ;:
:emainder is calculated as 6 4 ;G;F ;
;: 16: 6 2 7
: ;: ;
+hus the di$ision 166 ' 2; gi$es R F ; and : F >.
B.3. Di$isibility +est for C,1<,15,<5
B.3.1 Di$isibility by C
Is <<27< di$isible by C'
1JC is same as CJ35.
+he test for 35 uses B 0B being one more than the 3 of 358. B is the called the >sculator, / F B. +he process
employed is called >sculation
Multiply units place by >sculator < G B F 1B. "dd the ne%t digit, 1B E 7 F 1B
&asting out C?s lea$es 1B 4 ;GC F 1 :epeat this process for other digits
1 G B F B, B E 2 F 1<. &asting out C's lea$es 6.
6 G B F <7, <7 E < F <<. &asting out C's lea$es B.
B G B F ;B, ;B E < F ;2
;2 is di$isible by C and therefore <<27< is di$isible by C.
"ssignments
&heck +he following numbers are di$isible by C R1. 3B;<
R;.2C<<5
R<. 1;<35
R3.52C
"ssignments "nswers
&heck +he following numbers are di$isible by C R1. 3B;C is not di$isible by C
R;. 2C<3B is di$isible by C
R<. 1;<35 is not di$isible by C
R3. 52C is di$isible by C
B.3. Di$isibility +est for C,1<,15, ;5 etc
B.3.; Di$isibility by 1<
Is 3;C7B di$isible by 1<'
1J1< is same as <J<5 . #o we use >sculator as 3
B G 3 F ;7, ;7 E 7 F ;7. &asting out 1<'s lea$es C.
C G 3 F ;2, ;2 E C F <B. &asting out 1<'s lea$es 5.
5 G 3 F <6, <6 E ; F <2. &asting out 1<'s lea$es 1;.
1; G 3 F 32, 32 E 3 F B;
B; is di$isible by 1< and therefore 3;C7B is di$isible by 1<.
"ssignments
&heck the following numbers are di$isible by 1< R1. ;572
R;. 2C;<
R<. 1;<B6C
R3. C2<B1
"ssignments "nswers
&heck the following numbers are di$isible by 1< R1. ;572 is not di$isible by 1<
R;. 2C;< is di$isible by 1<
R<. 1;<B6C is not di$isible by 1<
R3. C2<B1 is not di$isible by 1<
B.3. Di$isibility +est for C,1<,15, ;5 etc
B.3.< Di$isibility by 15
+he test for 15 uses ; 0; being one more than the 1 of 158. ; is the called the >sculator, / F ;. +he process
employed is called >sculation
Is B32 di$isible by 15'
>sculator is 1E1 F ;
Multiply units place by >sculator 2 G ; F 16. "dd the ne%t digit, 16 E 3 F ;7, and multiply by ;, ;7 G ; F 37. "dd
the ne%t digit, 37 E B F 3B.
B
3
2
57
3B
;7
57 is not di$isible by 15 and therefore B32 is also not di$isible by 15.
Is 171B562 di$isible by 15'
>sculator is 1E1 F ;
#tarting at the right4hand end, 2 G ; F 16. "dd the ne%t digit, 16 E 6 F ;;. &ast out 15's, ;; ' 15 F <.
< G ; F 6. "dd the ne%t digit, 6 E 5 F 1B.
1B G ; F <7. &ast out 15's F 11, add the B F 16.
16 G ; F <;, cast out 15 lea$ing 1< and add 1 F 13.
13 G ; F ;2, cast out, F 5, and add 7, F 5.
5 G ; F 12, add 1 F 15.
15 is di$isible by 15 and therefore 171B562 is di$isible by 15.
"ssignments
&heck the following numbers are di$isible by 15 R1. ;73B6C
R;. C266
R<. 1;<353<
R3. 52C
"ssignments "nswers
&heck the following numbers are di$isible by 15 R1. ;73B6C is not di$isible by 15
R;. C266 is di$isible by 15
R<. 1;<353< is di$isible by 15
R3. 52C is not di$isible by 15
B.3. Di$isibility +est for C,1<,15,<5
B.3.3 Di$isibility +est for <5
Is 1615;2 di$isible by <5'
>sculator is <E1 F 3
#tarting at the right4hand end, 2 G 3 F <;. "dd the ne%t digit, <; E ; F <3.
<3 G 3 F 1<6. "dd the ne%t digit,1<6 E 5 F 13B. &ast out <5?s from 13B, gi$ing 13B 4 < G<5 F ;2.
;2 G 3 F 11;. "dd the ne%t digit,11; E1 F11<. &ast out <5's F <B.
<B G 3 F 137, "dd the ne%t digit 6 , 137E6 F 136. cast out <5 lea$ing ;5
;5 G 3 F 116, and add 1, F 11C.
11C is di$isible by <5 and therefore 1615;2 is di$isible by
<5.
"ssignments
&heck the following numbers are di$isible by <5 R1. <3B6C
R;.5C6
R<. 1;2C
R3.52C6B16
"ssignments "nswers
&heck the following numbers are di$isible by <5 R1. <3B6C is not di$isible by <5
R;. 5C6 is not di$isible by <5
R<. 1;2C is di$isible by <5
R3. 52C6B16 is di$isible by <5
&hapter 6 : #(uaring +echni(ues
6.7 #(uare !umbers
777
77 777
7 77 777
1 ; <
!umber of #(uares 1 ; < 3
!umber of counts 1 3 5 16
+he numbers 1,3,5,16 .... are called #(uare !umbers because you can arrange the number of counters to form a
#(uare. +he 3 &ounters are in ; rows of ;. +he 5 counters are in < rows and < columns.
1G1F1 ;G;F3 < G < F5
#o if we s(uare a number we multiply it by itself. < #(uared is <
;
F<G< F 5= 3 #(uared is 3
;
F3G 3 F16=
#(uare numbers always ha$e an odd number of factors. "ll other numbers ha$e an e$en number of factors
6.1 #(uaring +echni(ues: #(uares of numbers ending in B
&onsider the e%ample ;B
;
M
)e ha$e to find out the s(uare of the number ;B. For the number ;B, the last digit is B and the "pre$ious" is ;.
9ence ?one more than? pre$ious is ;E1F<. +he method is ?to multiply the pre$ious digit ; by one more than itself, by
<?. It becomes the A9# of the result, ; G < F 6. +he :9# of the result is B;, l.e., ;B.
+hus ;B
;
F 0; G <8 J ;B F 6;B.
In the same way,
<B
;
F < G 0<E18 J;B F < G 3 J ;B F 1;;B= 6B
;
F 6 G C J ;B F 3;;B=
17B
;
F 17 G 11J;B F 117;B=
1<B
;
F 1< G 13J;B F 12;;B.
"ssignments
Find the #(uares of the following
R1. 1B
R;. 1;B
R<. 6<B
R3. 117B
RB. ;B3B.
"ssignments "nswers
R1. 1B
;
F ;;B
R;. 1;B
;
F 1B6<B
R<. 6<B
;
F 37<;;B
R3. 117B
;
F 1;;17;B
RB. ;B3B
;
F 63CC7;B
6.; #(uares of numbers close to bases of powers of 17.
+he Method is "what e$er the deficiency subtract that deficit from the number and write along side the s(uare of
that deficit". +his method can be applicable to obtain s(uares of numbers close to bases of powers of 17.
Method4l : !umbers near and less than the bases of powers of 17.
%ample 1: Find 5
;

9ere base is 17. +he answer is separated in to two parts by a ?J?
!ote that deficit is 17 4 5 F 1
Multiply the deficit by itself or s(uare it
1
;
F 1. "s the deficiency is 1, subtract it from the number l.e., 541 F 2.
!ow put 2 on the left and 1 on the right side of the $ertical line or slash l.e., 2J1. 9ence 21 is answer.
%ample. ;: Find 56
;

9ere base is 177. #ince deficit is 177456F3 and s(uare of it is 16.
+he deficiency subtracted from the number 56 gi$es 5643 F 5;, we get the answer 5; J 16 +hus 56
;
F 5;16.
%ample <: Find 553
;

9ere base is 1777. Deficit is 1777 4 553 F 6.
#(uare of 6 is <6. Deficiency subtracted from 553 gi$es 553 4 6 F 522 "nswer is 522 J 7<6 H7<6 since base 1777 has
< @ero?sI
"nswer F 5227<6
%ample 3: Find 5522
;

,ase is 17,777. Deficit F 17777 4 5522 F 1;. #(uare of deficit F 1;
;
F 133.
Deficiency subtracted from number F 5522 4 1; F 55C6.
"nswer is 55C6 J 7133 H7133 since base 17,777 has 3 @ero?s I.
"nswer F 55C67133
%ample B: Find 22
;

,ase is 177. Deficit F 177 4 22 F 1;. #(uare of deficit F 1;
;
F 133.
Deficiency subtracted from number F 22 4 1; F C6.
!ow answer is C6 J133 Hsince base is 177, keep 33 and carry o$er 1 to leftI
"nswer F 0C6E18J33 F CC33
"ssignments
Find the #(uares of the following 18 C
;8 52
<8 52C
38 13
B8 116
68 171;
C8 15
28 3CB
58 C56
178 172
118 5522
1;8 6713
"ssignments "nswers
Find the #(uares of the following 18 35
;8 5673
<8 5C3165
38 156
B8 1<3B6
68 17;3133
C8 <61
28 ;;B6;B
58 6<<616
178 11663
11855C67133
1;8 <6162156
Method4; : !umbers near and greater than the bases of powers of 17.
%ample: Find 1<
;
M
Instead of subtracting the deficiency from the number we add and proceed as in Method4I.
For 1<
;
, base is 17, surplus is <.
#urplus added to the number F 1< E < F 16.
#(uare of surplus F <
;
F 5
"nswer is 16 J 5 F 165.
%ample: Find 11;
;
M
,ase F 177, #urplus F 1;,
#(uare of surplus F 1;
;
F 133
"dd surplus to number F 11; E 1; F 1;3.
"nswer is 1;3J
1
33 F 01;3E18J33F 1;B33
%ample <: Find 177;B
;

,ase F 17777, #urplus F ;B,
#(uare of surplus F ;B
;
F 6;B
"dd surplus to number F 177;B E;B F 177B7.
"nswer is 177B7 J 76;B H since base is 17,777 I
F 177B776;B.
"ssignments
18 C
;8 52
<8 52C
38 116
B8 171;
68 5522
"ssignments "nswers
18 35
;8 5673
<8 5C3165
38 1<3B6
B8 17;3133
68 55C67133
Method < +his is applicable to numbers which are near to multiples of 17, 177, 1777 .... etc.
%ample 1: Find <22
;

!earest base F 377.
377 F 3 % 177. "s the number is less than the base we proceed as follows
!umber <22, deficit F 377 4 <22 F 1;
#ince it is less than base, deduct the deficit l.e, <22 4 1; F <C6.
Multiply this result by 3 since base is 3 G 177 F 377.
<C6 % 3 F 1B73
#(uare of deficit F 1;
;
F 133.
9ence answer is 1B73J
1
33 F 1B7B33 H#ince we ha$e taken multiples of 177, write down 33 and carry lo$er to the
left I.
%ample ;: Find 32B
;

!earest base F B77.
+reat B77 as B % 177 and proceed
!umber 32B, deficit F B77 4 32B F 1B
#ince it is less than base, deduct the deficit l.e, 32B 4 1B F 3C7.
Multiply this result by B since base is B G 177 F B77.
3C7 % B F ;<B7
#(uare of deficit F 1B
;
F ;;B.
9ence answer is ;<B7 J ;BB Hsince we ha$e taken multiples of 177I.
"nswer F ;<B;BB
%ample <: Find 6C
;

!earest base F C7
!umber 6C, deficit F C7 4 6C F <
#ince it is less than base, deduct the deficit l.e, 6C 4 7< F 63.
Multiply this result by C since base is C G 17 F C7.
63 % C F 332
#(uare of deficit F <
;
F 5.
9ence answer is 332 J5 Hsince we ha$e taken multiples of 17I.
"nswer F 3325
%ample 3: Find 316
;

!earest base F 377
9ere surplus F 16 and 377 F 3 % 177
!umber 316, deficit F 316 4 377 F 16
#ince it is more than base, add the deficit l.e, 316 E 16 F 3<;.
Multiply this result by 3 since base is 3 G 177 F 377.
3<; % 3 F 1C;2
#(uare of deficit F 16
;
F ;B6
9ence answer is 1C;2 hB6 F 1C<7B6 Hsince we ha$e taken multiples of 177I.
%ample B: B71;
;

!earest base is B777
9ere surplus F 1; and B777 F B % 1777
!umber B71;, surplus F B71; 4 B777 F 1;
#ince it is more than base, add the deficit B71; E 1; F B7;3.
Multiply this result by B since base is B G 1777 F B777.
B7;3 % B F ;B1;7
#(uare of deficit F 1;
;
F 133
9ence answer is ;B1;7 J133 F ;B1;7133 Hsince we ha$e taken multiples of 1777, write down 133 as it isI.
"ssignments
Find the #(uares of thefollowing
18 C
;8 52
<8 13
38 116
B8 171;
68 3CB
C8 112
28 6713
"ssignments
18 35
;8 5673
<8 156
38 1<3B6
B8 17;3133
68 ;;B6;B
C8 1<5;3
28 <6162156
6.< #traight #(uaring:
)e ha$e already noticed methods useful to find out s(uares of numbers. ,ut the methods are useful under some
situations and conditions only. !ow we go to a more general formula.
+he Duple% combination process is used in two different meanings.
+hey are a8 by s(uaring
b8 by cross4multiplying.
)e use both the meanings of Duple% combination in the conte%t of finding s(uares of numbers as follows:
)e denote the Duple% of a number by the symbol D. )e define
M for a single digit ?a?, D Fa
;
M
M for a two digit number of the form ?ab?, D F;0 a % b 8.
M for a < digit number like ?abc?, D F;0 a % c8 E b
;
M
M for a 3 digit number ?abed?, D F ;0 a % d 8 E ;0 b %c8 and so on.
If the digit is single central digit, D represents ?s(uare?.
&onsider the e%amples:
!umber Duple% D
< <
;
F 5
6 6
;
F <6
;< ; 0; % <8 F 1;
63 ; 06 % 38 F 32
1;2 ; 01 % 28 E ;
;
F 16 E 3 F ;7
<7B ; 0< % B8 E 7
;
F <7 E 7 F <7
3;<1
; 03 % 18 E ; 0; % <8 F 2 E 1; F
;7
C<36
; 0C % 68 E ; 0< % 38 F 23 E ;3 F
172
For a n4 digit number, the s(uare of the number contains ;n or ;n4l digits.
+hus in this process, we take e%tra Leros to the left one less than the number of digits in the gi$en numbers.
%amples: 1 Find 6;
;

#ince number of digits F ;, we take one e%tra L:> to the left. +hus
76;
For ;, D F ;
;
F 3, )rite down 3 as the right most digit
3
For 6;, D F ; 0 6 % ;8 F ;3, write down 3 and carry o$er ; to the left
For 76;, D F ; 07 % ;8 E 6
;
F <6
Finally answer F <233
6;
;
F <233.
%amples:; Find ;<3
;
!umber of digits F <.
%tra L:># added to the left F!umber of digits 41 F ; +hus
77;<3
For 3, D F 3
;
F 16, )rite down 6 as the right most digit and carry lo$er to left
For <3, D F ; 0 < % 38 F ;3, write down 3 and carry o$er ; to the left
For ;<3, D F ; 0; % 38 E <
;
F 16 E 5 F;B, write down B and carry o$er ; to the left
For 7;<3, D F ; 07 % 38 E ; 0; % <8 F 7 E 1; F1;, write down ; and carry o$er 1 to the left
For 77;<3, D F ; 07 % 38 E ; 07 % <8 E ;
;
F 7 E 7 E 3 F3, write down 3 as it is
Finally answer F B3CB6
;<3
;
F B3CB6.
%amples:< 13;6
;
M !umber of digits F 3
%tra L:># F!umber of digits 41 F < +hus
77713;6
For 6, D F 6
;
F <6, )rite down 6 as the right most digit and carry < o$er to left
For ;6, D F ; 0 ; % 68 F ;3 , write down 3 and carry o$er ; to the left
For 3;6, D F ; 06 % 38 E ;
;
F 32 E 3 FB;, write down ; and carry o$er B to the left
For 13;6, D F ; 01 % 68 E ; 0; % 38 F 1; E 16 F;2, write down 2 and carry o$er ; to the left
For 713;6, D F ; 07 % 68 E ; 01 % ;8 E 3
;
F 7 E 3 E 16 F;7, write down 7 and carry o$er ; to the left
For 7713;6, D F ; 07 % 68 E ; 07 % ;8 E; 01 % 38 F 7 E 7 E 2 F2, write down 2 as it is
For 77713;6, D F ; 07 % 68 E ; 07 % ;8 E; 07 % 38 E1
;
F 7 E 7 E 7 E 1 F 1, write down 2 as it is
Finally answer F ;7<<3C6
13;6
;
F ;7<<3C6
"ssignments
R1. B3
R;. 1;<
R<. ;7B1
R3. <136
"ssignments "nswers
R1. ;516 R;. 1B1;5
R<. 3;76671
R3. 525C<16
&hapter C : &ubing +echni(ues
C.7 &ube !umbers
C.1 &ubing +echni(ue: Find &ube of a two digit number
%ample 1 : Find &ube of a two digit number: 13.
i8 Find the ratio of the two digits l.e, 1:3
ii8 !ow write the cube of the first digit of the number l.e, 1
<

iii8 !ow write numbers in a row of 3 terms in such a way that the first one is the cube of the first digit and
remaining three are obtained in a geometric progression with common ratio as the ratio of the original two digits
0Ae, 1:38 l.e, the row is
1 3 16 63
i$8 )rite twice the $alues of ;nd and <rd terms under the terms respecti$ely in second row.
1 3 16 63
2 <;
0 ; % 3 F 2, ; % 16 F <;8
$8 "dd the numbers column wise and follow carry o$er process.
First &olumn from Aeft: ,ring down 3 and carry o$er 6
1 3 16 63 2 <;
#econd &olumn from Aeft: 16 E <; E 6 F #3 . ,ring down 3 and carry o$er #
1 3 16 63 2 <;
B3 3
+hird &olumn from Aeft: 3 E 2 E B F 1C . ,ring down C and carry o$er 1
1 3 16 63
2 <;
1
C
3 3
Fourth &olumn from Aeft: 1E1 F;. )rite down ;
1 3 16 63
2 <;
; C 3 3
+his ;C33 is the cube of the number 13
%ample ; : Find &ube of a two digit number: 12.
i8 Find the ratio of the two digits l.e, 1:2
ii8 !ow write the cube of the first digit of the number l.e, 1
<

1 2 63 B1;.
1 2 63 B1;
16 1;2 0 ; %2 F 16, ; % 63 F 1;28
First &olumn from Aeft: ,ring down ; and carry o$er B1
1 2 63 B1; 16 1;2
#econd &olumn from Aeft: 63E1;2EB1 F ;3< wrote down < and carry o$er ;3
1 2 63 B1; 16 1;2
+hird &olumn from Aeft: 2E 16 E;3 F 32 write down 2 and carry o$er <
1 2 63 B1;
16 1;2
32
;3
< ;
Fourth &olumn from Aeft: 3 E 1 F B, write
down B
1 2 63 B1
;

16 1;2
B 2 < ;
+his B2<; is the cube of the number 12
%ample < : Find &ube of a two digit number: <<.
i8 Find the ratio of the two digits <:< gi$es 1:1
ii8 !ow write the cube of the first digit of the number l.e, <
<

;C ;C ;C ;C
;C ;C B3
;C ;C B3
0 ; %;C F B38
First &olumn from left : ,ring down C as it is and carry o$er ;
;C ;C B3
;C ;C B3
#econd &olumn from left: ;CEB3E; F 2< write down < and carry o$er 2.
;C ;C B3
;C ;C B3
2< C
+hird &olumn from left: ;C E B3 E 2 F 25 write down 5 and carry o$er 2
;C
;C B3
;C ;C B3
25
<
C
Fourth &olumn from left: ;C E2 F <B, write down <B
;C ;C
B3
;C ;C B3
<B 5
< C
+his <B5<C is the cube of the number <<
"ssignments
Find the cube of the following
R1. 1B
R;. 12
R<. ;3
R3. <6
RB. 32
"ssignments "nswers
R1. <<CB
R;. B2<;
R<. 1<2;3
R3. 366B6
RB. 117B5;
C.; &ubing +echni(ue: Find &ube of a ;, < or 3 digit number
%ample 1 : Find &ube of a < digit number: 176.
+o find 176
<
M
i8 +he base is 177 and e%cess is 6. In this conte%t we double the e%cess and then add. l.e, 176 E 1; F 112. 0; G 6 F1;
8
+his becomes the left 4 hand 4 most portion of the cube.
l.e, 176
<
F 112 I 4 4 4 4
ii8 Multiply the new e%cess by the initial e%cess
l.e, 12 % 6 F 172 0e%cess of 112 is 128
!ow this forms the middle portion of the product, of course 1 is carried o$er, 72 in the middle.
l.e, 176< F 112 J1 72 J 4 4 4 4 4
iii8 +he last portion of the product is cube of the initial e%cess.
l.e, 6
<
F ;16.
16 in the last portion and ; carried o$er.
l.e, 176
<
F 112 J172 J ; 16 F 1151716
%ample ;: Find 177;
<
M
+o Find 177;
<
M
i8 ,ase F 1777. %cess F ;. Aeft4hand4most portion of the cube becomes 177;E0;%;8F1776.
ii8 !ew e%cess G initial e%cess F 6 % ; F 1;.
+hus 71; forms the middle portion of the cube since the base is 1777.
iii8 &ube of initial e%cess F ;
<
F 2.
#o the last portion is 772, since the base has < @ero digits.
+hus 177;< F 1776 J 71; J 772 F 177671;772.
%ample <: Find 53
<
M
i8 ,ase F 177, deficit F 4 6. Aeft4hand4most portion of the cube becomes 53 E 0 ; G468 F5341; F2;.
ii8 !ew deficit G initial deficit F 4017742;8%068F412%46F172
+hus middle potion of the cube F 72 and 1 is carried o$er.
iii8 &ube of initial deficit F 0N68< F 4;16
!ow 53
<
F 2; I 172 I ;16 4=4 2< I 76 I 16 0since the carry ; is subtracted from 2 to get 68
:emo$ing bar !umber F 2< I ># I 0177 4 168 F 2<7B23.
%ample 3: Find 552
<
.
552
<
,ase F 1777= initial deficit F 4 ;.
552
<
F 0552 4 H; % ;I8 I 04 6 % 4 ;8 I 04 ;8< F 553 I 71; I 772
:emo$ing the bar number F 553 I 711 I 01777 4 7728
F 553 I 711 I 55;
F 55371155;.
"ssignments
R1. 5;
R;. 11;
R<.552
R3. 177<
RB. 1777C
R6.555;
"ssignments "nswers
R1. CC2622 R;. 13735;2
R<.55371155; R3.17757;C7;C
RB.177;1713C7<3< R6.55C671515322
&hapter 2 : #(uare :oots
2.7 #(uare :oots
2.1 Ksing straight Di$ision
,asic :ules for e%traction of #(uare :oot
+he gi$en number is first arranged in two4digit groups from right to left= and a single digit if any left o$er at the left
hand ed is counted as a simple group itself
+he number of digits in the s(uare root will be the same as the number of digit4groups in the gi$en number itself.
M ;B will count as one group
M 133 will count as ; groups
M 17;3 as two groups
If the s(uare root contains ?n? digits then s(uare must contain ;n or ;n4l digits
If the gi$en number has ?n? digits then s(uare root will ha$e nJ; or 0nEl8J; digits
+he s(uares of the first nine natural numbers are 1, 3,5,16,;B,<6,35,63,51 +his means
"n e%act s(uare cannot end in ;,<,C, or 2
M +hat a complete s(uare ending in 1 must ha$e either 1 or 5 H mutual complements from 17I as the last digit of its
s(uare root.
M +hat a s(uare can end in 3 , only if the s(uare root ends in ; or 2
M +hat ending of a s(uare in B or 7 means that its s(uare root ends in B or 7 respecti$ely
M +hat a s(uare can end in 6, only if the s(uare root ends in 3 or 6
M +hat a s(uare can end in 5, only if the s(uare root ends in < or C
I)e can see that
M 1,B,6 and 7 at the end of a number reproduce themsel$es as the last digits in the s(uare.
M +he s(uares of complements from ten ha$e the same last digit. l.e 1
;
and 5
;
, ;
;
and 2
;
, <
;
and C
;
, 3
;
and 6
;
, B; and
B;, 7
;
and 17
;
ha$e the same ending.
M ;,<,C and 2 cannot be a final digit of a perfect s(uare.
#tart with pre$ious knowledge of the number of digits in the s(uare root 0!8 and the first digit0F8.
M C3B6;213 !F2 Digits in the s(uare root is 2J;F3 and the first digit will be 2
M 56<176C1< !F5 Digits in the s(uare root is 05E18J;FB and the first digit will be <
M #(rt07.168 F 7.3
&hapter 2 : #(uare :oots
2.1 Ksing straight Di$ision
,asic :ules for e%traction of #(uare :oot
)e use both the meanings of Duple% combination in the conte%t of finding s(uares of numbers.
)e denote the Duple% of a number by the symbol D.
)e define
M for a single digit ?a?, D Fa
;
.
M for a two digit number of the form ?ab?, D F;0 a % b8.
M for a < digit number like ?abc?, D F;0 a %c8 E b
;
M
M for a 3 digit number ?abed?, D F ;0 a % d 8 E ;0 b %c8 and so on. l.e,
If the digit is single central digit, D represents ?s(uare?
&onsider the e%amples:
I!umber Duple% D
I < <
;
F 5
I 6 6
;
F <6
I ;< ; 0; % <8 F 1;
I 63 ; 06 % 38 F 32
I 1;2 ; 01 % 28 E ; % ; F 16 E 3 F ;7
I <7B ; 0< % B8 E 7 % ; F <7 E 7 F <7
I 3;<1
; 03 % 18 E ; 0; % <8 F 2 E 1; F
;7
I C<36
; 0C % 68 E ; 0< % 38 F 23 E ;3 F
172
%ample 1: Find the s(uare root of 115C16
#tep 1 : "rrange the number as follows groups of ; digits starting from right.
11 5C 16
<
#tep ;: Find the perfect s(uare less that the first group 11 . l.e 5 and its s(uare root is <. )rite down this < and the
reminder ; as shown below
11 6:
5C 16 ;
<
!ew di$isor is the e%act double of the first digit of the (uotient < G ; F 6
#tep < : !e%t gross di$idend4unit is ;5. )ithout subtracting anything from it, we di$ide ;5 by the di$isor 6 and put
down the second Ruotient digit 3 and the second reminder in their proper place.
11 : 5C 16 6: : ;B
: < :3
#tep 3 : +hird gross di$idend4unit is BC. From BC subtract 16 H Duple% $alue of the second (uotient digit, D038 F
16 I , get 31 as the actual di$idend. , di$ide it by 6 and set the
Ruotient 6 and reminder B in their proper places
11 6:
: <
: 5C 16 : ;B B
: 36
#tep B : Fourth gross di$idend4unit is B1. From B1 subtract Duple% D0368 F 32 Hbecause for 36 Duple% is ;03 G 68 F
32I obtain < , di$ide this < by 6 and put down Ruotient as o and reminder < in their proper places
11 6:
: <
: 5C 16 : ;B B<
: 36 .7
#tep 6 : Fifth gross di$idend4unit is <6. From <6 subtract Duple%068 F <6 H because for 6 Duple% is 6
;
F <6I obtain 7
, +his means the work is completed.
11 6:
: <
: 5C 16 : ;B B<
: 36 .77
+he gi$en number is a perfect #(uare and <36 is the s(uare root
" number cannot be an e%act s(uare when
M it ends in ;, <,C or 2
M it terminates in an odd number of @eros
M its last digit is 6 but its penultimate digit is e$en
M its last digit is not 6 but its penultimate digit is odd
M its last ; digits are not di$isible by 3
&hapter 5 : &ube :oots
5.7 &ube :oots
,asic :ules for e%traction of &ube :oots
+he gi$en number is first arranged in three4digit groups from right to left. " single digit if any left o$er at the left
hand is counted as a simple group itself
+he number of digits in the cube root will be the same as the number of digit4groups in the gi$en number itself.
M 1;B will count as one group
M 1B6;B as two groups
If the cube root contains ?n? digits, the cube must contain <n or <n4l digits
If the gi$en number has ?n? digits the cube root will ha$e nJ< or 0nEl8J< digits
+he first digit of the &ube root will always be ob$ious from the first group in the cube.
For e%ample a cube number with first group as ;;6 , the first digit of the cube root will be 6 since 6
<
is ;16 which is
a perfect cube closer to ;;6.
+he &ubes of the first nine natural numbers are
1
<
F 1 ;
<
F 2 <
<
F;C 3
<
F 63
B< F 1;B 6
<
F ;16 C
<
F <3< 2
<
F B1; 5
<
F C;5
+his means, the last digit of the cube root of an e%act cube is
M &ube ends in 1 , the &ube :oot ends in 1
M &ube ends in ; , the &ube :oot ends in 2
M &ube ends in < , the &ube :oot ends in C
M &ube ends in B , the &ube :oot ends in B
M &ube ends in C , the &ube :oot ends in <
M &ube ends in 2 , the &ube :oot ends in ;
)e can see that
M 1,3,B,6,5,7 repeat themsel$es in the cube ending
M ;,<,C and 2 ha$e their complements from 17, in the cube ending
#tart with pre$ious knowledge of the number of digits 0!8, first digit 0F8 and last digit 0A8 , in the cube root
%ample 1: For ;;6521 , Find F, Aand !
)rite ;;6521 as ;;6, 521 , the number of < digit groups, ! F;
Aast digit of the cube is 1, the cube root also ends in 1, so AFl
+he first group is ;;6 , the closest minimum e%act cube to ;;6 is ;16 which is nothing but 6
<

+he fist digit of the &ube root is 6. FF6
%ample ; For 1C;2 : Find F, Aand !
)rite 1;C2 as 1,;C2, the number of < digit groups, ! F;
Aast digit of the cube is 2, the cube root ends in ;, so AF;
+he first group is 1 , the closest minimum e%act cube to 1 is 1 which is nothing but 1
<

+he fist digit of the &: is 1, FF 1
%ample <: For 2<3B<3B< : Find F, Aand !
)rite 2<3B<3B< as 2<,3B<, 3B< the number of < digit groups, ! F<
Aast digit of the cube is <, the cube root ends in C, so AFC
+he first group is 2< , the closest minimum e%act cube to 2< is 63 which is nothing but 3
<

+he fist digit of the &: is 3, FF3
"ssignments
Find F, Aand ! of the following R1. 1B3221625<
R;.3;B1B;2
R<.<<7C6161
R3.1C;2
RB.6655561;26;72
"ssignments "nswers
Find F, Aand ! of the following R1. F F 1 , A FC , ! F 3
R;. F F 1 , A F;, ! F <
R<. F F < , A F 1 , ! F <
R3. F F 1 , A F ; , ! F ;
RB. F F 1 , A F ; , ! F B
5.7 &ube :oots
,asic :ules for e%traction of &ube :oots
+he gi$en number is first arranged in three4digit groups from right to left. " single digit if any left o$er at the left
hand is counted as a simple group itself
+he number of digits in the cube root will be the same as the number of digit4groups in the gi$en number itself.
M 1;B will count as one group
M 1B6;B as two groups
If the cube root contains ?n? digits, the cube must contain <n or <n4l digits
If the gi$en number has ?n? digits the cube root will ha$e nJ< or 0nEl8J< digits
+he first digit of the &ube root will always be ob$ious from the first group in the cube.
For e%ample a cube number with first group as ;;6 , the first digit of the cube root will be 6 since 6
<
is ;16 which is
a perfect cube closer to ;;6.
+he &ubes of the first nine natural numbers are
1
<
F 1
;
<
F 2
<
<
F;C 3
<
F 63 B< F 1;B
6
<
F ;16 C
<
F <3< 2
<
F B1; 5
<
F C;5
+his means, the last digit of the cube root of an e%act cube is
M &ube ends in ; , the &ube :oot ends in 2
M &ube ends in < , the &ube :oot ends in C
M &ube ends in B , the &ube :oot ends in B
M &ube ends in C , the &ube :oot ends in <
M &ube ends in 2 , the &ube :oot ends in ;
)e can see that
M 1,3,B,6,5,7 repeat themsel$es in the cube ending
M ;,<,C and 2 ha$e their complements from 17, in the cube ending
#tart with pre$ious knowledge of the number of digits 0!8, first digit 0F8 and last digit 0A8 , in the cube root
%ample 1: For ;;6521 , Find F, Aand !
)rite ;;6521 as ;;6, 521 , the number of < digit groups, ! F;
Aast digit of the cube is 1, the cube root also ends in 1, so AF 1
+he first group is ;;6 , the closest minimum e%act cube to ;;6 is ;16 which is nothing but 6
<

+he fist digit of the &ube root is 6. FF6
%ample ; For 1C;2 : Find F, Aand !
)rite 1;C2 as 1,;C2, the number of < digit groups, ! F;
Aast digit of the cube is 2, the cube root ends in ;, so AF;
+he first group is 1 , the closest minimum e%act cube to 1 is 1 which is nothing but 1
<

+he fist digit of the &: is 1, FF 1
%ample <: For 2<3B<3B< : Find F, Aand !
)rite 2<3B<3B< as 2<,3B<, 3B< the number of < digit groups, ! F<
Aast digit of the cube is <, the cube root ends in C, so AFC
+he first group is 2< , the closest minimum e%act cube to 2< is 63 which is nothing but 3
<

+he fist digit of the &: is 3, FF3
"ssignments
Find F, Aand ! of the following R1. 1B3221625<
R;.3;B1B;2
R<.<<7C6161
R3.1C;2
RB.6655561;26;72
"ssignments "nswers
Find F, Aand ! of the following R1. F F 1 , A FC , ! F 3
R;. F F 1 , A F;, ! F <
R<. F F < , A F 1 , ! F <
R3. F F 1 , A F ; , ! F ;
R#. F F 1 , A F ; , ! F B
5.7 &ube :oots
.eneral Method
%ample ;: Find the cube root of 31C to < decimal places
"rrange the number as follows groups of < digits starting from right.
#tep 1
31C : 7 7 7
,y inspection write down C and C3 as the first R and : . #ince <3< is the perfect cube close to 31C and the reminder
from 31C is C3
#tep ;
31C
o 7 7 7 C3
13C
C
+he di$idend is found by multiplying the Ruotient #(uared by < , C
;
G < F 13C
#tep <
31C
13C
C
o 7 7
C3 1B;
3
o
+he second gross di$idend is C37 , Do not subtract anything from this, di$ide it by 13C and put down 3 as Ruotient
and 1B; as :emainder.
#tep 3
31C
13C
C
777 C3 1B; 1BB 3 C
o
+he third gross di$idend is 1B;7, subtract <ab
;
, < % C G 3
;
F <<6 .
+he third actual working Di$idend is 1B;7 4 <<6 F 1123 .
Di$ide 1123 by 13C and put down C as Ruotient and 1BB as :emainder.
#tep B
31C
13C
C
o 7 7 7
C3 1B; 1BB 16< 3C1
+he 3
th
gross di$idend is 1BB7, subtract 6abc E b
<
, 6 % C % 3 % C E 3
<
F 11C6 E 63 F 1;37.
+he 3
th
actual working Di$idend is 1BB7 4 1;37 F <17.
Di$ide <17 by 13C and put down 1 as Ruotient and 16< as :emainder.
#tep 6
31C
13C
C
o 7 7 7
C3 1B; 1BB 16< 112
3C1 1
+he B
th
gross di$idend is 16<7, subtract <ac
;
E <b
;
c , < % C G 1
;
E < G 3
;
G C F 17;5 E <<6 F 1<6B.
+he B
th
actual working Di$idend is 16<7 4 1<6B F ;6B.
Di$ide ;6B by 13C and put down 1 as Ruotient and 112 as :emainder.
+he number of digits in the cube root will be 1 , so the cube root is C.3C11
"ssignments
Find the cube root of the following up to < decimals
R1. ;B7
R;. 1B77
R<. 1C;2
R3. 1<2;3
RB. <<7C6161
R6.<71;3
RC. 2<B;B667
R2. 17B2;7361
"ssignments "nswers
Find the cube root of the following up to < decimals
R1. 6.;556
R;. 11.33C1
R<. 1;.777
R3. ;3.777
RB. <;1.777
R6. <1.11B
RC. 3<C.1;6
R2. 3C;.55B
5.7 &ube :oots
.eneral Method
+he di$isor should not be too small. +he smallness will gi$e rise to big (uotients with se$eral digits. +his will lead
to complications.
"nother method is to multiply the gi$en number by another small number cubed and find the cube root. Final
answer is calculated by di$iding the result by small number
%ample 3: Find the cube root of ;
)e multiply ; by B<
+he new !umber becomes ; % 1;B F ;B7
Find the cube root of ;B7 and di$ide the answer by B H since we multiplied the original number by B< I
#tep 1
;B7 : 7 7 7
,y inspection write down 6 and <3 as the first R and : . #ince ;16 is the perfect cube close to ;B7 and the reminder
from ;B7 is <3.
#tep ;
;B7
777 <3
172
6
+he di$idend is found by multiplying the Ruotient #(uared by <, 6
;
G < F 172
#tep <
;B7
777 <3 1;3
;
172
6
+he second gross di$idend is <37 , Do not subtract anything from this, di$ide it by 172 and put down ; as Ruotient
and
1;3 as :emainder.
#tep 3
;B7
777 <3 1;3 156
; 5
172
6
+he third gross di$idend is 1;37, subtract <ab
;
, < % 6 G ;
;
F C;.
+he third actual working Di$idend is 1;37 4 C; F 1162.
Di$ide 1162 by 172 and put down 5 as Ruotient and 156 as :emainder.
#tep B
;B7
777
<3 1;3 156 <<;
; 5 5
172
6
+he 3
th
gross di$idend is 1567, subtract 6abc E b
<
, 6 % 6 % ; % 5 E ;
<
F 632 E 2 F 6B6.
+he 3
th
actual working Di$idend is 1567 4 6B6 F 1<73.
Di$ide 1<73 by 172 and put down 5 as Ruotient and <<; as :emainder.
#tep 6
+he number of digits in the cube root will be 1, so the cube root of ;B7 is 6.;55
&ube root of ; can be found by di$iding 6.;555 by B
+he cube root of ; is 1.;B5

Vedic Mathematics1

Загружено:

Сведения о документе

Авторское право

Доступные форматы

Поделиться этим документом

Поделиться или встроить документ

Параметры публикации

Этот документ был вам полезен?

Это неприемлемый материал?

Авторское право:

Доступные форматы

Vedic Mathematics1

Загружено:

Авторское право:

Доступные форматы

Introduction :

Vedic mathematics & FastMaths

Вам также может понравиться