Latest Development in Networks and Communication

Name : Nur Alissa Aireena Bt Mohd Huzaidy

Class:5 Tanjung


























1.0 Introduction
A computer network or data network is a telecommunications network that
allows computers to exchange data. In computer networks, networked computing
devices pass data to each other along data connections. The connections (network
links) between nodes are established using either cable media or wireless media. The
best-known computer network is the Internet.Network computer devices that
originate, route and terminate the data are called network nods. Nodes can
include hosts such as personal computers, phones, servers as well as networking
hardware. Two such devices are said to be networked together when one device is
able to exchange information with the other device, whether or not they have a direct
connection to each other.Computer networks support applications such as access to
the World Wide Web, shared use of application and storage servers, printers, and fax
machines, and use of email and instant messaging applications. Computer networks
differ in thephysical media used to transmit their signals, the communications
protocols to organize network traffic, the network's size,topology and organizational
intent.

1.0 Mobile Computing
Mobile computing is humancomputer interaction by which a computer is expected to
be transported during normal usage. Mobile computing involves mobile
communication, mobile hardware, and mobile software. Communication issues
include ad hoc and infrastructure networks as well as communication
properties, protocols, data formats and concrete technologies. Hardware includes
mobile devices or device components. Mobile software deals with the characteristics
and requirements of mobile applications.

2.2 Specifications , Services , Frequencies of Mobile Computing




Specifications
Services
Frequencies
3.1 VoIP
Voice-over-Internet Protocol (VoIP) is a methodology and group of technologies for
the delivery of voice communications and multimedia sessions over Internet Protocol (IP)
networks, such as the Internet. Other terms commonly associated with VoIP are IP
telephony, Internet telephony, voice over broadband (VoBB),broadband telephony, IP
communications, and broadband phone service.The term Internet telephony specifically
refers to the provisioning of communications services (voice, fax, SMS, voice-messaging)
over the public Internet, rather than via the public switched telephone network (PSTN). The
steps and principles involved in originating VoIP telephone calls are similar to traditional
digital telephony and involve signaling, channel setup, digitization of the analog voice
signals, and encoding. Instead of being transmitted over a circuit-switched network, however,
the digital information is packetized, and transmission occurs as IP packets over a packet-
switched network. Such transmission entails careful considerations about resource
management different from time-division multiplexing (TDM) networks.Early providers of
voice-over-IP services offered business models and technical solutions that mirrored the
architecture of the legacy telephone network. Second-generation providers, such as Skype,
have built closed networks for private user bases, offering the benefit of free calls and
convenience while potentially charging for access to other communication networks, such as
the PSTN. This has limited the freedom of users to mix-and-match third-party hardware and
software. Third-generation providers, such as Google Talk, have adopted the concept
of federated VoIPwhich is a departure from the architecture of the legacy networks. These
solutions typically allow dynamic interconnection between users on any two domains on the
Internet when a user wishes to place a call.

3.2 Blog
A blog (a truncation of the expression web log) is a discussion or informational site
published on the World Wide Web and consisting of discrete entries ("posts") typically
displayed in reverse chronological order (the most recent post appears first). Until 2009 blogs
were usually the work of a single individual, occasionally of a small group, and often covered
a single subject. More recently "multi-author blogs" (MABs) have developed, with posts
written by large numbers of authors and professionally edited. MABs from newspapers, other
media outlets, universities, think tanks, advocacy groups and similar institutions account for
an increasing quantity of blog traffic. The rise of Twitter and other "microblogging" systems
helps integrate MABs and single-author blogs into societal newstreams. Blog can also be
used as a verb, meaning to maintain or add content to a blog.The emergence and growth of
blogs in the late 1990s coincided with the advent of web publishing tools that facilitated the
posting of content by non-technical users. (Previously, a knowledge of such technologies
as HTML and FTP had been required to publish content on the Web.)A majority are
interactive, allowing visitors to leave comments and even message each other via GUI
widgets on the blogs, and it is this interactivity that distinguishes them from other static
websites.In that sense, blogging can be seen as a form of social networking service. Indeed,
bloggers do not only produce content to post on their blogs, but also build social relations
with their readers and other bloggers. There are high-readership blogs which do not allow
comments, such as Daring Fireball.Many blogs provide commentary on a particular subject;
others function as more personal online diaries; others function more as online brand
advertising of a particular individual or company. A typical blog combines text, images, and
links to other blogs, Web pages, and other media related to its topic. The ability of readers to
leave comments in an interactive format is an important contribution to the popularity of
many blogs. Most blogs are primarily textual, although some focus on art (art blogs),
photographs (photoblogs), videos (video blogs or "vlogs"), music (MP3 blogs), and audio
(podcasts).Microblogging is another type of blogging, featuring very short posts. In
education, blogs can be used as instructional resources. These blogs are referred to
as edublogs.


4.0 Types of Network
4.1 PAN
A personal area network (PAN) is a used for data transmmision among
devices such as computers,telephones and personal digital assistants. PANs can be
used for communication among the personal devices themselves (intrapersonal
communication), or for connecting to a higher level network and
the Internet (an uplink).A wireless personal area network (WPAN) is a PAN carried
over wireless network technologies such as:The reach of a WPAN varies from a few
centimeters to a few meters. A PAN may also be carried over wired computer
buses such as USB and FireWire.

4.2 VPN
A virtual private network (VPN) extends a private network across
a public network, such as the Internet. It enables a computer to send and receive data
across shared or public networks as if it is directly connected to the private network,
while benefiting from the functionality, security and management policies of the
private network.A VPN is created by establishing a virtual point-to-point connection
through the use of dedicated connections, virtual tunneling protocols, or traffic
encryptions.A virtual private network connection across the Internet is similar to
a wide area network (WAN) link between sites. From a user perspective, the extended
network resources are accessed in the same way as resources available within the
private network.VPNs allow employees to securely access their company's intranet
while traveling outside the office. Similarly, VPNs securely connect geographically
separated offices of an organization, creating one cohesive network. VPN technology
is also used by Internet users to connect to proxy servers for the purpose of protecting
personal identity and location.

4.3 WLAN
A wireless local area network (WLAN) links two or more devices using some
wireless distribution method (typically spread-spectrum or OFDM radio), and usually
providing a connection through an access point to the wider Internet. This gives users
the ability to move around within a local coverage area and still be connected to the
network. Most modern WLANs are based on IEEE 802.11 standards, marketed under
the Wi-Fi brand name.LANs have become popular in the home due to ease of
installation, and in commercial complexes offering wireless access to their customers;
often for free. New York City, for instance, has begun a pilot program to provide city
workers in all five boroughs of the city with wireless Internet access

4.4 WiMAX
WiMAX (Worldwide Interoperability for Microwav
Access)a wireless communications standard designed to provide 30 to 40
megabit-per-second data rates with the 2011 update providing up to 1
Gbit/s for fixed stations. The name "WiMAX" was created by the WiMAX
Forum, which was formed in June 2001 to promote conformity and
interoperability of the standard. The forum describes WiMAX as "a standards-
based technology enabling the delivery of last mile wireless broadband access
as an alternative to cable and DSL

5.0 Conclusion
Mobile computing (like the peer to peer transaction model did) brings about a new
paradigm of distributed computing in which communication may be achieved through
wireless networks and users can compute even as they relocate from one support
environment to another. The impact of mobile computing on systems design goes beyond
the networking level and directly effects data management. Although being a relatively
new area, mobile data management has attracted a lot of research efforts, motivated by
both a great market potential and by many challenging research problems.



Reference

https://www.google.com.my/search?safe=active&output=search&sclie
nt=psy-ab&q=kerja+khusus+s07&btnG=
https://sites.google.com/site/smkbkkict/coursework-assessment-
f4/la3s071describethelatestdevelopmentinnetworksandcommunication
s
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mobile_computing