Experiment #2

BINARY AND DECIMAL NUMBERS

I. Objectives
1) To demonstrate and study the count sequence of binary numbers nd the
binary coded decimal representation.
2) To construct a binary counter using a 7493 IC.

II. Theory

Binary-coded decimal (BCD) is a class of binary encodings of decimal
numbers where each decimal digit is represented by a fixed number of bits,
usually four or eight. A BCD counter has four outputs usually labelled A, B, C, and
D. By convention, A is the least significant bit or LSB. The easiest way to
understand what a BCD counter does is to follow the counting sequence in the
truth table form.

A BCD counter can be constructed from a straight binary counter by
terminating the ripple-through counting when the count reaches decimal 9
(binary 1001). Since the next toggle would set the two most significant bits, a
NAND gate tied from those two output to the asynchronous dear line will start
the count after 9.








(a) Internal Circuit Diagram










(b) Physical layout (NC: no connection) (c) Schemtic Diagram


FIGURE 1
IC type 7493 ripple counter


We used IC 7493 which is a 4 bit counter that can be connected to count in
binary from 0000 to 1001. It is an up-counter that is capable of operating as a multi-
modulus counter. The count begins with a 0 at the Q output and the maximum count
occurs when the Q output is at a 1. The counter recycles back to 0 when the next clock
pulse applies.

In generalization, as soon as the binary count of 1001 is reached R1 and R2 are
both equal to 1 which causes the counter to reset to 0000.



III. Materials

- IC 7493
- Light emitting diodes (4)
- Connecting wires
- Power Supply



IV. Procedures

1) Construct the circuit using the 7493 IC in a breadboard

2) Connect the IC to operate as a 4-bit counter by wiring the external terminals as
shown in the circuit. Connect a wire from pin 12 to pin 1. Input A at pin 14 is
connected to a Input pulse that provides the pulses.

3) Supply a 5-V power to the circuit and the four LEDs should produce the 4-bit
outputs.



V. Data and Results


While performing the experiment, we recorded the output in every
period of the pulse. Logic 1 indicating the light in the LED is turned on and logic 0
indicating the light is off.

Period Q
A
Q
B
Q
C
Q
D

1 0 0 0 0
2 1 0 0 0
3 0 1 0 0
4 1 1 0 0
5 0 0 1 0
6 1 0 1 0
7 0 1 1 0
8 1 1 1 0
9 0 0 0 1
10 1 0 0 1







SUPPLEMENTARY PROBLEMS:





































GUIDE QUESTIONS:


1) What is a 7493 IC?

- A 7493 IC is an up-counter that is capable of operating as a multi-modulus
counter

2) What is a BCD counter?
- The BCD representation uses the binary numbers 0000 to 1001 to represent the
coded decimal digits from 0 to 9.

3) What is a modulus-2 counter? Modulus-8 counter? Describe the internal circuit
of a 7493 IC.
- A modulus-2 counter starts its count from 0 as its minimum count and 1 as its
maximum count while a modulus-8 counter starts its count from 000 as the
minimum and 111 as its maximum. The internal circuit of a 7493 IC is composed
of 4 flip-flops which are naturally a mod-2 counter and mod-8 counter. Flip-flop
A is a modulus-2 counter while flip-flops B, C, and D make up the modulus-8
counter.

4) Describe the output waveform of the BCD counter.
- The output waveform of a BCD counter is a square wave which changes its count
every time a negative edge of a clock pulse is applied to its clock input.

5) What is the function of the reset inputs R1 and R2?
- The reset inputs R1 and R2 are used to alter the count of the BCD counter. When
both inputs are logic 1, the counter will not sustain the next pulse and resets the
count to 0000.


6) What is a Cascading counters?
- Cascading means to join together in chain. Like in the circuit that we
constructed, all the four flip-flops are joined together making up a modulus-16
counter.


7) What is the relationship of the clock and the four outputs?
- The clock serves as the input pulse which increment the count that is shown in
the four output lamps. When the light is turned on during a period, it indicates
logic 1 and when the light is turned off during a period, it indicates logic 0.

8) Beside from a 7493 IC, what other ICs can be used to construct a BCD counter?
- If there is no available IC 7493, we can also use IC 4510 and IC 4518 as a
substitute.