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assignment, one may yet be obligated, by contract or by la&, to proceed as directed. The computing
professional-s ethical ,udgment should be the !nal guide in deciding &hether or not to proceed. Aegardless
of the decision, one must accept the responsibility for the conse+uences.
6o&ever, performing assignments 5against one-s o&n ,udgment5 does not relieve the professional of
responsibility for any negative conse+uences.
,.3 Improve public understandin! of computin! and its conse6uences.
Computing professionals have a responsibility to share technical #no&ledge &ith the public by encouraging
understanding of computing, including the impacts of computer systems and their limitations. This
imperative implies an obligation to counter any false vie&s related to computing.
,.4 Access computin! and communication resources onl* $hen authori"ed to do so.
Theft or destruction of tangible and electronic property is prohibited by imperative %.2 4 5Avoid harm to
others.5 Trespassing and unauthori(ed use of a computer or communication system is addressed by this
imperative. Trespassing includes accessing communication net&or#s and computer systems, or accounts
and@or !les associated &ith those systems, &ithout explicit authori(ation to do so. "ndividuals and
organi(ations have the right to restrict access to their systems so long as they do not violate the
discrimination principle (see %.). Bo one should enter or use another-s computer system, soft&are, or data
!les &ithout permission. 8ne must al&ays have appropriate approval before using system resources,
including communication ports, !le space, other system peripherals, and computer time.
-. RGA'I;A(I'A# #EA<ERS1IP IMPERA(I)ES.
As an ACM member and an organiational leader! I will ....
.AC9GR='< '(E7This section dra&s extensively from the draft "9") Code of =thics,especially its
sections on organi(ational ethics and international concerns. The ethical obligations of organi(ations tend
to be neglected in most codes of professional conduct, perhaps because these codes are &ritten from the
perspective of the individual member. This dilemma is addressed by stating these imperatives from the
perspective of the organi(ational leader. "n this context5leader5 is vie&ed as any organi(ational member
&ho has leadership or educational responsibilities. These imperatives generally may apply to organi(ations
as &ell as their leaders. "n this context5organi(ations5 are corporations, government agencies,and other
5employers,5 as &ell as volunteer professional organi(ations.
-.& Articulate social responsibilities of members of an or!ani"ational unit and encoura!e full
acceptance of those responsibilities.
:ecause organi(ations of all #inds have impacts on the public, they must accept responsibilities to society.
8rgani(ational procedures and attitudes oriented to&ard +uality and the &elfare of society &ill reduce
harm to members of the public, thereby serving public interest and ful!lling social responsibility.
Therefore,organi(ational leaders must encourage full participation in meeting social responsibilities as &ell
as +uality performance.
-., Mana!e personnel and resources to desi!n and build information s*stems that enhance
the 6ualit* of $or%in! life.
8rgani(ational leaders are responsible for ensuring that computer systems enhance, not degrade, the
+uality of &or#ing life. 2hen implementing a computer system, organi(ations must consider the personal
and professional development, physical safety, and human dignity of all &or#ers. Appropriate human4
computer ergonomic standards should be considered in system design and in the &or#place.
-.- Ac%no$led!e and support proper and authori"ed uses of an or!ani"ation>s computin! and
communication resources.
0
:ecause computer systems can become tools to harm as &ell as to bene!t an organi(ation, the leadership
has the responsibility to clearly de!ne appropriate and inappropriate uses of organi(ational computing
resources. 2hile the number and scope of such rules should be minimal, they should be fully enforced
&hen established.
-./ Ensure that users and those $ho $ill be a8ected b* a s*stem have their needs clearl*
articulated durin! the assessment and desi!n of re6uirements? later the s*stem must be
validated to meet re6uirements.
Current system users, potential users and other persons &hose lives may be a3ected by a system must
have their needs assessed and incorporated in the statement of re+uirements. $ystem validation should
ensure compliance &ith those re+uirements.
-.0 Articulate and support policies that protect the di!nit* of users and others a8ected b* a
computin! s*stem.
;esigning or implementing systems that deliberately or inadvertently demean individuals or groups is
ethically unacceptable. Computer professionals &ho are in decision ma#ing positions should verify that
systems are designed and implemented to protect personal privacy and enhance personal dignity.
-.2 Create opportunities for members of the or!ani"ation to learn the principles and
limitations of computer s*stems.
This complements the imperative on public understanding (2.C). =ducational opportunities are essential to
facilitate optimal participation of all organi(ational members. 8pportunities must be available to all
members to help them improve their #no&ledge and s#ills in computing, including courses that familiari(e
them &ith the conse+uences and limitations of particular types of systems."n particular, professionals must
be made a&are of the dangers of building systems around oversimpli!ed models, the improbability of
anticipating and designing for every possible operating condition, and other issues related to the
complexity of this profession.
/. CMP#IA'CE @I(1 (1E C<E.
As an ACM member I will ....
/.& =phold and promote the principles of this Code.
The future of the computing profession depends on both technical and ethical excellence. Bot only is it
important for ACM computing professionals to adhere to the principles expressed in this Code, each
member should encourage and support adherence by other members.
/., (reat violations of this code as inconsistent $ith membership in the ACM.
Adherence of professionals to a code of ethics is largely a voluntary matter. 6o&ever, if a member does not
follo& this code by engaging in gross misconduct, membership in ACM may be terminated.
This Code and the supplemental *uidelines &ere developed by the Tas# 9orce for the Aevision of the ACM
Code of =thics and )rofessional Conduct7 Aonald =. Anderson, Chair, *erald =ngel, ;onald *otterbarn,
*race C. 6ertlein, Alex 6o3man, :ruce Da&er, ;eborah *. Dohnson, ;oris E. Fidt#e, Doyce Currie Fittle,
;ianne Martin, ;onn :. )ar#er, Dudith A. )errolle, and Aichard $. Aosenberg. The Tas# 9orce &as organi(ed
by ACM@$"*CA$ and funding &as provided by the ACM $"* ;iscretionary 9und. This Code and the
supplemental *uidelines &ere adopted by the ACM Council on 8ctober %G, %HH2.
This Code may be published &ithout permission as long as it is not changed in any &ay and it carries the
copyright notice.
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