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1. INTRODUCTION
florescent and High Intensity Discharge lamps has put many restrictions on
lamp design and performance and is a major factor limiting lamp life. Recent
at high frequencies.
2. RF LIGHTING
The very first proposal for RF lighting, as well as the first patent on
RF lamps, appeared about 100years ago, a half century before the basic
Discharge tubes
current emits visible light. It is usually a glass tube from which virtually all the
air has been removed (producing a near vacuum), with electrodes at each end.
remaining gas atoms (or some deliberately introduced ones) ionize and emit
coloured light as they conduct the current along the tube. The light originates
as electrons change energy levels in the ionized atoms. By coating the inside of
the tube with a phosphor, invisible emitted radiation (such as ultraviolet light)
can produce visible light; this is the principle of the fluorescent lamp.
3. DISCHARGE TYPES
sheaths (whether the electrodes are inside or outside the discharge vessel).
lower than 1GHz wavelength λ much larger than the discharge size L,(λ >>
L).
(Figure 1)
impedance is much larger than the plasma impedance. Therefore, the voltage
applied to the lamp is mainly dropped in the sheaths, and sheath impedance
and this leads to an acceleration of the plasma ions into the electrodes (or
wall). This has important consequences that limit the application of the CRFD
for RF lighting. The additional power loss of ion acceleration reduces RF lamp
efficiency.
significant lamp power; one must use a high RF voltage and/or a high
frequency ω . To reduce ion sputtering, the RF voltage, Vrf applied to the lamp
(Figure 2)
the plasma without forming RF sheaths. The electric field that maintains the
coupled plasmas (ICP) operate over a wide range of gas pressure and
less than about 90%. Power transfer efficiency depends upon many factors,
such as filling gas, gas pressure, discharge topology and geometry, driving
13.56,27.12, and 40.68 MHz in the RF frequency band, and to 2.45GHz in the
microwave band, the frequency rage between 2.2 – 3.0 MHz (2.65MHz is
standard) has reduced restrictions on EMI and has been specifically allocated
ballasts efficiencies is rather high (90-95%), its cost is quite reasonable, and
EEMI levels comply with regulations that are more tolerant of lower
more stringent, ballast efficiency decreases, and ballast cost increases. This is
why there is no hope for microwave RF lamps for general lighting .To the
electrode-less light source for years .The main obstacle to the development of a
components to drive the lamp frequencies as high as 60 Hz, the level necessary
(Figure 4)
delivers energy to a quartz glass bulb through a short wave guide (Fig.4).
Filled with argon at a small dose of sulphur, the bulb (about 3cm in diameter)
is rotated for discharge stability within the resonant cavity. Providing about
135,000 lumens, or 95 lm/W, and a life rating of 15,000 hr, the compact
sulphur lamp also features low –infrared and ultraviolet emission and good
colour stability.
( Figure 5)
unit (Fig.5). An induction coil wrapped around the lamp energises the neon gas
and a small quantity of mercury contained with in the lamp .In turn, a screen
cage surrounds the lamp to reduce EMI emissions to an acceptable level. The
ceiling.
(Figure 6)
lamps (Fig.6). The 85W model is 11cm in diameter and 18cm long.
heat conductor connected to the lamp base and located in the centre of the
lamp. A heat conductor removes heat from the re-entrant cavity and the
ballast to the base of the lamp. By separating the two components, the ballast
operates cooler, which extents its life. With its vibration resistance, an
efficiency of over 75 lm/W and a 100,000-hr average rated life, this induction
campus.
(Figure 7)
is integrated with an electronic ballast operating at 2.65 MHz. The lamp power
efforts have been made in this lamp for suppressing magnetic and electric
(Figure 8)
with a rectangular or stretched –donut shape (Fig.8). Two ferrite coils located
on the shorter sides of the rectangular lamp provide the energy coupling. The
power transfer efficiency of this unit is as high as 98%. For example, the 150W
minimizes the problems associated with EMI, and the ballast design is much
6. ADVANTAGES
Absence of electrodes.
Maintenance is low.
It have instant and harmless starting and are more convenient for
dimming
Efficiency is high.
7. DISADVATAGES
8. FUTURE SCOPE
general lighting within a plant, as well as out door areas. Energy conservation
many plants. While it costs two or three times more than a HID lamp and
9. CONCLUSION
It has taken nearly a century from the first ideas and the first RF lamp
electrodes opens up great opportunity for increased durability, light output and
electrode discharge lamps .The initial cost of RF lighting products is the major
barrier to the widespread RF lamps, but with further development of the many
increase.
10. BIBLIOGRAPHY
May/June 2002.
www.ecmweb.com.
ABSTRACT
sources are just now becoming a mainstream lighting option. RF light sources
follow the same principles of converting electrical power into visible radiation
there are more ways to create RF plasmas. These three ways correspond to
The most suitable frequency range is 2.2 - 3.0 MHz [2.65MHz is the
CONTENTS
1. Introduction
2. RF Lighting
3. Discharge types
Capacitive RF discharge
Inductive RF discharge
Wave-sustained RF discharge
6. Advantages
7. Disadvantages
8. Further Scope
9. Conclusion
10. Bibliography
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
I also thank all the other faculty members of AEI department and my
friends for their help and support.