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Crack growth in crack-line-loaded specimens is stable over the entire range of crack extension provided a'stiff' displacement controlled loading system is used. A crack growth resistance concept was suggested by Irwin and Kies in 1954.
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1972 R.H. Heyer and D.E. Mccabe - Plane-stress Fracture Toughness Testing Using a Crack-line-loaded Specimen
Crack growth in crack-line-loaded specimens is stable over the entire range of crack extension provided a'stiff' displacement controlled loading system is used. A crack growth resistance concept was suggested by Irwin and Kies in 1954.
Crack growth in crack-line-loaded specimens is stable over the entire range of crack extension provided a'stiff' displacement controlled loading system is used. A crack growth resistance concept was suggested by Irwin and Kies in 1954.
R. H. HEYER and D. E. MCCABE Armco Steel Corporation, Research and Technology, Middletown, Ohio, U.S.A. Akhret-A crack-line-loaded specimen of modified WOL design was adapted for ioughness tesiing of high strength sheet materials. A wedge-opening device was used to load the specimen and propagate the crack. because of the specimen configuration and loading system. the crack never becomes unstabie. and full crack growth resistance. R curves, can be developed for many materials. When it can be shown that these R curves are characteristic of a material, and independent of specimen configuration. they will be useful to predict instability conditions for other specimen types. CRACK-fine-loaded specimens have proved useful for determining the plane-strain stress intensity factors &, and k;,. These specimens are compact, require relatively low loads, and are amenable to self-contained loading devices for environmental testing. Clausing [ 1) has shown by analysis that crack growth in crack-line-loaded specimens is stable over the entire range of crack extension provided a stiff displacement con- trolled loading system is used. The compact tension specimen, CTS, now used in KI, testing and having H/W = 06. is also a crack-line-loaded (CLL) specimen and was derived from the Westingucrase wedge-opening-loaded (WOL) specimen. The term double-cantilever beam (DCB) has also been used to designate this family of specimens, including Riplings[2! tapered version which can be designed for constant ii; independent of crack length. Novak and Rolfe[31 reported using a compliance calibration of a self-loaded modi- fied WOL-IT specimen to determine the applied load from the measured crack opening displacement, COD. This technique was used with further modification of the specimen in the present investigation to determine crack growth resistance. I?, curves for high strength sheet materials. A crack growth resistance concept was suggested by Irwin and Kies [4] in 1954, and modified in 1960 [5.6] to show increasing resistance with crack extension. Krafft et ui. 171 demonstrated that crack growth ins~bility, G,, could be predicted for various speci- men sizes from the R curve for the material. Characteristics of R curves were exten- sively treated by Srawley and Brown[8]. Experimental determinations of R for alum- inum alloys, using center cracked tension specimens, were reported by Carman et al, r91. SPECIMENS, ~XTURES. PROCEDURE The specimen configuration chosen was based on the Westinghouse WOL-T type [lo] with specimen height to width ratio. H/W = O-486. The specimen sizesare shown in Fig. I. Sheet thicknesses varied between 0,026 and 0.066 in. The small specimen designated 2T is dimensioned. except for thickness, according to the Westinghouse WOL-2T specimen for K,, dete~inations on 2-in-thick plate. The 4T specimen is simifarly related to the 4-in.-thick K,, specimen, WOL-4T. To measure COD, diamond indentation marks spaced at O-750 in. are impressed in the specimens 0.06 in. from the +Presented at the National Symposium on Fracture Mechanics at Lehigh University, Augusr 25. 1969. 393 EFM. Vol. 4. No. 3-A 394 R. H. HEYER and D. E. MCCABE I i! j 0 ! WOL-ZT WOL-47 -- I n 2.48 4.96 1 W 5.1 IO.2 L 6.46 I I.56 2f-l s I-50 3.0 j j Fig. 1. Modified WOL-T specimens for plane stress toughness tests. front edge. These points are l-3 in. from the specimen load line for both specimen sizes.? Specimens are machined in packs up to 1.5 in. thick. The hole for the loading device is precision bored with respect to the front edge. The g-in. slot is saw cut. Individual specimens are then notched using a &-in-thick cut-off wheel. The end of the notch is sharpened with a very light cut using a hack-saw blade ground to a 40 vee tooth con- tour. The specimens are precracked about &in. by cyclic tension loading in the apparatus shown in Fig. 2. Backup plates &-in. thick are used to prevent buckling. Figure 3 shows the die and wedge opening device used for the 2T specimens, with the top cover plate removed. Lubricated Teflon sheets are placed on either side of the specimen to reduce friction from the hold-down loads. The upper cover plate is bolted on to the lower die with firm, but not heavy pressure. The wedge is hardened steel, chromium plated and lubricated, with a total taper angle of 3, or about 20 : 1 taper. The wedge drives hardened steel dies contoured to fit the l*%n.-dia. hole in the specimen. These dies operate in a slot cut into the bottom plate normal to the crack direction. The wedge is forced downward through the die opening using a Universal testing machine or a simple hydrauiic press. Crack propagation is observed during loading, and the wedge is stopped at various increments of crack extension. The COD and crack length are measured to the nearest +OWO2 in. with a stage micrometer, see Fig. 4. The di e shown in this figure and in Fig. 5 is for the 4T specimen. An auxiliary clamp provides hold-down pressure over the central portion of the specimen. The view in Fig. 5 shows the window through which the crack is observed. CALIBRATION Crack length and COD measurements are used to obtain the effective load through a relationship established by a compliance calibration: ERV,P =f(a/W) E = modulus of elasticity, ksi PFor caicuiation purposes the COD measurement for she WOL-4T specimen is linearly extrapolated from the plastic zone corrected crack front to a position 2.6 in. forward of the specimen load line. This preserves geometric similarity between the two specimen sizes. Fig. 2. Fatigue cracking machine. Fig. 3. Die for 2T specimen (top piate removed). [Facing page 3941 Fig. 4. Loading of4T specimen. Fig. 5. Crack in 4T specimen. Plane-stress fracture toughness testing B = thickness, inches V = COD at the gage location. inches P = effective load, kips a = effective crack length, inches W = width, inches K = stress intensity factor, Ksi-irY R = crack growth resistance factor. Ksi-in. 395 (1) Two PH 14-8Mo specimens of the 2T size, 0.049 in. thick, were tension !oaded with- in the elastic range between f-in-thick support plates. A NASA type clip gage mounted between knife edges spaced at O-4 in. was used to measure COD. From COD-load records, V/P ratios were obtained at 4 in. increments of crack length. The cracks were about 0.020 in. wide produced by jeweiers saw cuts. Test data in Fig. 6 include those Fig. 6. Compliance calibration for WOL specimen, H/ W=0486. of Novak and Rolfe[31. obtained from l-in-thick modified WOL-1T maraging steel specimens. The polynomial obtained by least squares curve fit to the Armco data is: EBVIP = 59.79-594.77 (a/W) +28&#.51 (@f) -5208.8 (~/W)~+3803.85 (u/W)~=~$ (2) CalcuIation of the stress intensity factor K is based on dispiacement at the load line, V,, obtained by linear interpolation V,=lV a+ I.3 (3) 396 R. H. HEYER and D. E. MCCABE Using V, in equation ( 1) &,(alW) = 177*23- 1629.0 (a/W) +5838*0 (a/W)*-89252 (~fW)~+5390.4 (a/W) K is obtained from (4) (5) K = & [-814.5 (a/W) + 5838.0 (a/W)* - 13387.8 (t~/W)~i- 10780.8 (a/W)*]*. (6) Within the range of the calibration this agrees closely with Wilsons relationship of Ref. [ 101, Fig. 7, obtained analytically. Wilsons equation is: K =A r30.95 (a/W)--1956 (alW)+73@6 (c~jW)~-1186.3 (a/W) -t7546(a/W)7 (7) =&*fL (a/W). For stable cracks, the driving force K and the crack growth resistance R are equal at the crack tip. In calculating R from wedge loading test data, equations (2) and (7) are combined, relating R to I/ and a. R = z .fL(atW where +a f(ulW) (8) u= am-i-r, & = measured crack length (9) YS = 0.2 per cent offset yield strength in uniaxial tension. An iteration procedure on a is used to solve for R, A method of interpolating the load line displacement reported by Roberts [ 111 gives slightly higher values of V, than obtained by the Iinear interpolation of equation (3). The Irwin plastic zone correction, rP, is subject to verification for use in this applica- tion where the magnitude of the correction on high toughness materials can be large considering measured crack growth and specimen dimensions. The plastic zone has been the subject of intensive study by many investigators, and alternate plastic zone estimates have been suggested[ 12-161. However, the Irwin concept was selected as the sting point in this investigation. TEST DATA Typical crack growth resistance curve data are shown in Figs. 7 and 8. Coincidence of the curves for 4T and 2T specimens, having starting crack lengths of approximately Plane-stress fracture toughness testing 397 PH l4-BMo, onr melt 8*0.049 Ill L, l WOL -4T 0 woi-2r 1 I I 1 t 0 o-5 I.0 I.5 2.0 Cmck extetwon, in. Fig. 7. Crack growth tesistance curves for wedge ioaded WOL-T specimens. PH 14-SMo, vacuum melt 0*OG46 _l WOL-4f (0 0 WOL -4T (2) : WOL -2f f2) 55 C :5 23 Cmk txtens10n. I" Fig. 8. Crack growth resistance curves for wedge loaded WOL-T specimens. 3-f and 1*6 in.. demonstrates that R is independent of initial crack length. This is also shown in Fig. 9, where the crack was started twice in the same 4T specimen from starting lengths of 3.15 and 4.41 in. Extremes in crack growth resistance curve characteristics are shown in Figs. 10 and 398 R. H. HEYER and D. E. MCCABE 400 300 ~ $ 2oo 100 j d l KG/+-- PH 14- 8Mo. SRH950, WOL-4T YS = 208.5 ksi bOQ49 m l Stortmg truck length, 4.41 m . 0 Starting Crack bngth, 3.15 in Crack extension, I. Fig. 9. Crack growth resistance curves for WOL-4T specimen with two starting crack lengths. -4T +L.._ 2f Aa,,,= measured crock extension I; .E _c*-- .I P 100 - ;/-.._.& u / / C I/ : Aa = effectwe crock extensbn Al alloy 2024-T3 3OJ- / YS a46.0 kl /9*0.066 I . 4 . WOL -4T (2) 0 WOL-PT (2) I.0 I.5 2.0 Crock extension. I. Fig. 10. Crack growth resistance curves for wedge loaded WOL-T specimens. 11 for aluminum alloys 2024-T3 and 7075-T%, and in Figs. 12 and 13 for stainless steels 414 Ti and PH 157Mo. In Figs. 10 and 12 the difference between the curve for measured crack length, a,, and for the plastic zone corrected crack length indicates a very large plastic zone correction, compared to Figs. 11 and 13. Plane-stress fracture toughness testing 399 h - -3 #--- $0 00 -4T K e -__2T Bt alloy 7O?S-T6 YS.75.6 ksi B-0066 . WOL-4T (2) 0 WOL-2T (4) , , I-O ! .f 2.0 Crack extenston, in Fig. 11. Crack growth resistance curve for wedge loaded WOL-T specimens. 500 t -4t Kc--,2T Stainless steel type 4f4 Ti YS=lO45 ksi B-@O38 hr. l WOL- 4-f (2) o WOL-2T (2) Crock exteniion. in. Fig. 12. Crack growth resistance curve for wedge loaded WOL-T specimens. The low toughness materials of Figs. 11 and 13 exhibit sudden bursts of crack exten- sion at high loads, and replication is inferior to that for tougher materials. It becomes increasingly apparent that toughness of sheet materials cannot be ex- pressed as a single Kc value. independent of specimen size and geometry. Crack growth resistance curves offer the possibility of determining a Kr value for specific specimens 400 R. H. HEYER and D. E. MCCABE PH I!+7M0, RH1050 YS = 212.0 ksi B= 0.050 .WL-4Tf21 0 WOL-2T (21 0 0.2 0.4 0+3 0.8 I.0 Crack exknston. tn. Fig. 13. Crack growth resistance curve for wedge loaded WOL-T specimens. or structural elements, where Kc is the point of tangency of the crack driving force (K) curve and the crack growth resistance (R) curve. Experimental proof of this concept is difficult when strain rate effects are present and when the crack length at instability cannot be accurately measured. These difficulties are not encountered in determining a static crack growth resistance curve by the method reported here. When the K and R curves are expressed in numeric terms. the tangent intercept can be computed by simultaneous solution of the expressions for slopes of the curves. Both curves can be expressed as polynomial functions of a/W, and this procedure was followed in this report for Kc calculations. A procedure which may prove more satisfactory was suggested by Irwin in a private commu~cation. Irwin proposes that R be expressed in terms of ptastic zone size. crack extension, and the plateau K value, K,. Aa = (u, try) -a0 a, = actual crack length [= a, of equation (911 rl, = &7r(K/YS) a@ = initial crack length a = parameter determined by measurement F-m = ~~(~~iYS~~. 110) The function,& may be tanh (X), where X = Aalar,,,. Plane-stress fracture toughness testing 401 Applying this model to several materials of this investigation, data fit was excellent providing an adjustment, Co, was added to correct the fit near the origin of the R curve. x = halffr;, + c, The two methods of data fitting are compared in the following table on the basis of predicted instability. Table 1. Load control Kc predictions for WOL specimens Material 7075-T6 WOL Kc- ksi din. specimen size Polynomial Tanh 21 66 68 PH 14-8Mo CH900 2T 122 123 PH14-8Mo SRH950 2T 205 206 PH14-SMoSRH1050 PHl4-3MoSRH~lOO PH 14-8Mo SRH950 Vacuum Melt Ti-6AI-4V 2T 233 233 4T 310 3021 4T 349 343 2T 148 146 The tanh method is desirable in that material properties are used to define the R curve. However, the K, value could not be developed in some of the high toughness materials even using the 4T specimen. The third order polynomial curve fitting procedure was applied only to data in the region of the expected instability K value. in order to obtain an accurate fit in this critical area. The tanh curve fitting procedure, on the other hand, includes all the data except for values of R close to the origin. METHODS OF LOADING WOL PLANE-STRESS SPECIMENS Wedge loading provides displacement control of crack extension. wherein K and P decrease with crack growth, as shown in Fig. 14(a). When displacement is increased at a moderate rate from A to B, the K vs. a/W relationship departs from the static R curve, then time dependent crack growth at constant displacement from B to C establishes point C on the curve. As the plateau region of the R curve is approached, time depen- dent crack growth after each increment of displacement increases. While 5 or 10 min is su%icient to attain a practical equilibrium condition in early stages of time dependent crack growth. measurable crack extension may be observed after an hour or more in the plateau region. Loading the specimen in a tension testing machine having load control capability, K and V increase with crack extension at constant load, as shown in Fig. 14(b). When load is increased incrementally, as from D to E, time dependent crack growth at the attained load will follow a load controlled crack extension force curve such as EF to the point F on the static R curve. With load control. specimen instability occurs at the point of tangency between the K and R curve. When operating at very slow crosshead movement the instability is observed as a definite fall-off of load with crack extension. This limits the extent of the R curve which can be determined by the load control method, whereas using displacement control and a su~ciently large specimen, the R curve can be determined to a plateau value. 402 R. H. HEYER and D. E. MCCABE K curves for 400 - constant displacemmt 300 - cc 200 - y IOO- F! I I I / 0 01 o-2 03 04 OS O-6 O/W Fig. 14(a). Crack driving force K curves for WOL-4T specimen related to R curve for PH14- 8M0, SRH 950, vacuum melt. Displacement control test. 400 - 300 - K curves for constant load 0 0. I 0.2 03 0.4 O-5 o/W Fig. 14(b). Crack driving force K curves for WOL-4T specimen related to R curve for PH14- 8M0, SRH 950. vacuum melt. Load control test. Plane-stress fracture toughness testing 403 An example of data obtained by both displacement and load control is given in Fig. 15. Kc by termination of the R curve in the load control tests coincided with Kc predicted from the R curve obtained with displacement control. The Instron load was predicted within reasonable limits from displacement and the plastic zone corrected crack length. using equation (2). This supports the accuracy of the plastic zone correc- tion as applied to this material, which had r, = 0.33 in. and u, = 2.00 in. at the Kc in- stability. In the case of load controlled tests of 2024-T3, the Instron loads were considerably higher than loads predicted from displacement and the plastic zone correct.ed crack length. Furthermore, the Instron load and displacements give smaller effective crack lengths. by equation (21, than those of Fig. 10 for displacement controlled tests. Using these calculated crack lengths and the Instron loads. the values of R from equation (7) yielded a curve only slightly to the right of the curve in Fig. 10 for measured crack extension, a,. This R curve would result in Kc instability values higher than would be obtained from the curve for wedge loading. These results indicate that the caiculated plaaGc zone correction does not give the correct effective crack length for 2024-T3. This subject is treated further m a later section. Data from load controlled tests of 2024-T3 resulted in an R curve coincident with one from wedge tests when R was calculated from displacement and r, corrected crack length. This curve terminated at the Kc predicted from the wedge loaded test, in the manner of Fig. 15 for stainless steel. Experimentally the sustained tension loading procedure is more difficult to carry out than the wedge loading, displacement controlled procedure. The problems are in maintaining alignment in the testing machine, in reducing holddown friction to obtain accurate load readings, and in a less convenient setup for measuring crack length and 400- y 3oo- ./??Tzzz I AT zoo- l d P PH l4-9th. SRH It00 YS =180.0 ksl 8=0,049 tn. o. WOL -2T load control i / 1 0 05 I.0 15 2.0 Cmck extenston, I. Fig. 15. Crack growth resistance curves for displacement and load control. 404 R. H. HEYER and D. E. MCCABE displacement. Two operators are needed, whereas the wedge loading procedure is read- ily performed by a single operator. Load controlled tension instability stress intensity, Kc, can be calculated using the R curve and the load control K curve for the specimen. The Kc values for 2T and 4T specimens in Figs. 7-13 were calculated from the solution for the point of tangency of the crack driving force, K, and crack growth resistance, R, curves, using the Wilson values forf; (a/W). Note that Kc for the 4T specimen is always slightly higher than for the corresponding 2T specimen. Assuming that an R curve developed with WOL specimens is characteristic of a material, it should be possible to predict the appropriate Kc instability stress intensity for other specimen types. Such predictions have not been adequately verified, and remain a major objective of this investigation. Some hypothetical examples showing the influence of fracture toughness, specimen width, and starting crack length on Kc of center cracked tension specimens are shown in Figs. 16-19, where the K curves for the center-cracked tension specimens were calculated using Isidas [ 171 equation: Pda K = m Y, where (11) Y= 1.77+0~227 (2aiW) -0310 (2~f~)*i-27 (2&$q3. In Fig. 16, a 20.4-in.-wide center cracked tension specimen (CCT) has a predicted Kc. nearly equal to that of the WOL-47 specimen, with starting crack length a/W = O-3 in both cases. CCT 21-20.4 Fig. 16. Load controlled crack driving force K curves for WOL-4T and CCT specimens related to R curve for PH 148Mo. SRH 950, vacuum melt. Plane-stress fracture toughness testing 405 In Figs. 17 and 18 predictions of the effect of width of CCT specimens on Kc are shown for two levels of fracture toughness. The increase in Kc with specimen width is greater at the higher toughness level, Fig. 18. The data shown in Fig. 17(a) are com- pared with corresponding data for Fig. 18 and for aluminum alloy 2024-T3 in Table 2. These calculated values predict general yielding for 10*2- and 20*4-in.-wide CCT speci- mens of 2024-T3. A rather small effect on Kc of starting crack !engths from 0.15 to 0.45 a/W is shown in Fig. 19 and in Table 3, which also shows small change in net stress, with the expected large drop in maximum load as the crack lengths increase. It t t t t K, ~233 - Fig. 17(a). Effect of width of CCT specimens on predicted K,. Initial a/W = 0.3, test specimens. 300- / L.f .- : 0: Y 200 - 4oo: / / I 1 0 O-i 02 0.3 0.4 O-5 C I.6 O/W Fig. 17(b). Effect of width of CCT specimens on predicted K,. Initial a/W = 0.3. Crack growth resistance and critical crack driving force curves. 406 R. H. HEYER and D. E. MCCABE PH 14 - SMo, SRH 950. vacuum meli I YS 9208.8 B -0.0458 I , I I O-I 0.2 03 o-4 0:s 0 O/W Fig. 18. Effect of width of CCT specimens on predicted K,. Table 2. Characteristics of center cracked tension specimens cal- culated from crack growth resistance curves. Specimen width variable. Starting crack length constant at a/W = 0.3 Width 2.w PH 14-8Mo PHi4-8Mo SRH950 SRH950 Air melt Vat. melt Fig. 17 Fig. 18 2024T3 oys. ksi CT,,,, ksi P,,,, ksi Kc. k&in* a,. in. ha, in. 51.0 20.4 10.2 51.0 20.4 10.2 208.5 208.8 46.0 63.4 99.8 34.0 97-o 147.2 46-6 130.2 187.4 59.4 105.2 148.3 67.3 60-9 806 34.4 38.3 48.2 19.2 51.0 233 20.4 228 10.2 218 51.0 8-57 20.4 3.79 10.2 2-10 51. 0 o-92 1.63 2.55 20.4 0.73 1.16 1.59 IO.2 0.57 0.76 I-14 371 349 314 9.28 4.22 2.30 123.7 1104 98-7 IO.20 1.6.5 267 PLASTIC ZONE CORRECTION TO CRACK LENGTH In plane stress testing the calculated contribution of local plastic deformation to the effective crack length can be very large, as shown in Figs. 10 and 12. We have made Plane-stress fracture toughness testing 407 5 :: rz bi 0 01 02 03 04 0.5 0 O/W Fig. 19. Effect of starting crack length of CCT specimens on predicted K,. Table 3. Characteristics of center cracked ten- sion specimens calculated from crack growth resistance curve. Starting crack length variable. Width constant at 20.4 in. Starting al W PH14-8Mo SRH950 Vacuum melt - Fig. I9 0.15 0.30 0.45 uy.<. ksi 208.8 208.8 208.8 cr,,,. ksi 151.4 147.2 150.2 P mal.ksi 107.5 80.6 61.2 Kc. ksi-in* 330.0 349.0 350-o a,. in 2.45 4-22 5.75 Au. in 0.92 1.16 1.16 some determinations of the length of plastic zones by strain gage methods, and com- pared these to the corresponding calculated r, vafues. Foil type strain gages iD X 4 in. were applied at 7 positions along the crack-line of a 4T specimen of 2024-T3. Strain measurements at increments of visible crack extension are given in Fig. 20. Each curve represents uniaxial strain normal to the crack-line (y direction) at the indicated length of the visible crack. As the load and crack length increased, the neutral axis of the specimen shifted. However, at crack lengths F and G, after the Kc critical stress intensity had been developed, a considerable portion of the specimen was still under compressive strains. The gage at &in. from the starting crack indicated plastic strain when the crack had advanced only O-01 in. from the starting crack length of 3.10 in. In this preliminary survey strain gage readings at 1 and 2 in. from the starting crack were discontinued before the y direction strain equalled the 0.2 per cent offset uniaxial yield strength 408 R. H. HEYER and D. E. MCCABE Strom patterns m wedge loadiigof 2024-T3, WOL-4T a, -startmg crack length Dtstance from loadhe. m. , 3 Fig. 20. Strain at seven pbsitions on the crack-line of a WOL-4T specimen of 2024-T3. wedge loaded. strain of 0.63 per cent. In subsequent tests crack length vs. strain readings up to and above the uniaxial yield strain were obtained. The measured crack length, a,, coinci- dent with development of this strain was used to obtain a measure of the length of the plastic zone in advance of the crack. These values are compared to r, = 3m( Ki YS)* in Table 4. They range from 101 to 117 per cent of r,, for the stainless steels and from 80 to 102 per cent of r, for 2024-T3. Additional tests are being made using 90 rosette type gages to obtain both x and y strains at a given gage location. These strains are used to obtain the actual y direction stresses. The von Mises yield criterion is then used to obtain the elastic-plastic border. On this basis the strain level for yielding is lowered, and the apparent plastic zone size is increased beyond that indicated in Table 4. Thus the approximate agreement between the plastic zone size based on y direction strains only and the Irwin r, value may be fortuitous. After the strain gage tests had been run a is in. wide slot was progressively milled along the crack line to remove the deformed metal of the plastic zone so that the COD would be restored to the before-test value. While the original measurement of O-750 in. was not attained, Fig. 2 1 shows that the great& portion of the recovery had occurred when the slot length was equal to r, = h(K/YS). Another means of determining plastic zone size was by measurements under sus- tained loads in an Ins&on testing machine, calculating the effective total crack length from the compliance relationship, equation (2). Subtracting the measured crack length, Plane-stress fracture toughness testing 409 Table 4. Length of plastic zone based on strain gage measurements along the crackline Material Strain gage indication based on uniaxial yield strength r, = f?r Strain strain (KIYS ) gage/r, (1, PH15-7Mo RHIlOO 0.104 in 0.072 in. 144 (2) PH14-8Mo 0.207 0.201 1.03 SRH950 0.209 0.201 1 G4 (3) Ti-6A1-4V (4) PH 14-8Mo SRH I 050 (5) PH 14-8Mo SRH 1 iOG (6) PH 14-8Mo Vacuum melt SRH1050 (7) 2024~T3 0.03 15 in. (8) 2024-T3 O-03 !5 in. (9) 2024-T3 0.066 in. (10) Type414Ti 0.215 0.240 0.310 0.43 0.49 0.48 064 0.71 0.65 0.75 0.76 0.76 1.18 0.64 1.08 2.10 0.51 1.24 2.73 0.45 0.220 0.98 0.263 0.91 0.265 1.17 0.40 I.07 0.49 I.00 0.53 0.91 0.59 I.08 0.68 1.04 O-69 0.94 0.79 o-95 0.95 0.80 the effective plastic zone was determined. Table 5 compares r, values so obtained to those predicted by r, = +7r(K/YV. Except at low R values the agreement obtained in the steel specimens is good, considering the sensitivity of the compliance technique to elastic modulus variations and errors in load measurement. In the case of the aluminum specimen there is definite disagreement between the two methods. At first. it was thought that friction of the retainer plates might account for the unexpected high ten- sion loads. but this was disproved in a special friction test. in which 2024-T3 developed less frictional resistance than the stainless steels. The fit of aluminum to the compliance calibration curve, obtained with steel specimens, was also suspect, but this also was disproved by a calibration test of 2024-T3. Recapping, plastic zone size for 2024T3 is about 80-100 per cent of r, = trr(K/YW when determined by the strain gage technique (Table 41, and under 28 per cent of r, by the load-compliance calculation, (Table 5). .4 possible explanation of this anomaly lies in the relatively high work-hardening in the plastically deformed metal ahead of the crack in 2024-T3 compared with the higher strength materials. Strengthening in the plastic zone could partially offset the expected relaxation. so that the effective crack tip is moved towards the actual crack tip. 410 R. H. HEYER and D. E. MCCABE 4 0.75i t A I 0 0.5 I .o I.5 Slot length/r, Fig. 2 1. Recovery of displacement by removing deformed metal from the plastic zone. Table 5. Effective length of plastix zone based on indicated load and dis- placement (equation 2) compared to r, = +v(K/YS)~ Load, lb Plastic zone: Length, rp, in. Material R, ksiqin. Indicated Calc.* 47r(K/YS)** PH 14-8Mo 110 2475 2556 0.118 0.045 SRH950 200 4275 4247 0.128 0.146 226 4475 4462 0.181 0.188 PH14-8Mo 112 2505 2582 0.124 0.061 SRHllOO 238 5005 5049 0,299 0.278 303 5605 5658 0.475 0.452 2024-T3 42 1102 923 0.054 0.161 63 1452 1182 0.050 0.354 74 1602 1269 0.111 o-419 a4 1702 1282 0.148 0.525 *Equation (8). ?Equation (2). *By iteration using equations (8) and (9). DISCUSSION Major areas for future investigation are: (1) verification of predictions of load con- trol instability Kc for various specimen types and structural elements using WOL generated R curves; (2) determination of minimum specimen size limitations: (3) Plane-stress fracture toughness testing 411 determination of proper plastic zone size correction for the tougher materials. A solu- tion is presently available in compliance determination of effective crack length by the load control technique. It is anticipated that the stress patterns now being determined by strain gauges ahead of the crack will be useful in defining the plastic zone. and hopefully the effective crack length. Other likely areas for future work include variation of test temperature. strain rate, environment, and specimen thickness. We are presently developing correlations of center-notched wide panel test results to the WOL developed R curves. Preliminary results have been quite favorable. Diffi- culty is expected however, in the low strength, high toughness materials. RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS (I) Crack growth resistance (R) curves for sheet metals were determined using a modified WOL type crack-line-loaded specimen. (2) Expe~men~l compliance calibration tests confo~ed to analytical and experi- mentai determinations reported in the literature for WOL type specimens. (3) Stiff, displacement controlled loading was attained using a tapered wedge. Stable cracks were maintained throughout the test, from which complete R curves were devel- oped for several materials. (4) Using sustained tension controlled loading. stable R curves were produced only up to the load instability stress intensity. Kc. This value was in agreement with Kc calculated as the point of tangency of the K driving force and the stable R curve ob- tained by wedge loading. (5) The wedge loading procedure involves measurement of visible crack length and crack opening displacement by microscope at spaced increments of crack extension. R is then calculated using the compliance relationship and an iterative procedure to correct the crack length for the term &T( KlYS)'. (6) Loads calculated by the above procedure were consistent with testing machine indicated loads within limits of experimental error in the case of load controlled tests of stainless steels. Inconsistently high measured loads were obtained in load controlled tests of 2024-T3, indicating plastic zone sizes much smaller than those obtained by other means. High work-hardening in the plastic zone may reduce the effective crack length in this material. (7) Plastic zones defined by uniaxial 4 direction strain measurements along the crack line were approximately equal to Irwins r, = ip(K/YS)?. (8) Progressive removal of plastically deformed metal along the crack line of tested specimens tended to return the crack opening displacement to the unstressed value. These results were consistent with the plastic zone size determinations by strain gages. (9) The WOL-2T specimen yields a sufficiently complete R curve in most of the materials tested so that instability Kc can be predicted for a wide range of specimen types. Corresponding curves for WOL-4T specimens are coincident over the range of the WOL-2T curves. but extend to higher crack lengths and R values. This suggests that the 2T specimen size yields valid results within its limits of calibration. However, further proof is needed that these R curves represent material properties. independent of specimen shape and size. Correlations between WOL type and center cracked tension tests of wide panels, 412 R. H. HEYER and D. E. MCCABE now in progress, are expected to yield information on validity of R curves for the crack- line loaded specimens. ~cknowfedge~~n~s-The authors are deeply appreciative of the many suggestions and comments from members of the ASTM Committee E-24 during the course of this investigation, of the able assistance of Mr. D. M. Hammonds in the mechanical tests and Mr. R. A. Brown in test fixture and specimen oremuation, and of the support of this work by Armco Steel Corporation. ltw%RJmcEs Ill D. P. Clausing, Crack stability in linear etastic fracture mechanics. lnt. 1. Fructure Me&., $2 I 1 (1969). 121 S. Mostovoy, P. B. Crosley and E. J. Rip@, Use of crack-tine-loaded specimens for measuring plane- strain fracture toughness. 1. Muter 2,66 t (1967). [3] S. R. Novak and S. T. Rolfe, Modified WOL specimen for K l,cc environmental testing. Tech. Rep., Project No. 89.018-026, May 3 1,1968. to be published. 141 G. R. Irwin and J. A. 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(Received 5 November 197 1)