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century B.C.
At that time, the slip was coalesced with the
surface and hardly can be recognized, similar to
RW. On later specimens of BRW the slip often
flakes off. These arc distinctive features for the
latest BRW.
Distribution
The distributional pattern of R W shows a
concentration along the eastern coast of penin-
sular India and Bangladesh and includes sites
alongside rivers such as Krishna, Godavari and
Kaveri used as natural transportation routes
(Fig. 3; Ray 1996: 352, fig. 1 ). For the Malabar
coast evidence was lacking. Recent investiga-
tions at Pattanam near the Periyar River re-
vealed the first fragments of RW on the west
coast (Shajan!Tomber/Selvakumar/Cherian 2004:
317). This site could have been easily reached
from the cast coast via Kodumanal on the route
along the Kaveri river (Ray 1994: 16, fig. 2;
Rajan 1998: 67, fig. 2). Only two sites, Ayodhya
and Raj ghat, are noted in northern India from
whence NBP supposedly originat ed. Several
other sites cover the Ganges Delta, facing the
Bay of Bengal (Fig. 3 and appendix).
Four such sites in Sri Lanka arc publi shed
(Fig. 3 and appendix), easily to be reached from
the southern tip of India (Begley 1996: fi g. 1.1 ).
Some fragments have been reported from the
Red Sea coast of Egypt
22
, Oman and Yemcn
23
Occurrence in Southeast Asia is reported from
Malaysia, Thailand, Indonesia and Vi etnam
2
\
but it was only to be verified for both the latter
(Fig. 4 and appendix). At Bukit Tengku Lembu
in Malaysia one can at least trace a fragment of
a probable Wheeler type 18 cup (Sieveking 1962:
25-26, fig. 1). Beikt hano in Burma is also re-
peatedly mentioned as a further findspot. The
sherds referred to, however, arc totally different
from RW in decoration and especially in terms
of shape (Aung Thaw 1968: 199, pl. XLVb;
Stargardt 1990: 265-266 and figs. 86a-b, esp.
subtypes 79, 80, 117).
Wheeler types 10 (Fig. 2 i) and 18 (Fig. 2 c-
g) have a distributi on patt ern similar to RW,
this applies especially to the first mentioned.
Wheeler first described his type 10 stamped
cup from Arikamedu
25
Since then it has ap-
peared also at Vaddamanu
2
\ A1agankulam (Na-
gaswamy 1991: 249), Karaikadu (Begley 1996:
25; 231) and Adam (Nath 1995a: 161 f. and
fig. ll: 7) in southern Indi a and from Chan-
draketugarh in Bangladesh (IAR 1957- 58: pl.
LXXII: 6, 7). In addition, it has turned up at
three sites at Sri Lanka
17
and at Scmbiran in Bali
22
Bcrenike and Myos Hormos: Tombcr 2002 within dated
contexts of late-Augustan as the earl iest. She also
mentions Coptos as a probable further site.
2
' Qana, Yemen: Sedov 1996: 17, fig. 4: 19; Khor Rori
(ancient Sumhuram), Oman: Sedov/Benvenuti 2002: pl.
10: 3: the published piece recalls Wheeler type 2 with
the simple rim. The description of the paste includes
inclusions, which are never visible in actual RW: Sedov/
Benvenuti 2002: 186. It could therefore well be an
imitiation made in BR W. - Meanwhile the occurrence
of actual RW at Khor Rori is confirmed and dated
within 3'" to 1" century B.C. (pers. comment A. Sedov).-
Surcsh 2004: 92 also refers to an occurrence in East
Africa and on the Maldives.
2
It was found in layer 6 at Tra Kieu, Vietnam, dated by
"C to cal. 380-0 B.C.: Glovcr/Yamagata 1994: 157;
Glover 2005: 17, fig. 3a. - Also found in Go Cam,
Vietnam: Glover 2005: 17, fig. 3b. - For contact to
Southeast Asia see also: Glover 1996; Basa 1999; Smith
1999; Ardika 1999.
" Wheeler/Ghosh!Krishna 1946: 59f. and figs. 17- 18;
Begley 1992; Begley 1996: 229 Form 5.
26
Sa.m i/Kasturi bai!V ccrendcr 1992: 109 list of decorated
shcrds n. 2.1 7. 18 and pl. LXIII with a first appearance
in peri od l (300 B.C.- 100 B.C.); see also p. 97 and pl.
I. X: I: a frab'Tilent listed under Red Polished W arc, could
possibly be part of the bottom area of this cup. This site
ha., yielded some finds of NBP and RW as well.
21
Kantarodai: Begley 1996: 25; Anuradhapura: Schenk
200la, 131 n. 306; Tissamaharama: Schenk 200\a: 129,
fig. 107: 1-9.
(t
a
t
2
f
c
c
2
1
li
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l:
F
\
s
c
l
s
r
t
s
...
r
a
t
a
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t
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; of
162:
re-
rhe
ent
Vb;
c-
.W,
::d.
Jed
ap-
'IJ'a-
196:
md
an-
pl.
at
3ali
a ted
also
lori
: pl.
ovith
Jdes
lov/
an
:nee
a ted
v). -
East
I by
157;
: to
lllth
-18;
a ted
ance
i pl.
.>uld
sue
tenk
129,
The Dating and Historical Value of Rouletted Ware 133
(Glover 1996: 152, pl. II: c; Ardika 1999: 83)
and at Bcrenike, Myos Hormos and Coptos at
t he Red Sea (Tomber 2000: 630; Tomber 2002:
27 and fi g. 4.7), thus confirming a distribution
pattern indeed identical to RW.
The occurrence of Wheeler type 18
2
ij , a
carinated small bowl, till now has mainly oc-
curred in Sri Lanka and Arikamedu (Schenk
200la: 301 n. 307) and Sembiran, Bali (Ardika
1999: 83 ). Another fragment probably is pub-
lished from Bukit Tengku Lembu, Malaysia
(Sieveking 1962: fig. 1). This last site has
been frequently mentioned as a findspot for
RW
29
, apparently referring to a first report by
Williams-Hunt in 1952 whereK, according to
Sieveking," at the time of discovery interest
concentrated on some fragments of very thin,
hard, highly burni shed or polished black pot-
tery". However, further fragments found after
the first publication appeared made the recon-
struction of a small cup possible with, " ... a close
resemblance to the highly characteristic Greek
black glazed wares of the late 4'h century B.C.".
Sieveking found the closest parallels for this
vessel among the Indian NBP. No further
reference to actual finds of RW at this site
appears in her article.
Complete, reconstructablc shapes of Wheeler
type 18 at Arikamedu and Tissamaharama show
a base on stand-ring (Fig. 2 f, g). Stand- rings
mentioned for other sites like Vaddamanu or
Anuradhapura probably bel ong to this vesseP
1
Such stand-rings arc published for Mahasthan
as well, where t hey are subsumed under NBP
in local production (A lam/ Alam 2001: 343 and
fig. 1). At Tissamaharama, the surface of the
base is often fired to a blackish shade, as it is
typical for the R W -dishes (Fig. 2 g). Yet, rather
reddish varieties are also known, being fi red
almost entirely red on all parts of the vessel
(Fig. 2 c). But more often a mottled appearance
of both forms, Wheeler types 10 and 18, again
indicate the potter's rather unsuccessful intention
of using the BRW-firing technique (Fig. 2 d, e) .
NBP is the other most prominent pottery
belonging to the group of "Fine Grey Potter y"
of Tissamaharama (Fig. 2 a). Analogous to RW
as supposedly indicative of " Indo-Roman trade",
the simple occurrence of a few NBP sherds
often leads to an automatic dating of sites to
the Mauryan period and as being under its
influence, which A. Datta fi nds questionable
(1999: 102). Therefore the identification and use
as a key t ype in southern India and Sri Lanka
should also be treated as carefully as is due to
R W. Its main distribution seems to be the
Northern part of India, yet also occurring at
Southern Indian sites (Sharma 1990/91: fi g. 1 ),
but there mostly rare in quantity just like RW.
As opposed to the South, where the BRW
tradition has a longer lifespan, NBP form a
major pottery industry associated with grey
ware and a simple plain red ware in northern
India during the Mauryan Peri od. Only in the
middle Ganges plain does BRW continue along
with NBP (A. Ray 1999: 96)
32
Sites as Sonpur,
Rajghat, Rajgir, Pataliputra seem to represent
the NBP "core region" or "nucleus zone"
33
However, grey-fired wares are indeed more
common in this region than in peninsular India.
As with RW, the occurrence and definition of
NBP on sites seems to need a review
34
This
tradition probably also spread to Bengal. At
" Wheeler/Ghosh/ Krishna 1946: 60 and fig. 18; Begley
1996: 231 and figs. 4.296-4.299.
29
G lover 1996: 136 refers to "high-fired polished black
pottery which has been various! y bo:en described as
"Greekn, and Indo-Roman Roulet ted Ware"; Gogte
1997: 7; Jahan 2004: 94.
'
3
Williams- Hunt 1962: 186 refers to two sherds "of Greek
Origin". Further description sec p. 187- 1 HR.
" Vaddamanu: Sastri/Kasturi bai/ Vecrendcr 1992: pl. LX
listed u nder Red Polished Ware; p. 93: "the section is
fine and grey in colour; an imitation variety"; Anuradha-
pura: Bouzek/Dcraniyagala 1985: 5lJ2- 593. - Another
fragment is publi shed from Adam: Nath 1995a: 159,
fig. 10: 4. It is not further described.
" To t he opposite, Sharma 1997: 112 states: "The Red
Wares . .. form the major bulk of ceramic ... at all the
Norrhern Rlack Polished Ware sites".
" Mishra 1989: 90; Sinha 1997: 100-108; Datta 1999: 104;
103: mainl y in the "all uvial" tract "western Utt ar
Pradesh and Bihar ". - Sec also A. Ray 1999 when
discussing excavated Mauryan Sites in northern and
eastern India.
" Sinha 1997: 86: "However, in t he context of it s wide
all-India distribution, the name Northern .Black Polished
Ware seems to be rat her redundant".
134 Heidrun Schenk
least more than 5000 fragments of NBP and
related wares are r egistered at Mahasthan which
arc said to be locally produced (Salles/Boussac/
Breuil 2002: 540). Chandraketugarh apparently
also contained "extensive remains" of NBP
(A. Ray 1999: 95).
Origin
In 1993, an attempt to understand the origin of
RW appeared (Ardika/ Bellwood/Eggleton!El-
lis 1993; Ardika 1999: 83-86). The authors'
laboratory analyses rested on samples from
Anuradhapura, Arikamedu and Bali which
proved to be mineralogically identical. Thus the
authors proposed a single source, most prob-
ably at Arikamedu. Further analyses were con-
ducted based on samples from Anuradhapura.
It included RW, other fine grey wares such as
Wheeler type 10, "Hellenistic" sherds and local
BR W (Krishnan/Coningham 1997). The authors
also pointed to a South Indian origin. The local
samples differed completely from RW and the
group of fine grey wares.
In 1997, V. Gogte publi shed an analysis
using samples of RW of Arikamedu, Alaganku-
lam, Kottapatnam, Manikpatna, Sisupalgarh,
Nasik and Tra Kicu in Vietnam. And for the
first time he included samples from outside
peninsular India, from Chandrakctugarh in
Bangladesh. His study included Wheeler type
10 and Roman amphorae from Arikamedu as
well as so-called African Red Ware from Ala-
and NBP from Nasik. He also
added fired local days from Arikamedu, Chan-
draketugarh, Nasik, Sisupalgarh, Kottapatnam
and Manikpatna. The analysis showed that the
clay used for R W from all sites as well as for
Wheeler type 1 0 and for NBP were identical.
However, among the local potteries only the
clay of Chandraketugarh matched in terms of
mineralogical content R W and t he other fine
grey wares (Gogte 1997). Gogte therefore pro-
posed an origin in the Ganges Delta.
Gogte repeated x-ray diffraction (XRD)
analysis on samples from Tissamaharama in-
cluding all members of "Fine Grey Pottery" and
sherds of local, contemporaneous BR W. He
selected specimens from Chandraketugarh, Sis-
upalgarh, Nasik, Ari kamedu, Tra Kieu, the
latter in Vietnam. He included sherds from
Mahasthan, Bangladesh. Unfortunately, again
only samples from Chandrakctugarh of locall y
obtained clay represented the northern region
of the Indian subcontinent. Gogtc's new study
confirms his results from 1997. The specimens
of BR W from Tissamaharama proved entirely
different, but the "Fine Grey Pottery" and the
other samples matched the clay from Chan-
draketugarh (Gogte 2001).
Recently, a British team also carried out
further geochemical analysis on samples from
t he excavations at Anuradhapura
36
The sample
included "Grey ware", Wheeler types 10 and 18
and so-called "omphalos ware". Different from
the earlier mentioned analysis at Anuradhapura,
t he new study now included material from
Kantarodai and Mantai in Sri Lanka as well as
from Arikamedu, Alagankulam, Vaddamanu and
Kopbal in peninsular Indi a. Our colleagues also
conclude a "single geological source" for the
relevant pottery.
Besides Gogte's study, all other material
analyses are based solely on samples from
peninsular India and Sri Lanka, despite t he
results that local clays do not match with RW
and its relatives from a" single geological source".
Unfortunately, the scientists never considered
NBP despite its easily visible closeness to RW
and the other members of its pottery group
37
.
Its North Indian origin would have given a clue
to the whereabouts of the "single geological
source". The inclusions of samples of local
origin (optimally contemporaneous to RW) from
the northern region into further analysis series
lS Some pieces indeed resemble Sigillata wares
(Fig. 2 b). Sec here the comments on firing technique
of RW.
Jr, Ford/l
1
ollard/Coningham/Stern 2005; Ford/Coningham
2005: 394.
l
7
Already 1997 this relationship to NBP led w
proposal of an o rigin of the entire group of "Fine Grey
Pottery" somewhere in Northern India: Schenk 2000.
r
(
t
t
r
s
(
s
He
)iS-
the
om
.am
illy
ton
tdy
ens
ely
the
an-
Jut
::>m
pie
18
:>m
1ra,
:>m
as
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the
:ial
) m
the
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~ e
.w
lue
cal
cal
)m
ieS
Lres
~ u e
am
the
rey
oQQ.
The Dating and Historical Value of Rouletted Ware 135
would be a desideratum. However, it is indeed
not imperative to connect the source of RW to
Chandraketurgarh, but Gogte's first tests which
included samples from a northern region seem
to come close to the probable origin.
Further laboratory analyses have been car-
ried out (Das/ Panja/Mukhopadhyay/Chakrabarti
2002), apparently in order to challenge Gogte's
suggestions of a similarity of local clay from
Chandraketugarh to RW, NBP, Wheeler types
10 and 18. This study uses chemical analysis as
well as scanning electron microscopic study and
also X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis. They
included Black-Slipped Ware
3
ij and recent local
clays from Chandraketugarh itself.
The research outlined above leads to the
conclusion that we urgently need a separate
study on RW thus providing a firm definition
for this pottery. These same authors claim that
Gogte concentrated, "on a certain type of
Rouletted Ware" and did not consider "the
variation of the pottery itself" (Das/Panj a/
Mukhopadhyay/Chakrabarti 2002: 430). This
"variation" comprises the classification of R W
into different groups described only as "thin"
and highly polished on one hand and "coarse"
and less shiny (and one group of "in between"),
as the only differentiation within both analysed
ancient pottery groups of RW and Black Slipped
Ware with regard to the samples having used
(Das/ Panja/ Mukhopadhyay /Chakrabarti 2002:
430). Strangely, the experts mention nothing
about the paste and its colour although this is
the crucial difference between e. g. Black Ware,
Black-slipped ware, Black polished ware and
NBP in this respect as at least experienced in
Tissamaharama. There the Black Ware is com-
pletely fired black in section with a either rather
matte surface or is polished to a gloss. We also
have sherds here with a reddish fired section
covered by a black slip and thus to be call ed
Black-slipped ware. Additionally, all have in
common a more or less coarse paste and thus
entirely different compared to NBP with the
typical very dense and grey paste of "Fine Grey
Pottery".
To date more than 600 pieces of RW have
been registered from Tissamaharama and all are
identical in terms of paste. No chronological
differences are visible among worn, dull or
polished samples or on thin or thick sherds. The
only deviation is either a rather blackish or
greyish colour on the interior or a mottled
appearance instead of plain red on the outside
of the sherd. Some arc worn to such an extent
that only tiny speckles of the slip remain;
sometimes even this completely gone. Most of
these worn sherds are holdovers. The only
actual and indeed important variation to be seen
is the evidence of different tools for making the
decoration which could hopefully reveal differ-
ent workshops (Fig. 1 a)l
9
This homogeneity
also applies to R W sherds from Arikamedu as
observed during a visit to the site. It also seems
valid for all pieces published in a photo for
southern India, Sri Lanka and abroad that are
here acknowledged as RW.
However, this above-mentioned recent lab-
oratory study reveals that the chemical compo-
sition of all "varieties" of both wares (R W and
Black Ware) arc "more or less" comparable
besides the amount of potash (that is supposed
to be added separately). Yet, the XRD analysis
shows no real similarity of either variety (Das/
Panja/Mukhopadhyay/Chakrabarti 2002: 439).
Local clays collected in a radius of 10 kms prove
to be "similar in nature" but apparently not so
when compared to RW and Black-slipped Ware.
Astonishingly, XRD-anal ysis used by Gogte
showed a similarity of RW and local clay. This
indicates that the outcome of laboratory anal-
yses depends on the quality of samples which
are submitted and needs the suitable prepara-
tory studies to verify the contemporaneousness
of the samples.
However, Chandrakctugarh need not be the
production site, and it seems doubtful that it
" There is a terminological "medley for one and the same
pottery that has been analysed: it is either described as
"the fi ner variety of which has been identified as
Nonhero Black Polished Ware or named Black Ware,
Black-slipped ware or Black polished: Das/ Panja/Muk-
hopadhyay/Chakrabani 2002: 426, 429, 430, 439 (Black
slipped and Black polished); 440 (Black Ware).
,. A study on the RW and other fine and/ or imported
pottery from Tissamaharama is under preparation.
.. ...
136 II eidrun Schenk
can answer questions about origin from recent
clays, more than 2000 years later, with regard
to ancient pottery. Samples of locally produced
pottery from Tissamaharama used by Gogtc for
his analysis comprised BR W shcrds which were
clearly contemporaneous with the analysed
samples of RW and belong to the bulk of ail-
day pottery of that period according to the
pottery studies on the site. Once again we see
the need for independent site-by-site studies, a
proper definition of wares and the discovery of
a kiln site before further efforts on provenance
studies are done.
Kilns that actually would give evidence for
the place of manufacture of "Fi ne Grey Pot-
tery" have not been discovered yet. Without, an
exact localisation may prove difficult if sedi-
ment from one of the numerous rivers in
northern India was used. This provenance is at
least the most probable with regard to the
correlation of NBP to its relatives from the
"Fine Grey Pottery". However, a large variety
of alluvial sand transported by rivers over
considerabl e distances are a doubtful source for
provenance studies. The production may have
taken place ncar Chandraketugarh or near
Rajghat or some other place e. g. along the
Ganges. On the other hand, the clay might have
been collected and then processed somewhere
else, although not too far away and therefore
most probably excluding sites at peninsular
lndia
40
As long as the discussion of either South
or North Indian origin continues, it remains for
the moment of minor importance whether a
single kiln or decentralized production some-
where in northern India were responsible for
the manufacture of this specific "Fine Grey
Pottery".
Remarks on the dating of R W according to the
results at Tissamaharama
As mentioned above, Begley redated the appear-
ance of R W from the 1" cent. A.D. back to the
3'dJ2nd century B.C. (Begley 1992: 176 and 193
n. 58; Begley 1996: 12). The excavations at
Tissamaharama confirm this earlier dating
(Schenk 2001a). At Anuradhapura, RW is said
to have been found even as early as 400-300
B.C. However, this dating rests on the first
emergence of RW in period I with a
14
C-
reference ranging from 380 to 190 B.C. {at latest
Ford/Coningham 2005: 393-394).
At Tissamaharama, the evaluation of the day-
to-day pottery, representing the main bulk of
the pottery assemblage, with regard to the
stratigraphy provides the basis for the pottery
chronology. Radiocarbon dating substantiate
the chronology. RW as well as other finds of
comparatively rare occurrence are not used as
evidence for dating, their positions arc solely
defined by the context in where they have been
found (Schenk 20Dl a). Relevant and secured is
only the date of their first appearance. Regard-
ing the first appearance of "Fine Grey Pottery",
vessels of "Plain grey ware" proved to be the
first out of this group to reach Tissamaharama
(Fig. 2 h)
41
A further important question is the
production period which gives answers for the
relevance of RW as a key type. At Tissamaha-
rama, indications for a definition of this pro-
duction period seems to be possible for RW.
However, Tissamaharama in this case being the
recipient of pots/sherds that reach there from
some distance can only try to give an answer.
In the following, the latest results on the
dating of RW will be summarized embedded
within a short summary of the excavations at
Tissamaharama (until 2005). The excavations at
Tissamaharama have been carried out since 1992
f'W eisshaar/Roth/Wijeyapala 2001 ). At first, the
investigations took place at Tissa 1 ncar the
eastern slope of the shallow citadel mound.
Most of the upper strata are erosion layers of
dating to about the 6'h to 8'h/9'h century A.D.
Below these levels date as early as the 1" century
A.D., the features of which arc also not very
' Kramer 1997: 54: this study at Jodhpur
and Udaipur recorded 100 km as greatest distance for
clay to be transported for pottery production. Between
60 to 80 percent were located in a radius of about 10 km.
Regarding trade, 230 km was the most distant export
place for finished products: Kramer 1997: 153_
" Also at Anuradhapura: Ford/ Coningham 2005: 394.
c
1.
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a
2
s
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a
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aid
300
1rst
:est
ay-
of
the
:ry
ate
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ely
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ort
The Dating and Historical Value of Rouletted Ware 137
distinctive and often disturbed by pits originat-
ing from the superimposed layers. Sometimes
the intrusions reached even deeper into pre-
Christian period features. The habitational areas
which postdate the 1" century A.D. apparently
were situated somewhere else. For the pre-
Christian period the excavations at Tissa 1 re-
vealed a largely undisturbed in-situ situation of
a workmen's quarter reaching down to the
bedrock. The earliest settlement phase dates to
about the beginning of the 4'h century B.C.
(Weisshaar/ Schenk/Wij eyapala 2001; Schenk
2001a).
194 fragments of R W are known from Tis-
sa 1. Thirty of them were found in contexts
from phase b (3'd cent. B.C.) to phase dl (1''
cent. A.D.). The remaining sherds from the
fillings of the later pits are in a worn condition
and presumedly were dug up anciently from the
earlier periods. Extensive re-depositing is com-
mon on long-existing settlement sites and in-
tensively experienced at Tissa 1 as mentioned
above. This vertical distribution pattern changes
at Tissa 3 as it is described below.
After reaching bedrock in Tissa 1, we started
further investigations at an area of the citadel
which is situated near the shore of the nearby
lake. There, the situation was completely dif-
ferent regarding the strata of the early centuries
A.D. More or less undisturbed features from the
6"' century A.D. downwards were discovered
already directly under the surface. Expected
layers of younger age were obviously washed
away by erosion. This applies to the area of
Tissa 2 (excavated 1995- 96) and to the since
1998 ongoing excavations in Tissa 3.
At Tissa 2, for RW the discovery of seven
pieces is recorded. Further investigations stopped
before reaching the levels of phase dl due to
the construction of a new district court building
on the site.
234 fragments have been counted in the
neighbouring Tissa 3 up to 2004. 161 thereof
date from the 1" century B.C. to the 1" century
A.D. (phases c2-d1). Those phases have been
further investigated on a larger scale in the
recent season of 2005 again bringing to light
about 225 pieces of RW. The dating evaluation
for the 2005 season is not yet completely
finished but many sherds belong in the 1"'
century B.C. (phase c2). Their state of preser-
vation was very good and quite a few could be
joined to larger pieces. This applies also to 39
fragments of Wheeler type 10 and 32 sherds of
Wheeler type 18 found this year alone. On the
other hand only 8 sherds of NBP have appeared
this season. About 150 fragments from this
year's campaign are considered to be local
imitations of RW.
It is supposed here, that a rather rare appear-
ance of fragments compared to the frequency
in phases c2-d2 is assumed for "Fine Grey
Pottery" in the next campaigns when reaching
levels below phase c2. This proposed high
esteem for "Fine Grey Pottery" may owe to
their distant origin. Therefore one may expect
a careful handling of such vessels. They are most
probably not used as day-to-day crockery which
have a shorter life-expectency. As a conse-
quence, in opposite to the latter, "Fine Grey
Pottery" and other finds of value may be
delayed before reaching the soil after their
actual use. Hence shcrds in strata of phase c2
may belong to vessels produced and imported
to Tissamaharama in earlier phases. One can
imagine that it usually needs a few generations
to change the attitude towards goods of some
value. Moreover, this could apply for products
associated with a particular connotation as will
be described below. All in all, it may explain
the phenomenon of such a sudden increase of
RW-finds at least in phase c2 compared to
earlier phases. ln 2005, we already continued
investigation on older levels of phase cl and
phase b in a li mited area of only two trenches
and indeed only few sherds have been found.
This has to be verified within the next few years
for the complete excavation area. The already
mentioned riveted vessel (Fig. 1 c), found in a
structure of the early 1" century A.D. also
points to a longer usage of R W dishes postdat-
ing their origin
42
42
Further ri veted fragments of RW and mainly NBP:
Sarkar 1966: 43 (Kesarapalle); IAR 1957-58: 13 ff. ; IAR
1959-60: 19 (Broach); 1992:
1
138 Hr:idrun Schenk
At Tissamaharama the conditions for strati-
graphical evaluation are promising. Largely
undisturbed in-situ walking levels, acting as
stratigraphic barriers, have been determined for
all settlement periods excavated up to now.
Therefore, as opposed to Tis sa 1, heldover
pottery from lower strata is restricted in upper
levels and that which does persist is in a badly
worn state. Additionally, these sherds often
display abraded sections, obviously having been
used as tools for rubbing (Fig. 2 f). This practice
is confined to fragments with the very dense
paste and of rather hard firing distinctive to
"Fine Grey Pottery", but moreover especially
to pieces of foreign amphorae. On the other
hand, well-preserved and rather large sherds of
"Fine Grey Pottery" were retrieved from fea-
tures of phases dl and c2. The latter period
experienced the emergence of the local imitation
in BR W which is supposed to be one of the
key types for this phase. This early appearance
could not be ascertained at Tissa 1 but was
already suspected (Schenk 2000: 668; 2001a: 95).
Sherds of imitated R W belong to just a few
vessels representing the last development of
BRW at Tissamaharama. From phase dl on-
wards strikingly few BRW sherds occur, mostly
very worn just like the RW ones. In combina-
tion with the sudden emergence of RW imita-
tions, this observation at Tissamaharama pro-
vides clear hints regarding the duration of
production of both BRW and imitation RW.
Sites, independently dated on a site-by-site
basis, which arose after the supposed end of
manufacture of RW provide a further possibil-
ity to confirm the terminal dating of this ware.
Such a site is Godavaya, situated at about 20 km
south of Tissamaharama directly at the coast
(Roth/ Kessler/Recker/Wijeyapala 2001 ). Go-
davaya is reputedly a harbour. The study of its
pottery yielded no evidence for settlement ac-
tivities prior to phase dl (Schenk 2001 b). Beside
a few worn pieces of BRW, no trace of RW
or other kinds of "Fine Grey Pottery" have
occurred. However, some fragments of RW-
imitation are recorded. They are not manufac-
tured in BRW-technique but in plain "Coarse
Red Ware"
43
This new pottery production,
different not only in production technique but
also in vessel forms, replaces BRW (Schenk
2000; 2001a). Such specimens of imitated R W
in "Coarse Red Ware" also occur in Tissama-
harama, but not before phase d2.
This situation strengthens the observation
that BR W as well as the group of "Fine Grey
Pottery" no longer existed when Godavaya was
founded. Furthermore, it also indicates that the
production of an imitated RW has a short
lifespan. All in all, the transition of BRW to the
usage of entirely red-fired pottery ("Coarse Red
Ware") and from RW to the occurrence of an
imitation apparently took place within the 1"
century B.C.
This must be verified independently at other
sites combined with a study of their pottery
sequences.
An approach to a historical interpretation
Communication and trade routes established
with the expansion of the Mauryan empire are
often described in literature. Mauryan relations
with the world beyond its own frontiers are
known as early as for Chandragupta Maurya in
the late 4'h century B.C.
44
Travel routes follow
the given possibilities by natural geography as
already mentioned above. The spreading of
Asokan inscriptions and the findings of NBP
96 (Vaddamanu); Nath 1995a: 158 (Adam); Datta 1999:
106 (Bairat, Ujjain, Rupar, Besnagar); Sinha 1997: 90
(Kumrahar, Sonpur, Ropar) - On utiliarian pottery:
Ahmed 1950: pls. IVb; V; IX, X (Kondapur); Salles/
Boussac/Br euil 2002: 541 and n. 36 (Mahasthan): rejec-
ting that such a repair could be a him for high esteem.
- Sankalia/Deo 1955: 118 and Pl. XXIX: 1 (Nasik, a
riveted shell).
4
; See also at Arikamedu: Wheeler/Gosh/ Krishna Dcva
1946: 55 Wheeler type 3c "exclusively in red ware" and
listed among local wares of "infer ior and coarser fabric.
" Begley 1992, Kamunen 1997; Mukherjee 1999; 'Thapar
1997: 40 f. and 125 ff., she mentions Suvarnabhumi
known from liter ary sources as contact to Southeast
Asia. It is interpreted as Burma by Allchin/ Allchin 1997:
248 and as Malay peninsular and the Malay Archipelago
by Rahman 1998: 81. - Glover 1996: 130-131: Suvarn-
abhumi as "place for profitable trade and as a field for
Buddhist prosclytisation", mentioned in Indian texts.
>Ut
nk
w
ta-
on
ey
he
)rt
he
ed
an
1"
er
ry
ed
tre
ns
tre
10
>W
as
of
w
99:
90
ry:
cs/
ec-
, a
and
c".
::tar
.ml
ast
97:
tgo
rn-
for
The Dating and Historical Value of Rouletted Ware 139
are the main accepted indicators for this period.
Starting with Chandragupta and strengthened
mainly by Asoka the Mauryan Empire witness-
es the rise of cities in a phenomenon called the
"Second Urbanization" of India (Allchin/ Allchin
1997: 223 f. and map 7).
The dating range of RW proposed here
allows the association of sites which contain this
pottery to the above-mentioned Mauryan set-
tlement expansion. This was not possible with
the beginning of R W to 1" century Roman
times. Thus RW has lost relevance as evidence
for Indo-Roman trade. NBP is largely accepted
as a "marker" for the Mauryan period. At some
sites, R W seems in evidence slightly later than
NBP, which may be cited as a counter-argu-
ment. However, if RW dishes and also Wheeler
types 10 and 18 indeed were kept prolongedly
due ro their preciousness, one would not expect
them to get lost during their heyday. Such
questions surround the rather delicate value of
R W as a key typc
45
Additionally to the value of RW, due to the
distant origi n and the very special appearance,
a particular connotation may be furthermore
linked to the Mauryan expansion during Asoka's
time in the 3'd century B.C. The spreading of
the Buddhist faith by Asoka is often described
as a reason for this expansion. However, this
purely religious motif has been questioned
(Thapar 1997: 137ff. esp. 144-145) and Ray
explains the Mauryan expansion with econom-
ical intentions combined with the institutional
logistic of Buddhist monasteries
46
Additionally,
the land beyond the Vindhya range, the penin-
sular India, provided mineral resources such as
gold and other goods such as pearls (Ray 1987;
1996). The relatively large frequency of RW-
discoveries reaching as far as Sri Lanka can be
explained hypothetically by a special relation-
ship between Asoka and the contemporaneous
king Devanampiya Tissa at Anuradhapura (Prc-
matilleke 1999; Panth 2004 ). Tissa is said to have
admired Asoka (Thapar 1997: 135).
However, the distributi onal pattern of these
very distinctive vessels of RW and Wheeler
types 10 and 18 is exceptional and obviously
reflects Mauryan contacts. Thus, why should
those vessels, thi s extraordinary kind of dish,
not be a custom-made product, initially aimed
for South Indi an and Sri Lankan markets ?
According to the find concentration, these re-
gions are the main recipients of R W as well as
Wheeler types 10 and 18. There, the population
were accustomed to vessels made of BR W -firing
technique. This production method was shared
in order to fabri cate vessels of R W and Wheeler
types 10 and 18, used by potters usually pro-
ducing NBP. The first emergence of this pottery
seems to coincide with the reign of Asoka. Pots
of "Fine Grey Pottery" may have been distrib-
uted perhaps as presents or special trade good
followi ng the routes of Mauryan trade and as
such also reaching places at Southeast Asia and
the eastern trading centres of the Hellenistic
world at the Red Sea region. This may be
connected with the spread of Buddhism and
may have been used as a present for conver-
sion47. However, regarding a further supply
beyond the decline of the Mauryan Empire,
already established trade connections surely
continued (Ray 1996: 354).
Of course it remains highly speculative
whether those distinctive vessels had some kind
of connotation associated to Buddhist conver-
sion or other meaning now unknown to us or
whether they were themselves traded as "sim-
ple" goods. Yet it must be stressed that this
extraordinary distribution from the Red Sea in
the West to Vietnam in the East reflects not
only Mauryan expansion indicated by Asoka's
inscriptions, but also the range of the histor-
ically known diplomatic activities of the Mau-
ryas. An explanation as a kind of present would
s Al so Smith 1999: 7: . . . the possibility of it being traded
much later than the date of manufacture, again cauti ons
agaimt seeing these it ems as definite proof of large-scale
exchange in the early centuries C.E.".
" Ray 1987: 96 and 102; on Buddhi sm and trade also Ray
1994: 121 ff. - Karttuncn 1997: 229 n. 263 on Buddhist
monks in double function as tr aders.
., For NBP in a missio nary function see Sarma 1990/
91. - Between Southeast Asia and India: Glover 1996:
130; 144: "mut ual exchange . .. that Buddhist missiona-
were already act ive, indeed were established, m
Southeast Asia before the Christian era".
140 Heidrun Schenk
well fit especially to the very beautifully exe-
cuted vessels of RW and Wheeler types 10 and
18 with decoration not known in contempora-
neous South Asian pottery. The obvious need
for a local substitute (imitation) of R W after a
cessation of delivery or production would con-
firm this assessment.
Conclusions
A revised assessment for R W has consequences
for the dating of numerous sites until recently
usually linked to the first centuries A.D. and
to "Roman" contacts. RW seems to be contem-
poraneous with NBP, which is regarded as
evidence of Mauryan dating and influence. Yet,
regarding the whole group of "Fine Grey
Pottery", its value for dating purposes depends
on their thorough evaluation within the local
stratigraphy and finds of the different excavated
sites. The mere existence of a few, often worn
sherds from a distant origin is at best an
imponderable support for dating. Even the
relatively high amount of "Fine Grey Pottery"
at Tissamaharama is insignificant compared to
the abundance of the local pottery.
The occurrence of such RW and "Fine Grey
Ware" on the whole only indicates that the
respective site has already existed within the last
three centuries B.C. However, due to the pro-
longued use of these sherds, as here supposed,
they cannot be used for ascenaincd dating
purposes on a long-lasting site. The emergence
of local imitations in the 1" century B.C., on
the other hand, can serve as key type for dating.
This is evidenced at least at Tissamaharama and
has to be reaffirmed by further studies on other
sites. After all, the distinctive group of "Fine
Grey Pottery" traces a kind of contact to
outside the region supposed to be the heartland
of the Mauryan Empire.
In the light of different material analyses, one
indeed must accept that "Fine Grey Pottery"
doubtless was not produced in southern India
and Sri Lanka. However, both regions represent
the main recipients of R W and Wheeler types
10 and 18, not to mention the still rather rare
appearances in Southeast Asia and the Red Sea
region. The exact location of the production
remains unknown. Such vessels may have been
produced either at different sites or at a single
kiln site in the plains of northern India, be it
Bengal (e. g. Chandraketugharh, Mahasthan) or
the middle Ganga plains (e. g. Rajghat, Ayod-
hya) or both. Therefore, further laboratory
analyses should necessarily include samples from
the latter region.
If R W and Wheeler types 10 and 18 indeed
are special products produced for export outside
the "Mauryan" heartland, one would not expect
them among simple household pottery and
among the find assemblages of northern Indian
settlement sites. Therefore, the lack of RW in
Northern India (besides Ayodhya and Rajghat)
does not disprove its manufacture in this area.
A new evaluation of most of the sites ex-
cavated up to now with regard to our new
assessment of the pottery would probably change
their historical significance. Evidence for strati-
graphic disturbances at long-sequence settle-
ment sites such as Mahasthan, Arikamedu or
Tissamaharama have been noted. They are cer-
tainly not exceptions and a careful study of
finds combined stratigraphically in situ on an
independent site-by-site basis is a logical further
approach. The review of the dating range of R W
alone, as proposed here, shifts the settlement of
sites such as Arikamedu back as early as the
Asokan period. This changes the distribution
maps of the early historical period considerably.
Summary
RW, NBP, Wheeler type 10, Wheeler type 18
and Plain Grey ware with burnished surface or
with a paddle-stamped base belong to one
ceramic group designated "Fine Grey Pottery"
ar Tissamaharama. A very fine and grey paste
is distinctive for the whole group and is as such
eye-catching among southern Indian and Sri
Lankan pottery assemblages. This ware is dis-
tinguishable despite different firing technique
and surface treatment. Various material analyses
prove a single source of clay.
pla
dis
sh(
reg
M<
of
pn
dis
rer
Th
At
we
A.:
pu
tyi
au
as
Ar
Be
ser
Ra
WI
ac
a j
In;
~
sec
ph
)ea
on
~ n
glc
lt
or
od-
ry
Jill
ed
de
ect
nd
an
ln
at)
ea.
:x-
~ w
tge
n-
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or
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of
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of
:he
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ly.
18
or
ne
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>te
ch
5ri
!S-
ue
;es
The Dating and Historical Vallte of Rouletted Ware 141
The clay ongmatcs from somewhere at the
plains of northern India evidenced by the main
distribution of NBP. Further material analyses
should therefore include samples from this
region for example from Rajghat. Sites such as
Mahasthan and Chandraketugarh near the Bay
of Bengal may be involved as well with a
production of their own.
Ancient inhabitants may have held the very
distinctive R W in high esteem. Alone the distant
origin of " Fine Grey pottery" in general may
have enhanced its value. Therefore, such vessels
remained in use long after their manufacture.
This reduces the value of this ware for dating.
At Tissamaharama, fragments of R W are rather
worn and tiny in layers from the 1" century
A.D. onwards as can be stated for most of the
published fragments from other findspots.
The distribution pattern of R W, Wheeler
types 10 and 18 is mainly restricted to regions
outside the here supposed area of manufacture
as indicated by the main dispersion of NBP.
An overlapping can be ascertained only in
Bengal and in the middle Ganges plain repre-
sented by the only find spots Ayodhya and
Rajghat. The manufacturing technique of RW,
Wheeler types 10 and 18 can be described as
a combination of using clay similar to NBP and
a firing technique especially popular in South
India and Sri Lanka at that time. A custom-
made product for South India and Sri Lanka
seems to be a very probable explanation for this
phenomenon.
The occurrence of RW and its associates only
indicates the deliver y of these vessels during the
period of its manufacture. Its occurrence only
demonstrates the antiquity of the relevant sites,
associating them rather with the phenomenon
of the "Second Urbanization" of t he Mauryan
age. This applies to the site of Arikamedu as
well.
Sites lacking RW and derivatives may have
been founded after these wares ceased to be
produced.
The manufacture of R W is restricted from
the 3'd century to the 1st century B.C. at the
latest. Imitations in local BRW emerge in the
1" century B.C. as evidenced in many contexts
at Tissamaharama. These imitations are never
decorated. RW as well as Wheeler types 10 and
18 can have a mottl ed or dull surface t hus
suggesting a "coarser" fabric.
A comprehensive study on the R W known
up to now is necessary. This would at least
terminate the confusion of its definition. Many
excavations have been dated on the basis of rare
and special potteries or finds such as R W.
Therefore, a review of important excavations, as
has been done at Arikamedu, would be desir-
able. The evaluation should at first base on the
local pottery development.
RW does not indicate Indo-Roman trade.
Arikamedu is a site with a long sequence
reaching from the 3'd century B.C. into the
medieval period. It is by no means a single-
period "Indo-Roman trading post". Its fi nd
assemblages as a whole cannot be used as
exemplary for the respective period.
Address:
Dr. Heidrun Schenk
c/o Kommission fur Archaologie AuflercuropaiKher
Kulwrcn
Endenicher Str. 41
D - 53115 Bonn
schcnkwcis@t-on line. de
Figure Credits
I a- b, 2 Heidrun Schenk; l c, 3, 4 Hans P. Wittersheim.
. :
142 Heidrun Schenk
Appendix: Sites with Rouletted Ware
Sites in Bangladesh, India and Sri Lanka (Fig. 3)48
1. Gobinda Bhita (Bogra District, Bangladesh).
Rahman 1999: 123.
2. Mahasthangarh (Bogra District, Bangladesh).
Rahman 1999: 122 and plate; Alam/ A lam
2001: 344, figs. 2-3; Salles/Boussac/Breuil
2002: 555, figs. 1 0; 11
49
3. Ramsahar (Bogra District, Bangladesh). Rah-
man 1999: 123 and plate.
4. Wari-Bat eshwar (District Narshingi, Bang-
ladesh). Haque/ Rahman/Ashan 2001: 17, pl.
1: 5, 6.
5. Atghara (District Nonh 24-Parganas, West
Bengal). IAR 1957- 58: 70, pl. LXXXIll: 4b, 5.
6. Chandrakctugarh/Berachampa/Khana-Mihir-
er-Dhipi'0 (District North 24-Parganas, West
Bengal). IAR 1956-57: 29-30, fig. 14: 8, 10;
pl. XXXIX: 6, 8; 1957-58: pl. LXXII: 1-5
(R W); 1958-59: 55-56, fig. 25; 1959-60: 50-
52, pl. LV: A; 1960--61: 39-40, fig. 11; Jahan
2004: 92, fig. 2 (Wheeler type 1 0).
7. Boral!Baral (District South 24-Parganas, West
Bengal). IAR 1957-58: 70.
8. Deulpota (District South 24-Parganas, West
Bengal). Singh 1977/78: 91.
9. H adipur (District South 24-Parganas, West
Bengal). Suresh 2004: 91 .
10. Harinarayanpur (District South 24-Parga-
nas, West Bengal). IAR 1956- 57: 81; 1957-
58: 70; 1958-59: 77.
11. Hariharpur (District South 24-Parganas, West
Bengal). Suresh 2004: 91.
12. Mahinagar (District South 24-Parganas, West
Bengal). Singh 1977/78: 155; Niranjan Gos-
waml 1n: www.banglapedia.org/HT/
A_0341.htm; Suresh 2004: 91.
13. Mangalkot / Mangolkot (District Burdwan/
Barddhaman, West Bengal). JAR 1989- 90:
109, pl. XXXI: B.
14. Pakhanna (District Bankura, West Bengal).
IAR 1997- 98: 200 ff., fi g. 144.
15. Saptagram=Satgaon (District Hugli/ Hoogli,
West Bengal). IAR 1961-62: 59.
16. Tamluk=Tamralipti (District Medinipur,
West Bengal). IAR 1 Y54-55: 20, pl. XXXVII;
1974-75: 52.
17. Rajghat=Varanasi (District Varanasi, Uttar
Pradesh). IAR 1963-64: pl. 40a; Narain/ Roy
1977: 26
51
18. Ayodhya (District Faizabad, Uttar Pradesh).
IAR 1976-77: 52-53, pl. L: D.
19. Manikpatna (Puri District, Orissa). Patra/
Patra 2004: 111.
20. Palur (District Ganjam, Orissa). Patra/ Patra
2004: 109.
21. Radhanagara/ Radha N agar(Rajnagar?) (Dis-
trict Kendrapara, Orissa). Patra/Patra 2004:
110.
22. Sisupalgarh (District Bubhaneswar, Orissa).
Lal 1949: 86-87, fig. 8: 13; pl. XLII.
23. Dantavarapukota (Dantapuram ?) (Distrikt
Srikakulam, Andhra Pradesh). Surcsh 2004:
91.
24. Kalingapatnam/Calingapatnam (District Sri-
kakulam, Andhra Pradesh). IAR 1967- 77:
1 0; 1977-78: 14; 1978-79: 66.
25. Mukhalingam (District Srikakulam, Andhra
Pradesh). Suresh 2004: 91.
26. Nagarlapet (District Srikakulam, Andhra
Pradesh). IAR 1976- 77: 10.
27. Salihundam (District Srikakulam, Andhra
Pradesh). IAR 1953-54: 11; Subrahmanyam
1964: 41-46, figs.1 3; 14.
28. Gopalapatnam/ Gopalpatnam (District Visha-
khapatnam, Andhra Pradesh). IAR 1990-91:
2; 1992-93: 3; 1993-94: 5.
29. Narasapatnam/Narsipatnam (District Visa-
khapatnam, Andhra Pradesh). Suresh 2004:
91.
30. Ramatirtham/Ramateertham (District Visak-
hapatnam,Andhra Pradesh). Suresh 2004: 91.
48
Some of the sites are located only wi thin district borders.
This is true for sites numbered: 9, 11, 12, 14, 15, 26,
28, 31, 32, 34, 36, 38, 43, 45, 47, 49, 50, 55- 57, 59, 62,
63, 66, 68, 72, 73, 85, 89, 90, 92, 94, 100, 112, 114-116.
,., There named as NBP; rouletted decoration on both sides
of the bottom.
>l Ray 1994, 29: site c o n s i s ~ of a series of mounds, viz.
Khana-Mihirer-Dipi.
" There referring to "bichrome NBP", no mentioning of
rouletted decoration or beaked rim .
31
32
33
34.
35.
36.
37.
38.
39.
40.
41.
42.
43.
44.
45.
46.
47.
48.
49.
50.
!II;
:tar
~ y
;h).
:ra/
ttra
>is-
04:
>a).
ikt
04:
77:
hra
1ra
1ra
am
:-ta-
91:
sa-
04:
lk-
91.
ers.
26,
62,
. 16.
des
vi7 ..
of
The Dating and Historical Value of Rouletted Ware 143
31. Pavuralakonda/Pavuralla Konda (District
Visakhapatnam, Andhra Pradesh).
www.thehindu.com/thehindu/mp/2002/08/
12/ stories/200208120091 0200.htm
32. Kotamita (District Warangal, Andhra
Pradesh). IAR 1980--81: 8.
33. Pithapuram (District East Godavari, Andhra
Pradesh). Suresh 2004: 91.
34. Aunangi (near)/ Annangi Hill
52
District Krish-
na (Andhra Pradesh). IAR 1977- 78: 1.
35. Ghantasala (District Krishna, Andhra
Pradesh). IAR 1959-60: 31.
36. Jujjuru (District Krishna, Andhra Pradesh).
IAR 1994-9 5: 1; 1995- 96: 1.
37. Kesarapalli/Kesarapalle (District Krishna,
Andhra Pradesh). Sarkar 1966: 43; 63, fig. 11.
38. Paritala (District Krishna, Andhra Pradesh).
Suresh 2004: 91.
39. Amaravati (District Guntur, Andhra
Pradesh). Wheeler/Gosh/ Krishna Deva 1946:
49; 48, fig. 13: v.vi; pl. XXVII: A: 2, 3; IAR
1958-59: 5; 1973-74: 4-5.
40. Chebrolu (District Guntur, Andhra Pradesh).
IAR 1960- 61: 1.
41. Chcjerla (District Guntur, Andhra Pradesh).
Suresh 2004: 91.
42. Dharanikota (District Guntur, Andhra
Pradesh). IAR 1962-63: 1-2; 1963--64: 2;
1964-65: 2.
43. Mallipadu (District Guntur, Andhra Pradesh).
IAR 87- 88: 1.
44. Vaddamanu (District Guntur, Andhra
Pradesh). Sastri/ Kasturibai/Veerender 1992:
94-96, pis. LVII-LIX; fig. 31.
45. Vaikuntapuram (District Guntur, Andhra
Pradesh). IAR 1960-61: 1.
46. Kondapur (District Medak, Andhra Pradesh).
Ahmad 1950: 4-5, pls. IVa; VIlla.
47. Pagidigutta (District Mahbubnagar, Andhra
Pradesh). IAR 1978-79: 65.
48. Chagatur (District Kurnool, Andhra
Pradesh). IAR 1976-77: 7; Subranmanyam
1997: 57; 228 .
49. J ambuladunic (District Kurnool, Andhra
Pradesh). IAR 1963- 64: 4.
50. Karpakala (District Kurnool, Andhra
Pradesh). JAR 1976- 77: 7.
St. Kudavelli (District Kurnool, Andhra
Pradesh). Surcsh 2004: 91.
52. Mittapali (Kurnool District, Andhra Pradesh).
IAR 1963- M: 4.
53. Nihugondla/Nilugondla (District Kurnool,
Andhra Pradesh). IAR 1963-M: 4.
54. Satanikota (District Kurnool, Andhra
Pradesh). IAR 1978-79: 35; Gosh 1986: 107-
113, fig.34: 11-14; fig.34: 1-4, 4a-c (BRW
imitations?).
55. Siddhirajalingapuram (District Kurnool,
Andhra Pradesh). IAR 1976-77: 7.
56. Tippaipalli (District Kurnool, Andhra
Pradesh). IAR 1976-77: 7.
57. Vamulapadu (District Kurnool, Andhra
Pradesh). IAR 1976-77: 7; 1978: 35-36.
58. Veerapuram (District Kurnool, Andhra
Pradesh). Sascri/Kasturi Bai/Rao 1984: 61,
pl. XXVI: A, B.
59. Vyaparladevipadu (District Kumool, And-
hra Pradesh). IAR 1976-77: 7.
60. Chandavaram (District Prakasam, Andhra
Pradesh). IAR 1974- 75: 6-7.
61. Medarametla (District Prakasam, Andhra
Pradesh). Suresh 2004: 91.
62. Mylavaram (near) (District Prakasam, And-
hra Pradesh). IAR 1979-80: 11.
63. Kambaduru (District Anantapur/Ananthapur,
Andhra Pradesh). Suresh 2004: 91.
64. Allur (District Ncllore, Andhra Pradesh).
Suresh 2004: 91.
65. Duvvuru-Duwur (Nell ore District, Andhra
Pradesh). IAR 1978- 79: 93.
66. Gandavaram (Nellore District, Andhra
Pradesh). Suresh 2004: 91.
67. Kottapatnam/Kothapatnam (Ncllore District,
Andhra Pradesh). IAR 1996-97: 1.
68. Puduru (Distri ct Nellore, Andhra Pradesh).
IAR 1994-95: 2; 1995- 96: 2.
69. Adam (District N agpur, Maharashtra). Nath
1992: 69-79; 1995a: 167, fig. 15 (stratigraph-
ical distribution); 1995b: 135, pl. 19: 3.
70. Paunar (District Wardha, Maharashtra). IAR
1966-67: 27.
52
Annangi Hill: Suresh 2004: 91.
l
..mr .. , !'M . ____________________________________ _, __.. , .
. ....... ___ .. ____ ._ -------------------
144 H eidmn Schenk
71. Arni (District Yavatmai/Yeotmal, Mahar-
ashtra). IAR 1978- 79: 71-72.
72. Marda (District Chanda/ Chandrapur, Ma-
harashtra). IAR 1959- 60: 31.
73. Junnar (District Aurangabad, Maharashtra).
Surcsh 2004: 91.
74. Paithan (District Aurangabad, Maharashtra).
Suresh 2004: 91.
75. Nevasa (District Ahmadnagar, Maharashtra).
Sankalia/Deo/ Ansari/Ehrhardt 1960: 280,
named as NBP p. 278-9, fig. 140 (Tlll);
IAR 1960- 61: 21; Begley 1992: 191 n. 37.
76. Nasik (District Nasik, Maharashtra). Sanka-
lia/Deo 1955: 69-70, fig. 42: j-o; pl. XIX: 1-
5, 7; 63 (RW); fig. 25: type 36c (BRW with
"internally beaked rim"= BRW Imitation?).
77. Ter=Tagara (District Osmanabad, Mahar-
ashtra). Chapekar 1969: v; 62-63; 64, fig. 23:
18- 20.
78. Sannathi/Sannati (District Gulbarga, Kama-
taka). IAR 1966-67: 29 (pl. XVI below left:
a worn body shcrd?); 1990-91: 31; 1993-94:
65; 1994-95: 39; 1995-96: 40; Howell 1995:
31.
79. Maski (District Raichur, Karnataka). Wheel-
er 1946/48: 308; Thapar 1957: 79, fig. 26:
types 6, 6a-b; Gurumurthy 1981: 131 (sur-
face find only).
80. Kopbal (District Raichur, Karnataka). Ford/
Pollard/ Coningham/Stern 2005: 912.
81. Brahmagiri (District Chitradurga, Karnata-
ka). Wheeler 1947-48: 236-237; 238, fig. 27:
Tl29; 240, fig. 28: T143-144; pl. CXI: l-7.
82. Chandravalli (District Chitradurga, Karnata-
ka). Wheeler/Gosh/Krishna Deva 1946: pl.
XXVII: A: 1; Wheeler 1947--48: 278; 282,
fig. 47: Al0-14, A16-20; pl. CXXIII: 1- 3.
83. Banavasi (District Uttar Kannada, Karnata-
ka). IAR 70-71, 29, pl. XLVII: B; 1994-95:
40; Narasimha Murthy ct al 1997: 120; 119,
fig. 33; 195, pl. 55.
85. T. Narsipur (District Mysore, Karnataka).
Suresh 2004: 91.
85. Appukallu (District North Arcot=Vellore?,
Tamil Nadu). IAR 1976-77: 47-48.
86. Santhome=Mylapore (District Madras=
Chennai, Tamil Nadu) . IAR 1992- 93: 11 6.
87. Kanch.ipuram (District Kanchccpuram, Tamil
Nadu). TAR 1962-63: 12; 1971-72: 42--43;
1972- 73: 30, pl. XXXll: A); 1974-75: 3R;
Subrahmanyam 1974/75: 27; Gurumurthy
1981: 275, table 8.
88. Mahabalipuram/Mamallapuram (Dis trict
Kanchcepuram, Tamil Nadu). Soundara
Rajan/Raman 1994: 144.
89. Nerumbur (District Kancheepuram, Tamil
Nadu). Suresh 2004: 91.
90. Punjeri (District Chingleput=Tiruvallur?
Kancheepuram?, Tamil Nadu). Soundara
Rajan/ Raman 1994: 144.
91. Vasavasamudram (District Kancheepuram,
Tamil Nadu). IAR 1970-71: 33; Nagas-
wamy/Majeed 1978: 11- 13, fi g. 4.
92. Mel Sathamangalam (District Tiruvannama-
lai, Tamil Nadu). Soundara Rajan/Raman
1994: 144
1
.1.
93. Sengamedu (Distri ct Villupuram/ Vilup-
puram, Tamil Nadu). Banerjee 1956: 32.
94. Tirukoilur (Distri ct Villupuram, Tamil
Nadu). Suresh 2004: 91.
95. Tiruvamattur (District South Arcot= Villu-
puram? Tamil Nadu). Suresh 2004: 91.
96. Arikamedu/ Virampatnam (Pondicherry,
Tamil Nadu).
l.lisred as imported: Wheeler/ Gosh/Krishna
Deva 1946: 45-49, pls. XXV-XXVI; 47,
fig. 12; pl. XXX: B: 6 (Wheeler type 1 and
rouletted fragments); listed as local: Wheeler
type 2 (simple rim) but "identical in fabric"
to Wheeler type 1: Wheeler/Gosh/Krishna
Deva 1946: 55; 53, fig. 14: 2, 2a-c; 55:
Wheeler type 3c, d, f of "invariably grey
wares" and rim form like Wheeler type 1.
2. Wheeler type 3 listed as local and of
"inferior and coarser fabric": Wheeler!
Gosh/Krishna Deva 1946: 55, 53 fig. 14:
3 (= BRW-lmitation?); 55: Wheeler type
3e "exclusively in red ware"= Imitation?).
Begley 1996: 52, fi gs. 2. 12- 13; 226-228
(form 1); 238-245, figs. 4.243- 4.259
(Wheel er type 1); 246- 249, fi gs. 4.260-
4.267 (Wheeler type 2); 238- 241, figs.
4.243-4.252 (Wheeler type 3).
" mentioned under location Pondicherry.
9i
9(
1(
1(
1(
1(
1(
1(
1(
1(
1:
1:
amil
-43;
38;
rthy
tnct
dar a
a mil
lur?
dara
ram,
. gas-
tma-
man
iup-
i2.
otmil
illu-
rry,
shna
47,
and
::clcr
. "
>nc
shna
55:
grey
l C }.
l of
. 14:
type
m?).
-228
.259
figs.
The Dating and Historical Value of Rouletted Ware 145
97. Ki laiyur/ Kilaiyoor (Pondichcrry, Tamil
Nadu). Soundara Raj an/ Raman 1994: 47.
98. Manapattu (Pondichcrry, Tamil Nadu).
Surcsh 2004: 91.
99.
(Cud-
dalore District, Tamil Nadu). IAR 87- 88,
103 (Kudikadu); 1988- 89, 80; Soundara
Raj an/Raman 1994: 1 44; Glover 1996: 152,
pl. II, e-g (Karaikadu); Nattamedu/Nath-
amedu: IAR 1955-56, 27; 1965-66, 25; TAR
1966/ 67, 25; www.tamilnaduonlinc.com/arcb-
ilogy/ nat tametu.txt.
100. Maligaimedu (District Cuddalorc, Tamil
Nadu). Surcsh 2004: 91.
101. Karur (District Karur, Tamil Nadu). Na-
gaswamy 1995: 63-65.
102. Kodumanal (District Erode, Tamil Nadu).
Rajan 1998: 67.
103. Perur (District Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu).
Gurumurthy 1981: 157.
104. Sulur (District Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu).
Suresh 2004: 91.
105. Vellalur (District Coimbatorc, Tamil Nadu).
Suresh 2004: 91.
106. Uraiyur (District Tiruchirapalli, Tamil
N adu). IAR 1964-65: 25, pl. XIX; 1965-
66: 26; Gurumurthy 1981: 275, table 8; pl.
31b; Kri shnamurthy 1988: 61-64, fig. 62;
pl. 18.
107. Kavcripattinam/ Poompuhar (District
Thanjavur, Tamil Nadu). IAR 1964-65: 24;
Soundara Rajan/ Raman 1994: 48, fi g. 11.
108. Nagapattinam (District N agapattinam,
Tami l Nadu). Soundara Raj an/ Rarnan 1994:
144.
109. Manigramam/Manigiramam (District Na-
gapattinam, Tamil Nadu). Soundara Rajan/
Raman 1994: 50; 56, pl. XIX: B (wavy
lines); Jahan 2004: 94 .
110. Vanagiri (Distri ct Nagapattinam (Nagai),
Tamil Nadu). Soundara Rajan/ Raman 1994:
47, fig. 11; pl. XIX: A; XX: A-B.
111.
(District Ram-
anathapuram, Tamil Nadu). IAR 1990-91:
68; 1996- 97: 100; Nagaswarny 1991, 249-
254 and pl. 25.1 : 1; pl. 25.2: 6 (inscribed);
1995: 70-81; Raman 1992: 128, fig.7: 4;
129; Suresh 2004: 95, pl. 9.
112. Periyapattinam (Disa ict Ramanathapuram,
Tamil Nadu). Begley 1996: 25 n. 6.
113. Tondi (District Ramanathapuram, Tamil
Nadu). Soundara Rajan/ Raman 1994: 144.
114. S. Pappinayakkanpatti (District Madurai,
Tamil Nadu). Selvakumar 2000: 126.
115. T. Kallupatti (District Madurai , Tamil
Nadu). Selvakumar 2000: 126.
116. Kayal (Distri ct Tirunclvcli, Tami l Nadu).
Soundara Raj an/Raman 1994: 144
11 7. Korkai (District Tir unclvcli, Tamil Nadu).
IAR 1968-69: 32. N agaswarny 1970: 52.
118. Pattanam/Muziris ? (District Ernakulam,
Kerala). Shaj an/ To mber/Selvakumar/
Cherian 2004: 317 .
119. Kant arodai (Sri Lanka). Begley 1967: fig-
ures on p. 25 (above left RW) and 26; p.
25 (below right Wheeler type 18); 1996: 25
(Wheeler type 1 0).
120. Mantai (Sri Lanka). Carswell/ Pricket 1980:
pl. 7a.
121. Anuradhapura (Sri Lanka). Dcraniyagala
1972: 67, fi g. 12: 16i.k.h; Bouzek/Derani-
yagala 1985: 590, fig. 1-2; Prickctt-Fernan-
do 1990: 65, fig. 3: d; Bouzek 1993: 84,
fig. 55: 1; Ueyema/ Nozaki 1996: 45, fig. 15,
119.
122. Tissamaharama (Sri Lanka). Schenk 2001:
127, fig. 106; 176, fi g. 141: 13, 14 (RW);
135, fig. 110 (BRW-i mitation).
123. Godavaya (Sri Lanka). Schenk 2001 b: 343,
figs. 257: 17; 258: 1 (imitation in "Coarse
Red Ware").
124. Kelaniya (Sri Lanka). Bopearachchi 1999:
13, fig. 10.
" Soundara Rajan/Raman 1994: 144 (Kudikadu/ Nathamc-
du); Jahan 2004: 94 (Karaikadu/:-.J at tamedu). Surcsh
2004: 181 n. 2 ("Karaikadu, Kudikadu and Nattamcdu
arc neighbouring coastal sites in South Arcot District,
Tamil Nadu").- Karaikadu = Kudikadu and Nattamcdu
according to Raman 19':12: 128.
ss At first quoted in lAR 1965-66, 25 as Kottaimedu;
Nagaswamy 1995, 7 1: (Alagankulam) the site is now
called Kottaimedu; Suresh 2004, 114: Alagankulam,
located in t be Delta oi the Vai gai, on the northern bank
of t he river, is locally referred 10 ' Kottaimedu' or ' fort
mound'.
'
146
H eidnm Schenk
Sites in India, mentioned m literature, but
district area indeterminate
Bachri (Wesr Bengal).
Suresh 2004: 91.
Chintamani Dibba (Andhra Pradesh).
Suresh 2004: 91.
Kotesvarayalam (Andhra Pradesh).
Suresh 2004: 91.
Nallur (Andhra Pradesh).
Suresh 2004: 91.
Neredubandaguddu (Andhra Pradesh).
Suresh 2004: 91.
Roj a (Karnataka).
Surcsh 2004: 91.
Sasanakota (Andhra Pradesh).
Suresh 2004: 91.
Sendamangalam (Tamil Nadu).
Suresh 2004: 91.
Simhapu
56
(Singupuram
57
) (Andhra Pradesh).
Suresh 2004: 91.
Sites outside of South Asia (Fig. 4)
1. Myos Hormos, Egypt.
Tomber 2002: 27, fig. 6.
2. Coptos, Egypt.
T ombcr 2000: 630.
3. Berenike, Egypt.
Tomber 2002: 27, figs. 4-5.
4. Qana, Y cmen.
Sedov 1996: 17, fig. 4: 19 (described as "fine
red slipped pottery"); Sedov/ Benvenuti 2002:
186.
5. Khor Rori, Oman.
Sedov/ Benvenuti 2002: 186; 219, pl. 10: 3
(BRW Imitation?) and RW according to
pers. comment A. Sedov (see n. 23).
6. Tra Kieu, Vietnam.
Glover!Yamagata 1995: 166, fig. 139; Glover
1996: 152, pl. II: i; 2005: 17, fig. 3a.
7. Go Cam, Vietnam.
Glover 2005: 17, fig. 3b.
8. Sembiran, Bali/Pacung, Bali.
Ardika/Bcllwood 1991: 224, fig. 2 (RW);
fig. 3 (Wheeler type 1 0); Glover 1996: 152,
pl. II: b, d; Ardika 1999: 83.
9. Buni Complex (Kobak Kendal), Java.
Walker and Santoso 1977: 230, fig. 1; Glover
1996: 152, pl. II: h.
10. Palembang, Sumatra.
www. users. skyoet. be/ network. indonesia/
ni4001c3.htm
11. Bukit Tengku Lembu, Malaysia.
Sieveking 1962: 25-26, fig. 1 (only Wheeler
t ype 18).
District N algonda
" District Srikakulam
l
I
2
I
f
2
me
l02:
1: 3
to
-ver
W);
52,
VCr
;ia/
The Dating and Historical Value of Rouletted Ware
147
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