ME 437 Notes on Machine Design

Important Topics
Power screws
Bolt design
Bolt clamping loads
Bolt shear loads
Bolt groups
Bolts in fatigue loading
Gears
inematics
!orces
"tresses
Belts
#elds
#elds su$%ected to shear
#elds su$%ected to torsion
#elds su$%ected to $ending
&lutches'Bra(es
Dis( t)pe ' Drum t)pe
!l)wheels
"pring design
*elical
+oller'$all $earing design
,ournal $earings
"haft design
-gainst fatigue
#hirling
.ateral /i$ration
Machine Design
Recommended Text:
Fundamentals of Machine Component Design by Juvinall and Marshek !
rd
"dition
Bolt "elections and Design
0ou need
Dimensions of standard threads 12N!'2N&3
"trength specifications 1grades3 of $olts4
Clamping forces
The $olt force is
e
c b
b
i b
F
k k
k
F F
+
+ =
#here
$
and
&
are the $olt and the clamping material stiffness and !
i
is
the initial $olt tensioning4
!
e
The clamping force is
e
c b
c
i c
F
k k
k
F F
+
=
+ecommended initial tension 5 !
i
6 7487 "
p
-
t
where "
p
is the proof strength
and -
t
is the tensile area of the $olt4
+ecommended tightening tor9ue5 T 6 74:7 !
i
d #here d is the nominal $olt
si;e4
Design of bolts in tension
!
$
6 -
t
"
p
#here -
t
is the tensile area4
Problem #M
1a
: Gi/en5 Two plates are $olted with initial clamping force of
::<7 l$s4 The $olt stiffness is twice the clamping material stiffness4
Find: E=ternal separating load that would reduce the clamping force to ::<
l$s4 !ind the ma=imum $olt force at minimum clamping force4
Answers: 6075 lbs and 600 lbs
!e
!c
!$
!i
Problem #M
1b
5"elect a $olt that would withstand >377 l$s nominal load in
direct tension4 -ppl) a factor of safet) of :4<4 2se a $olt with "-E
strength grade of : 1which has a proof strength of << (si34 -nswer5 ?
@ A7B2N&
!olts "nder s#ear loading
Problem #M
1c
: - ACBA: 2N! steel $olt of "-E grade < is under direct shear
loading4 The coefficient of friction $etween mating surfaces is 7444
The $olt is tightened to its full proof strength4 Tensile area is 74>>3
in: Proof strength is D< (psiE and )ield strength is 8: (psi
a3 #hat shear force would the friction carr)F
$3 #hat shear load can the $olt withstand w'o )ielding if the friction
$etween clamped mem$ers is completel) lostF Base the calculation
on the thread root area4
-ppro=imate -nswers5 a3 ::<77 l$sE $33<377 l$s
!olt design "nder fatig"e loading
-nal)sis method5
Root stress #oodman Criteria
$%ample: &onsider a G @ 2N! Grade 7 $olt with an initial tension of
87H of its proof load4 The clamping material is 4 times stiffer than the $olt4
If a c)clic load of 7 to >A<7 l$s is appliedE what would $e the factor of safet)
guarding against e/entual fatigue failureF
The tensile area and proof strength are -
t
6 A<88 in
:
and "
p
6A7< (si4 The
initial tension is5 !
i
6 48I174A<8831A7<3 6 A<4A (ips
2nder this initial loadE the root of the thread )ields J PointBA in the figure4
The additional fluctuation in the $olt load is5
lbs F
$ $
$
F
e
c b
b
b
A:37 3 >A<7 1
<
A
= =
+
=
#hen the e=ternal load is appliedE the additional stress at the $olt root is5
psi $
%
F
f
t
b
:3777 3 3
A<88 4
A:37
1 3 1 = =

=
The root stressE howe/erE remains at )ield point as this additional stress is
applied4 The additional load is simpl) pic(ed up $) the crossBsection that is
stressed nominall) 1force di/ided $) area34 But when the load is remo/edE
the stress $ac(s off from the )ield point and goes $ac( into elastic region $)
e=actl) the same amount of stress that is remo/ed4 In this caseE the stress
goes $ac( to 1AA<B:3368: (si4 This point is shown as Point : in the graph4
"
)
"
)
"
u
"
n

a
"
f
1 &

'
Kn su$se9uent application and remo/al of the loadE the stress point mo/es
$etween Point : and Point 3 on a 4<Bdegree line4 The reason is that half of
the stress adds to the mean stress and the other half $ecomes the amplitude
of the alternating stress as shown $elow5
-s the alternating load is increasedE .ine:B3 mo/es left until it reaches
PointB4 which is the e/entual failure point4 The margin or factor of safet) is
determined $) the distance $etween
a
and "
f
Endurance limit
ksi C C C & &
& # ' ut n
>7 3 A 31 87 4 7 31 A 31 A33 1 < 4 7 < 4 7 = = =
The fatigue strength is
ksi &
& &
& &
&
n
n u
y u
f
D 4 A4 3 >7 1
>7 A33
AA< A33
=

=
The factor of safet) is5
3 4 A
< 4 AA
D 4 A4
= = =
a
f
&
F&

Problem #M
&

"ol/e the same pro$lem as in the e=ample a$o/e $ut for $olts ? @ 2N!
Grade : $olts 1"
)
6<7 (siE and "
u
674 (si34 &reate a scaled drawing of the
Goodman graph and la$le points AE:E3E and 4 along with all the numerical
/alues for stress la$els in the graph4 Answer: Factor of (afet) is abo"t &*+
,& (si
Design of !olt -ro"ps in !ending
-ssume $olted frame is rigid4
2se geometr) to determine $olt elongations4
-ssume load distri$ution proportional to elongations4
-ssume shear loads carried $) friction4
Problem #M

: &onsider the $rac(et shown a$o/e4 -ssume the $rac(et is

rigid and the shear loads are carried $) friction4 The $rac(et is $olted $)
four $olts4 The following is (nown5 !6<477 l$sE .647 inchesE D6A: inchesE
d64 inches4 !ind appropriate 2N& $olt specifications for $olts of A:7 si
proof strength using a factor of safet) of 44
-nswer5 ?CB A72N&
.
D
d
Design of !olt -ro"ps in .orsion
-ssume $olted frame is rigid4
2se geometr) to determine $olt distortion4
-ssume tor9ue distri$ution proportional to distortions4
-ssume $rac(et rotates around the $olt group &4G4
E=clude direct shear if its magnitude is small4
2se the $olt shan( area for anal)sis of stresses4
$%ample #M
'
The $olts are GCBA32N&4 The distance $etween $olts is A4:<C4 The load is
:777 l$s and .6DC4 !ind the shear stress on each $olt4
-nswer5 44:<7 psi
.