The Structural Relations Between the Superego,

Instinctual Affect, and Dreams

Calvin Kai-Ching Yu
Hong Kong Shue Yan University
This study aims to establish a structural equation model that explains the
relations between instinctual emotions, superego functions, and dream expe-
riences. The personality traits and dream characteristics of 596 Chinese young
adults were assessed by the NEO Five-Factor Inventory, Affective Neurosci-
ence Personality Scales, Marlowe-Crowne Social Desirability Scale, Dream
Intensity Scale, and Dream Motif Scale. The analyses show that each
instinctual emotion has a distinct pattern of associations with dream experi-
ences. For instance, feeling the need to nurture or to be needed is associated
with dreams featuring erotomania. On the other hand, feeling sadness is more
related to dreaming about the crisis of being unable to safeguard the ego ideal.
Echoing the neuropsychological perspective, the structural equation model-
ing analyses suggest that dream experiences are facilitated by both pleasant
and unpleasant emotions and suppressed by superego functions.
Keywords: Affective Neuroscience Personality Scales, positive emotions, instincts, repression,
subcortical brain
Repression, which protects the ego from the awareness of intolerable ideas and
conicting motives during wakefulness, constitutes one of the major functions of
the superego. Although the entire mechanism of repression is, by denition,
unconscious, scales for evaluating self-deception and social desirability have been
considered an indirect, yet valid, measure of repression on the grounds that
repressors are signied by their tendency to disavow socially undesirable
characteristicsthat is, denying the perceptions of anxiety-arousing stimuli (see
Yu, 2011a, for details). Just as repressive defensiveness as a personality trait varies
across individuals, so is the subjective intensity of dream experiences different
among people. Discerning high or low dream recallers using a single-item retro-
spective scale has been a popular approach to dream research. However, dream
recall frequency measured by a single probe is too parsimonious to capture the
prole of the sleep-state mentation of individuals. Yu, therefore, developed the
Dream Intensity Scale (DIS; Yu, 2012b) and Dream Motif Scale (DMS; Yu, 2012a)
with the intention of providing assessment tools for quantifying the subjective
intensity and the narrative content of a persons nocturnal conscious activities (see
Correspondence concerning this article should be addressed to Calvin Kai-Ching Yu, Department
of Counselling and Psychology, Hong Kong Shue Yan University, 10 Wai Tsui Crescent, Braemar Hill
Road, North Point, Hong Kong. E-mail: calvinkcyu@ymail.com
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145
Dreaming 2013 American Psychological Association
2013, Vol. 23, No. 2, 145155 1053-0797/13/$12.00 DOI: 10.1037/a0032606
Method for details). The DMS, for instance, measures the lifetime frequencies with
which respondents dream certain themes, such as some people are spying on or
talking about you, having a sexual relationship with a big wheel or celebrity, and
hitting something or someone.
Both contemporary neuropsychological and classical psychoanalytic models
consider the antagonism between higher order and primitive functions to be a
critical marker distinguishing various stages of the sleepwake cycle. According to
the neurostructural model of dreaming, dreams are regressive activities initiated by
the loosening control of the prefrontal executive systems over the subcortical
instinctual brain (Yu, 2001a, 2001b, 2003, 2006, 2007). This neural mechanism bears
a resemblance to the dynamic process during which the id restores its power by
taking advantage of the paralyzed superego. Accordingly, dreams consist of the
cathartic expression of instinctual emotions and are presumably associated with the
affect valence experienced during the daytime. Yu (25 August, 2011) investigated
the structural relations between superego functioning, emotional distress, and
dreaming that characterize a persons mental life, and compared the affective and
dream experiences of repressors and nonrepressors. He found that repressors
experienced less intensely negative emotions and dream activities than did nonre-
pressors. Among a range of common dream themes, those involving paranoiac,
delusional, ego ideal, persecutory, sexual, and aggressive elements were peculiarly
susceptible to the effect of repressive defensiveness.
Furthermore, the structural equation model in which the three major latent
constructsSuperego Functions, Negative Emotions, and Dream Experiences
were hypothesized to be interrelated was substantiated by the t indices. Speci-
cally, responses to the indicator variables of the DIS and DMS, such as the
frequencies of dream awareness and dreaming persecutory themes, were regressed,
respectively, onto the lower order constructs Dream Intensity and Dream Content,
both of which, in turn, signicantly loaded on the higher order construct Dream
Experiences. In a similar vein, the upper construct Negative Emotions could be
pertinently depicted by the lower order constructs Trait Affect and State Affect and
ve emotional scales adopted from the NEO Five-Factor Inventory Neuroticism
domain (Costa & McCrae, 1985), Beck Depression Inventory-II (Beck, Steer, &
Brown, 1996), Beck Anxiety Inventory (Beck & Steer, 1990), and State-Trait Anger
Expression Inventory-2 (Spielberger, 1999), the construct Superego Functions
being accounted for by repression, agreeableness, and conscientiousness, as opera-
tionalized by the MarloweCrowne Social Desirability Scale (Crowne & Marlowe,
1960), NEO Five-Factor Inventory Agreeableness domain (Costa & McCrae,
1985), and NEO Five-Factor Inventory Conscientiousness domain (Costa &
McCrae, 1985), respectively.
Consistent with the assumption of the neurostructural model of dreaming that
dreams are driven by instinctual affect and suppressed by the superego, Yus
structural equation modeling analyses demonstrated that dream experiences and
negative emotions, both of which inversely varied with superego functions,
positively predicted each other. However, the inverse correlation between dream
experiences and superego functions was signicant only when the path connecting
dream experiences and negative emotions was eliminated. This implies that
emotionality acts as a potent mediator, which determines the relationship between
the superego and dreaming.
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146 Yu
It is worth noting that Yu focused on the effects of negative emotions on
dreams and had not included positive emotions in his analyses. However, there is
strong evidence that dreams are actively generated by the brain regions that are
responsible for pleasure-seeking and pain avoidance (Yu, 2001b, 2007). Indeed,
some typical dreams, such as those of a grandiose or direct wish-fulllment type, are
distinguished by their pleasurable content (Yu, 2008, 2009a, 2009b, 2010b, 2012a).
If the continuity theory is accurate, it is reasonable to conjecture that these pleasant
dreams can be partly caused by positive affect experienced in waking life.
Based on the solid neurophysiological evidence that there are six well-
identied subcortical brain systems for instinctual affect (Panksepp, 1998), Pank-
sepp and his colleagues (Davis & Panksepp, 2011; Davis, Panksepp, & Normansell,
2003) constructed the Affective Neuroscience Personality Scales (ANPS) for
assessing six types of emotional attributes: anger, fear, sadness, playfulness,
seeking, and caring. Playfulness refers to having fun versus being serious, playing
games with physical contact, humor, and laughter, and being generally happy and
joyful (Davis et al., 2003, p. 59). Seeking is characterized by feeling curious,
feeling like exploring, striving for solutions to problems and puzzles, positively
anticipating new experiences, and a sense of being able to accomplish almost
anything (Davis et al., 2003, p. 59). Caring connotes nurturing, being drawn to
young children and pets, feeling softhearted toward animals and people in need,
feeling empathy, liking to care for the sick, feeling affection and liking to care for
others, as well as liking to be needed by others (Davis et al., 2003, p. 59).
Davis et al. (2003) administered the ANPS and ve-factor model adjective
scales (Goldberg, 1992; Hofstee, Raad, & Goldberg, 1992) to university students in
the United States and yielded several intriguing ndings. First, females scored
higher than males in the Caring scale; the sex differences for the other ve ANPS
scales were not signicant. Second, the factor analysis of the ANPS scales resulted
in a two-factor solution. The rst factor was made up of the Anger, Fear, and
Sadness scales. The three remaining scales for positive affect loaded on the second
factor. Third, the correlation coefcient comparing the Fear and Sadness scales was
very large, suggesting that these two types of affect are perceived in a very similar
way. Last, but not least, there was also a strong association between playfulness and
extraversion, between seeking and openness to experience, and between caring and
agreeableness. On the strength of this evidence, Davis et al. put forth the argument
that the neural substrates for playfulness, seeking, and caring constitute the
fundamental bedrock for the development of the personality dimensions of
extraversion, openness to experience, and agreeableness, respectively.
Anger, apprehension, depression, and all factors of the Big Five model of
personality have been demonstrated to have differential patterns of associations
with dream variables as measured by the DIS and DMS (Yu, 2010a, 2011a, 2011b,
2012a, 2012b, 25 August, 2011). Whether dream experiences, especially those
pleasurable images, are related to positive instinctual emotions, however, has not
been investigated. The primary purpose of this study was to improve the structural
equation model of superego, affect, and dream functioning by incorporating
positive instinctual emotions and more parameters. The correlation pattern be-
tween the ANPS and Big Five personality traits documented by Davis et al. (2003)
was rst replicated and cross-validated using the NEO Five-Factor Inventory
(NEO-FFI). This was followed by exploring the associations of the ANPS scales
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Superego, Instinctual Affect, and Dreams 147
with the DIS and DMS dream scales. Finally, the new structural equation model
was set up and tested with reference to the replicated ndings and theoretical
predictions.
METHOD
Participants
The present sample contained 596 Chinese young adults, 195 (32.7%) males,
and 401 (67.3%) females. With a few exceptions, these participants completed
upper secondary school education in Hong Kong. The mean age was 19.28 years
(SD, 1.064; range, 18 to 24).
Instruments
The Dream Intensity Scale (DIS; Yu, 2012b) and Dream Motif Scale (DMS;
Yu, 2012a) were employed in this study to measure the intensity of dream
experiences because they can serve as comprehensive tools for proling a persons
nocturnal conscious activities. In particular, the DIS assesses the cognitive repre-
sentation of the aggregate magnitude of sleepstate mentation by summarizing a
wide range of dream-related activities into four main factors: Dream Quantity,
Dream Vividness, Diffusion, and Altered Dream Episodes. The Dream Quantity
scale comprises variables that measure the quantitative aspect of regular dream
activities shared by most people, for example, the frequencies of dream awareness,
recalling the main content of dreams, and nightmares. Participants indicated their
frequencies on a standardized 10-point absolute scale (0 never to 9 almost
every day). The Diffusion scale, which consists of dreamwork and paramnesic
variables, such as condensation and dreamreality confusion, measures the degree
of cognitive distortion that entails the transference of psychical values.
The DMS comprises 100 dream themes, various combinations of which
constitute 14 scales measuring the major predispositions that are thought to
modulate the content of dreams. Participants indicated their lifetime frequency
with which they dreamed each theme on a 5-piont scale (0 never or unsure; 1
once or twice in a lifetime; 2 three times or more in a lifetime, but not regularly; 3
several times a year, but not each month; 4 once a month or more often). The Ego
Ideal, Grandiosity, and Persecution scales are three primary categories that
encompass most of the typical dream themes that are delusional in nature. The Ego
Ideal category is concerned with issues surrounding dreamers falling short of social
expectations and paranoid suspiciousness. It includes themes such as arriving too
late, for example, missing a train, a bus, and so forth, failing or performing very
badly in front of others (e.g., teachers, classmates, bosses, colleagues, etc.), some
people are spying on or talking about you, and others not giving you proper
credit for your achievements. Dream themes subsumed under the Grandiosity
category, such as becoming a big wheel or celebrity, encountering a deity in
some form, and having magical powers (other than ying, soaring, or oating
through the air), are prototypes of grandiose delusion. Dream themes placed in
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148 Yu
the Persecution category, such as being tracked, being chased or pursued, but
not physically injured, and some people plotting against you, can be largely
compared with those of persecutory delusions.
Among the additional DMS scales, the Appetite-Instinct and Object-Relation
scales are relatively important because they encompass some common dream
themes that are not necessarily delusional in nature. Some examples of appetitive
and instinctual dream motifs are eating delicious foods, searching for some-
thing, and having a superior status. The Object-Relation scale assesses the
frequency of themes dealing with separation issues, for instance, being aban-
doned, a person now alive as dead, reuniting with a long-lost fellow or
childhood playmate, encountering the person that you like or want to see, and
a person now dead as alive.
The NEO Five-Factor Inventory Neuroticism domain (NEO-FFI N; Costa &
McCrae, 1985) and the ANPS (Davis et al., 2003) were used to assess six types of
emotions and feelings. The Cronbachs alpha coefcients for most of the ANPS
scales exceeded the conventional level of 0.7: playfulness .744, seeking .667,
caring .792, fear .856, anger .829, and sadness .710.
Participants superego functioning was measured by the MarloweCrowne
Social Desirability Scale (MCSDS; Crowne & Marlowe, 1960), NEO Five-Factor
Inventory Agreeableness domain (NEO-FFI A; Costa & McCrae, 1985), and NEO
Five-Factor Inventory Conscientiousness domain (NEO-FFI C; Costa & McCrae,
1985). High scorers on the NEO-FFI A tend to be trustful, sincere, altruistic,
obedient, unassuming, and tender-minded. Because most of these qualities are
socially preferable, the NEO-FFI A can capture an important facet of the superego
over and above repression tapped by the MCSDS, namely, the ideal social self.
High NEO-FFI C scorers tend to scrupulously adhere to ethical principles, exercise
self-discipline, and fulll obligations. Accordingly, the NEO-FFI C can serve as an
indicator of the extent to which an individual acts on his or her conscience. All the
scales utilized in this study are Chinese versions.
Statistical Strategies
The relationships between the scales were examined prior to structural
equation modeling. Each group of comparisons was restricted to 10 or below. A
conservative approach was taken to counteract familywise errors resulted from
multiple hypothesis tests by raising the level of signicance to .001. In addition to
the signicance level, the effect size for each test result was also taken into account.
RESULTS
Intercorrelations Between Big Five Personality Traits, Instinctual Emotions,
and Dream Variables
Female participants scored signicantly higher on the Caring scale than did
male participants, t 4.806, p .001, Cohens d 0.409. The sex differences for
other ANPS scales were negligible. The Playfulness, Seeking, and Caring scales had
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Superego, Instinctual Affect, and Dreams 149
the largest correlation coefcient with the NEO-FFI E, O, and A scales, respec-
tively (see Table 1). The Fear, Anger, and Sadness scales were all most robustly
associated with the NEO-FFI N scale. The MCSDS was highly correlated with the
NEO-FFI A, r 0.445, p .001, and NEO-FFI C, r 0.512, p .001. These three
superego-function measures varied positively with all ANPS positive affect scales
and negatively with all ANPS negative affect scales. The MCSDS also exhibited an
inverse association with the Dream Quantity scale, r 0.172, p .001, and the
major DMS scales, such as Persecution, r 0.288, p .001, Ego Ideal, r
0.264, p .001, Grandiosity r 0.141, p .001, Sex, r 0.270, p .001, and
Fighting, r 0.248 p .001.
The relationships between the ANPS and dream scales were examined, with
the effects of the MCSDS, NEO-FFI A, and NEO-FFI C being controlled. The
Seeking scale was most strongly correlated with the Grandiosity, 0.239, p
.001, Appetite-Instinct, 0.217, p .001, and Sensorimotor-Excitement scales,
0.213, p .001. The Playfulness scale showed an evident correlation with the
Appetite-Instinct, 0.178, p .001, and Grandiosity scales, 0.149, p .001.
The Caring scale signicantly varied with the Dream Intensity total, 0.194, p
.001, Erotomania, 0.177, p .001, Object-Relation, 0.169, p .001,
Diffusion, 0.164, p .001, Dream Quantity, 0.162, p .001, and
Appetite-Instinct, 0.145, p .001, scores.
In contrast to their positive counterparts, the three ANPS negative emotion
scales were not signicantly related to the Appetite-Instinct scale. The Fear scale
was relatively strongly correlated with the Diffusion scale, 0.155, p .001, and
Ego Ideal scale, 0.149, p .001; the Anger scale being most robustly related to
the Dream Quantity scale, 0.165, p .001, and Ego Ideal scale, 0.164, p
.001. The Sadness scale showed a relatively large partial correlation coefcient with
the Object-Relation, 0.240, p .001, Diffusion, 0.237, p .001, Paranoia,
0.220, p .001, Ego Ideal, 0.218, p .001, and Dream Work, 0.217,
p .001, scales.
Structural Equation Modeling of Superego, Affect, and Dream Functioning
On the strength of the converging results reported here and previous ndings
reviewed in the introduction, a structural equation model was formulated to test the
hypothesis that the latent construct Dream Experiences was inuenced by the
latent constructs Superego Functions, Positive Emotions, and Negative Emotions,
Table 1. Intercorrelations Between NEO-FFI, MCSDS, and ANPS (N 596)
N E O A C MCSDS
Playfulness r 0.465 r .697 r .236 r .426 r .293 r .304
Seeking r 0.315 r .350 r .542 r .169 r .327 r .225
Caring r 0.249 r .472 r .337 r .485 r .356 r .350
Fear r .767 r 0.424 N.S. r 0.145 r 0.295 r 0.484
Anger r .535 r 0.275 r 0.183 r 0.497 r 0.351 r 0.591
Sadness r .675 r 0.342 N.S. r 0.220 r 0.315 r 0.450
Note. All p values .001. ANPS Affective Neuroscience Personality Scales; MCSDS Marlowe-
Crowne Social Desirability Scale; NEO-FFI NEO Five-Factor Inventory.
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150 Yu
whereas Positive Emotions and Negative Emotions were moderated by Superego
Functions (see Figure 1). It was conjectured, furthermore, that the construct Dream
Experiences could account for the lower order constructs Dream Intensity, Positive
Dream Content, and Negative Dream Content, which could, in turn, explain
responses to the DIS and DMS scales. The Erotomania scale was not included
because most of the dream themes subsumed under this category were encom-
passed in the Grandiosity scale. The indicator variable Object Relation, which
consists of themes involving both positive and negative elements, was mapped onto
both Positive and Negative Dream Content. In addition, a path and four error
covariances were set to be freely estimated: Positive Emotions and Positive Dream
Content, NEO-FFI A and Caring, NEO-FFI E and Playfulness, NEO-FFI O and
Seeking, and Fear and Sadness. All the scales included in the model were
characterized by a bell-shaped distribution of scores.
Most resulting indices indicated that the model provided an adequate t to the
data (
2
[121] 641.94; root mean square error of approximation [RMSEA]
0.085; normed t index [NFI] 0.931; comparative t index [CFI] 0.942;
parsimony normed t index [PNFI] 0.736; goodness-of-t index [GFI] 0.893;
adjusted goodness-of-t index [AGFI] 0.849; parsimony goodness of t
index [PGFI] 0.632). All parameter estimates in the model were signicant and
consistent with the theoretical assumptions, except the path connecting Superego
Functions and Dream Experiences (t 0.46). The latent construct Superego
Functions positively predicted the latent construct Positive Emotions, but inversely
varied with the latent construct Negative Emotions. Both Positive Emotions and
Negative Emotions positively predicted the higher order construct Dream Experi-
ences, but Positive Emotions was also a specic indicator of the lower order
construct Positive Dream Content.
Figure 1. Standardized solution for the structural equation model of superego, affect, and dream
functioning. Note: Standardized error covariances: NEO-FFI A and Caring 0.20; NEO-FFI E and
Playfulness 0.18; NEO-FFI O and Seeking 0.36; Fear and Sadness 0.26.
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Superego, Instinctual Affect, and Dreams 151
Another model, in which the equation for representing the relation between
the latent constructs Dream Experiences and Negative Emotions was removed with
all other parameters left unchanged, was tested (see Figure 2). The analysis resulted
in a similar set of t indices (
2
[122] 657.67; RMSEA 0.086; NFI 0.930;
CFI 0.941; PNFI 0.741; GFI 0.891; AGFI 0.847; PGFI 0.635). The
estimate for the path connecting Superego Functions and Dream Experiences was
dramatically increased to a statistically signicant level. Both the latent constructs
Negative Emotions and Dream Experiences were inversely predicted by the latent
construct Superego Functions.
DISCUSSION
In their study of Western participants, Davis et al. (2003) demonstrated that
the positive emotions playfulness, seeking, and caring were most strongly corre-
lated with extraversion, openness to experience, and agreeableness, respectively.
Despite the Chinese background of the participants and the different measures
employed in this study, precisely the same correlation pattern between the six types
of neurologically well-dened instinctual affect and the Big Five personality model
was replicated. This underscores the remarkable external validity of biologically
based personality traits, and lends further support to Davis and Panksepps (2011)
postulation that affective experiences, which inherently pivot on the subcortical
systems, form the basic infrastructure for personality development.
The present analyses reveal that each of the six instinctual emotions has a
distinct relationship with dream experiences. Impulses for exploring, problem
solving, and goal accomplishment in waking life assessed by the Seeking scale may
Figure 2. Standardized solution for the structural equation model of superego, affect, and dream
functioning. Note: Standardized error covariances: NEO-FFI A and Caring 0.20; NEO-FFI E and
Playfulness 0.18; NEO-FFI O and Seeking 0.36; Fear and Sadness 0.27.
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152 Yu
carry over into dreams in the form of ego ination and instinctual gratication,
whereas feelings of affection, the inclination to nurturing, and the need of being
needed as measured by the Caring scale may prompt those dream themes featuring
object relations and erotomania. Unlike positive emotions, anger, fear, and sadness
have no direct connection with dreams of appetitive and instinctual activities.
Instead, they may account for the diffusion of memories of dreamed and real-life
events, defensive breakdown in conscious boundaries, and dreaming about the
crisis of being unable to safeguard the ideal self. It should be noted, nevertheless,
that some prevalent dream themes, especially those involving object-relation issues,
are associated with both pleasant and obnoxious affect. This result is not surprising
when it is considered that a persons relation to surrounding objects not only brings
about pleasure but also constitutes the source of suffering.
According to the neurostructural model of dreaming, dreams are actively
generated by the neural circuitry that connects the mesolimbicdopaminergic
pathway, the ventromesialorbitofrontal cortex, and the inferomesial tempo-
rallimbic pathway (Yu, 2001a, 2001b, 2003, 2006, 2007). Yu (2011b) argued that
the functional characteristics of the mesolimbicdopaminergic pathway,
ventromesialorbitofrontal region, and inferomesial temporallimbic pathway can
be largely compared with the dream themes that make up the major DMS
scalesthat is, Grandiosity (and Appetite-Instinct), Ego Ideal, and Persecution. It
is interesting that there is a substantial overlap in the neuroanatomical mapping
between the neurostructural model of dreaming and the six neurologically well-
dened emotions. This may explain why a particular type of affect is more germane
to certain sets of dream motifs and activities. For instance, the Seeking emotion was
found to be most saliently correlated with the Grandiose Dream predisposition,
possibly because both of them are controlled by the mesolimbicdopaminergic
system in the brain.
Some correlation coefcients comparing the MCSDS, NEO-FFI, and ANPS
scales were large but were far from the 1.0 level. This suggests that scales subsumed
under the same latent constructsuch as the MCSDS, NEO-FFI A, and NEO-FFI
Cmeasure some related, yet different, attributes. The only exception was the
relatively large correlation coefcient between the Fear and NEO-FFI N scales. In
view of the potential redundancy between the two scales, the NEO-FFI N scale was
excluded from structural equation modeling.
The three positive emotions, together with extraversion, openness to experi-
ence, and dream content of the appetitive-instinctual and object-relation types,
were incorporated into Yus (25 August, 2011) structural equation model to provide
a more comprehensive overview of the triadic relationship between superego,
affect, and dream functioning. Echoing the mechanisms implicated in the previous
structural equation model and the neurostructural model of dreaming, the present
structural equation modeling analyses indicate that both dream experiences and
negative affect are susceptible to the repressive effect of the superego. As with Yus
previous analyses, the antagonistic relationship between dream experiences and
superego functions is signicant only when the path linking dream experiences and
negative emotions is expunged from the structural equation model. This repeated
evidence substantiates the argument that psychological distress plays a crucial role
in mediating the dynamics between the superego and dreaming.
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Superego, Instinctual Affect, and Dreams 153
Although both positive and negative emotions positively predict general
dream experiences, the former serve as a specic indicator of dreaming grandiose,
appetitive, and instinctual narratives. In addition, delightful, agreeable feelings
experienced during wakefulness appear to be more than the triggers for pleasant
dreams in that they clearly display a positive association with superego functions.
Whether positive emotions assessed by the ANPS represent healthy protective
factors or the defensive maneuvers of the superego against concealed disturbances,
however, requires clarication through further investigation.
CONCLUSIONS
The structural equation modeling analyses converge on the same owchart
suggested by previous neuropsychological evidence and psychoanalytic theories.
Dream experiences and aversive emotions are prone to repression in waking life
when the superego is fully operative. During sleep, the superego relaxes its
vigilance, thus unleashing the pent-up emotions and innate inclinations, which are
bound to express through the mechanisms of dreaming. The superego is a
complicated entity. Its full-edged form can be conceived as the amalgam of
agreeableness, conscientiousness, and repressive defensiveness; the more primitive
part of its core, on the other hand, is closely akin to the instinct of caring or seeking
care and those erotomaniac desires and object-relation concerns unfolded in
dreams.
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