PRESSURE SAFETY VALVE:

(a) (b)
Safety valve is one type of relief valve.
Safety valve is an automatic pressure relieving device actuated by the static pressure upstream
of the valve and characterized by full opening pop action.
The safety valve equipped with a lever to open the valve when contained pressure is no more
than 75% of the relief pressure.
It is most generally refer to the power boilers.
Such valve generally has following features: flanged or weld and inlet connection , full of semi
nozzle, exposed spring and lifting lever .
Generally its made from corrosive resistant material like s.s and carbon steel.
Working:

Generally in steam boiler or power boiler the safety valve is provided at top.
As shown In fig (B) explanation of working of safety valve described as below:
In the pressure safety valve when the value of operating pressure exceed so much at that time
its open automatically .
The high pressure steam enter via inlet of safety valve .
When pressure of this steam exceed so much due to this lifting lever will be move .
This lifting lever will be moved via spring mechanism and its base on seat. seat of lifting lever
made from cast iron.
This lifting lever have some calculated operating pressure .
When steam pressure crosses this operating pressure of lifting lever , the lifting lever will be
move upward .
Due to upward movement of lifting lever its provide passage for passing out the steam.
From this passage steam will be goes out via outlet nozzle.
After steam pressure reducing again lifting lever moves down (its original condition or seating).
Safety valve classified on basis of nozzle:

full nozzle safety valve:
Nozzle is the raised face portion of flange. Used for liquid and vapour relief. Has closed bonnet.

Semi nozzle safety valve:
Used for liquid and vapour relief. Nozzle consist of insert screwed into base .Connection can be
flanged, weld ended or screwed.

Base nozzle safety valve:
Nozzle formed from base of valve. Typically have screwed connection ,but also available flanged
or available flanged or weld ended .Fully open at 25% over pressure .Has closed bonet
Safety valve will be design on basis of ASME standar

ADVANTAGES:
Open bonnet isolates spring from process temperature.
Reseats after relieving.

DISADVANTAGES:
For steam service only.
Not able with balanced bellows, however, does not normally discharged in to closed systems.

APPLICATION:
ASME power boiler and general steam service.
Pump discharge. Thermal relief of lines and heat exchanger. Base nozzle relief valve is used.
ASME unfired pressure vessels. Pump and compressor discharge. Semi nozzle safety relief valve
is used.
ASME unfired pressure vessels. Pump and compressor discharge. Full nozzle valve is used.



RUPTURE DISK:




A rupture disc, also known as a burst disc, bursting disc, or burst diaphragm.
It is a non-reclosing pressure relief device that, in most uses, protects a pressure vessel,
equipment or system from over-pressurization or potentially damaging vacuum conditions.
A rupture disc is a type of sacrificial part because it has a one-time-use membrane that
fails at a predetermined differential pressure, either positive or vacuum.
The membrane is usually made out of metal, but nearly any material (or different
materials in layers) can be used to suit a particular application.
Rupture discs provide instant response (within milliseconds) to an increase or decrease
in system pressure, but once the disc has ruptured it will not reseal.
Rupture discs are widely accepted throughout industry and specified in most global
pressure equipment design codes (ASME, PED, etc.).
Rupture discs can be used to specifically protect installations against unacceptably high

There are two types of rupture disks:
1. Prebulged
2. Reverse buckling


Prebulged type is a required set pressure about 1.5 times the operating pressure, due to
susceptibility to stress fatigue.
These means that the protected vessel must be design for a higher pressure.
Also the popping pressure of the prebulged type can be set within 1.1 times the operating
pressure.


ADVANTAGE:
Major advantages of the application of rupture discs compared to using pressure relief valves
include leak-tightness and cost.
Rupture disk can be used to protect vessel with very high design pressure far beyond the
capacity of relief valve.

DISADVANTAGE:
The most series disadvantage of rupture disk is there inability to reseat.
The rupture causes the protected system to depressure and the process unit must be shut down
to replace the disk.
Therefore rupture disk are unsafe for toxic fluid.

APPLICATION:
Rupture discs are commonly used in petrochemical, aerospace, aviation, defense, medical,
railroad, nuclear, chemical, pharmaceutical, food processing and oil field applications.
They can be used as single protection devices or as a backup device for a conventional safety
valve; if the pressure increases and the safety valve fails to operate (or can't relieve enough
pressure fast enough), the rupture disc will burst.
Rupture discs are very often used in combination with safety relief valves, isolating the valves
from the process, thereby saving on valve maintenance and creating a leak-tight pressure relief
solution.




INTERLOCKS:



Interlocks are the device which are use for trap or lock any electrical,electronic or mechanical
device system .
Its a method of preventing undesired states in astate machine.
Generally its use for safety purpose.
Its device to help prevent a machine from damaging it self by stopping the machine when
tripped .
Best example of interlock is house hold microwave: in this ovensare equipped with interlock
switches which disable the magnetronif the door is open.
Interlocks also serve as important safety device in industrial settings , where they protect
employees from devices such as robots,presses,hammers, moving devices.
In chemical industry generally trapped key interlock mostly used.
TRAPPED KEY INTERLOCK:
It is locking system of ensuring safety in industrial environment by forcing the operator through
a predetermined sequence using a defined selection of keys,locks and switches.
It work by releasing and trapping keys in a predetermined sequence .
After the control or power has been isolated, to prevent access to individual or multiple doors .
For a example
To prevent access to the inside ofan electric kiln , a trapped key system may be used to interlock
a disconnecting switch and the kiln door.
While the switche is turn on ,the key is held by the interlock attached to the disconnecting
switch.
To open the kiln door ,the switch is first opened, which releases the key.the key can than be use
to unlock the kiln door.
While the keys removed from the switch interlock , a plunger from the interlock mechanically
prevent the switch from closing.
Power can not be re-applied to the kiln until the kiln door is locked,releasing the key, and the
key is the returned to the disconnecting switch interlock.

APPLICATION:

SAFETY INTERLOCK SWITCHES:
It is respond when a mechanical guard opens.
Interlock switches feature positive opening contacts for high reliability regardless of
environmental conditions and withstand attempts to override the switch and defeat the system.

SI-MAG SERIES MAGNET STYLE SWITCHES:
Three component magnet style switches tolerate dirt build up, washdown,longsensing
distance and shift in alignment.

LOCKING STYLE SWITCHES:
All models offer choice of locking mechanisms and operating voltages.