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Michele Triplett's Fingerprint
Terms
A collection of over 800 terms used in the Science of Fingerprint

Identification.
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A-Naphaflavone
Chemical used in fixing Iodine processed friction ridge detail.
SWGFAST, Glossary - Consolidated !-!-" #er. $.
http%&&'''.s'gfast.org&Glossary(Consolidated(#er($.pdf
AAFS
American Academy of Forensic Science.
ACE-V
The acronym for the se)uential process or modified #ersion of the
scientific method that is
follo'ed *y friction ridge examiners% Analysis, Comparison, +#aluation,
,erification.
-See indi#idual terms..
AC+-, 'as first used for physical e#idence a*out $!/ 0 ridge detail a*out
$!1. Inspector
2oy A. 3u*er, 2C45, formulated the AC+-, process and Staff Sergeant 6a#id
Ash*augh,
2C45, populari7ed this process 'ithin the friction ridge identification
field.
A- Analysis% The un8no'n item must *e reduced to a matter of properties or
characteristics. These properties may *e directly o*ser#a*le, measura*le,
or other'ise
percepti*le )ualities.
C- Comparison% The properties or characteristics of the un8no'n are no'
compared 'ith the familiar or recorded properties of 8no'n items.
E- +#aluation% It is not sufficient that the comparison disclose
similarities or
dissimilarities in properties or characteristics. +ach characteristic
'ill ha#e a certain
#alue for identification purposes, determined *y its fre)uency of
occurrence. The
'eight or significance of each must therefore *e considered.
Verification- It -scientific method. insists upon #erification as the most
relia*le
form of proof.
Insp. 2oy 3u*er, Identification 9e's 9o#. $!/:
A- analy7e - The first step, analysis, re)uires the expert to examine and
analy7e all #aria*les influencing the friction ridge impression in
)uestion.
This *egins 'ith an understanding of friction ridged s8in and the
transition
of the three dimensional s8in structure to a t'o dimensional image. When
examining latent fingerprints, se#eral factors must *e accounted for and
understood. Some of these factors are the material upon 'hich the latent
print
has *een deposited, the de#elopment process-es., pressure distortion, and
external elements -*lood, grease, etc... The )uantity and )uality of the
latent
print ridges influences the examiners a*ility to perform the next phase.
The
conclusion of the analysis process is a determination as to 'hether
sufficient
information exists to proceed to the next phase.
C- compare - The comparison process introduces the 8no'n exemplar 'ith
'hich
the latent print is to *e compared. At this point, there is also another
analysis
phase ta8ing place. This analysis is of the 8no'n exemplar in an effort to
determine the suita*ility for achie#ing the conclusion stated a*o#e. It is
possi*le that the 8no'n exemplar may contain fingerprint images that are
too
hea#ily in8ed or smudged, and there*y unrelia*le, thus pre#enting a
conclusi#e
comparison. The comparison process *egins 'ith determining the general
ridge
flo' and shape -;e#el $ 6etail. in an effort to properly orient the latent
print
'ith a corresponding area of the 8no'n exemplar fingerprints. This is
generally
follo'ed *y selecting 8ey focal characteristics -;e#el : 6etail.,
understanding
their position, direction and relationship and then comparing this
formation
'ith the formations in the 8no'n exemplar. The )uality and )uantity of
this
information directly affects the ease or difficulty of this process.
E- e#aluate - The result of the comparison is the e#aluation process or
ma8ing
a conclusion. The general fingerprint community refers to the conclusions
dra'n as
*eing one of three choices. First, the t'o impressions -latent fingerprint
and
the 8no'n fingerprint. 'ere made *y the same finger of the same person.
Second,
the latent impression 'as not made *y any of the fingers of the exemplar
fingerprints. And third, a conclusi#e comparison could not *e achie#ed,
generally
due to the lac8 of ade)uate clarity or the a*sence of compara*le area in
the
8no'n exemplar. In order to esta*lish an identification decision, this
process
must insure that all of the fingerprint details are the same and maintain
the
same relationship, 'ith no existing unexplaina*le differences.
V- #erify - The final process is #erification. The general rule is that
all
identifications must *e #erified *y a second )ualified expert. This
#erification
2
process *y a second examiner is an independent examination of the t'o
fingerprint
impressions -latent fingerprint and 8no'n exemplar fingerprint. applying
the
scientific methodology of analysis, comparison and e#aluation descri*ed
a*o#e.
<nited States #s. =yron 4itchell
Go#ernment>s Com*ined report to the Court and 4otions in ;imine Concerning
Fingerprint e#idence.
The acronym for a scientific method% Analysis, Comparison, +#aluation, and
,erification
-see indi#idual terms..
SWGFAST, Glossary ?-:1-:! #er. :.
ACPO
Association of Chief 5olice @fficers. The AC5@ leads and coordinates the
direction
and de#elopment of the police ser#ice in +ngland, Wales and 9orthern
Ireland.
ADA
The American 6ermatoglyphics Association -A6A. is a non-profit scientific
and
educational organi7ation 'ith mem*ership 'orld'ide. The mission of the A6A
is
to encourage and ad#ance the science and applications of dermatoglyphics,
and
to facilitate cooperation among the mem*ership and others 'ith similar
aims.
Applications of dermatoglyphics encompasses the fields of anthropology,
medicine, primatology, la', identification, em*ryology, and genetics.
http%&&'''.physanth.org&annmeet&pri7es&dermato.html 1-$"-:"
ADAMS
Authenticated 6igital Asset 4anagement System.
A computer program designed to authenticate and trac8 digital e#idence.
5roduced *y Foray Technologies.
AFIS
Automated Fingerprint Identification System.
ALPS
Automated ;atent 5rint System.
ALS
See Alternate ;ight Source.
APIS
Automated 5almprint Identification System.
ASCLD
American Society of Crime ;a*oratory 6irectors.
ASCLD/LAB
3
American Society of Crime ;a*oratory 6irectors&;a*oratory Accreditation
=oard.
Accuracy
A measurement of ho' precise a conclusion or a set of conclusions is to
the real #alue.
Acetone
Sol#ent used as a carrier in reagentsA also used as a cleaning agent.
Acetonitrile
Sol#ent used as a carrier in reagentsA also used as a cleaning agent.
Aci Fuch"in
2eddish protein stain used to enhance *loody friction ridge detail.
Also 8no'n as 3ungarian 2ed.
Aci #ello$ %
A fluorescent dye stain used to #isuali7e latent prints left in *lood on
nonporous
surfaces. @ptimum #ie'ing is at B-B!nm, using a clear, yello', or
light orange
filter -depending on the 'a#elength used..
Aciifie &yro'en Pero(ie
A solution used to de#elop friction ridge detail on cartridge casings *y
etching the surface of the casing not co#ered 'ith se*aceous material.
Aactylia
Congenital a*sence of fingers and&or toes.
Synonyms% adactyly, adactylism
Source% Word9et C $.?, D :$ 5rinceton <ni#ersity
A)ini"trative *evie$
A re#ie' to insure the organi7ational procedures of an agency are adhered
to, such
as arrangement and punctuation.
A''re'ate
Com*ining parts to arri#e at the 'hole. This usually refers to ma8ing an
identification
*ased on the com*ined information from characteristics in a simultaneous
impression.
Alanine
Alanine is the second simplest amino acid and the most common amino acid
found in proteins, occurring at a rate of approximately !E. Since amino
acids are one of the organic components of eccrine s'eat, alanine is often
used to test latent print chemicals for an amino acid reaction.
4
Al+inu", -ei"" Bernharu" Sie'frie .Fe+ruary /0, 123%-Septe)+er 3, 1%%45
@ne of the most 'ell 8no'n anatomists of the eighteenth century. Al*inus
studied in ;eyden 'ith Go#ard =idloo, among other great medical
scientists.
3e is most noted for his attempts at increasing the scientific accuracy of
anatomical illustrations.
Alia" .A6A5
$. A false name. :. Another name an indi#idual has used. -Also Fno'n
As.
Altere Fin'erprint"
See 4utilation.
Alternate Blac7 Po$er
6e#eloped *y the F=I in the $!!>s as an inexpensi#e and effecti#e means
of de#eloping friction ridge detail on adhesi#e surfaces and&or tapes.
This method is *asically mixing normal *lac8 po'der together 'ith a G%G
solution of li)uid detergent -or li)ui-9ox. and 'ater. 4ix the ingredient
until it loo8s li8e sha#ing cream and paint it on to the adhesi#e side of
tape. ;et it sit for "-/ seconds and then rinse 'ith tap 'ater. 2epeat
for *etter contrast as needed.
Source% F=I Academy, Huantico, ,A
Alternate Li'ht Source .ALS5
Any light source, other than a laser, used to excite luminescence of
latent
prints, *ody fluids, etc., no' commonly referred to as a forensic light
source.
Alu)inu) Chlorie
A metal salt used to treat ninhydrin de#eloped latent prints.
A)+ient Li'htin'
A lighting techni)ue 'here the light is surrounding an o*Iect from all
sides.
A)io Blac7
=lue-*lac8 protein stain used to enhance *loody friction ridge detail.
See 9aphthalene =lac8.
A dye used to stain the protein present in *lood.
Synonyms% 9aphthalene =lac8A 9aphthol =lue =lac8.
The Water =ased Amido =lac8 'as de#eloped *y John F. Fischer of the
Forensic 2esearch and Supply Company in Gatha, Florida in $!!1.
Source% F=I Academy, Huantico, ,A
5
A)ino Aci"
@ne of the organic components in eccrine s'eat. Amino acids are the
*asic structure of protein, protein is a chain of amino acids. The human
*ody uses : amino acids to *uild the #arious proteins for gro'th, repair,
and maintenance of *ody tissues.
The : amino acids the human *ody uses are% Alanine, Arginine, Asparagine,
Aspartic acid, Cysteine, Glutamine, Glutamic acid, Glycine, 3istidine,
Isoleucine,
;eucine, ;ysine, 4ethionine, 5henylalanine, 5roline, Serine, Threonine,
Tryptophan, Tyrosine, and ,aline. Alanine and glycine seem to *e the most
common amino acids used to test latent print chemicals for an amino acid
reaction.
A))oniu) Chlorie
Analo'
Chemistry. A structural deri#ati#e of a parent compound that often differs
from it
*y a single element.
The American 3eritageC 6ictionary of the +nglish ;anguage, Fourth +dition
Copyright D : *y 3oughton 4ifflin Company.
5u*lished *y 3oughton 4ifflin Company. All rights reser#ed.
http%&&dictionary.reference.com&searchK)Lanalog $:-:/-:G
Analy"i"
The first step of the AC+-, method. The assessment of an impression to
determine
suita*ility for comparison.
Separate anything into its partsA to find out 'hat a thing is made of.
Huantitati#e-Hualitati#e Friction 2idge Analysis, 6a#id 2. Ash*augh $!!!
C2C 5ress
4ore definitions listed under AC+-,.
Ana"to)o"i" .Ana"to)o"e"5
The connection of separate parts of a *ranching system to form a net'or8,
as
of leaf #eins, *lood #essels, or a ri#er and its *ranches.
The American 3eritage C 6ictionary of the +nglish ;anguage, Fourth +dition
5u*lished *y 3oughton 4ifflin Company. All rights reser#ed
http%&&dictionary.reference.com&searchK)Lanastomoses
2efers to the epidermal connecti#e tissue that gro's from a primary ridge
to
a secondary ridge, 8no'n as a shunt. The gro'th of anastomoses creates
dermal
papillae in the secondary dermal ridges.
6
Anhiro"i"
A medical condition that reduces or eliminates the a*ility of the *ody to
s'eat
-sometimes called 3ypohidrosis.. Anhidrosis can *e caused from a #ariety
of reasons
including a genetic disorder, damage to the s8in, or the use of certain
medications.
Anthropo)etry
6ealing 'ith measurement of the human *ody.
C2C 5ress
Apical
At the apexA situated at the tip of a conical figureA at the tip of a
finger.
C2C 5ress
Apocrine 8lan
A large s'eat gland that produces *oth a fluid and an apocrine secretionA
in
human *eings located in hairy regions of the *ody
Word9et C $./, D $!!? 5rinceton <ni#ersity
http%&&dictionary.reference.com&searchK)LapocrineE:gland :-:?-"
S'eat gland opening into the hair follicle.
C2C 5ress
A type of s8in gland that is associated 'ith the hair follicles.
A large s'eat gland that produces an apocrine secretion.
5rofessor Julian ,er*o# B-$!-1
Appena'e
An attachment or connection 'ithin friction ridges.
Any one of #arious external attached parts, i.e., arms, legs, tails, fins.
C2C 5ress
Applie Science
<sing a pure science in practical application *y scientific method or
ha#ing a goal.
+xamples%
physics -pure science., engineering -applied science.
mathematics -pure science., statistics -applied science.
dactylography -pure science., fingerprint identification -applied science.
A9ueou"
Water *ased.
7

Arch - plain
A fingerprint pattern in 'hich the friction ridges enter on one side of
the impression
and flo', or tend to flo', out the other side 'ith a rise or 'a#e in the
center.
Arch - tente
A type of fingerprint pattern that possesses either an angle, an upthrust,
or t'o
of the three *asic
characteristics of the loop.
Arro(
Fluorescent yello' dye used 'ith <, light to #isuali7e cyanoacrylate ester
fumed friction ridge detail.
Art
$. A 8ind of 8no'ledge that is typically considered nonscientific, the
;i*eral
Arts. Traditionally this 8ind of 8no'ledge has *een considered
nonscientific
*ecause it lac8s one or more of the re)uirements of a science, such as
ha#ing
testa*le o*ser#ations or *eing a*out a natural phenomenon. +xamples%
Accounting, +conomics, and 2eligion. +ducational institutions ha#e *egun
offering li*eral art degrees in areas of study that are typically
considered
scientific -=iology, 4athematics, 5sychology.. The =A degree is usually
general 8no'ledge, and the =S degree is more speciali7ed.
:. A s8ill, talent, or a*ility that one can possess innately or *y study
or
practice. This definition of art can apply to an indi#idual in#ol#ed in
the
li*eral arts, the sciences, or any craft, trade or acti#ity. This is not
an
essential re)uirement for any occupation or acti#ity *ut is certainly a
*enefit.
Artifact
$. Any distortion or alteration not in the original friction ridge
impression, produced
*y an external agent or action.
:. Any information not present in the original o*Iect or image,
inad#ertently introduced
*y image capture, processing, compressions, transmission, display, and
printing.
A structure or feature not normally present *ut #isi*le as a result of an
external
8
agent or action.
5u*lished *y 3oughton 4ifflin Company. All rights reser#ed. G-:G-:B
http%&&dictionary.reference.com&searchK)Lartifact
A"+ury, Davi
6a#id As*ury 'as con#icted of murder in a $!!? SC2@ murder in#estigation
*ased on fingerprint e#idence. The con#iction 'as later o#erturned *ut
the
SC2@ refused to admit to an erroneous identification.
See +rroneous Identifications.
A"h+au'h, Staff Ser'eant Davi *: .Mar: 11, 1302-pre"ent5
Staff Sergeant 6a#id Ash*augh 'or8ed for the 2oyal Canadian 4ounted
5olice,
retiring in 4ay of :B, in addition to *eing the 6irector of 2idgeology
Consulting
Ser#ices. 3e spent o#er :? years doing extensi#e research on the
scientific
*asis and identification process of friction ridge identifications. Among
his
long list of accomplishments he is credited 'ith coining the term
2idgeology
in $!1: and creating the terms le#el $, le#el :, and le#el " detail. 3e
introduced
the AC+-, methodology to the fingerprint field around $!1 and 'as a 8ey
'itness for the 6au*ert 3earings. 3e sat on se#eral committee *oards and
as
'ell as ser#ing on the Scientific Wor8ing Group on Friction 2idge
Analysis,
Study and Technology. In addition to pu*lishing many papers on the
identification process, in $!!! he authored the *oo8 MHuantitati#e-
Hualitati#e
Friction 2idge Analysis% An Introduction to =asic and Ad#anced
2idgeologyN,
'hich has *ecome a fundamental and essential resource for all latent print
examiners. Staff Sergeant Ash*augh has recei#ed numerous a'ards and honors
for his significant contri*utions to the science of friction ridge
identification
and is recogni7ed as one of the leading experts in his field.
Authority
An accepted source of definiti#e information.
An expert in a specific field.
We*ster>s II 9e' 2i#erside 6ictionary, @ffice +dition.
3oughton 4ifflin 5u*lishing Co. Copyright $!1B, =er8ley Addition.
A(io)
In logic% a proposition that is not suscepti*le of proof or disproofA its
truth is assumed to *e self-e#ident.
Word9et C $./, D $!!? 5rinceton <ni#ersity. :-!-:B
A self-e#ident principle or one that is accepted as true 'ithout proof as
the
9
*asis for argumentA a postulate.
5u*lished *y 3oughton 4ifflin Company. All rights reser#ed.:-!-:B
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$
Copyright 2002-2009, Michele Triplett. All rights reserved.
Terms

Identification.
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Ba+ler, Dr: -illia) ;o"eph .May /0, 1303-pre"ent5
6r. =a*ler is recogni7ed as the foremost authority in the structure and
formation
of friction s8in. 3e is an Associate 5rofessor of @ral =iology teaching
human
anatomy and em*ryology at Indiana <ni#ersity School of 6entistry. In
addition,
he ser#ed as the 5resident of the American 6ermatoglyphics Association,
'here
he recei#ed their 6istinguished Ser#ice A'ard in :". 6r. =a*ler has
spent o#er
: years researching the prenatal de#elopment of friction s8in, 'riting
numerous
articles explaining his findings. 3e has confirmed many scientific
theories a*out
friction ridge formation as 'ell as de#eloped ne' theories. 3e has
esta*lished
that the patterns on the fingers are a result of the shape of the #olar
pads 'hen
the friction s8in *egins to de#elopA high #olar pads create 'horls 'hile
lo' #olar
pads create arches. This 'as presumed *y 4ul#ihill and Smith *ut 6r.
=a*ler did
the research that confirmed their hypotheses. 6r. =a*ler 'as also
recogni7ed
as a leading expert in the 6au*ert 3earings.
=esides the significant contri*utions he has made in the scientific arena,
6r. =a*ler
has also demonstrated himself to *e a profound teacher. 3e has spent
countless
time educating forensic examiners and has continually made himself
a#aila*le as
an educational resource.
10
Ball area
The large cushion area *elo' the *ase of the *ig toe.
Baltha<ar, Dr: Victor .1=%/-13>45
A 5rofessor of Forensic 4edicine at Sor*onne. =altha7ard is credited
for his statistical model of fingerprint indi#iduality, pu*lished in
$!$$. 3is model 'as #ery simplistic and ignored rele#ant information
*ut 'as the foundation for others to de#elop impro#ed statistical models.
=altha7ard>s 'or8 'as the *asis for ;ocard>s Tripartite 2ule.
Ba"al Layer of Epier)i"
See Stratum =asale.
Ba"e)ent Me)+rane
A thin, delicate layer of connecti#e tissue underlying the epithelium of
many
organs. Also called *asement lamina.
http%&&dictionary.reference.com&searchK)L*asementE:mem*rane
A mem*rane separating the dermis from the epidermis. The *asement
mem*rane
consists of three layers% the lamina lucida, the lamina densa, and the
lamina
fi*roreticularis.
Ba"ic Fu"chin
Fluorescent dye used 'ith selected 'a#elengths of light to #isuali7e
cyanoacrylate ester fumed friction ridge detail. See 2osaniline chloride.
Ba"ic *e /=
Fluorescent red dye used 'ith selected 'a#elengths of light
to #isuali7e cyanoacrylate ester fumed friction ridge detail.
Ba"ic #ello$ 04
Fluorescent yello' dye used 'ith selected 'a#elengths of light to
#isuali7e
cyanoacrylate ester fumed friction ridge detail.
See 5anacryl =rilliant Fla#one $GFF. See 4axilon Fla#one $GFF.
Baye", *ev: ?ho)a" .1%4/-1%215
A =ritish mathematician and 5res*yterian minister, 8no'n for ha#ing
formulated =ayes> theorem. =ayes Theorem 'as first introduced in OAn
+ssay To'ards Sol#ing a 5ro*lem in the 6octrine of ChancesO pu*lished
in $?/".
11
Baye" ?heore)
A mathematical approach to sol#ing logic pro*lem *y loo8ing at the
pro*a*ility of an e#ent happening gi#en that some other e#ent has already
occurred. This approach optimi7es the pro*a*ility *y modeling the sample
space after the realistic instead of after the entirety.
Bayle, Allan ;: .Oct: 11, 13>4-pre"ent5
Allan =ayle ser#ed 'ith the 4etropolitan 5olice Ser#ice for :G years at
9e' Scotland
Pard as a Fingerprint @fficer and later 'as regraded as an Identification
@fficer.
This ne' grade encompassed expertise in fingerprints and forensic scene
examination,
completing fi#e operational tours of duty, and examining all types of
scenes of crime.
In $!!", he recei#ed a commendation for outstanding scene examination.
From August
$!!/ until 4ay :$, he lectured at the Scientific Support College for the
4etropolitan
5olice Training +sta*lishment in 3endon. Su*Iects included *asic
fingerprint foundation,
ad#anced fingerprint, cada#ers&chemical, and *asic and ad#anced forensic
a'areness
courses. 3e has *een an ad#isor to the Association of Chief 5olice
@fficers -AC5@. led
5roIect =oard for fingerprint training 'hich included ridgeology and
designing a
ridgeology course for future experts in the <.F.
3e also testified in 5hiladelphia *efore Judge 5olla8 in the <S # 5la7a
case stating
that he thought the F.=.I.>s proficiency tests 'as too easy.
3is 'or8 on the 4cFie, As*ury and 4c9amara cases forced him to resign and
start a
consultancy, 'hich includes lecturing, ad#ising on all fingerprint,
forensic scene
examination matters, training and in#estigating miscarriages of Iustice
'orld 'ide.
Bec7, Aolf .or Aolph5 .1=3>5
An early case of erroneous identification *y eye'itness testimony and
personal
recognition. In $1!/, Adolf =ec8 'as sentenced to ? years for defrauding
'omen out
of their Ie'elry in ;ondon. The main e#idence against him 'as the
testimony of $
'omen 'ho identified him as the man 'ho had ro**ed them, William Thomas
a8a John
Smith, yet =ec8 insisted he 'as innocent and he 'as not this man. 3e
ser#ed G years
of the sentence *efore *eing released on good *eha#ior in July $!$. @n
April $G,
$!B =ec8 'as again accused of stealing Ie'elry from a young lady. 3e
'as again
found guilty *ut *efore *eing sentence, the real William Thomas 'as
arrested for
12
the same crimes and the fact that these t'o men seemed to *e dou*les of
each other
'as disco#ered. @n July $!, $!B, =ec8 'as pardoned and gi#en G pounds
for
compensation. Although some claim there 'ere remar8a*le similarities
*et'een
these t'o men, there 'ere o*#ious documented differences *et'een them.
Ben<iine
@nce considered to *e the *est techni)ue for de#eloping *loody latent
prints
on nonporous items. =en7idine has *een found to *e a carcinogen and is no
longer considered to *e a #ia*le process.
?he Bepler Co))ittee
In $1!B, =ritains Troup Committee enacted the procedure of adding
fingerprints to
=ertillon cards. At this time, these fingerprints 'erenQt used for
identification
purposes. In the early $!>s, the =ritish 3ome Secretary con#ened a
committee to
resol#e the competing claims of anthropometry and fingerprinting. This
committee
'as headed *y ;ord 3enry =epler and *ecame 8no'n as The =epler Committee.
In 6ec.
$!, this committee recommended ta8ing fingerprints and classifying them
*y the
3enry system. The implementation *egan in $!$.
Berry, ;ohn B:E:M:
=erry 'as *orn in $!:/ in =irmingham, +ngland. 3e ser#ed in the =ritish
Army from
$!BB to $!B1, stationed in Germany. <pon demo*ili7ation he entered the
police ser#ice,
Ioining the fingerprint *ureau in $!GG. 3e ser#ed in the *ureau for :
years, ha#ing
the ran8 of sergeant from $!/ to $!?G. 3e retired from the police
ser#ice in $!?G
and Ioined the 3ertfordshire Consta*ulary Fingerprint =ureau as a ci#ilian
technician.
This *ureau 'as a hi#e of acti#ity *ecause The Fingerprint Society
originated there.
=erry edited The SocietyQs Iournal FI9G+252I9T W3@2;6, the first issue 'as
pu*lished
in July $!?G, and he su*se)uently edited /B consecuti#e )uarterly issues,
until
retiring from the *ureau in $!!$, after reaching retirement age. In $!1!
he 'as
a'arded the =ritish +mpire 4edal *y 3.4. The Hueen for Rser#ices to
fingerprintsQ.
In his retirement, =erry has continued 'ith fingerprint research,
pu*lishing :G annual
editions of his *rainchild R2idge 6etail in 9atureQ -renamed RStra*ismusQ
in $!!1.,
some issues ha#ing more than $ pages. 3e is no' in his ?!th year
-:G., and is in
13
ill-health, *ut still settles in his den e#eryday, 8eeping up-to-date 'ith
fingerprint
matters. 3e states that in his fifty years of 'or8ing the discipline, he
has found
that 'hen dealing 'ith a really difficult crime scene imprint, a R'ithin a
minuteQ
decision is totally fec8less. There should not *e a time limit for the
technician to
ma8e a comparisonA the distortion factor may ha#e a *earing on apparent
dissimilarities.
Bertillon, Alphon"e .April // or /@, 1=>@-Fe+: 1@, 13105
Alphonse =ertillon de#ised a meticulous method of measuring *ody parts as
a means of
identification, 8no'n as RThe =ertillon 4ethod of IdentificationQ or
RAnthropometryQ.
It 'as first used in $11" and 'as found to *e slightly fla'ed in $!"
-8no'n as the
Will West Case.. The West case didnQt end the use of Anthropometry *ut it
did
esta*lish that Anthropometry didnQt indi#iduali7e all people. +#en though
the
=ertillon system didnQt pro#ide perfect results, it did pro#ide sufficient
results
and 'as #ery useful in its day.
=ertillon is also credited 'ith sol#ing the first crime in#ol#ing latent
prints
'ithout ha#ing a suspect. =ertillon identified latent prints found on a
piece of
glass, from the murder scene of Joseph 2ei*el, as *eing left *y 3enri ;eon
Scheffer>s.
=ertillon found the identification *y searching his files one person at a
time.
The date of the murder 'as @cto*er $?, $!: and the identification 'as
made on @cto*er
:B, $!:. This is pu*lished in OAlphonse =ertillon% Father of Scientific
6etectionO,
3enry 2hodes -$!G/..
Bertillon Metho of Ientification
See =ertillon, Alphonse
Bertillona'e
=ertillon>s method of anthropometry.
C2C 5ress
Bett" ca"e- Ohio 131%
The =etts case may ha#e *een the first con#iction *ased solely on palm
print
e#idence. In $!$?, Samual W. =etts 'as arrested and charged 'ith *urglary
*ased
on the fact that his palm print 'as found on a 'indo'pane. George Foestle
-one
of Ferrier>s students. 'as the person 'ho too8 and compared the palm
prints.
14
>Fingerprint and Identification 4aga7ine>, 6ec $!B:.
Another palm print case that happened around the same time, and also said
to *e
the first palm print case to ha#e a con#iction, 'as a murder trial in
9e#ada.
The defendant 'as =en Fuhl.
Be$ic7, ?ho)a" .1%>@-1=/=5
An +nglish engra#er noted for car#ing fingerprint stamps. Galton credits
him as
the first 'ell-8no'n person to study ridges as a means of identification
-OFinger
5rintsO, $1!: pg. :/..
Bia"
An influence *ased on impertinent information rather than o*Iecti#e data,
such as
irrele#ant contextual details surrounding an e#ent.
See Cogniti#e =ias, Confirmation =ias, Contextual =ias.
Bichro)atic A Latent Print Po$er
A multi-colored po'der used to process an o*Iect 'ith the purpose of
#isuali7ing
friction ridge detail. To a#oid damaging a latent print, po'ders are *est
applied
'ith a camel hair or fi*erglass *rush.
=ichromatic S ;atent 5rint 5o'der is a com*ination of *lac8 and
sil#er&gray po'der
'hich can *e dusted on a light or dar8 surface. @n a light-colored
surface, the
latent print 'ill appear dar8 so it can *e seen and photographed easily.
@n a dar8-
colored surface, it 'ill appear light. When lifted 'ith tape and placed on
a 'hite
*ac8ing card, the latent print 'ill appear dar8.
http%&&'''.red'op.com&technotes.aspKI6L1G ?-$$-:B
See Fingerprint 5o'ders.
Biloo, 8ovar .1203-1%1@5
An anatomist, credited 'ith 'riting the first *oo8, titled O3uman
AnatomyO,
'ith detailed dra'ings of fingerprints and pores in $/1G.
Bifurcation
The point at 'hich one friction ridge di#ides into t'o friction ridges.
6i#ide into t'o *ranches.
C2C 5ress
Bioha<ar
15
=iological agent or condition -as an infectious organism or insecure
la*oratory
conditions. that constitutes a ha7ard.
Biolo'ical
@f plant and animal life.
C2C 5ress
Biolo'ical Bni9uene"" -also see ;a' of =iological <ni)ueness.
The Scientific ;a' that states that all items in nature are uni)ue.
Blac7 Bo(
Any complex system 'here the internal components cannot *e directly
assessed.
Ideas a*out ho' the system 'or8s and itQs performance are made from
#ie'ing the
correlation *et'een inputs and outputs.
In psychology, the mind is usually referred to as a *lac8 *ox.
Blac7 Li'ht
=lac8 ;ight is the series of electromagnetic 'a#elengths in the
<ltra#iolet
light spectrum 'ith fre)uencies ranging from approximately "BG-Bnm.
This
fre)uency is referred to as *lac8 light *ecause of the a*sence of color
that
occurs. Some o*Iects can *e seen using *lac8 lights that are in#isi*le
'ith
normal lights.
Blac7 Po$er
A po'der used to process an o*Iect 'ith the purpose of #isuali7ing
friction
ridge detail. Typically latent print po'der is *lac8 *ut is a#aila*le in
a
'ide range of colors. To a#oid damaging a latent print, po'ders are *est
applied 'ith a camel hair or fi*erglass *rush.
Bla"ch7o, Alfre .March 0, 1=>=-March /2, 13//5
AAlfred =lasch8o 'as a German dermatologist 'ho did extensi#e studies on
em*ryology and dermatology and ho' they related to each other. 3e is
sometimes referred to in fingerprint *oo8s for his early studies of the
dermal
and epidermal layers -$11B, $11?.. 6r. Wilder credits =lasch8o as the
first
person to emphasi7e differences in the integument and attempts a
classification
for these differences. 3e is most noted for descri*ing a system of lines
on the
human s8in 'hich the linear nae#i and dermatoses follo', 8no'n as =lasch8o
lines.
16
Blin ?e"tin'
A #alid scientific method of testing a hypothesis. This method is
implemented
*y limiting the information gi#en to practitioners analy7ing the data 'ith
the
intent of decreasing the amount of *ias *eing introduced into an
examination.
For example, if practitioners arenQt pri#y to pre#ious conclusions,
confirmational
*ias and conformational *ias 'ill *e decreased. If practitioners donQt
8no'
case information, contextual *ias 'ill *e decreased. This method of
testing is
especially useful in areas of an examination that are inherently
su*Iecti#e -'hen
the potential for *ias is ele#ated.. 6eciding 'hat information to
restrict is
dependent on 'hat area of the examination is su*Iecti#e. =lind Testing
tests
the relia*ility of a conclusion -the reproduci*ility. *ut it doesnQt test
the #alidity
of the conclusion -ho' the conclusion 'as arri#ed at., therefore *lind
testing
isnQt considered a #alid form of peer re#ie'. 2estricting information may
*e
*eneficial in testing for *ias *ut it may se#erely impact a conclusion if
rele#ant
information is *eing limited.
See 6ou*le =lind Testing.
Blin Verification
A #alid scientific method of testing the relia*ility -reproduci*ility. of
a conclusion *y
gi#ing the same information to others to independently analy7e 'ithout
*eing influenced
*y 8no'ing the conclusion of others.
The independent examination of one or more friction ridge impressions *y
another
)ualified examiner 'ho has no expectation or 8no'ledge of the conclusion
of the
original examiner.
See 6ou*le =lind ,erification.
Boilin' ?echni9ue
A method to re-hydrate the friction s8in of a deceased person. In this
method 'ater is *oiled
and them remo#ed from the heat. The hand is su*merged in the 'ater for
approximately G
seconds. If re-hydration isnQt fully achie#ed the hand can *e re-
su*merged for another G
seconds. The hand is then dried *efore attempting to record the friction
17
s8in detail.
Bonnevie, 6ri"tine Eli"a+eth &euch .1=%/-13>45
A 9or'egian 7oologist and geneticist 'ho 'rote OStudies on 5apillary
5atterns of
3uman FingersO in $!:B, Journal of Genetics, Cam*ridge $!:B% $G% $-$$$.
3er main
areas of study 'ere genetic inheritance of patterns, cell di#ision and
chromosomes,
the em*ryology of dermatoglyphics and ho' the height of the #olar pad
affects the
pattern type. =onne#ie 'as the first to suggest that the *asal layer of
the epidermis
gro's faster than either the rest of the epidermis. The layers gro'ing at
different
rates, creates *uc8ling 'hich produces ridges on the surface of the s8in.
Bo"e, &e)chanra .1=3%5
A8a 2ai =ahadur 3em Chandra =ose or 2ai =ahadur 3emchandra =ose.
@ne of the Indian 5olice @fficers in =engal 'ho 'or8ed for Sir +d'ard
2ichard
3enry and helped him de#elop the 3enry System of Classification.
http%&&'''.Ipgmonline.com&article.aspKissnL::-"1G!AyearL:A#olumeLB/A
issueLBAspageL""AepageL1AaulastLTe'ari :-$G-:B
Botto)-Bp Influence"
@ne of the t'o cogniti#e influences 'ith respect to o*ser#ational
8no'ledge.
=ottom-up influences are o*Iecti#e in nature, guided purely *y data.
See Top-6o'n.
Bracelet Crea"e"
The creases located at the *ase of the palm. <sually 'here the friction
s8in
ends.
Brachyactyly
A*normal shortness of fingers and toes.
Bray v: Marylan .132@5
The court decision 'hich states that the prosecutor is o*ligated to
disclose
exculpatory information that may *e fa#ora*le to the defense.
See <nited States # 3enthorn and Giglio # <nited States.
Branchin'"
Friction ridge *ifurcationA di#ergence of a friction ridge path.
C2C 5ress
Bri'e
A connecting friction ridge *et'een and at generally right angles to,
18
parallel running ridges.
Bul+ of the Fin'er" .?hu)+", ?oe"5
The portion of the friction s8in on the tips of fingers, thum*s, or toes
in
the distal phalanx, from one side of the nail to the opposite side of the
nail.
Bureau of Cri)inal Ientification .Dept: of ;u"tice5 / National Bureau of
Ientification
The 6epartment of Justice created a =ureau of Criminal Identification in
$!G
in order to pro#ide a centrali7ed reference collection of fingerprint
cards.
In $!?, the collection 'as mo#ed, as a money-sa#ing measure, to
;ea#en'orth
Federal 5enitentiary, 'here it 'as staffed *y con#icts. <nderstanda*ly
suspicious of this arrangement, police departments formed their o'n
centrali7ed
identification *ureau maintained *y the International Association of
Chiefs of
5olice -sometimes referred to as the 9ational 5olice =ureau.. It refused
to
share its data 'ith the =ureau of Criminal In#estigation. In $!:B,
Congress
'as persuaded to merge the t'o collections in Washington, 6.C., under
=ureau
of In#estigation administration. As a result, la' enforcement agencies
across
the country *egan contri*uting fingerprint cards to the =ureau of
In#estigation
*y $!:/.
http%&&'''.f*i.go#&li*ref&historic&history&la'less.htm $:-"-:"
To# \ Home
$
Terms

Identification.
Home \ Bottom
CA or CAE
Cyanoacrylate +ster -superglue.. An adhesi#e used in a fuming method
19
to de#elop friction ridge detail.
See Cyanoacrylate +ster.
CA*DPAC?
An acronym that stands for OCom*ined Ad#anced 2idgeology, 6emystifying
5alm 5rints, and Comparison Techni)uesO. This 'as an ad#anced class
taught
*y the most prominent experts in the latent print communityA 5at Wertheim,
6a#id Ash*augh, 6a#id Grie#e, and 2on Smith.
CAS
Competency Assessment Ser#ices ;td.
CF*E
Complete Friction 2idge +xemplars.
CFSO
The Consortium of Forensic Science @rgani7ations. The consortium is
composed of
the IAI, the AAFS, ASC;6, 9A4+ -the 9ational Association of 4edical
+xaminers.,
ASC;6-;A=, and FHS.
CIS
Canadian Identification Society.
C;IS
Criminal Justice Information Ser#ices 6i#ision. The CJIS 6i#ision 'as
esta*lished
in Fe*. $!!: to ser#e as the focal point and central repository for
criminal
Iustice information ser#ices in the F=I. It is the largest 6i#ision
'ithin the F=I.
5rograms that 'ere initially consolidated under the CJIS 6i#ision include
the
9ational Crime Information Center -9CIC., <niform Crime 2eporting -<C2.,
and
Fingerprint Identification. In addition, responsi*ilities for se#eral
ongoing
technological initiati#es 'ere also transferred to the CJIS 6i#ision,
including the
Integrated Automated Fingerprint Identification System -IAFIS., 9CIC :,
and the
9ational Incident-=ased 2eporting System -9I=2S..
http%&&'''.f*i.go#&h)&cIisd&a*out.htm
C:*:
Cro'n to 2ump. This a**re#iation is used to illustrate the length of a
fetus during
friction ridge de#elopment.
C*FP
Council for the 2egistration of Forensic 5ractitioners. A <nited Fingdom
20
organi7ation
that started in :$ and closed 4arch "$, :! due to financial issues.
CSI Effect
The effect on Iurors of 'atching the forensic science sho's offered on
tele#ision.
After 'atching these tele#ision sho's, the RCSI effectQ claims that Iurors
expectations
of 'hat e#idence should *e produced at trial are no' higher. Jurors may
no' feel that
if forensic e#idence isnQt produced in a trial, the police and prosecutors
didnQt do
their Io*s ade)uately. 6ue to these sho's, Iurors also ha#e unrealistic
ideas of 'hat
scientific techni)ues are a#aila*le and ho' li8ely it is to find forensic
e#idence.
CSS
Crime Scene Search. A filter for an alternate light source. This
'a#elength
'or8s 'ell for an o#erall crime scene search to #isuali7e different types
of
trace e#idence.
C?S
Colla*orati#e Testing Ser#ices.
CV
See Curriculum ,itae.
Ca)iu) Chlorie
Calcar Area
Area located at the heel of the foot.
Went'orth and Wilder refer to the Calcar pattern as extremely rare. It
occurs on the heel of the foot usually in the form of a single loop
opening
in'ards.
Cal$ell, &arry &: .1=%/-13>%5
An inspector for the @a8land 5olice 6epartment 'ho founded the IAI in $!$G
and 'as elected president of the organi7ation for the first six years.
Canaian Ientification Society
An organi7ation founded in $!?1 'ith the goal as ha#ing a place 'here
experts
could discuss mutual pro*lems and exchange scientific 0 technical
information
that 'ould enhance identification 'or8 in Canada.
http%&&'''.cis-sci.ca&3istoryCIS.asp
21
The charter mem*ers of the CIS 'ere ;loyd 6unham, Christopher Tiller,
3o'ard
3all, Clayton =igras, 2oger 2emillard, 2ichard Jordon, Allen Wrenshall,
6onald
=raith'aite, 3arold Tuthill, 6onald Guttman, and 2onald 6uc8. 3onorary
4em*ers 'ere Judge 2ene J. 4arin, 6eputy Commissioner A.C. 5otter and
6a#id C. 6ay H.C. The Canadian Identification Society pu*lishes a
)uarterly
Iournal called MIdentification CanadaN.
Carpal Delta Area
Area of the palm containing a delta formation nearest the 'rist.
Carl""on, 6Cell
5ronounced Shell Carlsson.
FIell Carlsson 'as employed 'ith the S'edish 9ational Forensic ;a* for $
years *efore 'or8ing as a Forensic Scientist for the Stoc8holm 5olice
Crime
;a*oratory, 'here he>s *een since $!?G. Additionally he founded a
research
and de#elopment company, FIell Carlsson Inno#ation, aimed at impro#ing
forensic
tools. Among his most #alua*le in#entions are 4i8rosil, Wet'op, the
+lectrostatic
6ust ;ifter, the +lectrostatic ,acuum =ox, the ,ersa ;ight =ox, and Sno'
5rint Wax.
Cataly"t
A su*stance, usually used in small amounts relati#e to the reactants, that
modifies and increases the rate of a reaction 'ithout *eing consumed in
the
process.
The American 3eritage C 6ictionary of the +nglish ;anguage, Fourth
+dition.
5u*lished *y 3oughton 4ifflin Company.
http%&&dictionary.reference.com&searchKrL:0)Lcatalyst "-1-:B
Cella, Ce"are ;:
See 5eople #. Crispi.
Certainty
A measurement of ones state of mind 'ith reference to truth. An amount of
confidence.
See Accuracy.
Certifie
An endorsement *y an influential organi7ation stating you>#e met
certain re)uirements and are officially recogni7ed as *eing )ualified
in a particular field.
Chac7o, L:-:
22
Wrote OThe 6ermal 5apillae and 2idge 5atterns in 3uman ,olar S8inO in $!/1
'ith 4.C.,aidya.
Cha)+erlain, Paul
5aul Cham*erlain is a forensic scientist and scientific ad#isor for
fingerprints 'ith
the Forensic Science Ser#ice -FSS., a maIor <F pro#ider of forensic
ser#ices.
5aul has o#er :: years experience in fingerprint detection and comparison.
3e
started his career 'ith the ;ondon 4etropolitan 5olice *efore ta8ing
senior roles
in t'o pro#incial police forces. 3e Ioined the FSS in : initially
'or8ing on the
expansion of fingerprint ser#ices. 3e continues to underta8e case 'or8
*ut is
also in#ol#ed in a num*er of proIects. In addition to *eing in#ol#ed 'ith
the
pro*a*ilistic approach to fingerprint comparisons these include
proficiency
trials and case interpretation strategies. 5aul is the Chair of the +9FSI
-+uropean 9et'or8 of Forensic Science Institutes. +uropean Fingerprint
Wor8ing Group and leads on the production of their Fingerprint =est
5ractices
4anual.
Cha)po, Dr: Chri"tophe
Christophe Champod is 5rofessor of forensic science at the school of
criminal
sciences & Institut de 5olice Scientifi)ue, <ni#ersity of ;ausanne,
S'it7erland.
3e has strong interest in statistical and inferential issues in
identification
e#idence and has 'ritten articles on the fre)uency distri*ution of
friction s8in
characteristics. In :B, Christophe Champod co-'rote OFingerprints and
@ther
2idge S8in ImpressionsO 'ith Chris ;ennard, 5ierre 4argot and 4ilutin
Stoilo#ic.
3e is also an in#ited mem*er of the Scientific Wor8ing Group on Friction
2idge
Analysis, Study and Technology.
Characteri"tic"
Features of the friction ridges. Commonly referred to as minutiae, points,
or ridge
formation morphologies.
Characteri"tic", type" of .not a co)plete li"t5
+nding ridge
For8 or *ifurcation
Island
6ot
=ridge
Spur
23
6ou*le *ifurcation
Trifurcation
Short ridge
Charlton, Davi A"hley ;a)e" .April 1=, 132@-pre"ent5
6a#e Charlton is an internationally recogni7ed latent print expert from
the <nited
Fingdom. 3e *egan his career in $!1? and has since *een in#ol#ed in many
aspects
of latent print 'or8 including promoting 'orld'ide communication 'ithin
our
industry, de#eloping and implementing updated practices and procedures, as
'ell
as research.
6a#e Charlton is an acti#e mem*er in se#eral professional organi7ations.
Since :$,
he has *een the editor of Fingerprint Whorld, the educational and peer
re#ie'
Iournal of The Fingerprint Society and has *een one of the principle
organi7ers of
se#eral Fingerprint Society sponsored national conferences. 3eQs a mem*er
of
Mthe Third ;e#el 6etail Su*-GroupN, formed *y the Association of Chief
5olice @fficers
to in#estigate the potential use of third le#el detail 'ithin the
identification process.
3e is also an acti#e mem*er of the IAI, and sits on the editorial re#ie'
*oard and the
latent print su*committee. 3e has authored se#eral papers and gi#en many
presentations at educational conferences. From $!!G to $!!!, 6a#e
Charlton 'as
instrumental in the de#elopment and implementation of the <nited Fingdoms
9ational
Automated Fingerprint Identification System, 8no'n as 9AFIS.
Currently, 4r. Charlton is 'or8ing for the Sussex Fingerprint =ureau. 3e
spends
much of his time colla*orating 'ith others in researching the cogniti#e
aspects and
psychological influences on the latent print decision ma8ing process. 3is
most
recent findings ha#e *een presented in the follo'ing pu*lication, 6ror,
I.+., 5eron,
A. +., 3ind, S.;., 0 Charlton, 6. When emotions get the *etter of us% The
effect of
contextual top-do'n processing on matching fingerprints. Applied Cogniti#e
5sychology, :G.
In April :/, 6a#e Charlton resigned as Chair of the Fingerprint Society
as 'ell as
from the committee.
ChatterCee, Sri Salil 6u)ar.134@ or 1340-Sept: 1/, 13==5
Salil F. ChatterIee, of India, is recogni7ed for de#eloping edgeoscopy in
$!/:.
24
3e is also recogni7ed as de#eloping the only practical soleprint
classification
system.
Cheilo"copy
The study of lip prints.
Che)ical &a<ar
Chemical agent or condition that constitutes a ha7ard.
Chiriia
3ands and feet.
C2C 5ress
Chiriiu)
3and or foot.
C2C 5ress
Chiro"copy
+xamination of the hand -i.e. palms..
Circular *ea"onin'
Circular reasoning is the term for the error in logic of using the
conclusion that youQre
trying to pro#e as part of the proof itself. =asically this is using the
hypothesis as a
pro#en principle to support itself.
Citric Aci
Chemical used in the preparation of 5hysical 6e#eloper and other friction
ridge de#elopment reagents.
Clane"tine
Fept or done in secret, often in order to conceal an illicit or improper
purpose.
http%&&dictionary.reference.com&searchK)Lclandestine !-$?-:B
Clarity
,isual )uality of a friction ridge impression.
Clearness, i.e., ho' 'ell friction s8in ridge detail is recorded in a
print.
C2C 5ress
25
Cla"" Characteri"tic"
Characteristics used to put things into groups or classes, e.g., arches,
loops, 'horls.
Class characteristics are features that 'ill *e the same for e#ery mem*er
of a group,
i.e. all 'horls ha#e at least : delta formations, as opposed to indi#idual
characteristics.
Cla""ical Pro+a+ility
A finite num*er of outcomes.
See +mpirical 5ro*a*ility and Su*Iecti#e 5ro*a*ility.
Cla""ification
Alpha numeric formula of finger and palmprint patterns used as a guide for
filing and searching.
Cla""ification Sy"te)"
The 3enry Classification System - de#eloped *y 3enry in the late $1>s.
Icnofalangometric System - the original name of the system de#eloped *y
,ucetich in $1!$.
6actiloscopy - the ne' name of the system de#eloped *y ,ucetich.
The @lori7 System of Classification - de#eloped *y @lori7.
Identa8ey - de#eloped in the $!">s *y G. Tyler 4airs.
The American System of Fingerprint Classification - de#eloped *y 5ar8e in
$!".
The Conley System.
The Fla8-Conley System - de#eloped in $!/ in 9e' Jersey, an impro#ed
Conley System.
9CIC Fingerprint Classification System.
Collins System T a classification system for single fingerprints used in
Scotland Pard in
the early $!Qs.
Jorgensen System T a classification system for single fingerprints used in
the early $!Qs.
=attley System - a classification system for single fingerprints used in
the $!"Qs.
Clean Delta
A term populari7ed *y 2on Smith to descri*e the delta in the interdigital
area that is *elo' the index finger. The angles of this delta are usually
e#enly spaced. This is referred to as the >clean delta> *ecause it is
usually the clearest and most legi*le.
Clear Layer of Epier)i"
See Stratum ;ucidum.
Clu"ter Print"
4ore than one print grouped together. These may or may not ha#e *een
deposited simultaneously.
See Simultaneous Impressions.
26
Co'nition
The mental process of 8no'ing, including aspects such as a'areness,
perception, reasoning,
and Iudgment.
http%&&dictionary.reference.com&searchK)Lcognition /-1-:G
Co'nitive Bia"
Influences that may affect the relia*ility and #alidity of oneQs
o*ser#ations and conclusions.
Co'nitive Influence"
Influences that direct decision-ma8ing. The t'o cogniti#e influences are
*ottom-up and
top-do'n influences.
Co'nitive *e"earcher"
6r. Itiel 6ror
6a#id Charlton
2alph 3a*er
;yn 3a*er
6r. Thomas A. =usey
John 2. ,ander8ol8
6ean =ertram
Jon S. =yrd
Cole, Dr: Si)on A: .132%-pre"ent5
6r. Simon A. Cole is an Assistant 5rofessor in the School of +cology at
the <ni#ersity
of California, Ir#ine, 6epartment of Criminology, ;a' and Society. Some
people refer
to 6r. Simon Cole as a fingerprint critic. In :$, 6r. Cole 'rote the
article, RThe
4yth of FingerprintsQ and the *oo8, RSuspect IdentitiesQ. 6r. Cole
)uestions the
accuracy of fingerprint identifications.
Colloial 8ol
A reagent that reacts 'ith amino acids to de#elop friction ridge detail.
Colloidal Gold produces a 'ea8 colored print and usually needs additional
enhancement. Colloidal Gold is the initial suspension in the multimetal
deposition process.
Color *ever"al
See Tonal 2e#ersal.
Colore Super'lue
In :/, A#ery ;. Smith, a ?th grader at 2aney Intermediate 4iddle School
in Corona,
27
California did a science fair proIect to test different 'ays of coloring
superglue for
easier #isuali7ation. She found that coloring the superglue 'ith a pin8
highlighter
prior to heating the superglue made the latent images glo' under a *lac8
light. In
addition to the science fair proIect, she presented this information at
the :? IAI
Conference in San 6iego, pu*lished it in MThe 5rintN and in MForensic
4aga7ineN.
In :/, 4ountain State <ni#ersity recei#ed an 9IJ grant that, under the
guidance
of 6a#id Wea#er, 'ill research dyed superglue for *etter #isuali7ation.
Co))on$ealth v: ?erry L: Patter"on
See State of 4assachusetts #. 5atterson. RCommon'ealth #. Terry ;.
5attersonQ is the
official name of this court case.
Co)parator
A split image proIection screen used to #ie' fingerprint images.
In#ented *y William 2ussell-Turner.
Co)pari"on
The second step of the AC+-, method. The o*ser#ation of t'o or more
impressions to
determine the existence of discrepancies, dissimilarities, or
similarities.
The act of comparing or finding li8enesses or differences.
C2C 5ress
Co)petency
5ossessing and demonstrating the re)uisite 8no'ledge, s8ills, and
a*ilities to successfully
perform a specific tas8.
Co)ple( E(a)ination"
The encountering of uncommon circumstances during an examinationA for
example, the
existence of high distortion, lo' )uality or )uantity, the possi*ility of
simultaneity, or
conflicts among examiners.
Co)plete Friction *i'e E(e)plar"
The ne' name for maIor case prints -proposed in :/.. This name change
is designed to
descri*e 'hatQs actually *eing recorded and eliminate misunderstandings
associated 'ith
28
the term maIor case prints.
A systematic recording of all friction ridge detail appearing on the
palmar sides of the hands. This
includes the extreme sides of the palmsA and Ioints, tips, and sides of
the fingers.
Conclu"ion
A result stemming from an o*Iecti#e *asis, not merely an emotional *asis.
See @pinion and 6etermination.
Conclu"ion" for Co)pari"on"
Indi#iduali7ation -has consistency and sufficiency to esta*lish
indi#iduali7ation.
4atch -could *e consistent *ut not sufficient for esta*lishing
indi#iduali7ation.
Inconclusi#e-9o identification or exclusion has *een esta*lished.
-Incomplete. +xemplars donQt include the area the latent print 'as
left from -tips, palms, etc., different exemplars may change
conclusion.
-Incomplete. +xemplars donQt include the detail in the latent
print -le#el "
detail., different exemplars may change conclusion.
-9o identification effected. This may *e due to time constraints,
a*ilities, etc.
-Consistent *ut not sufficient. Features are consistent *ut not
sufficient for
indi#iduali7ation. The latent print can not *e indi#iduali7ed to
the exemplars
and the exemplars cannot *e excluded as the donor. +xclusionary
#alue only.
-Generally consistent *ut not sufficient. The maIority of the
characteristics are
consistent or similar *ut an unexplained dissimilarity exists and
the characteristics
that are consistent arenQt sufficient to esta*lish an
indi#iduali7ation.
9o identification effected -may not mean exclusion.
+xclusion -not left *y a su*Iect.
9o #alue for identification -may ha#e exclusionary #alue.
9o #alue for comparison -no #alue for identification or exclusion.
9o #alue for determining simultaneity
Some reasons for R9o #alueQ may *e that a print lac8s )uality, )uantity,
clarity, or relia*ility.
These conclusions are usually claimed to *e arri#ed at through a*solute
confidence,
'ithin a reasona*le degree of scientific certainty, or some say in-so-far-
as possi*le.
Conclu"ive
Ser#ing to end dou*t or uncertainty.
29
+xpressing finality 'ith no implication of possi*le changeA Oan a*solute
-or une)ui#ocal. )uarantee to respect the nation>s authorityOA Oina*ility
to ma8e a conclusi#e -or une)ui#ocal. refusalO.
http%&&dictionary.reference.com&searchK)Lconclusi#e "-!-:"
Confir)ation Bia"
A form of selecti#e thin8ing that in#ol#es focusing on data that confirms
preconcei#ed
expectations 'hile ignoring data that doesnQt confirm ones *eliefs.
To compensate for this natural human tendency the scientific method is
constructed
so that 'e must try to dispro#e our hypotheses.
http%&&'''.fact-index.com&c&co&confirmation(*ias.html ?-$B-:B
The tendency to search for data or interpret information in a manner that
supports
oneQs preconceptions.
Conflict
A difference of conclusion that *ecomes apparent during the application of
an examination
methodology.
Conflictin' Conclu"ion"
Failure of the #erification process to result in confirmation of a prior
conclusion
constitutes a conflicting conclusion. Three types of conflict can occur%
$.
indi#iduali7ation #ersus exclusion, :. indi#iduali7ation #ersus
inconclusi#e or ".
exclusion #ersus inconclusi#e.
SWGFAST - Huality Assurance Guidelines for ;atent 5rint +xaminers,
-!&:1&/ #er "..
Con'enital
@f or relating to a condition that is present at *irth, as a
result of either heredity or en#ironmental influences.
http%&&dictionary.reference.com&searchK)Lcongenital /-$$-"
Con"tellation Metho
See 5incushion 4ethod.
Con"ultation
A significant interaction *et'een examiners regarding one or more
impressions in )uestion.
30
Conte)poraneou" Docu)entation
To document the steps done as you are doing them. The #alue in doing this
is to
8no' 'hat 'as done in situations that canQt *e redone -such as physical
tas8s..
Conte(tual Bia"
The tendency to allo' information or outside influences to interfere 'ith
the e#aluation
and interpretation of data.
Conver'ence
T'o or more ridges running parallel and then mo#ing to'ards each other.
Coo7e, Donal
6onald Coo8e 'as the son of T.G. Coo8e. 3e 'or8ed along side his father
at the Institute of Applied Science and helped operate the IAS after his
fathers death in $!G: until his o'n retirement in $!?G.
Coo7e, ?: Dic7er"on .1311-13=45
T. 6ic8erson Coo8e 'as the son of T.G. Coo8e. After graduating from
college
Coo8e 'or8ed 'ith his father at the Institute of Applied Science. In
$!G:,
he too8 o#er as director of the IAS and retired in $!?G.
Coo7e, ?ho)a" 8rant .1==>-13>/5
T. G. Coo8e 'as a ci#il engineer 'ho founded a correspondence school for
rail'ay signal engineers. In $!$/, along 'ith Captain William F. +#ans,
he esta*lished O+#an>s <ni#ersityO, later 8no'n as the Institute of
Applied
Science. 3e ser#ed as director of the IAS until his death in $!G:. The
IAS *ecame instrumental in training experts in the identification field.
Coo)a""ie Blue
=lue protein stain used to enhance *loody friction ridge detail.
Core
The approximate center of a pattern.
Coriu)
6ermisA often referred to as the true s8in.
C2C 5ress
Corre"pon
To *e in agreement, harmony, or conformity. To *e similar or e)ui#alent in
character, )uantity, origin, structure, or function
http%&&dictionary.reference.com&searchK)Lcorrespond :-:?-"
31
Crea"e
A line or linear depressionA groo#es at the Ioints of the phalanges, at
the Iunction
of the digits and across the palmar and plantar surfaces that accommodate
flexion.
T'o types of creases% Flexion creases disrupt the *asal layer of the
epidermis
and ha#e no ridge detail 'ithin the crease. White lines -or tension
creases.
disrupt the stratum corneum or horny layer of the epidermis and do ha#e
ridge
detail 'ithin the crease.
See =racelet Creases, 6istal Trans#erse Crease, 4etacarpo-5halangeal
Crease,
5roximal Trans#erse Crease, 2adial ;ongitudinal Crease, @ccasional
Features.
See Flexion Creases, Tension Creases and White ;ines.
Cri"pi, Charle"
See 5eople #. Crispi.
Cro""-&atchin'
Cross-hatching is a term populari7ed *y 2on Smith that descri*es the
crease
pattern in the thenar area of the palm. These creases intersect other
creases
running in a perpendicular direction.
Cro$leD" Dou+le Stain
=lue protein stain used to enhance *loody friction ridge detail.
Cro$" Feet
A term populari7ed *y 2on Smith to descri*e the ulnar side of the distal
trans#erse crease. @n the ulnar side of the palm, the distal trans#erse
crease is a series of *ifurcating creases resem*ling cro'>s feet.
Cry"tal Violet
See Gentian ,iolet.
Cu))in", Dr: &arol .1=3@-13%25
6octor Cummins is uni#ersally ac8no'ledged as the Father of
6ermatoglyphics.
3arold studied all aspects of fingerprint analysis, from anthropology to
genetics,
from em*ryology to the study of malformed hands 'ith from t'o to se#en
fingers.-$".
32
3e pulled together the di#erse 'or8 of his predecessors, added original
research
and set the standards of the field still in force to the present. 3is
famous 6o'n
Syndrome-$B. studies predicted a genetic lin8 to the disease *ased upon
the
presence of the Simian Crease.
http%&&'''.handanalysis.net&li*rary&derm(cummins.htm :-:?-"
Cummins is also 8no'n for in#enting the term dermatoglyphics in $!:/ and
'riting the
*oo8 OFingerprints, 5alms and SolesO 'ith Charles 4idlo in $!B".
Curriculu) Vitae
A summary of one>s education, professional history, and Io*
)ualifications,
as for a prospecti#e employer.
http%&&dictionary.reference.com&searchK)LcurriculumE:#itae ?-1-:"
Cu"pal
When the ridges on a finger run #ertically from the crease to the tip of
the finger.
4oenssens states that these patterns cannot *e grouped into any of the
3enry pattern
types. Cummins states that they should *e grouped into the accidental
'horl category.
@thers ha#e stated that cuspal patterns should *e classified as a tented
arch.
Cyanoacrylate E"ter
A fuming techni)ue used to de#elop friction ridge detail on nonporous
items, *ut
does not interfere 'ith the processing of porous items. The cyanoacrylate
ester
polymeri7es on the components of the latent residue creating a 'hite
impression.
The #alue of using cyanoacrylate ester as a latent processing techni)ue
'as first
reali7ed *y Fuseo 4atsumura in $!??, a trace e#idence examiner 'ith the
Japanese
9ational 5olice Agency. 3eating cyanoacrylate ester decreases the
de#elopment time,
*ut heating it a*o#e B degrees Fahrenheit generates hydrogen cyanide
-Identification
9e's, Sept. $!1G, OA 'ord of cautionO.. 3umidity and #inegar are *oth
8no'n catalysts
to this techni)ue.
Also referred to as superglue, CA, or CA+.
See Colored Superglue and SuperGlue Girl.
Cyclohe(ane
33
Sol#ent used in the preparation of li)uid Iodine reagent.
To# \ Home
$
Terms

Identification.
Home \ Bottom
DAB
6iamino*en7idine. 2eagent used to detect & enhance *loody friction
ridge detail.
A chemical techni)ue used to de#elop friction ridge detail in *lood
through
oxidation. Can *e used on *oth porous and nonporous items. Found to *e
#ery
ha7ardous.
DFO
$,1-6ia7afluoren-!-one. The suffix Q-oneQ -pronounced o'n. refers to
the chemical ma8e
up, as in acetone or lactone.
Compound that reacts 'ith amino acids to produce friction ridge detail
'ith fluorescent
properties 'hen exposed to excitation 'a#elengths of "G:-G!$ nm.
A ninhydrin analog used to de#elop latent prints on porous items.
@ptimal
#ie'ing is done 'ith an alternate light source -"G:-G!$nm. and orange
or red
goggles.

In $!1!, C. A. 5ounds, 2. Griggs, and T. 4on8olanssa#aratana 'ith the
6epartment of
Chemistry, =elfast, 9orthern Ireland -per the F=I. introduced the
reagent
$, 1-dia7afluorenone -6F@., 'hich is commercially a#aila*le and used in
the <nited
34
Fingdom. <nli8e ninhydrin, 6F@ gi#es a 'ea8ly colored initial printA
the main feature
of this reagent is its a*ility to gi#e a fluorescent print 'ithout
secondary treatment.
3o'e#er, some in#estigators currently report difficulties 'ith uniform
print de#elopment
using 6F@.
9e' 2eagents for 6e#elopment of ;atent Fingerprints. 9IJ $!!G
http%&&'''.ncIrs.org&txtfiles&finger.txt /-$!-:"
DMAC
See 6imethylaminocinnamaldehyde.
DP*
6ermatopathia 5igmentosa 2eticularis. A genetic disorder passed do'n
through the female
side of the family. 652 is caused *y a gene that mutates during
em*ryonic de#elopment
resulting in a lac8 of ridge detail and s'eat glands. 652 is Iust one
of se#eral ectodermal
dysplasia -+6. syndromes.
Dactilo"copy or Dactilo"copia or Dactilo"copico
The fingerprint classification system de#eloped *y Juan ,ucetich and
used in most areas of
South America.
Dactylo'raphy
The study of fingerprints as a method of identification.
+dition
http%&&dictionary.reference.com&searchK)Ldactylography :-:?-"
Also the title of 6r. 3enry Faulds *oo8 pu*lished in $!G.
Dactylo"copic Point
A dactyloscopic point is a nota*le e#ent that occurs in a regular flo'
of
papillary ridges that is su*Iect of analysis. The e#ent is a
natural&*iological
distur*ance to the normal parallel system of the ridges - e.g. a ridge
stops or
starts., and is significant.
http%&&'''.interpol.int&5u*lic&Forensic&fingerprints&Wor8ing5arties&I++
GFI:&default.aspUB
Dactylo"copy
Comparison of fingerprints for identification.
From the 3utchinson +ncyclopaedia.
3elicon 5u*lishing ;T6 :.
http%&&'''.tiscali.co.u8&reference&dictionaries&difficult'ords&data&d
B::/.html B-/-:"
Identification *y comparison of fingerprints% also% classification
35
of fingerprints.
4erriam-We*ster, Incorporated. D $!!?-:.
http%&&'''.fasthealth.com&dictionary&dactyloscopy.php B-/-:"
Daou, Ouhnane
See 4ayfield, =randon.
Dau+ert Court Ca"e" .not a co)plete li"t5
6au*ert #. 4errell 6o' 5harmaceuticals -$!!".
General +lectric Company #. Joiner -$!!?.
Fumho Tire Company #. Carmichael -$!!!.
<nited States #. =yron 4itchell -$!!!.
<nited States #. 5la7a -::.
Common'ealth #. Terry ;. 5atterson -:G.
Dau+ert v": Merrell Do$ Phar)aceutical" 133@
The Federal Court decision on the admissi*ility of scientific e#idence
and testimony in
a court of la'. The 6au*ert decision stated on page G!?, MV.the 2ules
of +#idenceW
especially 2ule ?:Wdo assign to the trial Iudge the tas8 of ensuring
that an expertQs
testimony *oth rests on a relia*le foundation and is rele#ant to the
tas8 at hand.N
From page G!:, MFaced 'ith a proffer of expert scientific testimony,
then, the trial
Iudge must determine at the outset, pursuant to 2ule $B-a., 'hether
the expert is
proposing to testify to -$. scientific 8no'ledge that -:. 'ill assist
the trier of fact to
understand or determine a fact in issue. This entails a preliminary
assessment of
'hether the reasoning or methodology underlying the testimony is
scientifically
#alid and of 'hether that reasoning or methodology properly can *e
applied to
the facts in issue.N
M4any factors 'ill *ear on the in)uiry, and 'e do not presume to set
out a definiti#e
chec8list or test. =ut some general o*ser#ations are appropriate.N The
o*ser#ations
they mentioned included, M'hether the theory or techni)ue in )uestion
can *e
-and has *een. tested, 'hether it has *een su*Iected to peer re#ie' and
pu*lication,
its 8no'n or potential error rate and the existence and maintenance of
standards
controlling its operation, and 'hether it has attracted 'idespread
acceptance 'ithin
a rele#ant scientific community.N The acronym GTF52, 'hich stands for
Gate8eeper,
'as created *y Glenn ;angen*urg in :$ to help remem*er these factors.
The
theories or techni)ue should ha#e%
36
-G.eneral Acceptance
-T.ested -has *een.
-F.no'n Standards
-5.eer 2e#ie' and 5u*lication
-2.ate of +rror -8no'n or potential.
6au*ert is considered *y some to *e a lo'er criteria than Frye designed
to let ne'
scientific e#idence into court prior to it *eing generally accepted.
6au*ert stated,
MGeneral acceptance is not a necessary precondition to the
admissi*ility of scientific
e#idence under the Federal 2ules of +#idenceVN.
In the 6au*ert case, 4errell 6o' 'as sued *y a mother 'hose *a*y had a
congenital
disorder. That mother had ta8en =endectin, an anti-nausea drug made *y
4errell 6o',
during her pregnancy. 4errell 6o' mo#ed for summary Iudgment, claiming
=endectin
had not caused the child>s disorder. In the affida#it authored *y 6r.
Ste#en 3. ;amm,
the author testified that he had re#ie'ed multiple pu*lished human
studies and
concluded the use of =endectin during the first trimester of pregnancy
'as not
supposed to *e a health ris8. In response to 4errell 6o'>s affida#it,
the plaintiff
presented eight affida#its solely *ased on animal testings, claiming
the existence of a
lin8 *et'een =endectin and animal *irth defects.
The court granted summary Iudgment for 4errell 6o' and dismissed the
case, finding
6au*ert>s experts relied on e#idence Onot sufficiently esta*lished to
ha#e general
acceptance in the field to 'hich it *elongs.O The Court held that
expert opinion 'hich
is not *ased on data from the field of epidemiology concerning
=endectin is not
admissi*le to raise an issue regarding causation -in la'. to the Iury.
In addition, the Court
also ruled that although 6au*ert>s experts recalculated data o*tained
from pre#iously
pu*lished epidemiologic studies, their findings 'ere not considered
admissi*le *ecause
they 'ere neither pu*lished nor su*Iected to peer re#ie'. The
plaintiffs appealed the
decision, and, in due course, the case reached the <. S. Supreme Court
The Supreme Court did not apply their ne' 6au*ert standard to the case,
*ut rather
re#ersed the decision and remanded the case to the 9inth Circuit court.
@n remand, the
9inth Circuit applied the 6au*ert standard and again granted summary
Iudgment for the
37
defendant.
http%&&en.'i8ipedia.org&'i8i&6au*ert(Standard G-:?-:/
See 2. #. 4ohan -$!!B. for the Canadian e)ui#alent to this decision.
Dau+ert ?rilo'y
The " main 6au*ert cases that set the re)uirements for admissi*ility of
expert testimony.
6au*ert #. 4errell 6o' 5harmaceuticals -$!!".
General +lectric Company #. Joiner -$!!?.
Fumho Tire Company #. Carmichael -$!!!.
Deuctive rea"onin'
2easoning from the general to the particular
http%&&dictionary.reference.com&searchK)Ldeducti#eE:reasoning :-:?-"
DeFore"t, &enry Pelou"e .A6A DeForre"t5 .1=20-130=5
5ioneered the first systematic use of fingerprints in the <nited States
*y
the 9e' Por8 Ci#il Ser#ice Commission.
http%&&'''.forensicdna.com&Timeline:?:.pdf "-1-:"
3enry 6eForest 'as the Chief 4edical +xaminer for 9e' Por8 City. In
$!:,
he 'as as8ed to recommend a method of identification. This 'as
intended as
a means of stopping potential employees from hiring others to ta8e the
ci#il
ser#ice exams for them. The first person 'as fingerprinted on 6ec. $!,
$!:.
3is recommendation of using fingerprints 'as the first use of
fingerprints *y
a <nited States go#ernment agency and considered the second use of
fingerprints
in the <nited States -after Gil*ert Thompson.. 6eForest also in#ented
the
dactyloscope,
http%&&rmc.li*rary.cornell.edu&+A6&htmldocs&244":$B.html.
De'lovin'
The unintentional separation of the s8in from the hands or feet,
usually
as a 'hole 'hich resem*les a glo#e. This is the result of a deceased
*ody>s prolonged immersion in 'ater.
Delta
The point on a friction ridge at or nearest to the point of di#ergence
of t'o type lines,
and located at or directly in front of the point of di#ergence.
Classification term for triradius.
Huantitati#e-Hualitati#e Friction 2idge Analysis, 6a#id 2. Ash*augh
$!!! C2C 5ress
38
A term introduced *y Galton to indicate the small area 'here " folds
meet.
5ersonal Identification, Went'orth and Wilder $!$1 pg. $$?.
Depo"ition Pre""ure
The amount of do'n'ard pressure during the deposition of a print.
$!!! C2C 5ress
Der)a+ra"ion
A techni)ue using chemicals, 'ire *rush, surgery or lasers 'hich can
case either
temporary or permanent loss of ridge detail.
Der)al
2elati#e to the s8in or dermis.
$!!! C2C 5ress
Der)al Papillae
5eg-li8e formations on the surface of the dermis.
A8a dermal pegs or papillary pegs.
6ermal 5apillae increases the surface area *et'een the dermis and the
epidermis,
allo'ing for a stronger *ond. As a person ages the dermal papillae
flattens,
'hich creates less of a *ond resulting in loose s8in and creating
'rin8les and
creases. The flattening of the dermal papillae also creates less of a
difference
in height *et'een the ridges and the furro's.
Der)al Pe'"
See 6ermal 5apillae.
Der)al *i'e":
The ridges in the papillary layer of the dermis that connect to the
*ottom
ridges of the epidermis. Also called papillary ridges.
Der)ato'lyphic"
Study of the surface mar8ings of the s8inA friction ridges.
$!!! C2C 5ress
Cummins and 4idlo 'ere professors of 4icroscopic Anatomy at Tulane
<ni#ersity in the <nited States, and it 'as they 'ho in fact coined the
term >dermatoglyphics> in $!:/ -derma L s8in, glyph L car#ing..
http%&&users.*reathemail.net&chiro&chiro&dermatoglyphics.htm B-:/-"
39
<sually associated 'ith the study of fingerprint patterns and their
association 'ith heredity, race, and medical conditions.
Der)atopathia Pi')ento"a *eticulari" .DP*5
A genetic disorder passed do'n through the female side of the family.
652 is caused *y a
gene that mutates during em*ryonic de#elopment resulting in a lac8 of
ridge detail and s'eat
glands. 652 is Iust one of se#eral ectodermal dysplasia -+6.
syndromes.
A rare genetic ectodermal dysplasia in 'hich ridge dysplasia is seen.
9aegeli T
Franceschetti T Jadassohn Syndrome and 3ypohidrotic +ctodermal
6ysplasia are Iust
t'o other ectodermal dysplasias 'here dermatoglyphic a*errations are
seen.
Der)i"
The layer of s8in *eneath the epidermis.
The layer of s8in under the epidermisA the true s8in.
$!!! C2C 5ress
The layer of s8in *eneath the epidermis consisting of t'o layers, the
papillary layer and the reticular layer. The dermis pro#ides nutrients
to
the epidermis.
De")o"o)e"
6esmosomes are responsi*le for lateral cell-to-cell adhesion. The
cells in the
epidermis are connected 'ith desmosomes. As the cells are pushed to
the surface
*y ne'ly forming cells they e#entually *rea8 apart and are sloughed
off.
This is called des)uamation.
De"9ua)ation
The separation or shedding of the cuticle or epidermis in the form of
fla8es
or scalesA exfoliation, as of *ones.
We*ster>s 2e#ised <na*ridged 6ictionary, D $!!/, $!!1 4IC2A, Inc.
http%&&dictionary.reference.com&searchK)Ldes)uamation
Deter)ination
To decide or settle authoritati#ely or conclusi#ely.
The settling of a )uestion or case *y an authoritati#e decision or
pronouncement, especially *y a Iudicial *ody% The choice of a foster
40
home 'as left to the determination of the court.
+dition
http%&&dictionary.reference.com&searchK)Ldetermination
Develop
To promote a change in physical attri*utes, ma8ing an item more
pronounced or
prominent. To enhance.
With regard to latent de#elopment, examiners change the physical
attri*utes
ma8ing the original latent more usa*le.
With regard to fetal friction s8in de#elopment -or formation.,
de#elopment may
insinuate initial creation.
Develop)ent Meiu)
The su*stance used to de#elop friction ridge prints ,i.e., po'der
$!!! C2C 5ress
Deviation
$. A change in friction ridge path.
:. An alteration or departure from a documented policy or standard
procedure.
Dichloro)ethane
Sol#ent used in the preparation of li)uid Iodine reagent. See 4ethylene
chloride.
Differential 8ro$th
6e#elops at random 'ithout plan.
$!!! C2C 5ress
See Theory of 6ifferential Gro'th.
Differentiation
=ecoming different, i.e., the cells of an em*ryo differentiate into
organs
and parts as it gro'sA specific friction ridge patterns *ecome uni)ue.
$!!! C2C 5ress
The process *y 'hich cells or tissues undergo a change to'ard a more
speciali7ed form or function, especially during em*ryonic de#elopment.
+dition
http%&&dictionary.reference.com&searchK)Ldifferentiation "-1-:"
41
Di'it
A toe or finger.
Dillin'er, ;ohn .134@-13@05
6illinger is noted for trying to elude la' enforcement *y mutilating
his
fingerprints. 3e o*literated the cores and the deltas in all ten of
his
fingers.
Di)ethyla)inocinna)alehye
=etter 8no'n as 64AC. A chemical used to de#elop friction ridge detail
on thermal paper. This alternati#e to using 6F@ or ninhydrin doesn>t
turn thermal paper *lac8. 2efrigeration is needed to store the treated
transfer sheets that are used in this procedure. The de#eloped
friction
ridge detail has fluorescent properties 'hen exposed to 'a#elengths of
B-G nm.
Di"crepancy
A difference *et'een t'o impressions that cannot *e attri*uted to
distortion.
The presence of friction ridge detail in one impression that does not
exist in the
corresponding area of another impression.
See @ne 6iscrepancy 2ule
Di""i)ilar
The appearance of inconsistency *et'een t'o friction ridge impressions
that, *ased upon further analysis, could *e attri*uted either to
distortion
or difference.
Di""i)ilarity
A difference in appearance *et'een t'o friction ridge impressions.
Di""ociate *i'e"
$. 6isrupted, rather than continuous, friction ridges.
:. An area of friction ridge units that did not form into friction
ridges.
An area of ridge units that did not form into friction ridges.
$!!! C2C 5ress
Di"tal
$. Farthest a'ay from the center or point of attachment.
:. The direction a'ay from the *ody.
42
A'ay from the center or point of origin.
$!!! C2C 5ress
Di"tal Inter-Phalan'eal Fle(ion Crea"e
The top crease in a finger.
Di"tal ?ran"ver"e Crea"e
The crease a*o#e the proximal trans#erse crease.
Di"tortion
,ariances in the :-dimensional reproductions of the "-dimensional
friction s8in source
caused *y multiple deposition factors such as pressure, mo#ement,
force, or the
contact surface.
,ariances in the reproduction of friction s8in caused *y pressure,
mo#ement, force,
contact surface, and so forth.
Di"tortion Clue" .not a co)plete li"t5
Fault line -shado'ing 'here t'o impressions might meet.
9otch -une#en edges 'hen : prints might meet.
4isaligned ridges
6istur*ance in ridge flo'
4ultiple ###Qs or multiple *ifurcations -may *e a sign of t'isting.
@#erlapping ridges or superimposed ridges -may *e a sign of a dou*le
tap.
Diver'ence
The separation of t'o friction ridges that ha#e *een running parallel
or
nearly parallel.
Di<y'otic
6eri#ed from t'o separately fertili7ed eggs. <sed to descri*e
fraternal t'ins
and distinguish them from identical t'ins -mono7ygotic..
Doctrine
=elief, 'hat is taught as a group>s *elief.
$!!! C2C 5ress
Docu)entation .a)ount neee5
5ro#iding documentation is a 'ay to demonstrate correct application of
any
process. There are generally t'o forms of documentation.
Contemporaneous
documentation is useful for physical tas8 that canQt *e recreated at a
43
later date.
6ocumentation of the Iustification *ehind a conclusion is useful for
analytical
tas8s than can *e recreated later.
6ocumentation stating the *asis or Iustification for a conclusion is
more
desira*le 'hen a conclusion isnQt clearly apparent to other experts in
the
field -complex examinations., or 'hen unusual occurrences are present.
The amount of documentation depends on the complexity of the data
and&or
the situation. 6ocumentation of the analytical process isnQt re)uired
for
e#ery comparison *ut it is a scientific protocol to pro#ide
documentation if
anyone should as8 for it.
Do')a
Statements from an authoritati#e source that are accepted as *eing true
'ithout
ha#ing proof.
Donero, ;ohn A: .Nov: 11, 1344-Au': 13>%5
John A. 6ondero 'as a pioneer in the science of in#estigation and
identification.
After graduating from college 'ith a degree in Chemical +ngineering,
John 6ondero
*ecame interested in this ne'ly de#eloping field. 6uring his life he
created
many #alua*le in#entions that aided forensic practitioners. In the
early $!">s,
after seeing his daughter>s footprints ta8en at *irth, he de#eloped the
first
clean and in8less system for ta8ing fingerprints. 3e also de#eloped
the first
fingerprint in8 and the first commercially a#aila*le fingerprint
po'der. At the
time most po'ders 'ere prepared and ground *y hand. Around this time
he
esta*lished the Faurot Forensic Company, named after the famous 9e'
Por8 5olice
6epartment detecti#e. This company is no' o'ned *y Sirchie Finger
5rint
;a*oratories. @ne main historical e#ent that 4r. 6ondero 'as in#ol#ed
'ith 'as
the famous $!BB 3artford Circus fire. 3e 'as instrumental in
identifying $/1
*odies from this tragedy. After World War II, at the re)uest of 9e'
Por8 City
and 9assau County 5olice, 4r. 6ondero founded a school 'here he taught
classification, latent print de#elopment, crime scene in#estigation and
ta8ing
and comparing fingerprints. The contri*utions John 6ondero ga#e to the
fingerprint community 'ill fore#er *e remem*ered. In $!G1, the IAI
recogni7ed
44
these significant contri*utions *y adopting the IAI John A. 6ondero
4emorial
A'ard. It is the highest honor an IAI mem*er can recei#e. It is
a'arded for
the most significant contri*ution in the area of identification and
allied
sciences during the calendar year immediately preceding each annual
conference.
Its first recipient 'as J. +dgar 3oo#er. @nly $1 people ha#e recei#ed
this
a'ard since inception.
The IAI 1!th Annual Conference, St. ;ouis, 4issouri, Aug. :?th, :B,
*y 4arilyn 5icard.
Dor"al
The *ac8side of the hand, the nonpalmar side.
Dot
An isolated friction ridge unit 'hose length approximates its 'idth in
si7e.
Dou+le Blin ?e"tin'
6ou*le =lind Testing is a #alid scientific method of testing a
hypothesis. This
method implements =lind Testing 'ith the additional element of
concealing
the fact that the practitioner is part of a test -this information may
also *e
concealed from the person administering the test.. The intent *ehind
dou*le
*lind testing is to eliminate that people may arri#e at different
conclusions
'hen they 8no' they are *eing tested. 6ou*le =lind Testing tests the
relia*ility
of a conclusion -the reproduci*ility. *ut it doesnQt test the #alidity
of the
conclusion -ho' the conclusion 'as arri#ed at., therefore 6ou*le =lind
Testing isnQt considered a #alid form of peer re#ie'. 2estricting
information
may *e *eneficial in testing for *ias *ut it may se#erely impact a
conclusion
if rele#ant information is *eing limited.
Dou+le Blin Verification
A #alid scientific method of testing the relia*ility -reproduci*ility.
of a conclusion
*y gi#ing the same information to others to independently analy7e
'ithout *eing
influence *y 8no'ing the conclusion of others and not 8no'ing that they
are
in#ol#ed in a test. The intent *ehind dou*le *lind #erification is to
eliminate
that people may arri#e at different conclusions 'hen they 8no' they are
*eing
tested.
45
Dou+le I)pre""ion
A dou*le impression can refer to either o#erlapping prints -o#erlays.
or dou*le taps.
Dou+le ?ap
A su*tle dou*le impression 'here additional friction ridges 'ill
coincide or *e close to running
in the same direction as the existing ridge flo'. 6ou*le taps are made
in close time proximity to
the first friction ridge impression. 6ou*le Taps are made *y the same
finger.
Charles 5ar8er !-/-:/
Dra'onD" Bloo Po$er
6ragon>s =lood fingerprint po'der is made from the resin of the rattan
palm.
The ad#antage of using this po'der is that you can #isuali7e latent
prints on
light, dar8, and multi-colored surfaces.
Dror, Dr: Itiel
Itiel 6ror is a cogniti#e researcher at the School of 5sychology at the
<ni#ersity
of Southampton, <F. 3e speciali7es in cogniti#e aspects in#ol#ed in
fingerprint
identification. This not only includes decision criteria and perceptual
issues, *ut
also issues pertaining to selection and training of fingerprint
experts, as 'ell as
the use 0 integration of technology. For more details, please see%
http%&&'''.ecs.soton.ac.u8&Xid&
Dry-Benchin'
2eporting results from tests that 'ere not actually done. Also
referred to as 6ry-;a**ing.
Dry-La++in'
2eporting results from tests that 'ere not actually done. Also
referred to as 6ry-=enching.
Duct
A tu*e or canal that deli#ers secretions or excretions.
Duplicate Lift
Ta8ing su*se)uent lifts from the same area of the same surface 'ith the
intention of
impro#ing the )uality and contrast of the latent print *eing lifted.
Dy"pla"ia
2idge units that did not form complete friction ridges due to a genetic
cause.
46
2idge units that did not form friction ridges due to a genetic cause.
$!!! C2C 5ress
To# \ Home
$
Terms

Identification.
Home \ Bottom
ED
+ctodermal dysplasia.
EFP-8
+uropean Fingerprint Wor8ing Group.
ENFSI
+uropean 9et'or8 of Forensic Science Institutes.
ESSO
An AFIS term meaning +nhanced Sending Search to @ther, referring to
searching another
AFIS system from your system.
Eccrine 8lan
Any of the numerous small s'eat glands distri*uted o#er the *ody>s
surface that produce a clear a)ueous secretion de#oid of cytoplasmic
constituents and important in regulating *ody temperature
+dition
http%&&dictionary.reference.com&searchK)LeccrineE:gland :-:?-"
S'eat glands that open on all surfaces of the s8in.
$!!! C2C 5ress
Eccrine S$eat
The secretion of the eccrine gland. Composed of !!E 'ater, amino
acids,
sodium chloride and trace amounts of other organic and inorganic
47
elements.
Ectoer)
The outermost of the three primary germ layers of an em*ryo, from 'hich
the epidermis, ner#ous tissue, and, in #erte*rates, sense organs
de#elop.
+dition
http%&&dictionary.reference.com&searchK)Lectoderm
Ectoer)al Dy"pla"ia .ED5
+ctodermal dysplasia is a large group of inherited disorders
characterised *y a
primary defect in hair, teeth, nails or s'eat gland function, in
addition to another
a*normality in a tissue of ectodermal origin, e.g. ears, eyes, lips,
mucous
mem*ranes of the mouth or nose, central ner#ous system.
The ectoderm is the outermost layer of cells in em*ryonic de#elopment
and
contri*utes to the formation of many parts of the *ody including all
those
descri*ed a*o#e. +ctodermal dysplasia occurs 'hen the ectoderm of
certain
areas fails to de#elop normally. All ectodermal dysplasias are present
from *irth
and are non-progressi#e.
http%&&'''.dermnetn7.org&hair-nails-s'eat&ectodermal-dysplasia.html
$-:1-:?
Ectroactyly
Congenital a*sence of all or part of a digit-s..
E'eo"copy
$. Study of the morphological characteristics of friction ridges.
:. Contour or shape of the edges of friction ridges.
+dgeoscopy 'as esta*lished *y Sri Salil Fumar ChatterIee of India in
$!/:.
Ela"ticity
The a*ility of s8in to reco#er from stretching, compression, or
distortion.
Eli)ination Print"
+xemplars of friction ridge s8in detail of persons 8no'n to ha#e had
legitimate
access to an item.
48
E)+ryolo'y
A *ranch of *iology that deals 'ith the formation and de#elopment of
em*ryos.
$!!! C2C 5ress
E)inence
A prominence, proIection, or ele#ation.
$!!! C2C 5ress
E)pirical
2elying on or deri#ed from o*ser#ation or experiment% empirical results
that
supported the hypothesis. ,erifia*le or pro#a*le *y means of
o*ser#ation or
experiment% empirical la's
+dition
http%&&dictionary.reference.com&searchK)Lempirical :-:?-"
2elating to or *ased upon direct experience or o*ser#ation.
$!!! C2C 5ress
E)pirical Pro+a+ility
+stimating the pro*a*ility *ased on long run o*ser#ations.
See Classical 5ro*a*ility and Su*Iecti#e 5ro*a*ility.
Enclo"ure
A single friction ridge that *ifurcates and reIoins after a short
course and continues
as a single friction ridge.
Enin' *i'e
A single friction ridge that terminates 'ithin the friction ridge
structure.
Epier)al *i'e"
$. 2idges on the s8in, a8a friction ridges.
:. 2idges on the *ottom of the epidermis corresponding to the surface
friction ridges and surface furro's. They are the root system of the
surface ridges and furro's. The epidermal ridges that correspond to
the friction ridges are referred to as primary ridges and the epidermal
ridges that correspond to the surface furro's are referred to as
secondary
ridges.
". +pidermal ridges are sometimes referred to as papillary ridges.
Epier)i"
49
The outer layer of the s8in.
Cuticle or outer layer of the s8in.
$!!! C2C 5ress
The outer layer of s8in. Consisting of up to fi#e layers% Stratum
Corneum, Stratum
;ucidum, Stratum Granulosum, Stratum Spinosum and Stratum =asale -a8a
Stratum
4ucosum, Stratum 4alpighi, or Stratum germinata#um.. The epidermis is
formed
from the ectoderm in an em*ryo.
Epithelial Cell"
The millions of cells that line and protect the external and internal
surfaces of the *ody. +pithelial cells form epithelial tissues such
as s8in and mucous mem*ranes.
American 6ietetic Association, Interacti#e Glossary.
Copyright :" Jones and =artlett 5u*lishers.
http%&&nutrition.I*pu*.com&disco#ering&interacti#e(glossary(sho'term.cf
mKtermL+pithelialE:cells :-:?-"
All epithelial tissues ha#e the same properties, no *lood #essels,
fre)uent cell di#ision, cells are close to each other, and there are
cells 'ith nuclei and a *asement layer lin8ing it to connecti#e tissue.
Epithelial ?i""ue
Four 8inds of tissue. Simple, stratified, pseudostratified, and
transitional. S8in on the fingers is considered stratified epithelium.
Erroneou" E(clu"ion
The incorrect determination that t'o areas of friction ridge
impressions did not originate
from the same source.
Erroneou" E(clu"ion", 7no$n ca"e" ofE
4ar8 4iller -suspect. T :!
4ar8 4iller 'as suspected of murdering his ex-girlfriend 3elen =ian8s
on @ct. "$, :$
in 4onroe County, 5ennsyl#ania. 3is fingerprint had *een identified on
a gun thought
to *e the murder 'eapon. T'o retired F=I fingerprint experts, I#an
Futrell and George
Wynn, determined that the fingerprints did not match 4r. 4iller. In
@ct. :?, 4iller
pled guilty to third degree murder. In June :!, the International
Association of
Identification announced the suspension of certification of the retired
F=I examiners
for one year, due to a Technical +rror. The suspension is *eing
appealed.
50
Sutherland -suspect. T :/
@n 4ay :/, :/ MThe ScotsmanN reported an erroneous identification *y
the
Glasgo' =ureau of the Scottish Criminal 2ecord @ffice -SC2@.. A palm
print from
a *urglary 'as determined to *e erroneous *y Allan =ayle and confirmed
*y
John 4ac;eod and Gary 6empster. Gary 6empster re#ersed his opinion
almost
immediately after a more in-depth in#estigation. The accused 'as
cleared 'hen
the prosecution accepted his not guilty plea. The M==C 9e'sN reported
the
case had *een dropped *ecause of reasons other than fingerprint
e#idence and
indicated the original identification 'as done in Fe*ruary of :/.
MThe ScotsmanN
reported the SC2@ stands *y its identification.
In June :/, it 'as determined that the SC2@ identification 'as
correct. Allan
=ayle agreed his conclusion 'as 'rong -considered to *e an erroneous
exclusion..
As of July :? this case is still *eing in#estigated and all of the
facts of this case
may not *e 8no'n. The name of the suspect, Sutherland, 'as pu*lished
in
Stra*ismus :?.
Jeremy =ryan Jones -suspect.
Jeremy =ryan Jones 'as using the name John 5aul Chapman. =et'een
@cto*er :"
and June :B, Jones 'as arrested " times and his fingerprints 'ere
sent to the F=I la*
in Clar8s*urg, West ,irginia. The F=I>s computer failed to match his
prints to his real
name.
M3ad a match *een made, authorities 'ould ha#e 8no'n Chapman 'as Jones
and he
'as 'anted in @8lahoma for Iumping *ail in :, 'here he 'as charged
'ith t'o
counts of rape and t'o counts of sodomy.N
http%&&crime.a*out.com&od&serial&p&IeremyIones.htm G-:/-:/
+lmer ;ee Smith -fingerprint expert.
In Fe*ruary $!!B +lmer ;ee Smith, a past president of SCAF@, had his
life
mem*ership of SCAF@ re#o8ed after it 'as found that he had testified to
erroneous exclusions in four separate cases.
http%&&'''.scafo.org&li*rary&$"B.html
John @rr -suspect.
In the $!1Qs a series of arsons s'ept California. In $!1?, another
arson too8
place near an arson in#estigators conference. A latent print 'as found
*ut
'asnQt identified. In $!1! another arson occurred near another arson
51
in#estigators
conference. The 6epartment of Justice compared the latent print
against $ people
'ho attended *oth conferences and found the latent did not originate
from any of
these people. In $!!$, another fingerprint expert enlarged the print
and ran it
through an AFIS computer. AFIS produced a possi*le candidate 'ho had
attended
*oth conferences and 'as one of the pre#ious people the latent 'as
compared to.
The latent print 'as su*se)uently identified to reno'ned Fire Captain
John @rr.
@rr pled guilty to : arsons and 'as also con#icted of murder for the B
people 'ho
died in the fires.
6r. ,assilis C. 4orfopoulos -defense expert.
In $!/1, 6r. 4orfopoulos testified for the defense in 5eople #. Fent.
3e testified that
e#en though the prints had $: -some articles say $B. similarities in
common, the t'o
prints did not match. 6ue to this testimony, 2ichard Stanley Fent 'as
found not
guilty of murder. In $!?, the IAI and the F=I refuted 6r.
4orfopoulosQs claims.
Erroneou" Ientification
The incorrect determination that t'o areas of friction ridge
impressions originated
from the same source.
Erroneou" Ientification" an Faulty Evience .not confir)e5E
6'ight Gomas -Suspect. T :!
6'ight Gomas spent $? months in IailA accused of ro**ery, after a
fingerprint from the
crime scene 'as identified to him *y 9P56 6etecti#e +ileen =arrett.
6etecti#e Charles
Schen8el #erified the identification. 6etecti#e 6aniel 5erru77a found
the error Iust
prior to GomasQs trial. @n Sept. ", :!, Gomas accepted a Y$BG,
settlement.
6erris ;e'is -Suspect. T :!
6erris ;e'is spent $1 months in Iail, accused of 8illing his identical
t'in *rother, after a
*loody palm print at the scene 'as identified as *eing left *y him.
6a#id Grie#e 'as hired
*y the defense to re#ie' the case and agreed 'ith the identificationA
ho'e#er, he 'asnQt
con#inced that the print 'as left in *lood. At the recommendation of
4r. Grie#e, the prints
'ere tested and found not to ha#e *een left in *lood. The charges
against 6erris 'ere
dropped on Aug. /, :!.
52
Alysha Wilson -Suspect. T :!
4iss Wilson 'as arrested in 6ec. :1 'hen her fingerprints 'ere found
at the scene of
a *urglary. In July :!, charges 'ere dropped 'hen it 'as disco#ered
that the latent
prints 'ere la*eled *y the Greater 4anchester 5olice as coming from a
game console
*ox 'hen they 'ere really ta8en from a 'edding card she had gi#en the
#ictim.
Argenis J. =urgos -Suspect. T :1
2eported *y the Associated 5ress on @ct. $!, :1
MTeen spends year in Iail *efore charges are droppedN
M3A2TF@26 -A5. W Charges are *eing dropped against a 3artford teen 'ho
spent
more than a year *ehind *ars, accused of a :? home in#asion ro**ery,
*ecause
the fingerprint e#idence against him is faulty.
A Iudge granted a motion to end the prosecution of Argenis J. =urgos
after the
initial fingerprint identification in the case pro#ed to *e incorrect.
And =urgos,
no' $1, does not fit the #ictimQs description of the ro**ers.
=urgosQ la'yer says his client al'ays maintained his innocence and 'as
ne#er
near the +ast 3artford apartment 'here a ?$-year-old 'oman 'as ro**ed
at gunpoint.
5olice initially said they lifted the fingerprint e#idence from the
*ase of a cordless
phone. =ut =urgosQ la'yer says the print actually came from the geta'ay
car,
'hich 'as a stolen rental car.N
http%&&'''.nhregister.com&articles&:1&$&$!&ne's&a:-fingerprint.txt
?-$-:!
;os Angeles 5olice 6ept.- :1
In @ct. :1 it 'as reported that the ;A56 had arrested at least t'o
people due to
erroneous fingerprint identifications. 4aria 6elosange 4aldonado 'as
erroneously
identified as lea#ing her fingerprints at the scene of a *urglary. It
'as found that
the latent prints 'ere lost 'hen the prints 'ere to *e re-examined *y
the F=I.
In the second case, ;atonya 4cIntyre 'as extradited from Ala*ama on
*urglary
charges and the error 'as found 'hile preparing the e#idence for trial.
At least
one fingerprint analyst 'as fired and " others 'ere suspended.
http%&&articles.latimes.com&:1&$$&$1&metro&me-fingerprints$1 $:-:-
:1
Georgia =ureau of In#estigation Crime ;a* - :1
6exter 5resnell 'as Iailed from @ct. :/ until 4ay :1 due to an
error *y the
53
Georgia =ureau of In#estigation Crime ;a*. 6exter 5resnell 'as falsely
identified
as the person lea#ing a latent print at the :G homicide scene of
2egan Wheeler
in 6allas, Texas. The examiner in the case mista8enly compared the
latent print
from the scene to the elimination prints of WheelerQs daughter thin8ing
they 'ere
the prints of 6exter 5resnell. 5resnell 'asnQt immediately released
from Iail *ecause
other e#idence also connected him to the scene. The district attorney
said the
fingerprint e#idence 'as the main e#idence *ut the error didnQt
exonerate 5renell.
Certified +xaminer 6onna =ir8s - :?
@n 4ay B, :?, it 'as reported that there 'ere some pro*lems 'ith the
fingerprint
analyses in t'o cases from a Certified ;atent 5rint +xaminer, 6onna
=ir8s, from
Seminole County, Florida. @ne of the cases in#ol#ed a latent print on
a 'allet in a
*urglary case, this case 'as dropped. The other case had an
identification of a
latent print on a shell casing in a homicide case. It 'as determined
the latent
prints didnQt ha#e enough detail to 'arrant a positi#e identification.
=y June ?, :?, hundreds of cases had *een re#ie'ed. It 'as found
that there
'as $ case that had an erroneous identification and ? others had
identifications
that should ha#e *een inconclusi#e. =ir8s resigned, the super#isor of
this latent
unit 'as reassigned to super#isor another unit, and another latent
examiner
-Tara Williamson. 'as reassigned as a dispatcher. It 'as reported that
=ill
4cHuay, a retired Certified +xaminer, #erified the erroneous
identification
*ut this hasnQt *een confirmed.
Sutherland -Suspect. T :/
@n 4ay :/, :/ MThe ScotsmanN reported an erroneous identification *y
the
Glasgo' =ureau of the Scottish Criminal 2ecord @ffice -SC2@.. A palm
print from
a *urglary 'as determined to *e erroneous *y Allan =ayle and confirmed
*y
John 4ac;eod and Gary 6empster. Gary 6empster re#ersed his opinion
almost
immediately after a more in-depth in#estigation. The accused 'as
cleared 'hen
the prosecution accepted his not guilty plea. The M==C 9e'sN reported
the
case had *een dropped *ecause of reasons other than fingerprint
54
e#idence and
indicated the original identification 'as done in Fe*ruary of :/.
MThe ScotsmanN
reported the SC2@ stands *y its identification.
In June :/, it 'as determined that the SC2@ identification 'as
correct. Allan
=ayle agreed his conclusion 'as 'rong -considered to *e an erroneous
exclusion..
As of July :? this case is still *eing in#estigated and all of the
facts of this case
may not *e 8no'n. The name of the suspect, Sutherland, 'as pu*lished
in
Stra*ismus :?.
=randon 4ayfield - :B
=randon 4ayfield is a <.S. citi7en 'ho in 4ay of :B 'as 'rongfully
arrested
as a material 'itness 'ith regard to a terrorism attac8 in Spain. 3is
arrest
'as due to an erroneous fingerprint identification made *y " F=I
+xaminers,
4ichael Wieners, John T. 4assey, Terry Green and $ pri#ate fingerprint
expert,
Fen 4oses. 9e's reports indicate, OCourt records sho' that retired F=I
agent
John 4assey, 'ho 'or8ed on the 4adrid case, 'as reprimanded three times
*y the
F=I *et'een $!/! and $!?B for errors, including t'ice ma8ing false
fingerprint
identifications.O
http%&&'''.mo*maga7ine.com&managearticle.aspKCL:B0AL?B//
In 9o#em*er :/ 4ayfield 'as a'arded a Y: million dollar settlement *y
the <.S.
Justice 6epartment. The settlement also included an apology and an
agreement to
destroy communications intercepts conducted *y the F=I against
4ayfield>s home
and office during the in#estigation. The Justice 6epartment added that
4ayfield
'as not targeted *ecause of his 4uslim faith.
Stephan Co'ans - :B
In $!!?, Stephan Co'ans 'as con#icted of shooting a police officer in
=oston,
4assachusetts. 5art of the e#idence against him included the
identification of a
fingerprint on a drin8ing glass associated 'ith the crime scene.
Additional e#idence
included faulty eye'itness testimony. In :B, after spending / years
in prison,
Co'ans 'as exonerated 'ith 69A e#idence. A misla*eled fingerprint card
has
*een alleged to *e the source of the error in the Co'ans case. @thers
ha#e
speculated that Co'ans may ha#e *een framed *y mem*ers of the =oston
5olice
55
6ept. ;a* technicians 6ennis ;e=lanc and 2osemary 4claughlin 'ere put
on
administrati#e lea#e pending an in#estigation.
In August of :/, Co'ans 'on a ".: million dollar settlement and
recei#ed
YG, from the state for the 'rongful con#iction. @n @ct :G, :?,
Co'ans
'as found shot to death in his home.
2oger =enson & Identix computer discrepancy - :B
4iguel +spino7a & Identix computer discrepancy - :B
6a#id ,al8en-;educ - :"
In Aug. :: in West ,alley, <tah, Certified ;atent 5rint +xaminer
Scott SpIut
testified at a preliminary hearing that a print found at a $!!/ murder
scene of
a motel / night cler8 *elonged to 6a#id Jonathan ,al8en-;educ. After
SpIut>s
unexpected death in early :", his identification 'as re#ie'ed and
found to *e
erroneous. ,al8en-;educ 'as still con#icted of the murder in early
:B.
4ar8 Sinclair T :"
In :", 4ar8 Sinclair 'as lin8ed to an Armed 2o**ery through a
fingerprint identification made
*y the SC2@. This identification has *een )uestioned due to an
independent examiners
conclusion -Allan =ayle. that the identification 'as QunsafeQ.
Fingerprint experts from 9orthern
Ireland agreed 'ith Allan =ayleQs conclusion.
Alan 4c9amara - ::
Alan 4c9amara, a small discount store o'ner, 'as arrested in @ct. $!!!
for *urglary
of a house in 2ochdale. The only connection in the case *et'een 4r.
4c9amara and the
crime 'as a disputed thum*print. The thum*print lifted *y the Greater
4anchester
5olice 'as alleged to ha#e *een ta8en from a Ie'elry case in the house
o'ner>s
*edroom. Although 4c9amara maintained his innocence, he 'as found
guilty of the
crime and sentenced to : Z years in prison. 3e 'as released in Aug.
:: on good
*eha#ior. In 9o#em*er of the follo'ing year, 4c9amara 'on the right to
appeal his
con#iction. At trial, examiners Allan =ayle and 5at Wertheim testified
that the
print 'as that of 4r 4c9amara, *ut that the print 'as lifted off a
different
surface than the Ie'elry case. It appeared that the print 'as lifted
off a smooth
cur#ed surface, 'hich could ha#e *een touched *y 4r. 4c9amara )uite
56
innocently
during his day to day *usiness. In 6ec. :B, the appeal 'as heard at
The 2oyal
Courts of Justice and 4c9amara>s con#iction stood. It 'as determined
that since
4c9amara>s prints 'ere found on an item 'ith the home o'ners prints on
the same
item, he must ha#e *een the *urglar. 4c9amara hopes to ta8e the case
to the Criminal
Case 2e#ie' Commission, an independent *ody set up *y the go#ernment to
loo8 at
alleged cases of miscarriage of Iustice.
Fathleen 3atfield - ::
In ::, Fathleen 3atfield 'as identified as the #ictim of a homicide
after an
erroneous fingerprint identification *y the ;as ,egas 4etropolitan
5olice 6epartment.
The error may ha#e *een due to the *ody *eing *adly decomposed, similar
tattoos, and
the fact that Fathleen 3atfield 'as listed as a missing person.
2ichard Jac8son - :
In $!!1, 2ic8 Jac8son 'as con#icted of murdering his friend Al#in 6a#id
and gi#en a life
sentence in 6ela'are County, 5ennsyl#ania *ased on an erroneous
fingerprint
identification. T'o local police officers, Anthony 5aparo and <pper
6ar*y 5olice
Superintendent ,incent Ficchi, made the erroneous identification and it
'as #erified
*y an out of state Certified +xaminer. 2etired F=I examiner George
Wynn 'as the first
examiner to disco#er the mista8e, ,ernon 4cCloud, another former F=I
examiner,
#erified WynnQs conclusion Iust days *efore Jac8sonQs trial. +#en 'ith
this testimony,
Jac8son 'as found guilty. The International Association of
Identification re#ie'ed the
identification and agreed that it 'as erroneous. In :, after the
F=I concurred 'ith
these results, Jac8son 'as released from prison. The Certified
+xaminer 'as decertified
and lost his Io*. The <pper 6ar*y 5olice and Anthony 5aparo stand *y
the identification.
4S9=C MWhen Forensics FailN @ct. :G, :?
6anny 4c9amee - $!!1
In $!1/, 6anny 4c9amee 'as sentenced for conspiracy to cause explosions
in ;ondon and
found guilty of *eing OThe 3yde 5ar8 =om*erO. In $!!1 his charges 'ere
)uashed.
$B experts analy7ed the latent prints and couldn>t find more than $$
characteristics
in common -in a country that re)uired $/ to ma8e a positi#e
identification..
57
Shirley 4cFie - $!!?
In $!!?, Shirley 4cFie, a detecti#e 'ith the Strathclyde 5olice in
Scotland,
'as charged 'ith perIury after denying that she had left a fingerprint
at the
murder scene of 4arion 2oss. 6a#id As*ury 'as con#icted of this murder
*ased
on other fingerprint e#idence. ;ater *oth charges 'ere o#erturned
'hile the SC2@,
'ho performed the fingerprint analysis, stood *y their identifications.
@n Fe*ruary ?, :/,
Iust prior to Shirley 4cFieQs ci#il hearing, The Scottish 4inisters
settled out of court for the
full amount 4s. 4cFie 'as suing for, 'hile not admitting to any errors.
@#er $ years after the murder the identifications 'ere still under
dispute and a resolution
seemed impossi*le. In April :?, the examiners in#ol#ed in this case
'ere as8ed to resign.
B of the / examiners -2o*ert 4cFen7ie, Allan 6un*ar, 3ugh 4c5herson and
Charlie Ste'art.
too8 a redundancy pac8age. @ne examiner, Tony 4cFenna, agreed to *e
redeployed to
Strathclyde 5olice. Fiona 4c=ride refused to accept another Io* at $&"
of her salary and
'as fired on 4ay $, :?. Fiona 4c=ride is pursuing legal action.
Andre' Chiory - $!!/
In $!!/, Andre' Chiory ser#ed : months in prison due to an erroneous
identification done
*y Scotland Pard. This 'as claimed to *e the first mista8en
identification *y Scotland Pard
since the *ureauQs inception in $!$ -Cole, MSuspect IdentitiesN :$..
Simon 3arris initially
made the erroneous identification -6aily 4all, April $, $!!?. 'hich
led to the arrest of
Andre' Chiory for the $!!G home *urglary of 'ell-8no'n 'riter and
*roadcaster 6r. 4iriam
Stoppard. The identification 'as said to *e triple chec8ed *y Scotland
Pard. 2on Coo8 'as
one of the examiners that re-examined the e#idence and determined it to
*e erroneous. In
defense motions, this case is commonly referred to *y a ne'spaper
article *y Stephen Grey,
MPard in Fingerprint =lunderN, April $!!?.
6a#id As*ury T $!!/
6a#id As*ury 'as lin8ed to the murder of 4arion 2oss after his
fingerprint 'as identified on
a gift tag in her home and a latent print found on a candy tin in 6a#id
As*uryQs home 'as
identified as that of 4arion 2oss. 6uring the trial, the
identification of a latent print from a
door frame 'as identified as *elonging to 6etecti#e Shirley 4cFie. 4s.
4cFie insisted this
identification 'as erroneous. Su*se)uently, the pre#ious
58
identifications 'ere )uestioned
and the identification of the print on the candy tin 'as declared to *e
erroneous. 6espite
the uncertainty of the fingerprint e#idence, 6a#id As*ury 'as found
guilty of murder and
sentenced to life. In :, after spending " years in Iail, As*ury 'on
an appeal and his
con#iction 'as e#entually o#erturned. The SC2@, 'ho made the
identifications, stands
*y their conclusions. In January :/ it 'as reported that a "rd
erroneous I6 'as made
on a *an8note lin8ing As*ury to the murder. This 'as later reported as
false information.
@#er $ years after the murder the identifications 'ere still under
dispute and a resolution
seemed impossi*le. In April :?, the examiners in#ol#ed in this case
'ere as8ed to resign.
B of the / examiners -2o*ert 4cFen7ie, Allan 6un*ar, 3ugh 4c5herson and
Charlie Ste'art.
too8 a redundancy pac8age. @ne examiner, Tony 4cFenna, agreed to *e
redeployed to
Strathclyde 5olice. Fiona 4c=ride refused to accept another Io* at $&"
of her salary and
'as fired on 4ay $, :?. Fiona 4c=ride is pursuing legal action.

Clapham - $!!"
@n 9o#.!, $!!" the South Wales Argus reported the erroneous
identification in the M9e'port
*etting shop murderN trial. The #ictim of the murder 'as :B year old
Sian Collier, manager of
the *etting shop. William +r#in, a 9e' Scotland Pard fingerprint
*ureau expert, *lamed his
erroneous identification of Clapham on an ina*ility to see properly.
When he re-examined
the e#idence during the trial -@ct. :1, $!!"., he noticed his mista8e
*ut didnQt immediately
notify the courts.
9e#ille ;ee - $!!$
In $!!$, *ased on fingerprint e#idence, 9ottinghamshire police arrested
9e#ille ;ee
for raping an $$-year old girl. 3e 'as released only after someone
else confessed
to the crime.
=arry =o'den and 4i8e =arrett - $!11
In 9orth Carolina, officials had to reconsider $G! criminal cases
*ecause local
authorities disco#ered )uestiona*le fingerprint identifications.
[F9$$\ The fingerprint
misidentification resulted in t'o murder charges *eing dropped *y the
district attorney>s
office.
[F9$$\. =arry =o'den and 4i8e =arrett, Fingerprint +rrors 2aise
Huestions on ;ocal
Con#ictions, FAP+TT+,I;;+ TI4+S, Jan. $G, $!11, at $A.
59
http%&&'''.la'-forensic.com&expert(malpractice($.htm $-$!-:G
4ichael Cooper - $!1/
In $!1/, 4ichael Cooper 'as 'rongfully arrested as the 5rime Time
2apist, 'hen his
fingerprints 'ere erroneously identified *y the Tucson 5olice
6epartment as those
from the 5rime Time 2apist crime scenes. Within one day of his arrest
it 'as found
that the prints did not match.
http%&&michaelI*loom.la'office.com&Custom5age(".shtml 1-?-:B
=ruce =asden - $!1/
In June $!1G =ruce =asden 'as arrested and indicted for the murders of
2emus and
=lanche Adams in Fayette#ille 9orth Caroliana on the *asis of a
fingerprint found
in the decedents> home. [F9$$"\ =asden>s]G" attorney re)uested funds to
ha#e the
fingerprint e#idence reappraised and filed a motion to disco#er the
physical e#idence
in the possession of the state. [F9$$B\ OAt this point the state>s
fingerprint expert
made enlargements of the prints from 'hich he had made an
identification of =asden as
the intruder .... The state>s expert admitted that he found unexplained
dissimilarities
along 'ith similarities in the prints.O [F9$$G\ These discrepancies
caused him to
change his mind. The state su*se)uently dismissed all charges against
=asden, 'ho had
*een incarcerated in the local Iail for thirteen months. [F9$$/\
http%&&'''.la'-forensic.com&expert(malpractice($.htmUF9AFB 1-?-:B
2oger Cald'ell - $!1$
In $!??, Cald'ell 'as con#icted of : counts of murder partly *ased on
latent print
e#idence from an en#elope. The latent prints in )uestion 'ere
de#eloped and identified
*y Ste#en Sedlace8. A defense expert, 2onald Wel*aum, agreed 'ith the
identification.
6uring the trial of a co-defendant -Cald'ellQs 'ife., it 'as disco#ered
that the original
latent had faded and another fingerprint expert testified that the
images on the negati#es
'ere #ery poor *ut his opinion 'as that they did not match Cald'ellQs
prints. In $!1$ or
$!1:, the 4innesota Supreme Court granted Cald'ell a ne' trial. In a
plea agreement
Cald'ell plead guilty in exchange for time ser#ed. In $!11, Cald'ell
committed suicide
still proclaiming his innocence. Ste#en Sedlace8Qs and 2onald
Wel*aumQs IAI certifications
'ere re#o8ed o#er this incident along 'ith another certified examiner
named Claude Coo8.
Coo8 'as decertified for su*mitting communication in support of the
60
erroneous identification
-Cole, MSuspect IdentitiesN :$.. In :", 69A testing 'as done on
the en#elope and it
'as determined that the 69A on the adhesi#e portion of the en#elope did
*elong to Cald'ell.
William Ste#ens - $!:/
In $!:/, Ste#ens 'as one of se#eral suspects in a dou*le murder case
8no'n as the 3all-
4ills murders -9e' Jersey $!::.. 2etired 6eputy 5olice Commissioner
Joseph Faurot, along
'ith ;ieutenant Fred 6re'en and +d'ard 3. Sch'art7, erroneously
identified a latent print
on 8ey e#idence to William Ste#ens. J.3. Taylor and Gerhardt Fuhne
-*rother of Frederic8
Fuhne. testified for the defense in this trial. William Ste#ens and
the other suspects
'ere ac)uitted and the dou*le murder 'as ne#er sol#ed.
Also see Fa*ricated ;atent 5rints, 8no'n cases of.
Error *ate
The rate at 'hich errors occur.
The error rate of fingerprint comparisons is constantly changing. The
exact rate can
ne#er *e 8no'n *ut it can *e estimated.
Error *ate Stuie"
-5eterson and 4ar8ham -$!!G. T MCrime ;a*oratory 5roficiency Test
2esultsN
-6ror, 5eron, 3ind, and Charlton -:G. T MWhen emotions get the *etter
of us% The effect of
contextual top-do'n processing on matching fingerprintsN
-6ror, Charlton, and 5eron -:/. T MContextual information renders
experts #ulnera*le to
ma8ing erroneous identificationsN
-Wertheim, ;angen*urg, and 4oenssens -:/. T MA 2eport of ;atent 5rint
+xaminer Accuracy
6uring Comparison Training +xercisesN
Error"
-A correct conclusion 'as arri#ed at through unaccepta*le
Iustification.
-A correct conclusion 'as arri#ed at *ut Iustification could not *e
demonstrated.
-An incorrect conclusion 'as arri#ed at.
Error" .type" of5
a. +rroneous Indi#iduali7ation, a8a a false positi#e or type $ error.
*. False negati#e, a8a false exclusion or a type : error.
c. +rroneous ,erification.
d. Clerical +rrors.
e. 4issed Indi#iduali7ation.
Etche Print
61
The result of a chemical reaction *et'een fingerprint residue and a
su*strate.
The acids in fingerprint residue deteriorate the su*strate that 'as
touched
lea#ing an impression of friction ridge detail. This usually occurs
'ith
metals and leathers.
Ethanol
Sol#ent used in preparation of reagents, dye stains and rinses -ethyl
alcohol..
Ethyl Acetate
Sol#ent used in the preparation of reagents and dye stains.
European Net$or7 of Foren"ic Science In"titute":
Informally started in 4arch of $!!" and formally founded in @ct. $!!G,
the +9FSI is the +uropean e)ui#alent of the American Society of Crime
;a*oratory 6irectors -ASC;6..
Evaluation
The third step of the AC+-, method 'here an examiner assesses the #alue
of the
details o*ser#ed during the analysis and the comparison steps and
reaches a conclusion.
The process of examining a system or system component to determine the
extent
to 'hich specified properties are present.
The Free @n-line 6ictionary of Computing, D $!!"-:B 6enis 3o'e
http%&&dictionary.reference.com&searchK)Le#aluation $-G-:G
Evan", E$ar A:
Son of Captain 4ichael +#ans. @ne of Ferrier>s nine fingerprint
students
taught in $!B during the World>s Fair. Superintendent of the 9ational
=ureau of Identification.
Evan", Captain E))ett A: .F-Dec: /@, 13>@5
Son of Captain 4ichael +#ans. @ne of Ferrier>s nine fingerprint
students
taught in $!B during the World>s Fair. Chief Identification Inspector
for the Chicago 5olice 6epartment.
Evan", Captain Michael P: .F-Oct: %, 13@15
Implemented the =ertillon system in $111 at the Chicago 5olice
6epartment
and implemented the fingerprint system in $!G 'hile he 'as the Chief
of
62
the Identity =ureau. Testified in O5eople #s. JenningsO.
Evan", -illia) M:
Son of Captain 4ichael +#ans. Testified in O5eople #s. JenningsO.
3ead
of the Chicago 5olice 6epartment =ureau of Identification.
Evan", Captain -illia) 6:
In $!$/, as a retired Captain of the <.S. Army Intelligence Ser#ice,
Capt.
+#ans along 'ith T.G. Coo8e founded the first home study course in
fingerprint
identification. ;ocated in Chicago, Illinois and originally named
O+#ans
<ni#ersityO, the name 'as changed one year later to the O<ni#ersity of
Applied
ScienceO. Around $!:! the name 'as again changed to the OInstitute of
Applied
ScienceO. +#ans connection 'ith the school only lasted one year. In
$!$?,
+#ans 'as called *ac8 to acti#e duty to ser#e in World War I.
Evan" Bniver"ity
See Institute of Applied Science.
Evett G -illia)" Stuy
In $!1! -pu*lished in $!!/. I. W. +#ett and 2.;. Williams did a re#ie'
of the $/
point standard used in +ngland and Wales -the $/-point standard 'as
a*andoned
*y +ngland and Wales in :$.. Their re#ie' included the historical
aspects,
statistical aspects, #isits to different agencies, and a re#ie' of
practitioners
comparisons -practitioners conducted $ comparisons.. =y the end of
their
re#ie' they determined there 'as no need for the $/ point standard.
While conducting their study they found that examiners had a high
#ariation
in ho' many points they stated 'ere in common 'hile conducting
comparisons.
+#ett and Williams concluded that MV.decision ma8ing in relation to
indi#idual
points of comparison is highly su*Iecti#e.N
The #ariation in the results may ha#e *een due to ho' the )uestions
'ere
phrased. @n the ans'er sheet of this study practitioners 'ere as8ed to
count
Rridge characteristics in agreementQ and in another part of the study
they
as8ed for M..the num*er of points of similarityN -pg $/ of the study
results..
There seems to *e a 'ide #ariation *et'een ho' practitioners #ie'
RpointsQ
63
and RcharacteristicsQ. The term RpointsQ generally refers to
*ifurcations and
ending ridges 'hile the term RcharacteristicsQ can refer to large
pores,
incipient ridges, dots, scars, etc. ItQs possi*le that the #ariation
*et'een
practitioners in this study 'as due to a lac8 of clarity in the
directions.
E(act Science
3istorically, this expression comes from Aristotle. 3e used the phrase
to
descri*e sciences that demonstrate precise conclusions from 8no'n
principlesA
philosophy, arithmetic, geometry, astronomy, and harmonics. 5tolemy
argued
that philosophy 'as less precise and 'as not *ased from 8no'n
principles.
In the $?th century, the meaning of this expression *egan to change.
4athematics no longer appeared to *e a science, *ut the language of or
an
assistant to science. 5hysics is no' regarded as an exact science.
E(chan'e Principle
See ;ocard>s 5rinciple of +xchange.
E(clu"ion
The determination *y an examiner that there is sufficient )uality and
)uantity of
detail in disagreement to conclude that t'o areas of friction ridge
impressions did
not originate from the same source.
E(e)plar
The 8no'n prints of an indi#idual, recorded electronically,
photographically, *y
in8, or *y another medium.
E(pert
5erson 'ith much s8ill 'ho 8no's a great deal a*out some special thingA
has
an in-depth understanding of a su*Iect.
$!!! C2C 5ress
A person 'ith great 8no'ledge, s8ill or experience in a specific
su*Iect.
E(plaina+le Difference" .in friction ri'e ientification"5
6ifferences in appearance that don>t interfere 'ith the identification
process.
These differences can include such things as si7e, thic8ness of ridges,
64
distortion
and le#el " characteristics *eing a*sent in one impression. Typically
these
differences are a result of one of the O;atent 5rint 2eco#ery
ConditionsO.
E(tru"ion Mar7"
4ar8s that are made 'hen casting metals or plastics. These mar8s can
resem*le
friction ridge detail *y replication ridges 'ith *ifurcations and
ending ridges.
These mar8s typically appear 'ith a 'a#y motion and ha#e no signs of
pores
or ridge edges. These mar8s ha#e *een called sprue mar8s and&or false
ridge
detail.
To# \ Home
$
Terms

Identification.
Home \ Bottom
FBI / Loc7hee-Martin >47 ( >47 Stuy .13335
A statistical study done to support the uni)ueness theory of
fingerprints. This
study 'as used in 6au*ert hearings to Iustify *iological uni)ueness and
to #alidate
fingerprint methodology. The G8 x G8 study 'as ne#er pu*lished and
therefore many
claim that it is not a scientifically sound study and should not *e
used as supporting
e#idence.
FEPAC
Forensic Science +ducation 5rograms Accreditation Commission.
FE*
Fluorescence +xcitation 2adiometry. A ne' forensic light source
introduced in :G
*y ;ight 6iagnostics.
FFS
Fello' of The Fingerprint Society.
65
FLS
Forensic ;ight Source. Common term for all light sources including
lasers used in forensic examinations.
FHS
Forensic Huality Ser#ices.
FSAB
Forensic Specialties Accreditation =oard.
Fa+ricate Latent Print
OA Ofa*ricatedO latent print is a representation of print that ne#er
existed
on the surface from 'hich it purportedly came.O OA fa*ricated print is
fa*ricated e#idence produced *y a police employee in order to *olster a
case
or frame a person.O
George =one*ra8e, $!?/, presentation to the International Association
for Identification.
http%&&'''.geocities.com&cfpdla*&fa*rica.htm :-?-B
See Forged ;atent 5rint.
Fa+ricate Latent Print", 7no$n ca"e" ofE
Fred #an der ,y#er -South Africa.
In 4arch :G Fred #an der ,y#er 'as the main suspect in the murder of
his girlfriend,
Inge ;ot7. Crucial e#idence against him 'as a fingerprint
identification la*eled as *eing
lifted from a 6,6 co#er. The identification of the print 'as ne#er in
)uestion. The
)uestion 'as 'hether or not the fingerprint 'as actually lifted from
the 6,6 co#er or
from some other su*strate. Fred #an der ,y#er maintained his innocence
and pro#ided
an air tight ali*i 'hile the State denied any possi*ility of a mista8e.
The first person to
suggest that the fingerprints 'ere from a different surface 'as 4r 9ico
Fot7e. Se#eral
other fingerprint experts, including 6r. 6a#id Flat7o', 4i8e Grace,
6aan =e88er, 5at
Wertheim and Arie êelen*erg, re#ie'ed the case. 6aan =e88er 'as the
first person
to state that the latent print 'as lifted from a drin8ing glass. In
6ecem*er :/, due to
the expertsQ findings, the South African 5olice 6epartment announced
that they 'ere
not going to pursue the fingerprint e#idence. When the trail *egan,
the fingerprint
e#idence 'as admitted as part of the e#idence -along 'ith other
e#idence that 'as
suspected of *eing fa*ricated.. 4i8e Grimm, =ill =od7ia8 and 5aul
66
2yder 'ere the
foot'ear experts in this case. @n 9o#. :!, :? the Iudge, accepting
that the latent
print e#idence did not come from a 6,6 co#er, found Fred #an der ,y#er
not guilty
of the charges against him. @ne article a*out this case claimed that
the Iudge also
slammed the testimony of se#eral police 'itnesses 'ho had gi#en
e#idence on 8ey
forensic e#idence, calling their e#idence Ountrust'orthyO, Ounrelia*leO
and OdishonestO.
http%&&'''.iol.co.7a&index.phpK
set(idL$0clic8(idL$G0art(idL#n:?$:$$$:!BG::"C?/$:G $:-$-?
6iana =oyd 4onahan -Texas.
Indicted in : on $" counts of falsifying fingerprint reports on
e#idence she ne#er tested.
She pled guilty and recei#ed G years pro*ation.
9e' Por8 State 5olice
In $!!: an in#estigator 'ith the 9e' Por8 State 5olice, 6a#id ;.
3arding, 'as arrested
for fa*ricating e#idence in a murder trial. Su*se)uently, B other
employees -2o*ert
4. ;ishans8y, Craig 6. 3ar#ey, 6a#id 4. =eers, and 5atric8 @Q3ara. 'ere
charged 'ith
fa*ricating fingerprint e#idence in other cases. The total num*er of
cases is estimated
to *e as high as B cases.
In $!!", Shirley Finge, one of the #ictims of fingerprint fa*rication,
sued the 9e' Por8
State 5olice. In Fe*. :1, Judge 4idey Jr. found that Finge 'as the
#ictim of malicious
prosecution and negligent super#ision of the in#estigator 'ho planted
the phony
e#idence implicating her in the crime. Senior In#estigator 6a#id
4c+lligott, the
super#isor of the Troopers in#ol#ed, 'as forced to retire due to this
scandal.
6eputy Sheriff Jesus 6ura7o
In $!!:, the Ari7ona crime la* found that Jesus 6ura7o had fa*ricated
fingerprint e#idence
against a drug suspect. 6espite his claims of innocence, 'hen he 'as
offered to resign and
no prosecution 'ould occur, 6ura7o accepted.
James =a88en, =uena 5ar8, California
In a $!/? *an8 ro**ery -some sources say $!/!., James =a88en from =uena
5ar8, California
fa*ricated e#idence that resulted in William 6e5alma *eing found guilty
and sentenced to
$G years. 6e5alma *egan ser#ing his sentence in $!?$. =a88en
testified that the latent print
'as found at the *an8 *ut it 'as really an exact replica of a print
from a pre#ious arrest.
67
After @range County in#estigated the claims, 6e5alma 'as released after
ser#ing " years in
prison. =a88en ser#ed $ year on an unrelated charge. 3e could not *e
prosecuted for the
6e5alma case *ecause the statute of limitations had expired.
6ec. $!?G & Aug. $!?/ Identification 9e's
6et. 3erman Wiggins, San 6iego 5olice 6epartment
In the $!?Qs, 6et. 3erman Wiggins 'as found to ha#e fa*ricated latent
print e#idence in up
to B cases. It is *elie#ed he had people touch the hood of his car
and then he 'ould lift the
prints and sa#ed them for other cases. @fficer Wiggins 'as arrested
and faced se#eral counts
of falsifying e#idence. When the authenticity of the latent lift cards
'ere )uestioned, @fficer
Wiggins claimed that he had se#eral lift cards together and they may
ha#e gotten mixed up
'hen he dropped his *riefcase. In 6ec. of $!?B he 'as found guilty and
sentenced to t'o
years in custody.
Information pro#ided *y 2achelle =a*ler.
Capt. James =ar8er
James =ar8er 'as one of the primary in#estigators in the $!B" Sir 3arry
@a8es Case. 4aurice
@>9eill filed charges 'ith the IAI against =ar8er for fa*ricating
e#idence in this case. In
a #ery unpopular decision, the IAI cleared =ar8er of any 'rongdoing.
Also see +rroneous Identifications, 8no'n cases of.
Fal"ifia+le
There must *e a 'ay to pro#e the theory 'rong. If 'e can>t pro#e it
'rong, it is not a scientific theory. This idea of a theory *eing
falsifia*le is one of the most important aspects of science. The
theory,
O=eyond +arth there is intelligent life in the uni#erseO, may *e true,
*ut it is not a scientific theory since there is no 'ay to pro#e it
false.
http%&&home.earthlin8.net&XIohnhGG&science&'hatisscience.html :-:?-"
Faul", Dr: &enry .;une 1, 1=0@-Mar: /0, 13@45
6r. 3enry Faulds 'as a Scottish physician and a medical missionary in
Japan. 6r. Faulds
is credited 'ith doing many experiments to pro#e permanence and
uni)ueness. The earliest
article on using fingerprints as a means of identification 'as 'ritten
*y Faulds. 9ature
4aga7ine pu*lished this article, M@n the S8in-Furro's of the 3andN, on
@ct. :1, $11.
3erschel replied in 9ature 4aga7ine on 9o#. :G, $11 stating he had
*een using fingerprints
as a means of identification for o#er : years. Faulds is credited for
*eing the first
+uropean to suggest that fingerprints could assist in criminal
68
in#estigations. Additionally,
he is noted as *eing the first person to use a latent fingerprint to
eliminate someone as a
suspect and he 'as the person 'ho recommended using printerQs in8 to
record fingerprints.
In $!G -as stated in MA 4anual of 5ractical 6actylographyN page /.,
6r. Faulds pu*lished
OGuide to Finger- 5rint IdentificationN. In $!$: he pu*lished
O6actylography, The Study of
Finger-5rintsO -noted in MA 4anual of 5ractical 6actylographyN page $.
and in approx. $!$G
he pu*lished MA 4anual of 5ractical 6actylographyO. Although 6r.
Faulds greatly contri*uted
to the science of fingerprint identification, he 'as ne#er gi#en full
credit for this during
his lifetime.
Fault Line
Shado'ing in an impression in the form of a cur#ed line. A fault line
is a #isual clue
that some sort of distortion may exist.
Faurot, ;o"eph A: .Oct: 10, 1=%/-Nov: /4 130/5
In $!/, 9.P.5.6. 5olice Commissioner 4cAdoo sent 6et. Sgt. Joseph
Faurot to ;ondon
to o*tain information of the process of fingerprinting, 'here it had
*een in use for
se#eral years. 6et. Sgt. Faurot returned 'ith samples of the first
fingerprint cards,
at 'hich time the 6epartment *egan to implement this ne' crime fighting
techni)ue.
In $!1, a murder case 'as the first case sol#ed *y the 9.P.5.6.
utili7ing this
technology.
http%&&'''.nycpolicemuseum.org&html&fa).htmlUfingerprint
Joseph A. Faurot retired from the 9e' Por8 5olice 6epartment as a
6eputy 5olice
Commissioner in $!:/.
http%&&'''.findagra#e.com&cgi-*in&famousSearch.cgiK
modeLcounty0FScountyidL:$" $-1-:B
Faurot 'as in#ol#ed in many historical trials. @ne of the most 'ell
8no'n trials 'as
the case of Caesar Cella in 5eople # Crispi $!$$. 2emar8a*ly, 2etired
6eputy 5olice
Commissioner Joseph Faurot 'as also in#ol#ed in the trial that in#ol#ed
the first
erroneous identification. In the $!:/ 3all-4ills dou*le murder trial
-9e' Jersey.,
Joseph Faurot along 'ith ;ieutenant Fred 6re'en and +d'ard 3. Sch'art7
erroneously
identified a latent print on 8ey e#idence to one of the suspects,
William Ste#ens.
J.3. Taylor and Gerhardt Fuhne -*rother of Frederic8 Fuhne. testified
for the defense
69
in this trial. William Ste#ens and the other suspects 'ere ac)uitted.
The dou*le
murder, 'hich actually happened in $!::, 'as ne#er sol#ed.
Feature"
As of 9o#em*er :B the 9ational Fingerprint =oard of +ngland and Wales
determined%
$. The Third ;e#el 6etail Wor8ing Group ac8no'ledges that 'ithin the
international
fingerprint community, the terminologies $st, :nd and "rd ;e#el detail
is used.
This group recommends that *ecause of the holistic nature of
fingerprint identification,
there is no need for the use of these terms 'ithin the comparison
process. A;;
information assisting 'ith esta*lishing the identification of an area
of friction ridge
detail 'ill *e termed, >features>.
:. A;; #isi*le features employed 'ithin the identification process may
*e used 'ithout
regard to the information falling 'ithin any particular category.
". Conse)uently, there is no Iustification for treating any type, or
group of features
separately and no re)uirement for a Third ;e#el 6etail Wor8ing group as
such, and this
group recommends that the national Fingerprint =oard considers
retaining the existing
mem*ers as the >Identification Wor8ing Group.> -this group has *een
re-named as the,
>=ureaux 5ractitioners> Group..
Ferric Nitrate
Chemical used in 5hysical 6e#eloper and 4ultimetal 6eposition
solutions.
Ferrier, ;ohn 6enneth
Ferrier 'or8ed for the fingerprint *ranch of Scotland Pard. In $!B,
he
'as assigned to guard the =ritish Cro'n Je'els at the World>s Fair in
St. ;ouis, 4issouri. The American police officials *ecame interested
in
fingerprinting through Ferrier and for se#en months he taught nine
indi#iduals a*out fingerprints and the 3enry System -+d'ard A. +#ans,
+mmett A. +#ans, +d'ard =rennan, John Shea, 4r. 2yan, 4ary 3olland,
George
Foestle, +d'ard Foster, and Al*ert G. 5errott.. 6uring this time
Ferrier
also ga#e instruction to many others 'ho 'ere interested. 3e is
considered
to *e the first fingerprint instructor in the <nited States. Although
fingerprints had *een used sporadically in the <nited States prior to
Ferrier>s arri#al, Ferrier is credited 'ith *eing the dri#ing force
70
*ehind
the use of fingerprints in the <.S.
Ferrou" A))oniu) Sulfate
Chemical used in 5hysical 6e#eloper and 4ultimetal 6eposition
solutions.
Fetu"
For the human species, the un*orn indi#idual from a*out the end of the
second month of de#elopment until *irth. +arlier stages are termed
em*ryo.
An em*ryo during latter stages of de#elopment in the 'om*, after three
months.
$!!! C2C 5ress
Fi+ula
The smaller of the t'o *ones in the lo'er leg on the little toe side.
The shorter of the t'o *ones in the lo'er leg on the little toe side.
Fi+ular Area
The plantar area situated on the little toe side of the foot.
Final
A numerical #alue that is deri#ed from the ridge count of a little
finger,
usually the right.
Fin'er
See 5halange.
Fin'er Print an Ientification Ma'a<ine
@riginally named OFinger 5rint 4aga7ineO, it 'as a monthly pu*lication
put
out *y the Institute of Applied Science. This maga7ine 'as pu*lished
from
$!$!-$!?1 and 'as considered to *e a #ital part of 8no'ledge to the
identification industry.
Fin'erprint
An impression of the friction ridges of all or any part of the finger.
71
A fingerprint is the uni)ue pattern that is created *y the friction
ridges on the
fingers. This pattern may *e transferred from the fingers to other
items in the
form of a 8no'n print, a latent print or a patent print.
Fin'erprint Ientification .A6A Friction *i'e Ientification or
Friction S7in Ientification5
The applied science of identification *y friction s8in *ased on the
Theory of 6ifferential Gro'th and the Theory of 5ermanence.
Fin'erprint Po$er"
5o'ders used to #isuali7e friction ridge detail. Can *e magnetic,
non-magnetic, fluorescent, *ichromatic, or a #ariety of monochromatic
types.
?he Fin'erprint Society
The Fingerprint Society 'as first concei#ed of in $!?B *y 4artin J.
;ead*etter,
Stephen +. 3ayloc8, 6a#id 2. =roo8er, and 9icolas J. 3all 'hile 'or8ing
for the
3ertfordshire Consta*ulary in +ngland. 4artin J. ;ead*etter and
Stephen +.
3ayloc8 officially formed their organi7ation in $!?G under the name the
>9ational
Society of Fingerprint @fficers> -9SF@.. The name 'as later changed to
OThe
Fingerprint SocietyO. This educational organi7ation pu*lishes a
)uarterly
Iournal called OFingerprint WhorldO. The first issue 'as pu*lished in
July $!?G.
Fir"t Level Detail .al"o "ee Level 1 Detail5
General o#erall pattern shape, i.e., circular, looping, arching, or
straight.
$!!! C2C 5ress
Fla)e ?echni9ue
4any common materials -e.g., camphor, magnesium, mas8ing tape,
nito-cellulose, pine tar, titanium tetrachloride. *urned to produce
soot for detection of friction ridge detail.
See 3ot Flame 4ethod.
Flavin.e5
A yello' dye used as an ingredient in many reagents that are used to
stain
friction ridge detail.
Fle(ion Crea"e
72
Creases that are formed during friction ridge formation, completely
lac8ing
of any ridge detail. Flexion creases are uni)ue and permanent.
See Creases, White ;ines, Tension Creases and @ccasional Features.
Fluore"cein
Fluorescent reagent used to de#elop *loody friction ridge detail.
Fluore"cence
+mission of light, resulting from the a*sorption of radiation from
another
source.
The emission of light caused *y the a*sorption of radiant energy from
an
external source or stimulus, such as a lamp, a laser, or an A;S. The
emission of light continues only as long as the stimulus continues -as
opposed to phosphorescence..
Fluore"cence E(citation *aio)etry
A ne' forensic light source introduced in :G *y ;ight 6iagnostics.
Focal Point"
$. In classification, those areas that are enclosed 'ithin the pattern
area of
loops and 'horls. They are also 8no'n as the core and the delta.
:. In AC+-,, the areas selected for comparison purposes.
See Target Group.
Folien
Another name for a gel lifter. <sed to lift and preser#e latent
fingerprints.
Footprint
An impression left *y the friction ridge s8in from a plantar surface.
Foren"ic
2elating to, used in, or appropriate for courts of la' or for pu*lic
discussion or argumentation.
@f, relating to, or used in de*ate or argumentA rhetorical.
2elating to the use of science or technology in the in#estigation and
esta*lishment of facts or e#idence in a court of la'% a forensic
la*oratory.
+dition
http%&&dictionary.reference.com&searchK)Lforensic :-:?-"
73
Foren"ic Li'ht Source .FLS5
Common term for all light sources including lasers used in forensic
examinations.
For'e Latent Print
OA OforgedO latent print is one 'hich actually exists on a surface, *ut
'as
not left *y the person 'hose fingerprint it represents.O OA forged
print
'ould *e a latent planted at a crime scene *y the true criminal in
order to
fool the police.O OIn those terms, forgery of latent print e#idence is
#irtually nonexistent.O
http%&&'''.geocities.com&cfpdla*&fa*rica.htm :-?-B
See Fa*ricated ;atent 5rint.
For'eot, *ene Dr:
A French criminologist at the ;a*oratoire 6>Anthropologie Criminale,
;yon, France -;a*oratory of Criminal Anthropology. 'ho researched
latent
de#elopmental techni)ues in approx. $1!$. 3e is credited 'ith using
in8 to reco#er latent prints on paper, using hydrofluoric acid to
reco#er
latent prints on glass and osmic acid fuming to oxidi7e se*aceous
matter.
For7in' *i'e
Another term for a *ifurcating ridge.
For) Blinne""
The ina*ility to see minute differences in form regarding shapes,
cur#es,
angles and si7e. First referenced to forensic science *y Al*ert @s*orn
in his $!$ *oo8, OHuestioned 6ocumentsO.
Form =lindness% What do you seeK, Jon S. =yrd
For) Perception
The a*ility to see minute differences in angles, forms, and si7e. Form
perception or recognition ta8es place in the #isual cortex of the
*rain,
not the eye.
Form =lindness% What do you seeK, Jon S. =yrd
Fo"ter, E$ar .A7a ?ho)a" Alfre E$ar Fo"ter5 .Nov: 10, 1=2@-;an:
/1, 13>25
A Consta*le 'ith the 6ominion 5olice in Canada. Credited 'ith *ringing
fingerprint identification to Canada after meeting Ferrier at the $!B
World>s Fair. Foster, along 'ith 4ary 3olland , William 4. +#ans and
4ichael 5. +#ans, 'as one of the four fingerprint experts 'ho testified
in the historic trial O5eople #s. JenningsO. This 'as the first time
Foster testified as a fingerprint expert.
http%&&'''.rcmp.ca&pdfs&foster(e.pdf 1-$:-:"
74
Fo(, Al+ert E+ene<er an E+ene<er Al+ert .1=>%-13FF5
The Story of the Fox t'ins is the +nglish e)ui#alent to the William and
Will West
story in the <nited States. The Fox t'ins 'ere *orn in St. Ippolytes,
+ngland and
recogni7ed as poachers and petty thie#es 'ho accumulated o#er ::
con#ictions
*et'een them. Sgt. John Ferrier is said to ha#e used this case as an
example at
the $!B World>s Fair to sho' ho' the =ertillon system 'asn>t
sufficient for
identification *ut the Fingerprint System pre#ailed. Sir +d'ard 3enry
is also said
to ha#e used this case of incorrect identification of the t'ins to
thro' out the
=ertillon system and fully adopt the Fingerprint System at the Pard in
$!$.
Articles regarding this case are OFerrier of the PardO *y John =erry,
Fingerprint
Whorld, $:%B/ -@ct $!1/. and OA Sly 5airO *y 6.2. =roo8er, Fingerprint
Whorld, "%$$
-Jan $!?1.. Although this story is related to e#ents in $!$ and $!B,
it is
interesting to note that the fingerprint cards in the a*o#e articles
are dated
Sept. ?, $!$".
Friction *i'e
A raised portion of the epidermis on the palmar or plantar s8in,
consisting of one
or more connected ridge units.
Sometimes referred to as ruga or rugae.
Friction *i'e Detail .)orpholo'y5
An area comprised of the com*ination of ridge flo', ridge
characteristics, and ridge structure.
Friction *i'e Flo$
The flo' or cur#ature of the friction ridges. Also referred to as
;e#el $ detail or $st le#el detail.
Friction *i'e Ientification
See Indi#iduali7ation.
See Fingerprint Identification
Friction *i'e Ientification Philo"ophy
See 5hilosophy of Friction 2idge Identification.
Friction *i'e Path
The paths or de#iations of a friction ridge -endings and *ifurcations..
75
Also referred to as
;e#el : details or :nd le#el details.
Friction *i'e Shape"
The shapes -'idth and contour. of the ridges. Also referred to as
;e#el " details or "rd le#el details.
Friction *i'e Bnit
A single section of ridge containing one pore.
Friction S7in
Corrugated s8in on the #olar areas that enhances friction of the
surface.
$!!! C2C 5ress
Also 8no'n as thic8 s8in, compared to the s8in on the rest of the *ody,
'hich is thin s8in.
Friction S7in For)ation, "ta'e" ofE
-Current 3ypothesis.
S'elling of the #olar pads.
The #olar pads start to regress.
5rimary ridges form.
S'eat glands de#elop.
Secondary ridges de#elop.
Anastomoses form.
6ermal papillae are created.
Frye v": BS 13/@
The court decision 'hich states that a science can *e testified to as
long as the
discipline is generally accepted in the field 'hich it *elongs.
The Frye standard dates *ac8 to $!:". The Frye case in#ol#ed a criminal
con#iction
in 'hich the defense proposed that an expert instruct the Iury *y
administering a
systolic *lood pressure test as a means of esta*lishing FryeQs
innocence. The trial
court ruled this testimony inadmissi*le. The appellate court upheld the
trial courtQs
decision, stating that the expert 'itness testimony lac8ed Mgeneral
acceptanceN in
its particular field, there*y esta*lishing the Frye standard.
http%&&'''.aaos.org&'ordhtml&*ulletin&octB&fline:.htm G-:?-:/
The court opinion 'as the systolic *lood pressure test hadnQt crossed
the line
*et'een experimental and demonstra*le.
Fulcru) Area
The area *et'een the thum* and index finger on the palm.
76
Funnel
A term populari7ed *y 2on Smith to descri*e the ridge pattern in the
hypothenar area of the palm. The ridges start on the outer edge of the
palm and turn up'ard con#erging to the center of the palm.
Furro$ Fol"
Folds on the underside of the epidermis that correspond to the surface
furro's. A8a Secondary ridges.
Furro$"
,alleys or depressions *et'een friction ridges.
Also referred to a sulcus -plural% sulci..
To# \ Home
$
Terms

Identification.
Home \ Bottom
8?6P*
An acronym, 'hich stands for Gate8eeper, created *y Glenn ;angen*urg in
:$ to help remem*er the suggested 6au*ert criteria. The theories or
techni)ue should ha#e%
-G.eneral Acceptance
-T.ested -has *een.
-F.no'n Standards
-5.eer 2e#ie' and 5u*lication
-2.ate of +rror -8no'n or potential.
8alton Detail"
Term referring to friction ridge characteristics attri*uted to the
research of +nglish
fingerprint pioneer, Sir Francis Galton.
8alton, Sir Franci" .Fe+: 12, 1=//-;an 1%, 13115
+arly fingerprint pioneer. Credited 'ith naming the original details
found
in a fingerprint. In his $1!: *oo8 OFinger 5rintsO, Galton refers to them
as for8ing ridges, *eginning or ending ridges, islands and enclosures -pg.
77
!..
8ar"on, Dr: ;ohn 8eor'e
6r. Garson learned a*out anthropometry directly from Alphonse =ertillon.
3e 'as a
staunch supporter of the Anthropometry System in the late $1>s and early
$!Qs.
6uring the $1!Qs, he headed the Scotland Pard Anthropometric @ffice. In
$1!B, 'hen
the Troup Committee recommended adding fingerprints to =ertillon cards,
Garson
implemented a system of classification that 'as used in conIunction 'ith
the
anthropometry system *ut it doesnQt appear that the fingerprints 'ere used
for
identification purposes for some time after this. In $!, he presented
his system
to the =ritish Association for the Ad#ancement of Science at =radford and
su*se)uently 'rote a *oo8 explaining it, titled MA System of
Classification of
Finger ImpressionsN -$!.. In the same year 6r. Garson testified in
front of the
=epler Committee against using fingerprints as a form of identification.
GarsonQs
name appears in some 'ell-8no'n identification cases. 3is name comes up
as *eing
in#ol#ed in Adolph =ec8Qs $1!G erroneous identification due to personal
recognition
and he is 8no'n for testifying for the defense in the $!G Stratton
=rothers case.
8eneral Electric Co: v": ;oiner .133%5
In a unanimous decision, the court o#erturned part of the lo'er court>s
decision,
ruling that trial Iudges can specify the 8ind of scientific testimony that
Iuries can hear.
http%&&'''.'ashingtonpost.com&'p-sr#&national&longterm&supcourt&$!!?-
!1&genelec.htm :-:?-"
Some people ha#e interpreted this court decision to mean that the courts
can determine
if the science 'as applied relia*ly -'hich is different that 6au*ert 'hich
determines if
the science is relia*le..
See 6au*ert and Fumho Tire Co.
8eneratin' Layer of Epier)i"
See Stratum =asale.
8enipin
A reagent used to de#elop friction ridge detail on porous items producing
dar8 *lue
images. Genipin can *e #isuali7ed 'ith or 'ithout fluorescence.
J Forensic Sci, 4ar. :B, ,ol. B!, 9o. :
78
8enetic"
3a#ing to do 'ith origin and natural gro'th or the genes.
C2C 5ress
8entian Violet
,iolet stain used to de#elop or enhance friction ridge detail, 'hich
can *e #ie'ed *y either fluorescence or nonfluorescence.
Also 8no'n as Crystal ,iolet.
A stain that dyes the fats, greases and oils that are se*aceous s'eat.
<sually used on the adhesi#e side of tape.
8eor'e, Marc ?errance
@n Sept. :B, :G 4arc Terrance George tried to enter the <nited States
illegally.
In the process it 'as determined George had altered his fingerprints *y
ha#ing
surgery to s'itch the s8in on his hands and feet. @n 4ay ", :/, George
'as
sentenced to $" months in Iail for money laundering and drug traffic8ing.
In 4ay :?, the doctor 'ho performed the surgery, 6r. Jos_ ;.
Co#arru*ias, 'as
arrested trying to enter the <nited States. 6r. Co#arru*ias 'as charged
'ith
conspiring to distri*ute mariIuana. In 9o#. :?, he plead guilty to a
federal
charge of har*oring and concealing a fugiti#e. @n Fe*. $:, :1, he 'as
sentenced to $1 months in prison. / months 'ere ta8en off of his sentence
for his cooperation during the in#estigation.
8er)an, E$ar *ay)on
+d German is considered to *e one of the most prominent and influential
examiners
in the latent print community. 3e *egan his career 'ith the F=I in $!?$
and has
since *een in#ol#ed in e#ery aspect of latent print 'or8, including
research,
training, and setting industry standards. 3e has *een a distinguished
representati#e of many fingerprint organi7ations - he held #arious
leadership
roles in the IAI, is a Fello' in The Fingerprint Society, an acti#e mem*er
of
ASC;6, a charter mem*er of the Japan Identification Society, and is
currently a
mem*er and Committee Chairman for SWGFAST. +arly on he 'as in#ol#ed in
many
research proIects, the most nota*le resulting in his in#ention of 2ed'op
in $!1/.
In addition, he 'as responsi*le for the introduction of cyanoacrylate
fuming,
potassium thiocyanate, and 2<,IS to many +nglish-spea8ing countries. 3e
'as the
79
first +xaminer to testify to #isuali7ation of latent prints using lasers
-Sierra
,ista, A^, @ct. $!1$., and 'as a 8ey 'itness in the first 6au*ert 3earing
-<S #.
4itchell, $!!!.. 3e has also *een a contri*utor to many authoritati#e
*oo8s and
pu*lications, 'hich include OScott>s Fingerprint 4echanicsO, OAd#ances of
Fingerprint TechnologyO and 4cGra' 3ill O+ncyclopedia of Science and
TechnologyO
as 'ell as *eing the primary author of the =oy Scouts of America>s
OFingerprinting
4erit =adge 5amphletO. =esides his fingerprint expertise, he is also an
expert in
many other areas of forensic science including foot'ear, tire, and fa*ric
impression
e#idence. This is only a *rief summary of the contri*utions and
accomplishments +d
German has *rought to the latent print community. 3e has recei#ed
numerous a'ards
and honors for his significant efforts and is recogni7ed as one of the
leading
experts in his field.
8er)inatin' Layer of Epier)i"
See Stratum =asal.
8i'lio v: Bnite State" .13%/5
An extension of the =rady decision 'hich states that the prosecutor is
o*ligated to
disclose impeachment material to the defense. Impeachment material can
include
honesty, integrity, impartiality, and credi*ility.
See =rady and <nited States # 3enthorn.
8lacial Acetic Aci
Chemical used in the preparation of reagents and dye stains.
8lanular Fol"
Folds on the underside of the epidermis that correspond to the friction
ridges, a8a primary ridges.
8lycine
Glycine is the simplest amino acid and the second most common amino acid
found in proteins, occurring at a rate of approximately ?.GE. Since amino
acids are one of the organic components of eccrine s'eat, glycine is often
used to test latent print chemicals for an amino acid reaction.
8ol Chlorie
A metal salt used in the multimetal process for de#eloping latent prints.
8ol ?etrachlorie / Colloial 8ol
80
Initial suspension used in the 4ultimetal 6eposition 5rocess.
8ranular Layer of Epier)i"
See Stratum Granulosum.
8re$, Dr: Nehe)iah .Septe)+er /2, 1201-March />, 1%1/5
6r. 9ehemiah Gre' 'as an +nglish scientist and physician 'ho
microscopically
studied cells, tissues, and organs of plants. 3e 'as *orn in 4ancetter
5arish,
War'ic8shire $/B$ and died in $?$: in ;ondon. In $/1B he descri*ed the
patterns
on the hands in great detail. =esides the ridges, he also noted pores.
6r. Gre'Qs
'ritings are some of the earliest 'riting found on the su*Iect of
fingerprints,
su*se)uent to 4arcello 4alpighi.
8rieve, Davi L:
6a#id Grie#e *egan his fingerprint career in $!/G 'ith the 5ortland 5olice
=ureau,
5ortland, @regon. In $!?B, 4r. Grie#e *ecame the technical super#isor of
the
Washington State 5atrol>s Identification Section in @lympia, Washington,
helping
to resurrect a state *ureau that had *een dormant for $" years . 4r.
Grie#e
accepted a position 'ith the Illinois State 5olice in $!1: at their
4ay'ood
;a*oratory as a forensic scientist. In $!1B, 4r. Grie#e assumed the
responsi*ility
of training coordinator in the Illinois State 5olice Forensic Sciences
Command, and
has since then trained o#er /G forensic scientists in the mysteries and
nuances of
latent print examination. 4r. Grie#e 'as editor of the Journal of
Forensic
Identification from $!! to :$, and has *een a mem*er of the F=I-
sponsored
Scientific Wor8ing Group on Friction 2idge Analysis, Study and Technology
since $!!/.
4r. Grie#e 'as selected *y the <S Attorney>s @ffice in 5hiladelphia to *e
part of the
go#ernment>s team in the first 6au*ert challenge to fingerprints, <S #
4itchell, in
$!!!. Also that same year, 4r. Grie#e testified for the defense in 3igh
Court, Glasgo',
Scotland, related to an incorrect fingerprint identification in 'hich a
police officer
'as charged 'ith perIury and su*se)uently ac)uitted. In addition, 4r.
Grie#e 'as the
chief delegate to the International Forensic Science Symposium in Tai'an,
a moderator
at the International Symposium on Fingerprint 6etection and Identification
81
in Israel,
in#ited spea8er to fingerprint conferences in the <F, and participated in
a forensic
science exchange program in 4osco', 2ussia.
@n 9o#. ", :?, 6a#id Grie#e retired from the Illinois State 5olice
6epartment.
8un Bluein'
A solution consisting of acetic acid, selenious acid and cupric salt,
used to de#elop friction ridge detail on metal surfaces.
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$
Michele Triplett's Fingerprint Terms

Identification.
Home \ Bottom
&FE %144 I
A commercial sol#ent *y "4 used as carrier in reagents such as
ninhydrin, 6F@, and Indanedione.
&ale, Dr: Alfre *: .13>/5
A fingerprint researcher from Tulane <ni#ersity noted for his research
into friction ridge formation and the uni)ueness of fingerprints. 3ale
*elie#ed that prior to primary ridges forming, cells proliferate forming
clusters or units. These clusters fuse together forming primary ridges.
So far there is no e#idence that supports this hypothesis. The current
data sho's that fiction ridges de#elop as a 'hole. They may indeed
de#elop from clusters, *ut so far there is no #isual scientific e#idence
of this.
Credited 'ith the definiti#e treatise on the de#elopment of
fingerprints% 4orphogenesis of ,olar S8in in the 3uman Fetus,
American Journal of Anatomy !$%$B?-$?", $!G:.
http%&&'''.handanalysis.net&li*rary&derm(history.htm
&all-Mill" Ca"e .13//5.?rial, Nov: 13/25
@n Sept. $B, $!:: the 2e#erend +d'ard W. 3all and 4rs. +leanor 4ills 'ere
murdered in Somer#ille, 9e' Jersey. This )uic8ly *ecame one of the most
sensational in#estigations and trials in American crime. The case
in#ol#ed
sex, scandal, dramatic players, a *ungled in#estigation and a million
dollar defense. Although numerous articles and *oo8s ha#e *een 'ritten
82
a*out this case, its significance to the fingerprint community seems to
ha#e gone *y unnoticed. This is the case of the first 8no'n erroneous
identification. 2etired 6eputy 5olice Commissioner Joseph Faurot -9P56.
along 'ith ;ieutenant Fred 6re'en and +d'ard 3. Sch'art7 erroneously
identified a latent print on 8ey e#idence to one of the suspects, William
Ste#ens. J.3. Taylor and Gerhardt Fuhne -*rother of Frederic8 Fuhne.
testified for the defense in this trial. All suspects 'ere ac)uitted and
this case remains unsol#ed today.
&allucal
A region 'hich corresponds to the distal thenar and first interdigital
region
on the palm.
Another opinion%
The region around the hallux -*ig toe. on the sole of the foot.
&allu(
=ig toe.
C2C 5ress
&a)), Erne"t D:
+rnest 6. -+rnie. 3amm is recogni7ed as an expert in latent print,
foot'ear and
tire trac8 examinations. 3e *egan his career as a military police patrol
officer
and 'or8ed as a Special Agent-Criminal In#estigator in the Army Criminal
In#estigation Command 'here he continued his career as a forensic examiner
in
the <S Army and the Florida 6epartment of ;a' +nforcement. 3e *ecame an
IAI
Certified ;atent 5rint +xaminer in $!?1. For o#er " years he has *een an
instrumental part of the forensic community. 9ot only is 4r. 3amm a
leading
practitioner and remar8a*le historian, heQs also a reno'ned educator. 4r.
3amm
instructed examiners 'orld'ide, conducting presentations, training
seminars,
classes, and 'or8shops and has participated in numerous educational
conferences.
3e has recei#ed instructor certification from the Ar8ansas and Florida
Commissions
on ;a' +nforcement Standards and Training and the South Carolina Criminal
Justice
Academy. 3is participation in se#eral professional organi7ations spans
decades
long and include numerous articles, lectures and presentations. 3e has
*een
associated 'ith the CI6 Agents Association, Florida 6i#ision of the IAI,
Forensic
Science Society of +ngland, Canadian Identification Society -CIS.,
International
Association for Identification -IAI., The Fingerprint Society -+ngland.
83
and
American Academy of Forensic Sciences -AAFS.. 3e is a ;ife 4em*er of the
CIS,
a ;ife and 6istinguished 4em*er of the IAI, Fello' of the Fingerprint
Society and
a Fello' of the American Academy of Forensic Sciences. 4r. 3amm 'as also
a
certified inspector of the ASC;6 ;a*oratory Accreditation =oard.

In addition, 4r. 3amm 'as instrumental in a re#ision of the current IAI
logo.
3e enhanced the fingerprint image of Sir Francis Galton, 'hich 'as the
central
focus of the logo. The enhancement #ersion 'as first introduced at the
$!1G IAI
Conference and the details regarding the enhancement 'ere presented at the
$!!$
IAI Conference. The re#ised and enhanced logo 'as adopted *y the IAI for
use on
the co#er of the Journal of Forensic Identification in $!!:.
&a9ue, A<i<ul .1=44D"5
A8a A7i7ul 3a)ue, A7i7ul 3ac)ue, or Fhan =ahadur A7i7ul 3u).
@ne of the Indian 5olice @fficers in =engal 'ho 'or8ed for Sir +d'ard
2ichard
3enry and helped him de#elop the 3enry System of Classification. 3a)ue
de#ised a mathematical formula to supplement 3enry>s idea of sorting slips
in
$:B pigeon holes, *ased on fingerprint patterns.
http%&&'''.Ipgmonline.com&article.aspKissnL::-"1G!AyearL:A#olumeLB/A
issueLBAspageL""AepageL1AaulastLTe'ari :-$G-:B
&ayen, Eric
See State of Washington #s. +ric 3ayden.
&eel
The lo'est part of a foot print or the portion furthest from the toes.
&eienhain, Martin .1=20-13035
5athologist 0 histologist 'ho researched the relationship *et'een the
dermis
and the epidermis. Alfred 2. 3ale descri*es him *y saying, OThe true
anatomical relationship of epidermis to dermis 'as not reali7ed until the
classic article of 3eidenhain appeared in $!/. The older in#estigators
'ith the exception of =lasch8o -$11?. *elie#ed the epidermis to send into
the su*stance of the dermis pegli8e proIections -epidermal papillae,
3autpapillen..O
4orphogensis of #olar s8in in the human fetus, Alfred 2. 3ale, $!G:.
&e)ie")o"o)e .&e)i-e")o"o)e5
The cells in the *asal layer are connected to the *asement mem*rane
*y hemidesmosomes.
&enry Cla""ification
A system of fingerprint classification named for Sir +d'ard 2ichard 3enry
-$1G - $!"$..
84
&enry, Sir E$ar *ichar .;uly /2, 1=>4-Fe+: 13, 13@15
3enry 'as in India 'hen he and : =engali police officers -3a)ue and =ose.
came up
'ith the classification system that 'as adopted *y the =ritish in $1!?.
This
classification system, *earing his name, *ecame the most 'idely used
classification
system 'orld'ide for the next $ years. In $!, 3enry de#ised a
statistical model
to determine the pro*a*ility of t'o fingerprints from different fingers
ha#ing the
same series of Galton points. In $!$, 3enry 'as appointed Assistant
Commissioner
at Scotland Pard 'here he implemented the first fingerprint *ureau that
regularly
too8 fingerprints of inmates.
&enthorn Deci"ion .13315
See <nited States # 3enthorn.
&ep+urn, Dr: Davi
6r. 6a#id 3ep*urn 'as one of the original researchers of friction s8in.
It
doesn>t appear that he 'as interested in indi#iduality *ut rather the
de#elopment
and function of friction s8in. 6r. 3ep*urn studied the ridges of six
species of
mon8eys. 6r. Wilder credits 3ep*urn 'ith the first to suggest that there
is a
mechanical function to ridges in addition to sensiti#ity, i.e. gripping.
Wilder
also credits 3ep*urn 'ith naming t'o of the eminences on the hand, the
thenar and
the hypothenar. 3ep*urn 'rote OThe 5apillary 2idges on the 3ands and Feet
of
4on8eys and 4enO in $1!G.
&eptane
Sol#ent used in the preparation of reagents.
&er"chel, Sir -illia) ;a)e" .;an: 3, 1=@@-131% or 131=5
Credited 'ith *eing the first +uropean to recogni7e the #alue of
fingerprints
for identification. 3e recogni7ed that fingerprints 'ere uni)ue and
permanent.
3erschel documented his o'n fingerprints o#er his lifetime to pro#e
permanence.
3e 'as also credited 'ith *eing the first person to used fingerprints in a
practical manner. As early as the $1G>s, 'or8ing as a =ritish officer
for the
Indian Ci#il Ser#ice, he started putting fingerprints on contracts.
85
&e(ane
&in'e Lifter
The adhesi#e used to lift a latent print hinged to the *ac8ing that it
'ould *e secured to.
&i"tolo'y
The *ranch of *iology that studies the microscopic structure of animal or
plant tissues.
http%&&dictionary.reference.com&searchK)Lhistology
&ollan, Mary .Fe+: />, 1=2=-Mar /%, 131>5
4ary and 5hil 3olland operated the 3olland 6etecti#e Agency in the early
$!>s.
In $!B, they met Ferrier at the World>s Fair in St. ;ouis. Ferrier
instructed
4ary 3olland and eight others on fingerprints and ho' to use the 3enry
System.
In $!?, 4ary 3olland 'as hired *y the <S 9a#y as a fingerprint
instructor.
She is considered to *e the second American fingerprint instructor in the
<nited
States -second to 5ar8e. *ut the first 'oman fingerprint instructor. 3er
teachings
promoted the 3enry System throughout the <nited States. 4ary 3olland is
also
credited as one of the fingerprint experts -along 'ith +d'ard Foster,
William 4.
+#ans and 4ichael 5. +#ans. to testify in the trial O5eople #s. JenningsO.
&olt, Sarah B:
Assistant of ;. S. 5enrose. 9oted for her research into the association
*et'een dermal ridges and #arious diseases and the statistical
distri*ution
of dermal patterns. She 'rote OSignificance of 6ermatoglyphics in
4edicineO
in $!B! and OThe Genetics of 6ermal 2idgesO in $!/1.
&oly 8rail *eference Li+rary
The 3oly Grail 2eference ;i*rary is a collection of $B! hard to find
articles,
*oo8s, presentations, and court decisions related to friction s8in. These
documents, dating *ac8 to $1!:, are essential resources for latent print
examiners. Glenn ;angen*urg, from the 4innesota =ureau of Criminal
Apprehension,
-'ith the help of others. has compiled and distri*utes this reference
material
on compact dis8.
&orny Layer of Epier)i"
See Stratum Corneum.
86
&or"e"hoe
A form of documentation used to sho' that an impression has some form of
#alue.
This is done *y putting a horseshoe mar8ing around the impression.
4ultiple
horseshoes can *e used to document simultaneous impressions.
&ot Breath Metho or ?echni9ue .a7a &uffin'5
=reathing on a latent print either to #isuali7e the print or to infuse
moisture *ac8 into an older latent print.
&ot Fla)e Metho
A8a the Flame Techni)ue. The hot flame method is a process used to
de#elop
friction ridge detail on nonporous items. A su*stance, such as camphor,
mas8ing tape, or pine tar is *urned to produce hea#y soot. While the
su*stance is *urning, an o*Iect is placed in the smo8e until a thic8 coat
of
soot is formed on the o*Iect. The extra soot is then *rushed a'ay 'ith a
fingerprint *rush lea#ing soot on the friction ridge detail.
See Flame Techni)ue.
&u+er, A""i"tant Co))i""ioner *oy A: .;uly 13/1- Septe)+er /=, /44>5
2etired Assistant Commissioner 2oy A. 3u*er, 2C45, @tta'a, @ntario,
Canada, is
credited as *eing the person 'ho formulated Analysis, Comparison,
+#aluation in
the $!G>s, no' 8no'n as AC+-,. Inspector 3u*er 'rote the articles
O+xpert
WitnessO in $!G! and OThe 5hilosophy of IdentificationO in $!?: 'here he
explains
the comparison process and OVthe process of identification regardless of
the
su*Iect matterO. Additionally, he 'rote the *oo8 O3and'riting
Identification%
Facts 0 FundamentalsO in $!!! 'ith Alfred 3eadric8.
&u"on, Dr: Era"tu" Mea .13@4D"5
Credited 'ith the disco#ery of the sil#er nitrate processing method for
o*taining
latent prints from unpainted 'ood. This process *ecame 'ell 8no'n after
6r.
3udson de#eloped latent prints on the ladder in#ol#ed in the ;ind*ergh
8idnapping
case -$!":.. @thers had experimented 'ith sil#er nitrate prior to 6r.
3udson,
*ut historically he is gi#en the recognition. 6r. 3udson also did
research in
using sil#er nitrate to de#elop latent prints on other items, such as
cloth and
glo#es.
Finger 5rint and Identification 4aga7ine, ,ol. $?, 9o. ", Septem*er $!"G.
&uffin' .a7a ?he &ot Breath ?echni9ue5
=reathing on a latent print either to #isuali7e the print or to infuse
87
moisture
*ac8 into an older latent print.
&un'arian *e
A red protein stain used to #isuali7e *loody friction ridge detail.
Also 8no'n as Acid Fuchsin.
&yalin Layer of Epier)i"
See Stratum ;ucidum.
&yrochloric Aci
A chemical used to process thermal paper to de#elop friction ridge detail.
Also 8no'n as 4uriatic Acid.
&yrofluoric Aci .&yro'en Fluorie5
A latent de#elopmental techni)ue, disco#ered *y 6r. 2ene Forgeot in $1!$,
used for reco#ering latent friction ridge detail on glass. The
hydrofluoric
acid #apors deteriorate the glass around a latent image. This method is
#ery dangerous to use and is no longer needed due to more ad#anced methods
of latent print reco#ery.
&yro'en Pero(ie
Chemical used in friction ridge de#elopment reagents.
&yperactyly
See 5olydactyly.
=irth defect -in humans. characteri7ed *y the presence of more than the
normal num*er of fingers or toes
Synonyms% polydactyly
Source% Word9et C $.?, D :$ 5rinceton <ni#ersity
&ypohiro"i"
See Anhidrosis.
&ypothenar Area
The friction ridge s8in on the palm, *elo' the interdigital area on the
ulnar side of the palm.
<lnar side of the palm *et'een the little finger and 'rist.
C2C 5ress
&ypothe"i"
A tentati#e explanation for an o*ser#ation, phenomenon, or scientific
pro*lem that can *e tested *y further in#estigation.
88
http%&&dictionary.reference.com&searchK)Lhypothesis :-:?-"
&ypothe"i" te"tin'
A #alid scientific techni)ue to sho' others that you ha#e o*ser#ations to
support your theory. -Inducti#e reasoning.
$. Huestion
:. Gather data - all data, not only data that supports your conclusion.
". Conclusion - testa*le, repeata*le or reproduci*le, falsifia*le, and
explaina*le.
B. 5eer re#ie' & 5u*lication - insures o*Iecti#ity and un*iasedness, does
not insure accurate results or conclusions.
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$

Identification.
Home \ Bottom
IAFIS
The F=I>s Integrated Automated Fingerprint Identification System.
IAI
International Association for Identification.
The IAI 'as founded *y 3arry Cald'ell in $!$G in @a8land, California as
the OInternational Association for Criminal IdentificationO. The name
'as changed in $!$1 to reflect the noncriminal 'or8 done *y the
identification *ureaus. The IAI has put out many pu*lications since
its
inception including the >International Identification @utloo8>, >Spar8s
from the An#il>, >Identification 9e's> and the >Journal of Forensic
Identification>.
IAI *e"olution"
2esolution $!?" T 4inimum 9um*er of Characteristics
In $!?", The IAI Standardi7ation Committee released the results of a
three-year
study. They recommended and adopted that Mno #alid *asis exists at
this time
for re)uiring that a pre-determined minimum num*er of friction ridge
characteristics must *e present in t'o impressions in order to
esta*lish
positi#e identification.N This 'as *ased on the fact that each print
has a
uni)ue set of circumstances.
89
http%&&'''.latent-prints.com&iai(standardi7ation(committee.htm "-:$-
:"
2esolution $!?! ,II
MT3+2+F@2+ =+ IT 2+S@;,+6 that any mem*er, officer or certified latent
print
examiner 'ho pro#ides oral or 'ritten reports, or gi#es testimony of
possi*le,
-underlined for emphasis. pro*a*le or li8ely friction ridge
identification shall
*e deemed to *e engaged in conduct un*ecoming such mem*er, officer or
certified latent print examiner as descri*ed in Article `,II, Section
G, of the
constitution of the International Association for Identification, and
charges
may *e *rought under such conditions set forth in Article `,I, Section
G, of
the constitution. If such mem*er *e a certified latent print examiner,
his
conduct and status shall *e reconsidered *y the ;atent 5rint
Certification =oard...O
'''.clpex.com detail ?1 Fe*." :"
2esolution, $!1-,, the amended #ersion of 2esolution ,II, $!?!%
O9o' therefore *e it resol#ed that any mem*er, officer or certified
latent print
examiner 'ho initiates or #olunteers oral or 'ritten reports or
testimony of
possi*le, pro*a*le or li8ely friction ridge identification, or 'ho,
'hen re)uired
in a Iudicial proceeding to pro#ide such reports or testimony, does not
)ualify it
'ith a statement that the print in )uestion could *e that of someone
else, shall
*e deemed to *e engaged in conduct un*ecoming such mem*er,.V.O
http%&&'''.latent-prints.com&reali7ing(the(full(#alue(of(late.htm
2esolution :!-$
2+S@;,+6, that the International Association for Identification
recogni7es that
Tenprint Identification -indi#iduali7ation. and ;atent 5rint
Identification
-indi#iduali7ation. utili7e the same scientific methodology 'hen
practiced
*y a person trained to competency.
2esolution :!-$1, the amended #ersion of the $!?" 2esolution
2+S@;,+6, the official position of the I.A.I., effecti#e August :$,
:!, is as follo's%
MThere currently exists no scientific *asis for re)uiring a minimum
amount of
corresponding friction ridge detail information *et'een t'o impressions
to
arri#e at an opinion of single source attri*ution.N
IEE8FI I an IEE8FI II
90
The Interpol +uropean +xpert Group on Fingerprint Identification. The
I++GFI I
'as adopted *y the :!th +uropean 2egional Conference, held in
2ey8Ia#i8, Iceland.
The I++GFI II 'as formed in 4ay : and 'as a progression of the
I++GFI II.
The goals of this group are >To explore, define and esta*lish common
terminology
concerning the content of the fingerprint identification process and
the general
application of this process to the detection, #alidation and comparison
of ridge
detail, so as to pro#ide *asis for communication and promote
uniformity> and >To
define and esta*lish recognised principles concerning the application
of this
process so that it can *e standardised, controlled and made o*Iecti#e.
This may
co#er aspects such as definitions, norms, standards, rules, guidelines
and rules
of thum*>.
http%&&'''.interpol.int&5u*lic&Forensic&fingerprints&Wor8ing5arties&I++
GFI:&default.aspUB
INC
The common a**re#iation for an Rinconclusi#eQ determination, meaning
that a conclusi#e
determination could not *e arri#ed at.
I9C is also used to indicate RincompleteQ, meaning that a full
comparison could not *e
completed.
ISO
International @rgani7ation for Standardi7ation.
Icnofalan'o)etric or Icnofalan'o)etria
The original name of the classification system de#eloped *y Juan
,ucetich.
This name 'as later changed to >6actiloscopico> or >6actiloscopy>.
Ienta7ey
A system of classification de#eloped in the $!">s *y G. Tyler 4airs.
The aim of
this classification system 'as to unite the morphology descri*ed *y
Wilder and
Whipple and Iudicial identification. Fingerprints 'ere *ro8en do'n
into classes,
families, orders, genus, species and su*species. This system ne#er
caught on.
Suspect Identities, Simon A. Cole :$ 3ar#ard <ni#ersity 5ress
Ientification
$. In some forensic disciplines, this term denotes the similarity of
class characteristics.
:. See Indi#iduali7ation.
91
The act or process of identifyingA pro#e to *e the same.
$!!! C2C 5ress
+sta*lishing an association 'ith a group or indi#idual item.
Ientification Ne$"
A maga7ine produced *y the IAI and pu*lished from $!G$-$!G?. In :1,
the IAI
*egan pu*lishing Identification 9e's again starting 'ith ,ol. "1 9o.$.
Ieolo'y
A set of doctrines or *eliefs that form the *asis of a political,
economic, or other system.
+dition
http%&&dictionary.reference.com&searchK)Lideology :-:?-"
I)a'e *ever"al
An Image 2e#ersal is 'hen the friction ridges in a latent print are
re#ersed
from the standard direction. This typically occurs in unintentional
transferred
prints and on latents lifted 'ith ru**er lifters.
I)pre""e Print
See 5lastic 5rint.
Incipient
=eginningA coming into existenceA immature.
$!!! C2C 5ress
=eginning to exist or appear.
+dition
http%&&dictionary.reference.com&searchK)Lincipient G-$"-"
Incipient *i'e
A friction ridge not fully de#eloped that may appear shorter and
thinner than fully
de#eloped friction ridges.
An incipient ridge is an immature friction ridge. There are t'o 8inds
of ridges *oth
descri*ed *y the 'ord incipient.
$. An Rincipient ridgeQ may descri*e a ridge that is thinner and
shallo'er than the
surrounding ridges. These incipient ridges may ha#e immature pores
92
associated
'ith them. They may not appear in all representations *ut are
permanent and
repeata*le friction ridge characteristics. -Ash*augh, $!!!.
:. An Rincipient ridgeQ may descri*e a ridge that is thinner and
shallo'er than the
surrounding ridges. These ridges do not ha#e pores associated 'ith
them. Generally,
they are not #isi*le the first fe' years of life. They do not appear
in all representations,
*ut once #isi*le they are permanent and repeata*le. They may *e
considered
occasional print features.
Inclu"ion
A latent image concurs 'ith the exemplar *ut there is not enough to
indi#iduali7e.
Inconclu"ive
6uring +#aluation, the conclusion reached that neither sufficient
agreement exists to
indi#iduali7e nor sufficient disagreement exists to exclude.
1, /-Inaneione .pronounce in-ane-ie-on5
Compound that reacts 'ith the amino acids present in print residue,
producing
a fluorescent product 'hen exposed to excitation 'a#elengths of "G:-G!$
nm.
A chemical process used to find latent prints on porous items. The
chemical
reacts 'ith the amino acids in fingerprint residue and fluoresces under
certain
'a#elengths. @ptimal #ie'ing is done at G$Gnm-G?nm 'ith orange or red
goggles.
This chemical process is an alternati#e to 6F@ reportedly resulting in
similar
)uality prints at a lo'er cost and easier to prepare.
2esearch *y Jon Stimac of the @regon State 5olice sho'ed that the 3F+-
?$
formulation pu*lished *y Wiesner -JFS :$. can *e used on thermal
papers.
http%&&'''.*#da.com&+9&prdctinf&en(ind($.html /-:G-:"
The use of $, :-Indanedione for #isuali7ing latent fingerprints on
porous items
'as disco#ered *y 5rofessor 4adeleine Joulli_ and her graduate
students,
6rs. 6iane 3au7e and @lga 5etro#s8aia, from the <ni#ersity of
5ennsyl#ania.
Inepenent
Free from external influence, guidance, control, or constraint.
93
Iniviual Characteri"tic"
Indi#idual characteristics are those features that separate one item
from another,
as opposed to class characteristics. When referring to fingerprints,
le#el : and
le#el " details are considered to *e indi#idual characteristics.
Iniviuali<ation
The state of *eing indi#iduali7ed.
$!!! C2C 5ress
The determination of an examiner that there is sufficient )uality and
)uantity of detail
in agreement to conclude that t'o friction ridge impressions originated
from the same
source.
Iniviuali<e
6ifferentiate from other indi#idualsA distincti#e.
$!!! C2C 5ress
Inuctive *ea"onin'
2easoning from detailed facts to general principles
Word9et C $./, D $!!? 5rinceton
http%&&dictionary.reference.com&searchK)Linducti#eE:reasoning :-:?-"
Infrare
;ight 'a#elengths longer than the #isi*le spectrum, ?- $,, nm.
Inherent Lu)ine"cence
;uminescence resulting from selected 'a#elength illumination 'ithout
chemical treatment.
In7e Print .Fin'er, Pal), Foot5
See +xemplar.
See Fno'n 5rint.
Inner ?er)inu"
See Core.
In"titute of Applie Science
The Institute of Applied Science 'as founded in Chicago, Illinois in
$!$/
*y Captain William F. +#ans, of the <nited States 4ilitary Intelligence
94
Agency, and T. G. Coo8e. The original name 'as O+#ans <ni#ersityO.
@ne
year after it 'as esta*lished Captain +#ans 'as recalled to military
ser#ice for World War I. At this time he se#ered his connections 'ith
the school and the name 'as changed to OThe <ni#ersity of Applied
ScienceO.
Around $!:!, the name 'as again changed to OThe Institute of Applied
ScienceO.
The IAS started as a correspondence school speciali7ing in all aspects
of
identification 'or8. In $!$!, they *egan pu*lishing a monthly
ne'sletter
called OFinger 5rint 4aga7ineO 'hich 'as later changed to OFinger 5rint
and
Identification 4aga7ineO. In $!G:, T.G. Coo8e died and his sons T.
6ic8erson
Coo8e and 6onald Coo8e too8 o#er running the institution. They retired
in
$!?G and Sirchie too8 o#er o'nership of the school. Their maga7ine
stopped
*eing pu*lished around $!?1. The IAS 'as, and continues to *e, an
instrumental
part of training experts in the identification field.
Finger 5rint and Identification 4aga7ine @ct. $!"1
Journal of Forensic Identification B -$. $!!B
Interi'ital
5almar area *elo' the fingers and a*o#e the thenar and hypothenar
areas.
=et'een the digitsA an area at the *ase of the digits.
$!!! C2C 5ress
In some countries, such as 5ortugal, this area of the palm is 8no'n as
the superior
region instead of the interdigital region.
Interi'ital DeltaJ"
The deltas in the interdigital region of the palm ha#e *een referred to
as the
clean delta, the sno' cones, and the side cone.
International A""ociation for Ientification
See IAI.
International Ientification Outloo7
The International Identification @utloo8 'as the first periodical
pu*lished
*y the IAI. It *egan in $!$/ and 'as only pu*lished for a short time.
Inter"titial
2elating to or situated in the small, narro' spaces *et'een tissues
or parts of an organ.
95
+dition
http%&&dictionary.reference.com&searchK)Linterstitial?-$-:"
SWGFAST refers to incipient ridges as Interstitial.
Alfred 2. 3ale refers to interstitial ridges as Secondary ridges in
his paper O4orphogenesis of ,olar S8in in the 3uman FetusO $!G:.
Intervenin' *i'e"
The num*er of friction ridges *et'een t'o characteristics.
Intuition
The act or faculty of 8no'ing or sensing 'ithout the use of rational
processesA immediate cognition.
Fno'ledge gained *y the use of this facultyA a percepti#e insight.
A sense of something not e#ident or deduci*leA an impression.
+dition
http%&&dictionary.reference.com&searchK)Lintuition "-$1-:"
Instincti#e 8no'ing -'ithout the use of rational processes. :% an
impression that something might *e the case.
http%&&dictionary.reference.com&searchK)Lintuition "-$1-:"
Inverte *i'e"
See Tonal 2e#ersal.
Ioine
+lement used as either a #apor or solutionA *inds 'ith fats and oils
to #isuali7e friction ridge detail.
Iodine #apors are *est used on porous surfaces. They color the fats
and
oils present in se*aceous residue and as the iodine e#aporates, the
color
fades. It has *een found that iodine 'or8s *est on latents that are
freshly
deposited. 6ue to the ha7ards associated 'ith it and the ad#ances of
other
processing techni)ues, iodine is seldom used.
Ioine-Silver ?ran"fer Metho
A method for reco#ering friction ridge detail. 6e#eloped *y John
4c4orris and
presented at the IAI California 6i#ision Conference in $!"/.
96
I"lan"
Friction ridges of #arying lengths.
$!!! C2C 5ress
I"opropanol .I"opropyl Alcohol5
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$

Identification.
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;FI
See Journal of Forensic Identification.
;FS
Journal of Forensic Sciences. 5u*lished *y the American Academy of
Forensic Sciences.
;ennin'" .People v": ;ennin'", Illinoi", 13145
The first State Supreme Court case to uphold the admissi*ility
of fingerprint e#idence. 6ec. :$, $!$$, The Illinois State Supreme
Court upheld the admissi*ility of fingerprint e#idence concluding
that fingerprints are a relia*le form of identification.
;ennin'", ?ho)a"
Thomas Jennings 'as the first person to *e con#icted of murder in the
<nited States
*ased on fingerprint e#idence. In $!$$, Jennings appealed his con#iction
to the
Illinois Supreme Court, )uestioning the admissi*ility of fingerprint
e#idence. The
Illinois Supreme Court upheld his con#iction concluding that fingerprint
e#idence
is admissi*le and a relia*le form of identification. Thomas Jennings 'as
sentenced
to death and executed on Fe*. $/, $!$: for the murder of Clarence =.
3iller.
4ary 3olland, 4ichael 5. +#ans, William 4. +#ans, and +d'ard Foster 'ere
the
four fingerprint experts that testified at Jennings original trial.
97
;ennin'", -illia) Nichol"on .1=24-13025
William Jennings is credited 'ith *eing the first person in the
<nited States to record his o'n palm prints years apart to test their
persistency. After hearing a lecture at the Fran8lin Institute in
5hiladelphia in $11? he recorded his prints. In $!"? he again recorded
his prints and sa' they did not change. Jennings did not pu*lish
either of the recordings until $!"!. An interesting side note is that
this 'as Jennings only connection to the fingerprint industry. Jennings
'as an internationally 8no'n photographer famous for *eing the first
person to photograph lightning.

;oiner
See General +lectric Co.
;oint
The hinged area 'here t'o *ones are Ioined together.
;ournal of Foren"ic Ientification
A peer re#ie' Iournal produced *y the International Association of
Identification and pu*lished from $!11 until the present.
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$

Identification.
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6elly *ule .California, 13%25
See 5eople #. Felly.
6elly v: State =/0 S:-:/ .?e(a", 133/5
The admissi*ility re)uirements for scientific e#idence in Texas criminal
courts.
Felly recogni7ed that relia*ility 'as more important than the Frye
re)uirement
of general acceptance. Felly has " factorsA M-a. [that\ the underlying
scientific
techni)ue [is\ #alidA -*. [that\ the techni)ue applying the theory [is\
#alidA and
-c. [that\ the techni)ue [has\ *een properly applied on the occasion in
)uestion.O
From the court document T3+ STAT+ C@<2T @F C2I4I9A; A55+A;S @F T+ÀS,
9@. $!$!-:, T3+ STAT+ @F T+ÀS, Appellant #. 4ATT3+W 4+62A9@, Appellee
!-$-:1
6ent-Morfopoulo" Ca"e
See 5eople #. Fent.
98
6eratinocyte
A cell 'hich is found in our s8in. It is the maIor constituent of
the epidermis. In their process of maturation 8eratinocytes die and
e#entually *ecome the horny protecti#e layer of our s8in.
http%&&s8incancer.dermis.net&glossary&
Feratinocytes differentiate as they progress from the *asal layer
to the s8in surface. Feratinocytes are stratified, s)uamous, epithelial
cells 'hich comprise s8in and mucosa, including oral, esophageal, corneal,
conIuncti#al, and genital epithelia. Feratinocyte stem cells reside in
the
*asal layer. These cells ha#e a lo' rate of mitosis and gi#e rise to a
population of transient amplifying cells. The maIor proteins formed
'ithin
8eratinocytes are 8eratins.
http%&&'''.aad.org&education&8eratinocytes.htm "-1-:"
6eratin"
Group of highly insolu*le fi*rous proteins -of high a -helical content.
'hich are found as constituents of the outer layer of #erte*rate s8in and
of s8in-related structures such as hair, 'ool, hoof and horn, cla's, *ea8s
and feathers. +xtracellular 8eratins are deri#ed from cyto8eratins, a
large and di#erse group of intermediate filament proteins.
John +d'ards
http%&&'''.m*la*.gla.ac.u8&XIulian&dict:.cgiK"BG/
6ey
A numerical #alue deri#ed from the ridge count of the first loop *eginning
'ith the right thum* exclusi#e of the little fingers.
6in'"ton, Charle" *:
Charles Fingston did se#eral statistical studies on the uni)ueness of
fingerprints.
In $!/B, he finished his dissertation at the <ni#ersity of California
=er8ley titled,
O5ro*a*ilistic Analysis of 5artial Fingerprint 5atternsO.
6ir7, Paul Lelan .134/-13%45
Along 'ith ,ollmer, Fir8 esta*lished criminology and criminalistics as an
academic discipline. In $!G the <ni#ersity of California =er8eley *egan
offering criminal Iustice degrees. In $!G", Fir8 authored OCrime
In#estigationO,
one of the first crime scene in#estigation *oo8s to include not only
practical
information, *ut also included theory. Fir8 'ent on to 'or8 'ith C.2.
Fingston
to analy7e the statistical aspect of fingerprint identification.
6laat"ch, Dr: &er)ann .1=2@-13125
6r. 3ermann Flaatsch 'as a 5rofessor of Anatomy and as 'ell as an
e#olutionist.
3e is sometimes referred to in fingerprint *oo8s for his early studies on
friction
99
s8in de#elopment. 6r. Flaatsch researched the #olar pads association 'ith
the
epidermal patterns, grouping the #olar pads of humans and primates
together.
Su*se)uent to Follmann, Flaatsch also ga#e names to the different #olar
pads -$111..
6no$n Print .Fin'er, Pal), Foot5
A recording of an indi#idualQs friction ridges 'ith *lac8 in8, electronic
imaging,
photography, or other medium on a contrasting *ac8ground.
6oehler, ;onathan ;ay Ph: D:
Jonathan Foehler is a 5rofessor of =eha#ioral 6ecision 4a8ing at 4cCom*s
School of
=usiness, <ni#ersity of Texas at Austin. 3e>s considered to *e a critic
of forensic
sciences. 3is main criticisms are%
-+xaminers should undergo mandatory testing *y external agencies. This
testing
should *e done fre)uently, *lind, and represent latents that mirror those
found in
actual case 'or8.
-Fingerprints ha#en>t *een a*le to satisfy the 6au*ert conditions *ut
courts ha#e
*een reluctant to exclude fingerprint e#idence so they offer some sort of
unscientific
reasoning for admitting them. As an example, has a sufficient amount of
testing *een
doneK Some Iudges ha#e determined that $ years 'orth of court use
counts as testing.
-+xperts descri*e *y exaggeration -$E match, no possi*ility of error..
-6r. Foehler admits that fingerprints are not Iun8 science, it has
pro*ati#e #alue, *ut
ho' muchK 6r. Foehler *elie#es the pro*ati#e #alue of a fingerprint that
reportedly
matches a source should *e *ased on t'o considerations% -$. the fre)uency
'ith 'hich
the match profile occurs in the rele#ant population, and -:. the rate at
'hich false
match errors occur. 3e also *elie#es that in the special cases 'here the
false match
error rate is se#eral orders of magnitude larger than the coincidental
match rate
-'hich it pro*a*ly is in fingerprinting., the false match error rate
controls the
pro*ati#e #alue of the e#idence.
-OThe assumption of discerni*le uni)ueness that resides at the core of
these fields is
'ea8ened *y e#idence of errors in proficiency testing and actual cases.O
100
-O...data from a 'ell-8no'n forensic testing program contradict industry
*oasts of
perfect, or e#en near-perfect, agreement -".. Since $!!G, a*out one-
fourth of examiners
failed to correctly identify all latent prints in this test -'hich
includes ! to $:
latent prints and palm prints.. A*out B to GE of examiners committed
false-positi#e
errors on at least one latent.O
-OAlthough lac8ing theoretical or empirical foundations, the assumption of
discerni*le
uni)ueness offers important practical *enefits to the traditional forensic
sciences. It
ena*les forensic sciences to dra' *old, definiti#e conclusions that can
ma8e or *rea8
cases. It excuses the forensic sciences from de#eloping measures of
o*Iect attri*utes,
collecting population data on the fre)uencies of #ariations in those
attri*utes, testing
attri*ute independence, or calculating and explaining the pro*a*ility that
different
o*Iects share a common set of o*ser#a*le attri*utes. Without the
discerni*le uni)ueness
assumption, far more scientific 'or8 'ould *e needed, and criminalists
'ould need to
offer more tempered opinions in court.O
All items in )uotes are from% 4ichael J. Sa8s and Jonathan J. Foehler,
OThe Coming
5aradigm Shift in Forensic Identification ScienceO. Science, ,ol "!,
Issue G?"/,
1!:-1!G , G August :G
6olli7er, *uolph Al+ert Von .A6A 6olli7er, Al+ert Von5 .1=1%-134>5
S'iss anatomist and physiologist, 'rote a prominent text*oo8 on cell
theory,
3and*uch der Ge'e*elehre -4anual of 3istology., -$1G:.. 3e added great
contri*utions to many aspects of science, namely histology. Alfred 2.
3ale
descri*es him as the first to study the em*ryogenesis of the s8in -$1B1-
$1B!..
6oll)ann, Arthur .1=FF-13015
In the late $1>s -$11", $11G., Follmann of 3am*urg Germany, 'as the
first
researcher to address the formation of friction ridges on the fetus and
the
random physical stresses and tensions 'hich may ha#e played a part in
their gro'th.
http%&&'''.ridgesandfurro's.homestead.com&scientific(researchers.html "-
1-:"
Arthur Follmann may ha#e *een the first researcher to study the
de#elopment of
101
friction ridges. 3e not only grouped the #olar pads of humans *ut also
grouped
the #olar pads of many primates. 6r. Wilder credits Follmann 'ith
esta*lishing
and naming ten #olar pads in humans and the first to study epidermic
mar8ings in
different races. Alfred 2. 3ale descri*es him as the first researcher
-$11".
to suggest that mechanical stresses inherent in gro'th may influence the
ultimate
dermatoglyphic configuration.
6onai, *aCyahar
2aIyadhar Fonai 'as one of the first people 3erschel fingerprinted as a
means of
identification. This is noted as the first practical uses of
fingerprints. @n
July :1,$1G1, 3erschel o*tained the entire hand impression of 2aIyadhar
Fonai as a
signature on a contract.
6uhl, Ben
=en Fuhl 'as the defendant in 'hat may ha#e *een the first palm print case
to *e
tried in the <nited States. 3e 'as accused of murdering the dri#er of a
stagecoach
and this case has *ecome 8no'n as Othe story of the last horse dra'n stage
ro**ery
in the <.S.A.O. It>s also said to *e Othe first palm print e#er to *e
testified to
in <.S. CourtsO. The murder happened in 6ec. $!$/, and the trial date is
un8no'n.
@thers ha#e said the first palm print case may ha#e *een the =etts case of
@hio
-*rought to trial in $!$?..
See State of 9e#ada #. Fuhl $!$1.
6uhne, Freeric7
Author of the first text*oo8 on fingerprints in the <nited States. OThe
Finger 5rint InstructorO 'as pu*lished in $!$/.
6u)ho ?ire Co)pany v: Car)ichael .13335
This ruling extended 6au*ert to include all types of expert testimony.
Including
technical and other speciali7ed 8no'ledge.
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$
102
Identification.
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LCV
;eucocrystal ,iolet. 2eagent used to detect & enhance *loody friction
ridge detail *y either fluorescent or nonfluorescent staining.
Lan'en+ur', 8lenn
Glenn ;angen*urg is currently employed *y the 4innesota =ureau of Criminal
Apprehension as a Certified ;atent 5rint +xaminer and Crime Scene
In#estigator.
Glenn earned a =S in Forensic Science from 4ichigan State <ni#ersity in
$!!" and
a 4S in Analytical Chemistry in $!!! from the <ni#ersity of 4innesota.
Currently
he is a 536 candidate in the Forensic Science program at the <ni#ersity of
;ausanne, S'it7erland, under the direction of 5rofessor Christophe
Champod.
3is thesis research in#ol#es the statistical analysis of fingerprint
comparison
methodology. 3e is also pri#ileged to ser#e on SWGFAST. In addition to
his
duties as a forensic scientist, Glenn is an adIunct professor at t'o
uni#ersities
in 4innesota% 3amline <ni#ersity and 4etropolitan State <ni#ersity.
Lan'erhan" Cell"
Cells in the stratum spinosum layer of the epidermis designed to process
foreign anti*odies to the immune system.
Lan'ill Deci"ion ./44%5
See State of 9e' 3ampshire #. 2ichard ;angill.
La"er
;ight Amplification *y Stimulated +mission of 2adiation. A de#ice that
produces a coherent 'a#elength-s. of light. See F;S
First used for #ie'ing latent prints *y a team of Canadian researchers in
$!?/.
These researchers 'ere +. 2oland 4en7el of Texas Tech <ni#ersity, =rian +.
6alrymple of the @ntario 5ro#incial 5olice, and J.4. 6uff of the èrox
2esearch
Centre of Canada.
J. Forensic Sci. ::, -$., $/ -$!??..
A special lens is used to expand the laser *eam to the entire #ie'ing
area.
The first testimony in the <nited States regarding this method of
#isuali7ation
103
'as in $!1$ in Sierra ,ista, Ari7ona *y +d German.
Latent Print
A transferred impression of friction ridge detail that is not readily
#isi*le to the na8ed
eyeA A generic term used for a friction ridge impression that 'as not
intentionally recorded.
$. Transferred impression of friction ridge detail not readily #isi*le.
:. Generic term used for )uestioned friction ridge detail.
A fingerprint that is not apparent to the eye *ut can *e made sufficiently
#isi*le, as *y
dusting or fuming, for use in identification.
http%&&dictionary.reference.com&searchK)Llatent0rL" :-:?-"
Latent Print *ecovery Conition"
Whether or not a latent is reco#ered is dependant on%
$. The surface -su*strate.%
a. Its physical composition,
*. Its texture,
c. Condition,
d. and cleanliness.
:. The person touching the item%
a. The condition of their ridges -'hich could *e affected *y
medical
condition or occupation.,
*. ho' much they s'eat -'hich is dependant on age, diet,
temperature,
emotional state, medical condition and the recent amount of
physical exertion.,
c. And the pressure they apply.
". Whether or not there is a transfera*le su*stance on the friction s8in
other than s'eat.
B. 5ost transfer conditions%
a. The en#ironment -heat or rain 'ill deteriorate a latent.,
*. 3o' it>s handled -handling and pac8aging may destroy a latent.
c. and the de#eloping medium.
Lat<ina, Dr: Franci"co
A fingerprint pioneer that is credited 'ith influencing ,ucetich to change
the name of his classification system from Icnofalangometria to
6actiloscopy.
La$"
Generali7ations a*out 'hat has happened, from 'hich 'e can
generali7e a*out 'hat 'e expect to happen. They pertain to
o*ser#ational data. The a*ility of the ancients to predict
eclipses had nothing to do 'ith 'hether they 8ne' Iust ho'
they happenedA they had a la' *ut not a theory.
http%&&'''.madsci.org&posts&archi#es&oct!!&!B!B:?:B.Sh.r.html :-:?-"
104
States an o*ser#ation 'ithout any attempt to explain it -la' of gra#ity..
La$ of Biolo'ical Bni9uene""
The Scientific ;a' that states that all items in nature are uni)ue.
Lea+etter, Martin FFS, *FP, Bachleor of Art" K &onour"
4artin ;ead*etter 'as employed 'ithin the Fingerprint =ranch at 9e'
Scotland
Pard from $!//&?:. 6uring this period he 'as also responsi*le for
attending
crime scenes in Central ;ondon as a 6i#isional Fingerprint @fficer.
3a#ing
)ualified as a Fingerprint +xpert in $!?:, he transferred to the
Gloucestershire
Consta*ulary 'here he remained employed for Iust o#er t'o years, after
'hich he
too8 up the post of 6eputy 3ead of the Fingerprint =ureau for
3ertfordshire
Consta*ulary, Iust north of ;ondon.
In $!11 he 'as seconded to the 3ome @ffice as part of the team
in#estigating
implementation of a national AFIS for +ngland and Wales. This secondment
lasted
until $!!$ and during this time he assisted in the 'riting of the 6etailed
@peration 2e)uirement for a national AFIS and made se#eral #isits 'ith the
*ench-
mar8ing team to the <SA and France 'here systems produced *y 5rintra8,
9+C, 4orpho
Systames -no' Sagem. and ISS 'ere all tested.
From January $!!$&August $!!G he 'as employed *y Sagem SA as Fingerprint
+xpert
and Consultant. 6uring this period he #isited the police departments of
more than
thirty countries 'orld'ide, including t'o #isits to Si*eria, South
American countries,
South Africa, numerous #isits to the <SA, 2ussia and most +uropean
countries.

In Septem*er $!!G he too8 up his present post as 3ead of the Fingerprint
=ureau for
Cam*ridgeshire Consta*ulary, *ased in the +ast Anglian region of the <F.
3e has *een a mem*er of IAI since $!?1, a 6istinguished 4em*er since $!11
and achie#ed
;ife 4em*ership in :". 3e is a Founder, Fello' and ;ife 4em*er of The
Fingerprint
Society and 'as its first Secretary and Assistant +ditor of the Society>s
Iournal,
Fingerprint Whorld for Iust on fifteen years. Today, 4r. ;ead*etter is a
ser#ing
mem*er of The Fingerprint Society Committee. 2ecently, he has acted in a
consultati#e
position in =osnia, assisting the +uropean <nion 5olice to implement a
national AFIS
105
for that country. 3e has addressed se#eral conferences, *oth at home and
a*road, in
particular at the 3um*oldt <ni#ersity, +ast =erlin, Surgut, Si*eria and
most recently,
in @cto*er :B at the Centenary Conference in =udapest, 'hich cele*rated
the first
hundred years of the fingerprint system in 3ungary.
At home he is no' #ery acti#e holding se#eral important national posts.
3e is a mem*er
of the 9ational Fingerprint =oard of +ngland and Wales, Chairman of the
=ureau
5ractitioners> Su*-Group and a mem*er of the Standards Wor8ing Group.
<ntil recently
he chaired the Third ;e#el 6etail Su*-Group, 'hich had *een instigated *y
the
Association of Chief 5olice @fficers to in#estigate the potential use of
so-called
>third le#el detail> 'ithin the identification process. 3e also sits on
the IAI>s
International Committee and is a mem*er of the Journal of Forensic
Identification>s
+ditorial =oard.
3e is a 2egistered Forensic 5ractitioner 'ith the Council for the
registration of Forensic
5ractitioners and 4em*er of the =ritish Academy of Forensic Sciences and
holds the degree
of =achelor of Arts 'ith 3onours.
Throughout his long career 'ithin the fingerprint discipline he has *een a
constant
contri*utor to forensic and scientific Iournals. 3e strongly holds the
#ie' that
fingerprint identification is not a "cience, *ut a techni)ue that re)uires
considera*le s8ill, *ut is prepared to compromise and accept that it has a
scientific,
al*eit a rather ne*ulous >scientific> *asis.
In his spare time 4artin ;ead*etter enIoys gourmet coo8ing, 'ine and is a
composer ha#ing
'ritten three symphonies, numerous 'or8s for cham*er and instrumental
ensem*les, more than
fifty songs, and 'or8s for choir, *and and orchestra. 3e is also a 4em*er
of the
Corporation of the 2oyal Al*ert 3all, ;ondon. As an author he has Iust
completed his first
full-length no#el, 6eep and Crisp and +#il, 'hich gi#es an uncompromising
insight into the
'or8ing of the modern police ser#ice and forensic discipline.
$$-:B-:B
4artin ;ead*etter retired from the Cam*ridgeshire Consta*ulary on Aug. $:,
:G. 3e
remains an acti#e participant in the fingerprint industry.
106
Leuco *hoa)ine 28
A reagent that reacts 'ith the heme moiety of the hemoglo*in of red cells
in
*lood to #isuali7e friction ridge detail left in *lood. The
sulfosalicylic
acid in this solution fixes the *lood so no pretreatment is necessary.
;uo Papping and Wang Pue. Journal of Forensic Identification ,ol. GB, 9o.
G, :B
Leucocry"tal Violet
A colorless or reduced form of gentian #iolet -per the F=I. used
to stain *lood residue -through oxidation. on *oth porous and
nonporous items. A8a ;C,.
Leuco)alachite 8reen
2eagent used to detect & enhance *loody friction ridge detail.
Leu*28
See ;euco rhodamine /G.
Level 1 etail
Friction ridge flo' and general morphological information.
General o#erall pattern shape, i.e., circular, looping, arching, or
straight.
C2C 5ress
In 9o#. :B, the Third ;e#el 6etail 'or8ing group -from the Standards
Su*-Group of
the 9ational Fingerprint =oard of +ngland and Wales. determined that it
'as not
necessary to su*di#ide the features used in friction ridge
identifications. In +ngland
and Wales these terms are no longer recogni7ed and it has *een esta*lished
that they
should not *e used. See Features.
Level / etail
Indi#idual friction ridge paths and friction ridge e#ents -e.g.,
*ifurcations, ending
ridges, and dots..
2idge path, maIor ridge path de#iations, and paths caused *y damage such
as scars.
C2C 5ress
Su*-Group of
the 9ational Fingerprint =oard of +ngland and Wales. determined that it
'as not
107
necessary to su*di#ide the features used in friction ridge
that they
Level @ etail
Friction ridge dimensional attri*utes -e.g., 'idth, edge shapes, and
pores..
2idge shape, relati#e pore location, and some accidental details.
C2C 5ress
Su*-Group
of the 9ational Fingerprint =oard of +ngland and Wales. determined that it
'as
not necessary to su*di#ide the features used in friction ridge
that they
Lift
An adhesi#e or other medium on 'hich reco#ered friction ridge detail is
preser#ed.
Li'ht -avelen'th"
<ltra#iolet light 'a#elengths approx. $nm-Bnm
<,-C 'a#elengths approx. :nm-:1nm -dangerous.
<,-= 'a#elengths approx. :1nm-"$Gnm -ha7ardous.
<,-A 'a#elengths approx. "$Gnm-Bnm
=lac8 light 'a#elengths approx. "BGnm-Bnm
,isi*le light 'a#elengths approx. Bnm-?nm
5urple 'a#elengths approx. B$nm
=lue 'a#elengths approx. B?Gnm
Green 'a#elengths approx. G$nm
Pello' 'a#elengths approx. G?nm
@range 'a#elengths approx. G!nm
2ed 'a#elengths approx. /G-?nm
Infrared light 'a#elengths approx. ?nm-$,, nm
,isi*le light is sometimes referred to as 'hite light. Technically
spea8ing,
'hite light is a com*ination of all the colors in the #isi*le light
spectrum.
Li'htin' ?echni9ue"
Am*ient, o*li)ue or direct lighting are the most common types used
in this field.
108
Li'roine
See 5etroleum ether.
Li7elihoo *atio"
A mathematical model to assess the li8elihood that the corresponding
features *et'een
t'o fingerprints ha#e the same donor. Tools currently under de#elopment
use minutia
-ridge endings and *ifurcations. and generate ;i8elihood 2atios. The main
people
in#ol#ed in this type of model include Christophe Champod, 5aul
Cham*erlain, Glenn
;angen*urg, and Cedric 9uemann.
Lipi"
Fats or fat-li8e su*stances that are insolu*le in 'ater.
C2C 5ress
The maIor component of se*aceous s'eat, 'hich includes fats, oils and
'axes.
Li9ui Nitro'en
An element used in its li)uid state --$!G degree C.for the separation of
adhesi#e surfaces, as 'ell as to enhance the fluorescence of înc Chloride
and înc 9itrate treated prints for #isuali7ation and photography.
Li9ui-ro(
Fluorescent yello' solution used to de#elop friction ridge detail on the
adhesi#e and non-adhesi#e sides of dar8 colored tape.
Li9ui-no( I
6etergent used in a solution to de#elop friction ridge detail on adhesi#e
and non-adhesi#e sides of tapeA cleaning agent.
Locar, E)on .1=%%-13225
A maIor contri*utor in criminalistics in the early $!Qs. ;ocard trained
as a medical doctor in ;yon and did a thesis 'ith ;acassagne. ;yon 'as at
that time one of the *est places for forensic medicine in +urope -under
the
guidance of ;acassagne..
In $!$, 'hile successor to ;acassagne as 5rofessor of Forensic 4edicine
at
the <ni#ersity of ;yon, France, ;ocard esta*lished the first police crime
la*oratory.
In $!$:, ;ocard esta*lished 5oroscopy.
In the early $!$Qs, +dmond ;ocard pu*lished his Tripartite 2ule stating
109
ho'
many Galton points 'ere needed to ma8e a positi#e fingerprint
identification.
;ocard>s rule appears to ha#e *een *ased on his o'n 'or8 as 'ell as the
'or8
of others -Galton, =altha7ard, etc..
6ue to some of ;ocardQs 'ritings from the $!:Qs and "Qs, the concept of
the
unintentional transfer of different minute materials *et'een o*Iects
*ecame
8no'n as ;ocardQs +xchange 5rinciple -a8a ;ocardQs 5rinciple of +xchange..
;ocard 'asnQt the only person to recogni7e and pu*lish this information
*ut
he did articulate in *etter than others.
LocarD" Principle of E(chan'e .a7a Locar" E(chan'e Principle5
+dmond ;ocard>s 5rinciple of +xchange states that 'hen any t'o o*Iects
come
into contact, there is al'ays transference of material from each o*Iect
onto the other.
http%&&'''.computing.surrey.ac.u8&ai&impress& /-$!-:"
Loc7hee-Martin >47 ( >47 Stuy .13335
See F=I & ;oc8heed-4artin G8 x G8 Study -$!!!..
Loop - *aial
A type of pattern in 'hich one or more friction ridges enter upon either
side,
recur#e, touch or pass an imaginary line *et'een delta and core and flo'
out,
or tend to flo' out, on the same side the friction ridges entered. The
flo' of
the pattern runs in the direction of the radius *one of the forearm
-to'ard
the thum*..
Loop - Blnar
A type of pattern in 'hich one or more friction ridges enter upon either
side,
recur#e, touch or pass an imaginary line *et'een delta and core and flo'
out,
or tend to flo' out, on the same side the friction ridges entered. The
flo' of
the pattern runs in the direction of the ulna *one of the forearm -to'ard
the
little finger..
Lopho"copy
The study of the de#elopment, the classification, and the identification
of the prints left *y the papillary ridges of the s8in.
http%&&users.tpg.com.au&8I'$1&fingerprints&2eferen&Fpterm&;T+24.3T4 $$-$:-
:G
Loupe
110
A small magnifying glass.
Lu)ine"cence
+mission of light *y energy from non-thermal sources -i.e., chemical,
*iochemical, electrical., including *oth fluorescence and phosphorescence.
Any form of light that produces >cool light> -#s. hot light. as 'ith
fluorescence or phosphorescence. @ften this term is used in situations
'here the term phosphorescence is more appropriate.
Lu)inol
;uminol is a chemical that glo's greenish-*lue 'hen it comes into contact
'ith *lood -and some other items.- e#en traces that are years old. To *e
exact, it reacts to hemoglo*in, an oxygen-carrying protein in red-*lood
cells. ;uminol is so sensiti#e, it can detect *lood at $ part per million.
In other 'ords, if there is one drop of *lood 'ithin a container of
!!!,!!!
drops of 'ater, luminol 'ill glo'.
http%&&dsc.disco#ery.com&fansites&onthecase&tool*ox&tool($.html
To# \ Home
$

Identification.
Home \ Bottom
MBD
?--5-4ethoxy*en7lamino-B9otro*en7-:-@xa-$,"-6ia7ile.. Pello' dye
'hich produces a fluorescent product 'hen exposed to selected
'a#elengths of lightA used to #isuali7e cyanoacrylate fumed friction
ridge detail.
A fluorescent dye stain used 'ith an alternate light source to #isuali7e
cyanoacrylate
ester fumed friction ridge detail. @ptimum #ie'ing is done 'ith an
alternate light
source -B"Gnm-G"Gnm. and orange or red goggles.
MCPJ"
4aIor Case 5rints.
MMD
4ultimetal 6eposition. T'o step process using a colloidal gold and
111
a modified 5hysical 6e#eloper solution to #isuali7e friction ridge detail.
M*M-14
Com*ination of =asic Pello' B, 2hodamine /G and 4=6 dyes 'hich
produce fluorescence 'hen exposed to selected 'a#elengths of lightA
used to #isuali7e cyanoacrylate fumed friction ridge detail.
MSDS
4aterial Safety 6ata Sheet. 4anufacturers> information concerning the
handling and use of a chemical.
>-M?N
4ethylthioninhydrin. A reagent that reacts 'ith amino acids to de#elop
friction ridge detail on porous items.
ML*F
4icro-`-ray Fluorescence. A ne' fingerprint #isuali7ation techni)ue
de#eloped
*y <ni#ersity of California scientists 'or8ing at ;os Alamos 9ational
;a*oratory.
4`2F is a nonin#asi#e method that uses `-rays to detect elements li8e
sodium,
potassium and chlorine. This techni)ue 'as descri*ed at the ::!th
national
meeting of the American Chemical Society in 4arch :G.
Maceo, Alice V:
Alice 4aceo is currently the Forensic ;a*oratory 4anager for the ;atent
5rint
6etail of the ;as ,egas 4etropolitan 5olice 6epartment Forensic
;a*oratory. She
has 'or8ed in the latent print discipline since $!!? and achie#ed latent
print
certification *y the International Association for Identification in :$.
Alice is an
acti#e spea8er at forensic conferences in the <nited States, Canada, and
+urope.
She has pu*lished articles in the Journal of Forensic Identification and
Fingerprint
Whorld. Alice also ser#es on the Scientific Wor8ing Group on Friction
2idge
Analysis, Study, and Technology and the General Forensic Technical Wor8ing
Group, *oth sponsored *y the 9ational Institute of Justice. In :B,
Alice 'as
a'arded 6istinguished 4em*ership 'ith the International Association for
Identification.
Macroactyly
Congenitally a*normal largeness of fingers or toes.
112
Ma'netic Po$er .a7a Ma'na Po$er5
A#aila*le since the early $!/>s, magnetic po'der is used to process an
o*Iect 'ith the purpose of #isuali7ing friction ridge detail. 4agnetic
po'der loo8s similar to regular *lac8 po'der *ut contains iron to
esta*lish
a magnetic affect. It is commonly *lac8 *ut is a#aila*le in a 'ide range
of colors. 4agnetic po'der is *est used on paper, plastic, glass, and
#inyl
o*Iects -any nonmagnetic surface. and is applied *y using a magnetic
po'der
applicator. The ad#antage of using a magnetic po'der instead of a regular
latent print po'der is that 'ith magnetic po'der the *rush ne#er touches
the
latent print, a#oiding possi*le damage to the latent print. Also,
magnetic
po'der doesn>t *ecome air*orne as easily as regular latent print po'ders,
resulting in less po'der *eing inhaled *y the user.
http%&&'''.crimeandclues.com&magneticpo'der.htm ?-$$-:B
The magnetic po'der process 'as de#eloped *y 3er*ert 4c6onnell.
MaCor
A #alue deri#ed from the pattern types of the thum*s.
MaCor Ca"e Print"
$. A systematic recording of the friction ridge detail appearing on the
palmar sides of
the hands. This includes the extreme sides of the palmsA and Ioints, tips,
and sides of
the fingers.
:. See Complete Friction 2idge +xemplars.
See Complete Friction 2idge +xemplars.
Maleic Aci
Wea8 acid used in an a)ueous solution as a pre-'ash step for the
5hysical 6e#eloper 5rocess.
Malpi'hi, Marcello .12/=-12305
5ronounced 4al-pee-gee.
An Italian anatomist 'ho 'or8ed as a 5rofessor of Anatomy at the
<ni#ersity of =ologna.
3e descri*ed the patterns on the fingers 'hile doing an o#erall study of
the s8in *ut
ne#er mentioned their #alue for identification. 3e is credited as *eing
the first person
to study fingerprints under a microscope. A layer of s8in is named after
113
him, 8no'n
as the M4alpighian ;ayerN. 4alpighi descri*ed ridges and pores in 6e
+xterno Tactus
@rgano, first pu*lished in 9aples $//G and then later in ;ondon in $/1/.
See Stratum Germinati#um.
Mar7
$. Term commonly used in the <nited Fingdom and some Common'ealth
countries to
designate a latent impression.
:. See ;atent 5rint.
Matri(
The su*stance that is deposited or remo#ed *y the friction ridge s8in 'hen
ma8ing
an impression.
The formati#e part of a fingerprintA the su*stance that is actually
deposited *y the
finger and e#entually de#eloped, i.e., s'eat, foreign material, se*aceous
oils, *lood,
etc.
C2C 5ress
Ma(ilon Flavone 148FF
See =asic Pello' B. See 5anacryl =rilliant Fla#one $GFF.
Mayer, ;:C:A: .1%==5
6uring the $?>s, 4ayer 'as the first to recogni7e that although
specific friction ridge arrangements may *e similar, they are ne#er
duplicated.
http%&&'''.ridgesandfurro's.homestead.com&scientific(researchers.html "-
1-:"
Mayfiel, Branon
=randon 4ayfield is a <.S. citi7en 'ho in 4ay of :B 'as 'rongfully
arrested as a material
'itness 'ith regard to a terrorism attac8 in Spain. 3is arrest 'as due to
an erroneous
fingerprint identification made *y " F=I +xaminers and $ pri#ate
fingerprint expert. The
fingerprint 'as later identified to Algerian national @uhnane 6aoud. In
9o#em*er :/
4ayfield 'as a'arded a Y: million dollar settlement *y the <.S. Justice
6epartment. The
settlement also included an apology and an agreement to destroy
communications
intercepts conducted *y the F=I against 4ayfield>s home and office during
the
in#estigation. The Justice 6epartment added that 4ayfield 'as not
114
targeted *ecause of
his 4uslim faith.
McClau'hry, MaCor *o+ert -il"on .1=@3-13/45
4cClaughry is ac8no'ledged as the person responsi*le for implementing the
=ertillon system in the <nited States. In $11?, he implemented this
system
'hile 'or8ing as the Warden of the Illinois State 5enitentiary at Joliet.
In $1!!, 4cClaughry *ecame the Warden of ;ea#en'orth 5rison. After
hearing
a lecture from Ferrier in $!B, 4cClaughry implemented a fingerprint
system
at ;ea#en'orth. In $!:"-$!:B this collection of fingerprint cards along
'ith
those from the International Association of Chiefs of 5olice>s 'ere merged
together to form the Identification <nit of the F=I in Washington 6C.
McClau'hry, Matthe$ -il"on .2/13/1=%1-@/10/13//5
The son of 2. W. 4cClaughry and the records cler8 at ;ea#en'orth 5rison
during
the implementation of its fingerprint system.
Mc6ie Ca"e
5ronounced 4cFee.
See +rroneous Identifications.
McMorri", ;ohn
John 4c4orris de#eloped the fuming pipe used in conIunction 'ith iodine to
de#elop
friction ridge detail on porous items. For a short time it 'as 8no'n as
the 4c4orris
Fuming 5ipe. 3e also de#eloped the iodine-sil#er plate transfer method
used for
reco#ering latent prints. 3e presented this process at the IAI California
6i#ision
Conference in $!"/.
http%&&'''.scafo.org&A*out(SCAF@&scafo(history.html $-$:-:B
Mc*o+ert", Alan
Alan 4c2o*erts is recogni7ed as one of the most prominent and 'ell-
respected latent
print experts 'or8ing in the <nited States. In $!?$, he *egan his career
'ith the
;os Angeles Sheriff>s 6epartment and remained there until his retirement
in ::.
3is duties included e#ery aspect of latent print 'or8 including
in#estigating,
comparing, instructing, creating training and procedural manuals, and
super#ising.
6uring his career, he has *een extremely acti#e in educational
organi7ations. 3e
has *een a mem*er of the IAI for more than $? years, spending $ years on
the IAI
+ditorial 2e#ie' =oard and the last " years as the editor of the Journal
of Forensic
Identification -::-:B.. In $!!$, he 'as the president of SCAF@, and in
115
$!!!&:,
he 'as the president of the California di#ision of the IAI. 3e>s a Fello'
of the
Fingerprint Society and a mem*er of the American Academy of Forensic
Sciences. 3e
'as also one of the organi7ers of the Southern California ;aser Study
Group. 3e has
'ritten and presented more than :G educational papers and articles. 4r.
4c2o*erts
has *een extremely acti#e in setting industry standards, including *eing a
mem*er of
SWGFAST since $!!G. 3e is currently the SWGFAST Chairperson -:-:B..
In recognition of his commitment, dedication, and contri*utions to our
industry, Alan
4c2o*erts has *een presented 'ith many prestigious a'ards including the
SCAF@
6istinguished 4em*er A'ard, SCAF@>s Charles Wolford A'ard, the ;os Angeles
Sheriff>s
6epartment>s 6istinguished Ser#ice A'ard, and the ;os Angeles Sheriff>s
6epartment>s
+xemplary Ser#ice A'ard. This is a *rief summary of the contri*utions he
has made to
the fingerprint community. Currently, he manages O4c2o*ert>s Forensic
In#estigationsO,
'hich he founded in :$, a company that speciali7es in fingerprint
ser#ices.
Meial
At or near the center.
Meial Interphalan'eal Fle(ion Crea"e
The middle crease on a finger.
Melanocyte
S8in cell that is a*le to produce melanin and can *e found in the *asal
layer of the epidermis.
http%&&s8incancer.dermis.net&glossary&index(htmlK)uery(startLG$
Melene<-Dia< v: Ma""achu"ett"
See Supreme Court of the <nited States, 4elende7-6ia7 #. 4assachusetts.
Mer+ro)in
2eagent used to detect & enhance *loody friction ridge detailA produces a
fluorescent product 'hen exposed to excitation at selected 'a#elengths.
Mercuric Nitrate
Chemical used as a clearing agent for sil#er staining.
Mer7el Cell"
Sensory receptor cells located in the *asal layer of the epidermis.
116
Me"enchy)e
The part of the em*ryonic mesoderm, consisting of loosely pac8ed,
unspeciali7ed cells set in a gelatinous ground su*stance, from 'hich
connecti#e tissue, *one, cartilage, and the circulatory and lymphatic
systems de#elop.
http%&&dictionary.reference.com&searchK)Lmesenchyme
The *one and the dermis are formed from mesenchyme, 'hich is deri#ed
from the mesoderm in an em*ryo.
Me"oer)
The middle em*ryonic germ layer, lying *et'een the ectoderm and the
endoderm,
from 'hich connecti#e tissue, muscle, *one, and the urogenital and
circulatory
systems de#elop.
5u*lished *y 3oughton 4ifflin Company
http%&&dictionary.reference.com&searchK)Lmesoderm G-"-:"
Metacarpo-phalan'eal Crea"e
Creases that di#ide the fingers from the palm.
Metal Etchin'
Techni)ue utili7ing acidic solutions or #apors in the de#elopment of
friction ridge detail on select metal surfaces.
Metal Salt
Secondary treatment of ninhydrin de#eloped friction ridge detail for
#isuali7ation -e.g., &7inc Chloride, înc 9itrate, or Cadmuum Chloride.A
produces a fluorescent product 'hen exposed to selected 'a#elengths
of light.
Methanol .Methyl Alcohol5
Sol#ent used as a carrier in reagents, dyes, stains, and rinsesA also
used as a cleaning agent.
Methoolo'y
A *ody of practices, procedures, and rules used *y those 'ho 'or8 in a
discipline or engage in an in)uiryA a set of 'or8ing methods
http%&&dictionary.reference.com&searchK)Lmethodology :-:?-"
A system of methods or procedures used in any field.
117
C2C 5ress
Methylene Chlorie
Sol#ent used in the preparation of li)uid iodine. See 6ichloromethane.
Methylthioninhyrin
See G-4T9.
Micro+ur"t Metho
A speciali7ed form of the Cyanoacrylate method for de#eloping latent
prints
on nonporous items. This method 'as de#eloped *y the F=I and is currently
unpu*lished -Jan. :B.. This method is designed to expose a nonporous
item
to a large amount of fumes for a small amount of time. It in#ol#es adding
glue
to a heat source of o#er " degrees. @nce the cham*er is filled 'ith
fumes,
the nonporous item is placed in the cham*er for "-BG seconds.
Micro-L-ray Fluore"cence
See 4`2F.
Milo, Dr: Charle"
A professor of microscopic anatomy at Tulane <ni#ersity. Fno'n for his
research 'ith 3arold Cummins on dermatoglyphics associated 'ith 6o'n>s
Syndrome. 3e, along 'ith 3arold Cummins, coined the term dermatoglyphics
and 'rote the *oo8 OFingerprints, 5alms and SolesO in $!B".
Mi7ro"il A
A silicone-casting agent de#eloped *y FIell Carlsson of S'eden. This
product
is useful for lifting latent prints from textured or cur#ed surfaces. It
also
'or8s 'ell in reco#ering prints from the deceased.
Mini)u) Nu)+er of Characteri"tic"
In $!?", The IAI Standardi7ation Committee released the results
of a three-year study. They recommended and adopted that Ono #alid *asis
exists at this time for re)uiring that a pre-determined minimum num*er of
friction ridge characteristics must *e present in t'o impressions in order
to esta*lish positi#e identification.O This 'as *ased on the fact that
each print has a uni)ue set of circumstances.
http%&&'''.latent-prints.com&iai(standardi7ation(committee.htm "-:$-:"
In $!!G, the 9e>urim 6eclaration 'as adopted. It stated, O9o scientific
*asis
exists for re)uiring that a pre-determined minimum num*er of friction
ridge
features must *e present in t'o impressions in order to esta*lish a
positi#e
identification.O This 'as a slight change from the $!?" IAI 2esolution on
the
118
minimum num*er of characteristics needed to ma8e an identification.
@n June $$, :$, after a B year study, the AC5@ Fingerprint +#idence
5roIect
=oard a*olished the use of the $/ point standard used in +ngland, Wales,
and
9orthern Ireland.
Min"hall, Le$i" H:P:M: .13FF-13=45
In the $!?Qs, 6etecti#e Superintendent ;e'is 4inshall 'as in charge of
the
+ssex 5olice Fingerprint =ureau. 3e 'as a 'or8ing fingerprint technician,
not merely a department figurehead, and 'as a'arded The Hueens 5olice
4edal
for his meritorious ser#ices to fingerprints. The 9ational Society of
Fingerprint @fficers -later re-named The Fingerprint Society. 'as
initiated
in 3ertfordshire *y the so-called Four Founders in $!?B. They 'ere
ci#ilian
technicians, and expected fingerprint staff from all =ritish police forces
to Ioin the society. 6uring the se#enties, many =ritish fingerprint
employees
'ere police officers, and there appeared to *e MunofficialN suggestions
from
certain sources that they should not Ioin 'hat 'as alleged to *e a
ci#ilian
organi7ation, perhaps campaigning for 'age e)uality and conditions of
ser#ice,
'ith the potential for stri8e action. The 3ertfordshire RfoundersQ 'ished
the society to solely concerned 'ith fingerprint matters and the
circulation
of ne' techni)ues in the Iournal, and the facility for mem*ers all o#er
the
'orld to *e a*le to communicate 'ith fello' technicians to e#eryoneQs
ad#antage.
4r. 4inshall, *eing a senior police officer, Ioined the society, reali7ing
the
potential of a 'orld'ide exchange of information, and he successfully
encouraged
many police officers to Ioin the society. After his death it 'as re#ealed
that
he had allocated monies to *e used annually for the presentation of The
;e'is
4inshall A'ard for outstanding contri*utions to the discipline.
Minutiae
Small details.
C2C 5ress
See Characteristics.
Mi""e Ientification
The failure to ma8e an identification 'hen an identification could ha#e
*een made.
119
The failure to ma8e an identification -indi#iduali7ation. 'hen, in fact,
*oth friction
ridge impressions are from the same source.
Mitchell, Byron
See <nited States #s. =yron 4itchell.
Mito"i"
Cell segmentation during 'hich chromosomes are split longitudinally
and duplicated.
http%&&s8incancer.dermis.net&glossary&index(htmlK)uery(startLG$
Moen""en", Anre A: ;:D:, LL:M:
Andre 4oenssens is a forensic consultant and retired la' professor. 3e
started his
training and study in fingerprints in $!G in =elgium under the tutelage
of the late
4aIor Georges +. 6efa'e. 3e Ioined the International Association for
Identification
-IAI. in $!G", emigrated to the <.S. in $!G/ and *ecame a la'yer in this
country in
$!// after recei#ing the Juris 6octor -J6. degree 'ith 3onors in $!// at
Illinois
Institute of Technology-Chicago Fent College of ;a'. The follo'ing year he
earned the 4aster of ;a's -;;.4.. degree at 9orth'estern <ni#ersity.
3e 'as head instructor in fingerprint identification -$!/-$!/?. at the
Institute of
Applied Science in Chicago 'hen T. 6ic8erson Coo8e 'as its director, and
associate editor of the Finger 5rint and Identification 4aga7ine -$!/ to
$!/1..
In $!/?, he *egan his ser#ice as a la' professor, has *een tenured since
$!/1
successi#ely at% Chicago-Fent College of ;a' -$!/?-$!?"., the <ni#ersity
of
2ichmond, ,irginia -$!?"-$!!G., and the <ni#ersity of 4issouri at Fansas
City
-<4FC. -$!!/-::. 'here he held the 6ouglas Stripp 5rofessorship in ;a'
and
'as also a mem*er of the doctoral faculty. After retiring from <4FC and
*eing
elected an emeritus professor, West ,irginia <ni#ersity College of ;a'
in#ited
him to *e a #isiting professor in :B, :G, and again in :/. 3e had
ser#ed on
that factury as #isiting professor during $!!"-$!!G in the William J.
4aier Jr. Chair.
After retiring from <4FC at the end of ::, he *ecame a resident of
Indiana,
'here he li#es at Shriner ;a8e, near Fort Wayne. In :B, he 'as elected
to
mem*ership in SWGFAST.
120
3e has testified as an expert in se#eral states for the prosecution and
the defense
and has *een consulted *y la'yers, go#ernmental agencies, and ne's media
on
forensic issues in the <.S. and a*road. 3e is the author of Fingerprint
Techni)ues
-$!?$. and Fingerprints and the ;a' -$!/!., and the senior co-author of
Scientific
+#idence in Ci#il and Criminal Cases, of 'hich the Gth edition is due to
*e pu*lished
in :/. 3e has 'ritten do7ens of other *oo8s, *oo8 chapters and articles
on topics
in the forensic e#idence and criminal Iustice fields. 3is Criminal ;a'
case*oo8 is in
its se#enth edition and is used in la' schools throughout the country. 3e
is one of
the t'o +ditors>-in-Chief of the Wiley +ncyclopedia of Forensic Science,
to *e
pu*lished in :?. 3e has *een the editor of the Illinois ;a' +nforcement
@fficers
;a' =ulletin since $!?:-and retired from that position in :/. In
addition to
mem*ership in the IAI, and a mem*er of the editorial *oard of its Journal
of Forensic
Identification, he has *een a Fello' of the American Academy of Forensic
Sciences
since $!//, and ser#ed t'o terms as the Academy>s secretary-treasurer as
'ell as in
a num*er of other leadership functions. In :G he 'as named a
6istinguished Fello'
of the AAFS. 3e is also a mem*er of the Canadian Identification Society,
The Forensic
Science Society -<.F.., and a num*er of legal organi7ations. 3e is a
mem*er of the
Indiana 6i#ision of the IAI and 'as pre#iously a mem*er of the Chesapea8e
=ay
6i#ision of the IAI 'hen he li#ed in ,irginia.
3is 'e*site is '''.forensic-e#idence.com
Mole Print
See 5lastic 5rint.
Moly+enu) Di"ulfie
Chemical used in the preparation of Small 5article 2eagent -S52..
Mono<y'otic
6eri#ed from a single fertili7ed egg. <sed to descri*e identical t'ins
and
distinguish them from fraternal t'ins -di7ygotic..
Morfopoulo", Dr: Va""ili" C:
See 5eople #. Fent.
121
Mottle S7in
2idge detail is present, *ut is dissociated due to trauma or genetic
causes. It lac8s any continuous pattern flo'.
Mulvihill, ;ohn ;: MD
Wrote OThe Genesis of 6ermatoglyphicsO 'ith 6a#id W. Smith 46 for the
Journal of 5ediatrics, @ct. $!/! issue. It is said to *e one of the
most thorough discussions of fingerprint formation. Their findings 'ere%
/-1 'ee8s after conception #olar pads form
$-$: 'ee8s #olar pads *egin to recede
$"th 'ee8 s8in ridges *egin to appear
:$st 'ee8 after conception fingerprint patters are complete
http%&&'''.handanalysis.net&li*rary&derm(history.htm :-:?-"
Muriatic Aci
A chemical used to process thermal paper to de#elop friction ridge
detail. Also 8no'n as 3ydrochloric Acid.
Mutilation
See 5ere7, George, 6illinger, 5itts, and 2o)uerre.
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N-Doecyla)ine Acetate
Chemical used in the preparation of the detergent solution in
5hysical 6e#eloper.
NAS *eport
In :G, the CFS@ re)uested federal funds *ecome a#aila*le to support a
#ariety
of forensic disciples. Congress as8ed the 9ational Academy of Sciences
-9AS.
to research the needs of these forensic disciples to determine if the
funds 'ere
needed. @n Fe* $1, :!, the 9AS pu*lished its finding in a report titled
MStrengthening Forensic Science in the <nited States T A 5ath For'ardN.
These findings *ecame 8no'n as the 9AS report.
122
NCIC
9ational Crime Information Center.
NCIC Cla""ification
An alpha&numeric system of fingerprint classification.
NFB
9ational Fingerprint =oard -of +ngland and Wales.. An adIunct to the
AC5@.
N8I
9ext Generation Identification. The updated #ersion of IAFIS, the F=IQs
national
computeri7ed fingerprint system.
NIS?
9ational Institute of Standards and Technology.
NSFO
The 9ational Society of Fingerprint @fficers 'as an organi7ation that
started in $!?G. This organi7ation 'as later renamed >The Fingerprint
Society>.
NV
The common a**re#iation for R9o ,alueQ, usually indication that an
impression has no #alue for identification purposes.
Nano)eter
A metric unit of measurement e)ual to $ *illionth of a meter. Commonly
used to measure light.
Nanoparticle Po$er
A ne' fluorescent fingerprint po'der designed in :" *y 5rofessor Fred
2o'ell of the <ni#ersity of Sunderland, +ngland, for latent print
reco#ery.
This ne' po'der is comprised of glass li8e nanoparticles im*edded 'ith
fluorescent material. Since this po'der in#ol#es nanotechnology, it
adheres
*etter than standard po'ders to older latent prints and produces a much
*etter resolution 'ith *oth old and ne' latent prints. With this
technology
smaller characteristics in a latent print may *e a*le to *e seen ma8ing
smaller partial images more usa*le. This product is still in the
experimental testing phase -6ec. :B. *ut is expected to *e released
soon.
5re#ious research has *een conducted *y such agencies as the <ni#ersity of
Texas 'ith regard to a magnetic nanoparticle po'der *ut the results didn>t
pro#ide good contrast *et'een the su*strate and the matrix.
Naphthalene Blac7
See Amido =lac8
123
Na"cent
Coming into existence.
http%&&dictionary.reference.com&searchK)Lnascent
2efers to an incipient ridge.
National Bureau of Ientification
See =ureau of Criminal Identification.
National Society of Fin'erprint Officer"
See 9SF@.
Ne'ative I)pre""ion .Ne'ative Print5
See Ta8e A'ay 5rint.
Neu)ann, Ceric
Cedric 9eumann 'as a'arded his 4S in Forensic Science in $!!1 *efore
underta8ing his 5h6 studies in the interpretation of forensic e#idence.
6uring this time he also 'or8ed as a research assistant and lecturer at
the
<ni#ersity of ;ausanne in S'it7erland. 3e Ioined the <F Forensic Science
Ser#ice as a Senior Forensic Scientist to 'or8 on fingerprint
interpretation
research. 3e is currently managing the Statistics and Interpretation
research
group of the FSS. 3e is in#ol#ed in a num*er of proIects relating to
fingerprints
including the de#elopment of peer re#ie' procedures and training. 3is
main
area of research is currently the #alidation and implementation of an
operational
e#aluation tool *ased on a mathematical model for the assessment of
fingerprint
e#idence for use in 5ro*a*ility =ased Fingerprint +#idence -5=F+.. In
January
:?, Cedric 9eumann article MComputation of ;i8elihood 2atios in
Fingerprint
Identification for Configurations of Any 9um*er of 4inutibN, 'as
pu*lished in
the Journal of Forensic Science, ,ol. G: 9o. $-C_dric 9eumann, 4.Sc.A
Christophe Champod, 5h.6., etal
NeDuri) Declaration
In $!!G, at the International Symposium on Fingerprints, a resolution
'as adopted. It stated, O9o scientific *asis exists for re)uiring that
a pre-determined minimum num*er of friction ridge features must *e present
in t'o impressions in order to esta*lish a positi#e identification.O
This 'as a slight change from the $!?" IAI 2esolution on the minimum
num*er of characteristics needed to ma8e an identification.
Nile *e
A fluorescent dye stain used to #isuali7e cyanoacrylate ester fumed
friction ridge detail. @ptimum #ie'ing is done 'ith an alternate
124
light source -BG-G/nm. and orange or red goggles.
Ninhyrin
$,:,"-tri8etohydrindine hydrate. 2eagent that reacts 'ith amino
acids to de#elop friction ridge detail.
9inhydrin 'as first prepared in $!$ *y the +nglish chemist,
Siegfried 2uhemann, 'ho also in#estigated the formation of the
#iolet compound -2uhemann>s 5urple, or 25. produced *y ninhydrin>s
reaction 'ith amino acids. The significance of this disco#ery to
forensic science 'ent unnoticed until $!GB, 'hen @den and #on 3offsten
reported the use of ninhydrin as a fingerprint de#eloping reagent
that reacts 'ith amino acids secreted from s'eat glands. Although
the content of amino acids in a fingerprint residue is lo' -compared
to the content of salts and fatty acids., the 25 produced from the
reaction of these amino acids 'ith ninhydrin is deeply colored, and
the de#eloped fingerprints are usually highly #isi*le. Thus, ninhydrin
has long *een 8no'n as one of the most afforda*le and useful reagents
for #isuali7ation of latent fingerprints on porous surfaces -such as
paper, 'ood, and 'alls.. In cases 'here the de#eloped fingerprints
are 'ea8, secondary treatment 'ith an a)ueous 7inc chloride solution
can impro#e the print>s line resolution )uality. înc chloride-treated
prints can *e o*ser#ed as Oglo'ingO -fluorescent. 'hen
illuminated 'ith light of a certain 'a#elength.
O9e' 2eagents for 6e#elopment of ;atent FingerprintsO, 9IJ $!!G
http%&&'''.ncIrs.org&txtfiles&finger.txt /-$!-:"
Nitric Aci
Acid used in a fuming techni)ue to #isuali7e friction ridge detail
on select metal surfaces.
Non-ientification
See +xclusion.
Another opinion% A latent print that has not *een indi#iduali7ed
due to an exclusion or missed identification. @r not *eing a*le
to esta*lishing an association 'ith a group or indi#idual item.
Non-Porou"
9on-a*sor*ent.
Non-"ecretor
See Secretor.
Notch
A #isual o*ser#ance that the outer edges of a latent print is une#en
or inconsistent, i.e. a notch exists. This could *e a distortional clue
that this is t'o impressions and not Iust one.
125
Nutant Loop
Also referred to as a la7y loop or a drooping loop. When the core of
a loop droops o#er to'ard the delta. This usually occurs in the
opposite hand as the slant, especially in the index fingers.
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O*O
@il 2ed @.
Oa7e", Sir &arry Ca"e .?rial, Oct: 130@5
The most sensational unsol#ed murder that happened during WWII. @n July
1,
$!B", Sir 3arry @a8es, one of the 'ealthiest people in the =ritish +mpire,
'as found dead in his home in the =ahamas. The list of suspects included
+d'ard ,III, Charles ;uc8y ;uciano, and his son-in-la' Freddie de 4arigny,
among others. This case *ecame 8no'n as one of the *iggest *otched
in#estigations of all times. The Go#enor, the 6u8e of Windsor,
sidestepped
local authorities and called t'o experts from the 4iami 5olice 6epartment.
This 'as the *eginning of e#ents that dre' suspicion. The in#estigators,
Capt. James =ar8er and Capt. +d'ard 4elchen, found a latent print on a
Chinese screen and a *loody print on the 'all, *ut the e#idence 'asn>t
preser#ed as 'ell as it could ha#e *een. They 'ere highly critici7ed for
their actions in the case. 5rominent people 'ere allo'ed access to the
crime scene prior to finishing the in#estigation. The photographs of the
*loody handprint 'ere destroyed *y light exposure prior to de#elopment.
=ar8er>s lifts from the screen also came into )uestion and many people
*elie#ed that the latent lifts 'ere really lifted from a different o*Iect,
li8e a glass. 3arry @a8es son-in-la' 'as charged 'ith the murder due to
his fingerprints *eing identified on the screen. 6uring the trial,
=ar8er>s testimony se#erely damaged the prosecutions case, and Freddie
de 4arigny 'as found not guilty. 4aurice @>neill filed charges against
James =ar8er 'ith the IAI for fa*ricating e#idence. The IAI cleared
=ar8er of any 'rongdoing. This 'as an extremely unpopular decision
among IAI mem*ers.
O+Cective
<ninfluenced *y emotions or personal preIudices
126
http%&&dictionary.reference.com&searchK)Lo*Iecti#e :-:?-"
Something real and o*ser#a*le.
C2C 5ress
O+li9ue Li'htin'
A lighting techni)ue used to #isuali7e latent friction ridge impressions
'here the light is directed on an o*Iect in a sloping direction.
Occa"ional Print Feature"
Scarring and tension creases -or 'hite lines. are occasional features.
They do not appear in all representations, *ut they are permanent and
repeata*le.
Oil 8lan
The se*aceous gland is considered an oil gland, as opposed to the eccrine
and apocrine glands 'hich are s'eat glands.
Oil *e O Stain
A stain used in histology to stain lipoid deposits. Suggested as a
processing method to de#elop latent prints in :B *y Alexandre =eaudoin
of Hu_*ec, Canada. @2@ is a safe alternati#e to the 5hysical 6e#eloper
processing method.
O7aCi)a, Michio
4ichio @8aIima is a Japanese scientist 'hoQs done thorough research
regarding
the s8in. In $!?/ he 'rote M6ermal and +pidermal Structure of the ,olar
S8inN
in 'hich he descri*es the t'o ro's of dermal papillae. The historical
rele#ance
of this research 'as confirming that the incipient ridges are permanent
friction
ridge structures. Some of the other articles heQs 'ritten include%
M6e#elopment of 6ermal 2idges in the FetusN. Journal of 4edical Genetics,
$!?G,
,ol $:, :B"-:G.
MA 4ethodological Approach to the 6e#elopment of +pidermal 2idges ,ie'ed
on the
6ermal Surface of FetusesN. 5rogress in 6ermatoglyphic 2easearch, $!1:,
p. $?G-$11.
M9onprimate 4ammalian 6ermatoglyphics as 4odels for Genetic and +m*rylogic
Studies%
Comparati#e and 4ethodologic AspectsN. =irth 6efects% @rig. Artic., $!!$,
Ser. :?%$"$T$B!.
Oli'oactyly
Fe'er than the normal num*er of fingers or toes. @ligo- is from the
Gree8 OoligosO -fe' or scanty. c -dactyly from the Gree8 OdactylosO
-finger. L fe' fingers. @ligodactyly is the opposite of polydactyly
'hich means too many fingers or toes.
http%&&'''.medterms.com&script&main&art.aspKarticle8eyL///1 /-$1-:"
Olori< Cla""ification Sy"te)
The fingerprint classification system de#eloped *y 6r. Federico @lori7
127
-Aguillera
or Aguilera.. This classifications system 'as the primary classification
system used
in 5ortugal and Spain prior to the use of computer filing systems, such as
AFIS.
Olori<, Dr: Feerico 1=>>-131/ .Dr: Feerico Olori< A'uillera or A'uilera5
A 5rofessor of Anatomy at the 4adrid <ni#ersity 'ho de#eloped the primary
fingerprint
classification system used in Spain and 5ortugal throughout the :th
Century. 6r.
@lori7 esta*lished and named $ fingerprint characteristics.
Ol"en, *o+ert D: Sr: .May 1>, 13@0-13=35
Special Agent 2o*ert @lsen, 'ith the <S Army Criminal In#estigation
;a*oratory,
'as instrumental in creating professional standards and training
curriculums
for the <SACI;. These standards and curriculums 'ere so influential they
'ere
adopted *y many ci#ilian agencies. 3e stressed practical applications and
techni)ues, research, training, testing and professional standards.
2o*ert
@lsen 'as most 8no'n for re#ising Walter Scott>s $!G$ *oo8 OFingerprint
4echanicsO. It 'as pu*lished in $!?1 titled OScott>s Fingerprint
4echanicsO.
To date, this *oo8 is considered one of the most comprehensi#e fingerprint
*oo8s
'orld'ide. 3e encouraged acti#e participation in professional
organi7ations,
research and pu*lication. 3e 'as extremely acti#e in the IAI, a Fello' of
the
AAFS and a Fello' of the Fingerprint Society. 3e 'rote many articles and
ga#e
numerous presentations during his career. 2o*ert @lsen retired from the
Army
Crime ;a* in $!?1 and continued his career 'ith the Fansas =ureau of
In#estigation
until his death in $!1!. 2o*ert @lson>s friends remem*er him as someone
'ho
al'ays had time and respect for e#eryone as 'ell as someone 'ho lead *y
example.
One Di"crepancy *ule
The Mone discrepancy ruleN under 'hich a single difference in appearance
*et'een
a latent fingerprint and a 8no'n fingerprint must rule out an
identification unless the
examiner has a #alid explanation for the difference.
http%&&'''.usdoI.go#&oig&special&s/"& G-:?-:/
M;et us ac8no'ledge that the one-dissimilarity doctrine has ne#er *een
demonstrated
to ha#e originated from a firm scientific *asis. @nce 'e recogni7e this,
'e 'ill not *e
forced to guess the manner of occurrence of unexplained differences. In
128
#ie' of a
preponderance of matching characteristics, one dissimilarity isnQt
important.N
John I. Thronton, MThe @ne-6issimilarity 6octrine in Fingerprint
IdentificationN,
International Criminal 5olice 2e#ie', 9o. "/, 4arch $!??.
Another opinion% A )uality assurance guideline of some agencies, not a
rule that
go#erns the indi#iduali7ations of the industry. +xaminers conclusions are
made *y
considering se#eral factors including dissimilarity, distortion, and
discrepancies.
The examiner also needs to decide if these factors are 'ithin accepta*le
limits.
9o scientific conclusion should e#er *e *ased on a single e#ent or a
single test.
Onto'enetic
@f or relating to the origin and de#elopment of indi#idual organisms.
http%&&dictionary.reference.com&searchK)Lontogenetic "-1-:"
@ntogenetic Theory of ridge de#elopment suggests that ridge units fuse
together to form ridges.
Opinion
A *elief held 'ith confidence *ut not su*stantiated *y positi#e 8no'ledge.
A conclusion *ased on special 8no'ledge.
@pen to dispute.
See Conclusion and 6etermination.
Orientation
The location and direction of an area of friction ridge detail.
Ori'inal I)a'e
An accurate replica -*it-for-*it #alue. of the primary image.
See 5rimary Image.
Orthoactyly
Fingers and toes cannot *e flexed.
Ortho-?oliine
A chemical that is a presumpti#e test for *lood and has also *een used to
de#elop friction ridge detail on human s8in. A8a @-Tolidine.
O"+orn 8ri Metho
This in#ol#es preparing photographic enlargements of the latent and
129
in8ed fingerprints. A grid of e)ually-si7ed s)uares is then superimposed
on each, 'ith the s)uares of each grid occupying identical positions on
each print. The forensic scientist examines *oth imprints s)uare *y
s)uare loo8ing for identical characteristics.
http%&&'''.rsc.org&lap&educatio&eic&::&sodhi(Iul:.htm
O" calci"
A *one in the foot.
C2C 5ress
O")iu) ?etro(ie .O")ic Aci Fu)in'5
A fuming techni)ue used to process items for latent fingerprints. This
process 'as de#eloped in $1!$ *y 6r. 2ene Forgeot. When a latent print
is exposed to the #apors, oxidation of se*aceous matter occurs. This
method has *een found to *e extremely ha7ardous and expensi#e is seldom,
if e#er, used.
O"ter+ur', ;a)e" -illia)
Former head of the 6epartment of criminal Iustice at the <ni#ersity of
Illinois at Chicago, a former 9e' Por8 5olice @fficer for : years, 'here
he assisted in the in#estigation of thousands of serious crimes. 5ast
5resident of the American Academy of Forensic Science. 3e also is a
fre)uent participant in educational symposia discussing criminal
in#estigation, criminalistics, fingerprint characteristics and scientific
e#idence. The author of *oo8s on criminalistics and scientific
in#estigations.
3e has *een a consultant to the State 6epartment, the 6epartment of
Justice
and the Stanford 2esearch Institute.
http%&&'''.angelfire.com&sc&Centner&Iames'.html
In $!??, @ster*urg de#eloped a statistical model to calculate the
pro*a*ility
of t'o fingerprints *eing ali8e. 3is model 'as one of the first to
consider
empty space and the first to consider the fre)uency of occurrence of
different
minutia.
O-?oliine
See @rtho-Tolidine.
Outer ?er)inu"
See 6elta.
Overall Pattern
@#erall pattern shape used during identificationA first le#el detail.
C2C 5ress
Overlay
A dou*le impression 'here additional friction ridges o#erlap an existing
friction ridge
130
image. @#erlays 'ill not coincide 'ith ridge flo' and may exhi*it some
type of
chec8ering. @#erlays are not immediate dou*le impressions of ridge detail.
@#erlays
may or may not *e the same finger impression or made *y the same person.
Charles 5ar8er !-/-:/
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PBFE
5ro*a*ility =ased Fingerprint +#idence.
PDMAC
5ara-dimethylaminocinnamaldehyde. 2eagent that reacts 'ith urea,
amines and their salts to de#elop friction ridge detail 'ith fluorescent
properties 'hen exposed to selected 'a#elengths of light.
PM Coe
See 5almar +xemplar 0 ;atent ône Codes.
Pal) .Pal)ar Area5
The friction ridge s8in area on the side and underside of the hand.
Concerning the palm of the hand.
C2C 5ress
Pal) Print Court Ca"e"
See State #s Fuhn -$!$1..
See =etts Case -$!$?..
Pal)ar E(e)plar N Latent Mone Coe" .PM Coe"5
An alpha-numeric system de#eloped in :" *y Craig Coppoc8 as a
communication tool
to refer to specific areas of the fingers and palms. In this system each
hand is
di#ided into :1 regions and gi#en an alpha-numeric identifier. This
system
131
offers a )uic8 and efficient means of distinguishing a particular area in
the hand
to those familiar and unfamiliar 'ith scientific terminology.
Pal)ar Mone
The interdigital area of the palm.
Panacryl Brilliant Flavone 148FF
See =asic Pello' B.
Papillae .Papilla5
5eg-li8e structures of the dermis.
A small nipple-li8e protu*erance or ele#ation.
C2C 5ress
Papillary Layer
@ne of the t'o layers of the dermis.
The superficial layer of the dermis raised into papillae that fit
into corresponding depressions on the inner surface of the epidermis.
5u*lished under license 'ith 4erriam-We*ster, Incorporated. D $!!?-:
http%&&'''.fasthealth.com&dictionary&p&papillary(layer.php
Papillary Pe'"
See 6ermal 5apillae.
Papillary *i'e"
@rderly ro's of eccrine glands positioned along the path of the
friction ridge.
The term >papillary ridge> can *e used to descri*e many different areas
in the s8in. It is not important to discern 'hether one is right or
'rong,
Iust to understand the area that is *eing referred to. 3o' this term is
used 'ill also effect ho' the terms >primary ridges> and >secondary
ridges>
are used.
$. From 3ale% 2idges on the *ottom of the epidermis corresponding to the
surface friction ridges and surface furro's. They are the root system of
the surface ridges and furro's. The papillary ridges that correspond to
the friction ridges are referred to as primary ridges and the papillary
ridges that correspond to the surface furro's are referred to as secondary
ridges. A8a +pidermal 2idges.
:. 5apillary ridges may refer to the ridges in the papillary layer of the
dermis that connect to the *ottom ridges of the epidermis. In this
description, the connecting ridges of the epidermis are referred to
132
groo#es
-primary and secondary.. This definition is referred to in O=loom and
Fa'cett>s Concise 3istologyO. A8a 6ermal 2idges.
".In many *oo8s and articles papillary ridges refer to friction ridges.
Par7e, E$ar
Son of fingerprint pioneer Capt. James 3. 5ar8e. +d'ard 5ar8e seems to
ha#e
studied fingerprints simultaneously 'ith his father. 3e is sometimes
credited
'ith de#eloping the 1 x 1 standard fingerprint card in $!$" that his
father
initially suggested. =ut it appears that 4ichael 5. +#ans used an 1 x 1
fingerprint card as early as $!G. ;i8e his father, +d'ard 5ar8e also
'or8ed
for the 9e' Por8 State 5rison 6epartment and in $!$" 'as transferred to
'or8
'ith the fingerprints his father had started accumulating years earlier.
Par7e, Capt: ;a)e" &: .1=0=-F5
Capt. James 3. 5ar8e 'as the *oo88eeper at the head)uarters of the 9e'
Por8
State 6epartment of 5risons at Al*any. 3e 'as gi#en the responsi*ility of
setting up a fingerprint file for the prison department. In $!", he
*egan
fingerprinting the inmates and used his o'n classification system to file
his
cards. 3is classification system -The American System of Fingerprint
Classification. 'as a modified #ersion of the +nglish 3enry Classification
System. 5ar8e presented his system at the $!B World>s Fair in St. ;ouis
along side Ferrier 'ho presented the 3enry System. Although 5ar8e
influenced
other organi7ations to use fingerprints as their main form of
identification,
the 9e' Por8 prison system continued to use the =ertillon Identification
method as their primary system for many years. 5ar8e>s system 'as
primarily
used *y 9e' +ngland states. 5ar8e>s use of fingerprints 'as the first use
for
criminal identification in the <nited States and considered the third use
of
fingerprints in the <nited States o#erall -after Thompson and 6eForest..
5ar8e is also credited as *eing the first American fingerprint instructor,
$!B.
Patent Print
Friction ridge impression of un8no'n origin, #isi*le 'ithout de#elopment.
Patholo'y
The study of causes, nature, and effects of diseases, trauma, and other
a*normalities.
133
Pattern Area .Cla""ification5
In the distal phalange of the fingers, the configuration of friction
ridges that are utili7ed in classification.
Pattern For)ation"
Friction ridge s8in arrangements formed as early as the third month
of gestation.
Pattern"
The designation of friction ridge s8in into *asic categories of general
shapes.
Patter"on, ?erry L:
See State of 4assachusetts #. 5atterson, officially called Common'ealth
-of 4assachusetts. #. Terry ;. 5atterson.
Peer *evie$
A part of the scientific methodology. 5eer re#ie' includes examining and
scrutini7ing e#ery part of a process or statement to insure appropriate
reasoning 'as used to arri#e at a scientific conclusion.
Peer *evie$ ;ournal
A peer-re#ie'ed Iournal is an academic periodical that has some sort of
peer
re#ie' process to ensure its accuracy. This often in#ol#es ha#ing se#eral
people read the article 'ithout 8no'ledge of its author *efore accepting
it,
as 'ell as a rigorous editing and fact-chec8ing process. 5eer-re#ie'ed
Iournals
are generally considered the most relia*le academic sources.
http%&&en.'i8ipedia.org&'i8i&5eer-re#ie'ed(Iournal $-$B-:G
Pel)ato"copy
The science 'hich studies the friction ridges of the soles.
Penro"e, LS .Lionel Sharple"5 .1=3=-13%/5
A =ritish geneticist 'ho studied the genetic aspect of fingerprints and an
early
form of dermatoglyphics. 3e studied the relationship *et'een fingerprints
and
6o'n>s Syndrome as 'ell as their relationship to congenital mental
defects.
3e 'rote in OThe ;ancetO in $!"$.
Pentaactylou"
3a#ing fi#e fingers on each lim*.
C2C 5ress
Pentaactyly
134
The occurrence of fi#e fingers or toes on a hand or foot.
People v: Cri"pi .Ne$ #or7, 13115
Charles Crispi, a8a Cesare J. Cella, 'as the defendant in this case, 'hich
is noted as *eing the first case that fingerprint e#idence 'as the sole
e#idence. Fingerprint expert Joseph Faurot testified to the
identification
process. After hearing Faurot>s testimony, Crispi pled guilty. The Iudge
as8ed Crispi for a full confession, insuring him that no additional
charges
'ould *e filed. The Iudge 'anted to insure that the scientific e#idence
that 'as testified to 'as indeed correct.
People v: ;ennin'" .Illinoi", 13145
See Jennings. See Jennings, Thomas.
People v: 6elly .California, 13%25
The court case that lead to the Felly rule for the admissi*ility of ne',
no#el
and experimental techni)ues. Se#eral admissi*ility hearing for
fingerprint
e#idence ha#e determined that fingerprint e#idence is not ne' or no#el and
a Felly hearing 'as denied.
People v: 6ent .Ne$ #or7, 132=5
5erhaps the first trial that a defense expert testified that although the
identification had $: -some articles say $B. points of similarity, the
prints
'ere not identical. 2ichard Stanley Fent 'as charged 'ith murdering
Joseph
4urphy, a retired 9e' Por8 City 5oliceman. The 8ey e#idence against Fent,
a
latent print on a *ed *oard, seemed to *e irrefuta*le. William J. Ciol8o,
6utchess County 5u*lic 6efender, hired 6r. ,assilis C. 4orfopoulos,
director
of the American Standards Testing =ureau, to loo8 at the identification.
6r. 4orfopoulos analy7ed the identification using a :Gx microscope. 3e
testified that he found " differences, O@ne distinct and crucial
difference
destroys the #alidity of an identificationO, he said. 2ichard Fent 'as
found
not guilty of the murder. In $!?, the F=I and the IAI refuted 6r.
4orfopoulos>s analysis and sided 'ith Wilfred 3olic8, the original
examiner
in this case. The defense attorney and the defense expert ga#e a
presentation
of this case at the GGth IAI Conference.
There 'ere t'o significant points to this case. This 'as the first time
>the
prints are not identical> 'as used in court as a defense strategy, and the
defense claimed that this case *ro8e do'n the apparent ironclad status of
fingerprints.
People v: Le" .Michi'an, 13@05
135
In 5eople #. ;es, -:GG 9W B?. the defendant>s palm print 'as reco#ered
from
the 'indo'sill at the point of entry of a *rea8ing and entering scene.
=efore
trial, the defendant contended that palm prints 'ere not sufficient to
sustain
a con#iction. The court ruled that the e#idence 'as insufficient to hold
the
defendant for trial, )uashed the information, and ordered the discharge of
the
defendant. The Go#ernment appealed that the trial court 'as in error in
their
ruling regarding the palm print e#idence, and the Supreme Court of
4ichigan
-$!"B. agreed that fingerprints and palm prints are *oth Oconsidered
physical
characteristicsO and therefore 'ere Osufficient e#idence to go to trial.O
The
trial Iudge 'as directed to reinstate the information.
http%&&'''.clpex.com&Articles&The6etail&The6etail1:.htm $-:-:B
Perceptual Set
A tendency to see 'hat 'e expect to see.
http%&&psy$.clarion.edu&mm&General&GlossaryA.htmlU5erception :-:?-"
A non-intentional mental predisposition that influences ho' 'e percei#e
#isual and non-#isual information. When a person is gi#en only partial
data
their *rain fills in 'hat it expects the missing information to *e.
Pere<, 8eral
@n Fe* ?, :1 Gerald 5ere7 'as arrested on drug charges using the name
+dgardo Tirado. While officials 'ere ta8ing his fingerprints they
reali7ed
he altered his fingerprints in an attempt to conceal his identity *ut
5ere7
claimed he had *een in a fight 'hen his fingers 'ere cut. 3is true
identity
'as re#ealed 'hen someone recogni7ed him as Gerald 5ere7, 'hich 'as
later confirmed. 5ere7 had his fingers cut length'ise and then stitched
*ac8 together. Some *elie#e this surgery too8 place in the 6ominican
2epu*lic in order to conceal his criminal record and a#oid possi*le
deportation.
Perier)
A superficial layer of cells that co#ers the de#eloping epidermis.
5eriderm is replaced *y stratum corneum.
Per"i"tent
3a#ing lasting )ualitiesA remaining the sameA nonchanging.
C2C 5ress
Petroleu) Ether
Sol#ent used as a carrier in reagentsA also as a rinse or cleaning agent.
136
Phalan'e .Phalan(5
Any *one in the fingers or toes.
C2C 5ress
Any *one in a finger or toe is referred to as a phalanx -or phalange..
The fingers each ha#ing "A the distal phalanx, the medial or middle
phalanx,
and the proximal phalanx. The thum* has t'oA the distal phalanx and the
proximal phalanx. 5halanx is more fre)uently used for the singular form
of
the 'ord and phalanges is more fre)uently used for the plural form of the
'ord, *ut phalange or phalanxes can *e su*stituted.
Some people refer to the segments of the fingers as the proximal phalange,
the medial phalange, and the distal phalange since there is a connection
*et'een the *ones and the finger segments. This connection is closer in
medial and distal segments of the fingers than in the proximal segment.
The proximal phalange *one incorporates a finger segment as 'ell as part
of the interdigital area.
Phalan'eal
@f the *ones in the fingers and toes.
C2C 5ress
Philo"ophy
The principles of a particular su*Iect or field.
C2C 5ress
In#estigation of the nature, causes, or principles of reality, 8no'ledge,
or #alues, *ased on logical reasoning rather than empirical methods.
http%&&dictionary.reference.com&searchK)Lphilosophy
Philo"ophy of Friction *i'e Ientification
Friction ridge identification is esta*lished through the agreement of
friction
ridge formations, in se)uence, ha#ing sufficient uni)ueness to
indi#iduali7e.
C2C 5ress
Phlo(ine B
5hloxine = is a protein stain 'hich de#elops a reddish-orange colored
print.
5hloxine = is particularly good 'hen used to de#elop latents on dar8-
colored
or multicolored *ac8grounds.
http%&&'''.e#identcrimescene.com&cata&chem&chem.html $-/-:B
137
Pho"phore"cence
The emission of light caused *y the a*sorption of radiant energy from an
external source or stimulus, such as a lamp, a laser, or an A;S. The
emission of light continues after the stimulus has stopped -as opposed
to fluorescence..
Photo-Flo A
Surfactant de#eloped *y Foda8, used in po'der suspension techni)ues for
the de#elopment of friction ridge detail.
Phylo'enic .Phylo'enetic5
The e#olutionary de#elopment and history of a species or higher taxonomic
grouping of organisms. Also called phylogenesis.
The e#olutionary de#elopment of an organ or other part of an organism.
http%&&dictionary.reference.com&searchK)Lphylogenic "-1-:"
Ine7 Whipple 'rote a*out the phylogenic theory of fingerprint de#elopment.
She suggested that early mammals 'ere completely co#ered 'ith hair, *ut
there 'as an e#olutionary change on the palm and soles due to surface use.
Phy"ical Developer
Sil#er physical de#elopment process 'hich reacts 'ith some components of
friction ridge secretions, as 'ell as fatty or oily contaminants.
A chemical processing techni)ue created in the early $!?>s *y Atomic
Weapons 2esearch +sta*lishment -AW2+., per the F=I, to de#elop latent
prints on porous items. 56 reacts 'ith the lipids in a latent print and
is used after the ninhydrin process. It should not *e used in conIunction
'ith the sil#er nitrate process *ecause these t'o processes compete
against each other.
Pincu"hion Metho
Also 8no'n as the Constellation 4ethod. An o*solete method used in the
first
half of the :th century to confirm an identification. In this method
enlargements of the latent and 8no'n prints are used. 5ins are pushed
through
the enlargement at each ridge characteristic. The holes on the re#erse
side
are Ioined together and the designs are compared. This method is
pu*lished in
the April $!G/ Fingerprint and Identification 4aga7ine.
Pitt", *o+ert ;: .6no$n a" *o"coe Pitt"5
A career criminal noted for altering his fingerprints in $!B$. 3e had a
doctor remo#e the s8in from his first Ioints and replace it 'ith s8in
from his chest.
Plantar Area
138
The friction ridge s8in area on the side and underside of the foot.
Concerning the sole of the foot.
C2C 5ress
Pla"tic Print
A fingerprint image left in a soft plia*le surface, such as clay or 'ax.
Also referred to as a molded print or an impressed print.
Pla<a Court Deci"ion
See <nited States #s. 5la7a.
Poo"copy
A term coined *y Went'orth and Wilder as a possi*le 'ord, if e#er needed,
referring to the study of the soles.
Point"/ Point" of Ientification
-Fingerprints. 2idge characteristics.
C2C 5ress
See Characteristics.
Another opinion%
The term >points> 'as initially referring to Galton points. As it 'as
recogni7ed that more than Iust Galton points 'ere used to ma8e an
identification, the term *ecame synonymous 'ith >characteristics>.
See 6actyloscopic 5oints.
Polla7, Loui" Feeral ;u'e
See <nited States #s. 5la7a.
Polyactyly
A hand or foot ha#ing more than the normal num*er of fingers or toes.
Synonymous 'ith hyperdactyly.
Polyli'ht
A forensic light source used to #isuali7e items unseen under normal
lighting
conditions.
Poly)eri<ation
Chaining together many simple molecules to form a more complex molecule
'ith different physical properties.
139
5olymeri7ation is a chemical reaction 'here small molecules -monomers.
are *ound together to form a larger chainli8e molecules -polymers..
Popper, 6arl .134/-13305
@ne of the greatest philosophers of science of the :th century. Credited
as esta*lishing the >falsifia*le> element of science that can *e used as a
criterion under 6au*ert to esta*lish 'hether something is scientific
8no'ledge.
Pore"
Small openings on friction ridges through 'hich *ody fluids are released.
A minute opening in tissue, as in the s8in of an animal, ser#ing as an
outlet for perspiration, or in a plant leaf or stem, ser#ing as a means
of a*sorption and transpiration.
http%&&dictionary.reference.com&searchK)Lpore /-$$-:"
Poro"copy
A study of the si7e, shape, and arrangement of pores.
5oroscopy 'as esta*lished *y 6r. +dmond ;ocard of ;yon, France in $!$:.
Porou"
A*sor*ent.
Po"itive Print
A positi#e print is 'hen the ridges of an image are a different color from
the
*ac8ground and the furro's of an image are the same color as the
*ac8ground, as
opposed to a negati#e image.
Pota""iu) ?hiocyanate
A chemical processing techni)ue used to #isuali7e friction ridge
impressions.
5otassium Thiocyanate 'or8s particularly 'ell 'ith impressions that are
left in
iron-rich dust or soil.
Pri)ary I)a'e
The first recording of an image onto media.
See @riginal Image.
Pro+ative Value
A legal term indication something is offered as e#idence of proof of a
supposition.
140
Prehen"ile
The a*ility to hold or grasp.
Pre""ure Di"tortion
;ateral pressure during deposition of a fingerprint.
C2C 5ress
Pric7le-cell Layer of Epier)i"
See Stratum Spinosum.
Pri)ary
A numerical formula deri#ed from the presence of any 'horl pattern as
they appear on the fingers.
Pri)ary *i'e"
2idges on the *ottom of the epidermis under the surface friction ridgesA
the root system of the surface ridges.
C2C 5ress
The term >primary ridge> can *e used to descri*e many different areas
in the s8in. It is not important to discern 'hether one is right or
'rong, Iust to understand the area that is *eing referred to. 3o'
this term is used 'ill also effect ho' the terms >papillary ridges>
and >secondary ridges> are used.
$. 3ale% The ridges at the *ottom of the epidermis that correspond to
the surface ridges.
:. All ridges at the dermal-epidermal Iunction, in the respect that they
appear first. The surface ridges 'ould *e considered to *e secondary
ridges, appearing later. It seems to *e interpreted this 'ay in the <.S.
#s. Carlos I#an ;lera 5la7a opinion dated $&?&::.
". In O=loom and Fa'cett>s Concise 3istologyO primary ridges and secondary
ridges refer to the ridges of the dermis.
Principle
A rule or la' concerning the functioning of natural phenomena or
mechanical processes% the principle of Iet propulsion.
http%&&dictionary.reference.com&searchK)Lprinciple "-1-:"
See Theory. See ;a's.
Principle of E(chan'e
See ;ocard>s 5rinciple of +xchange.
Pro+a+ility Ba"e Fin'erprint Evience .PBFE5
The reporting of a fingerprint comparison using a mathematical model to
assess the
li8elihood that the corresponding features ha#e the same donor. Tools
currently
141
under de#elopment use minutia -ridge endings and *ifurcations. and
generate
;i8elihood 2atios.
Pro+ative Value
A legal term indication something is offered as e#idence of proof of a
supposition.
Proficiency
The ongoing demonstration of competency.
Proliferate
To gro' or multiply *y rapidly producing ne' tissue, parts, cells,
or offspring.
http%&&dictionary.reference.com&searchK)Lproliferation "-$-:"
/-Propanol
Sol#ent used in preparation of reagents.
Pro"ecutorD" Fallacy
The su*tle flip in logic results in a misinterpretation of the data.
See Transposing the Conditional.
Pro(i)al
Situated at the closest point of attachmentA direction to'ard the *ody.
Pro(i)al Inter-Phalan'eal Fle(ion Crea"e
The crease 'hich separates the fingers from the palm.
Pro(i)al ?ran"ver"e Crea"e
The crease that separates the distal trans#erse crease and the
radial longitudinal crease.
9earest the central portion of the *ody or point of origin.
C2C 5ress
Pure Science
<ses the experimental method in order to formulate theoretical
constructs, explicate natural la's, and expand 8no'ledge.
Fei*leman, J.F. $!?: 5ure science, applied science and technology%
An attempt at definitions. In C. 4itcham and 2. 4ac8ey -eds...
5hilosophy and technology. 9e' Por8% Free 5ress.
Pur7inCe, ;an .1%=%-1=235 .A6A Pur7inCe, ;ohanne" Evan'eli"t or Pur7yne5
A =ohemian -C7ech 2epu*lic. 5hysiologist 'ho made numerous contri*utions
to the field of histology. 3e de#ised ne' methods for preparing
142
microscope
samples, disco#ered s'eat pores, introduced the term plasma and is most
8no'n for his disco#eries a*out #ision. 3e 'as the first person to name
the patterns on the fingers, *ut ne#er mentioned using them for personal
identification. In $1:", 5ur8inIe named ! different patterns.
To# \ Home
$

Identification.
Home \ Bottom
Hualitative
The clarity of information contained 'ithin a friction ridge impression.
Concerned 'ith )uality or fundamental form and construction.
C2C 5ress
Huality A""urance Mea"ure" for the Co)pari"on Proce""
6ocumentation -of data used, method, and principles used.
;oo8 for predicti#e )ualities
Try to falsify your conclusion
6onQt ignore 'hat doesnQt fit
;oo8 for other possi*le conclusions
Justification *ehind conclusions -#alidity.
Tests used -*lind #erification, consultation, independent examinations.
,erification -reproduci*ility.
5eer 2e#ie' -reproduci*ility along 'ith #alidity.
Huality/Huantity
The t'o factors that com*ine in an in#erse relationship to form the *asis
for
determinations of suita*ility or sufficiency of a friction ridge
impression.
The more )uality that is present, the less )uantity is necessary, and #ice
#ersa.
Huantitative
The amount of information contained 'ithin a friction ridge impression.
Concerned 'ith )uantity or )uantities.
C2C 5ress
143
To# \ Home
$

Identification.
Home \ Bottom
*: v: Mohan .13305
@n appeal to the Supreme Court of Canada from the @ntario Court of Appeal,
a decision on the
admissi*ility of expert e#idence and the nature of expert e#idence and ho'
it pertains to
disposition. A Canadian decision similar to the American 6au*ert
3earings, the 4ohan decision
has set the parameters and application for the admission of expert in
Canada.
Admission of expert e#idence depends on the application of the follo'ing
criteria%
a. 2ele#ance
*. 9ecessity in assisting the trier of fact -Iudge or Iury.
c. The a*sence of exclusionary rule
d. 4ust *e *y a properly )ualified expert
In 2. #. 4ohan, four counts of sexual assault on female patients ages $"-
$/ 'ere laid against a
practicing paediatrician. 3is counsel indicated that he intended to call
a psychiatrist 'ho
'ould testify that the perpetrator of the alleged offences 'ould *e part
of a limited and
unusual group of indi#iduals and that the accused did not fall 'ithin that
narro' class
*ecause he did not possess the characteristics of the group -profile.
ho'e#er the e#idence
'as ruled inadmissi*le.
The original con#iction 'as stayed *y the Court of Appeals and opened a
ne' hearing.
At issue 'as the determination of the circumstances in 'hich expert
e#idence is admissi*le
to sho' that the character traits of an accused person do not fit the
psychological profile
of the putati#e perpetrator of the offences charged. The resolution of
the issue in#ol#ed
the examination of the rules relating to -i. expert e#idence, and -ii.
character e#idence.
144
In summary, expert e#idence 'hich ad#ances a no#el scientific theory or
techni)ue is
su*Iected to special scrutiny to determine 'hether it meets a *asic
threshold of relia*ility
and 'hether it is essential in the sense that the trier of fact 'ill *e
una*le to come to a
satisfactory conclusion 'ithout the assistance of the expert.
The Supreme Court allo'ed the appeal *ut decided that the e#idence should
*e excluded
as nothing in the court record supported a finding that the profile of a
paedophile or
psychopath -as alleged *y the psychologist. has *een standardi7ed to the
extent that it
could *e said that it matched the supposed profile of the offender
depicted in the charges.
The expertQs group profiles 'ere not seen as sufficiently relia*le to *e
considered helpful.
http%&&'''.canlii.org&en&ca&scc&doc&$!!B&$!!Bcanlii1&$!!Bcanlii1.pdf 1-
$-:!
Courtesy of Cst. Jonathan =A;T^+2 and Sgt. Tim Wal8er, 2C45
*AM
Com*ination of 2hodamine /G, Ardrox and 4=6 dyes, 'hich fluoresce
'hen exposed to selected 'a#elengths of lightA used to #isuali7e
cyanoacrylate fumed friction ridge detail.
6e#eloped in $!! *y four F=I ;atent 5rint +xaminers% 3arless Cummins,
Felix 5eigare, 4itchell 3ollars and Tim Tro77i.
*A#
A fluorescent dye stain -a com*ination of 2hodamine /G, Ardrox, and
=asic Pello' B. used to #isuali7e cyanoacrylate ester fumed friction
ridge detail. @ptimum #ie'ing is done 'ith an alternate light source
-BG-GGnm. and orange or red goggles.
*28
See 2hodamine /G.
*?L
See 2uthenium Tetroxide.
*BVIS
2eflecti#e <ltra-,iolet imaging system that allo's #isuali7ation of
friction
ridge detail in the ultra#iolet spectrum.
*aial
The smaller of the t'o *ones of the forearm, on the same side as
the thum*.
145
*aial Lon'ituinal Crea"e
The crease that encloses the thenar area and interdigital pad $.
=elo' the proximal trans#erse crease. Fno'n as the >line of life>.
*arity
Fe'ness or scarcity of an item, thing, or shape.
C2C 5ress
*ea'ent
Su*stance used in a chemical reaction to detect, examine, measure, or
produce other su*stances.
*e Fla'"
6anger signs, common in latent fingerprints that may indicate a
distortion in the ridge path.
C2C 5ress
*eo(
2eduction-@xidation. Chemical reaction in 'hich one or more electrons
are transferred from one atom or molecule to another. An important
component of the 5hysical 6e#eloper and 4ultimetal 6eposition processes.
*e$op A
A fluorescent fingerprint po'der de#eloped *y +d German in $!1/ and gi#en
to
the ;ightning 5o'der Company.
*e-e(a)ination
A re-examination is a reassessment of a conclusion-s. 'hich can *e done *y
the same indi#idual or a different indi#idual, and done 'ith either the
original
e#idence or reproductions of the e#idence. The person doing the
reassessment may or may not 8no' of the original conclusion-s.. A
re-examination is different from normal #erification -although it can
#erify
the conclusion. *ecause the intent of re-examination may *e different.
The intent of re-examination is to chec8 if other conclusion can also *e
determined 'hile the intent of #erification is to chec8 the relia*ility of
the conclusion-s.. 6iffering conclusions may arise due to the differing
information.
*eh, Dr: Lu$i' .1=305
6r. ;. 2eh 'as an early researcher on the hands and feet of mammals. 2eh
classified many of the #arious epidermic formations as scales *ut
separated
the fine lines that co#ered the pads. 3e 'rote O6ie Schuppen
der SaugetiereO -OThe Scales of 4ammalsO. in $1!B 'here he stated that
ridges
didn>t e#ol#e from scales, they are of secondary origin.
146
*ei", 8eor'e
George 2eis is one of the early users of digital imaging in forensics and
is a
8no'ledgea*le and prominent forensic imaging expert in the <nited States.
4r. 2eis started his career as a photographer, photoIournalist and photo
la*
technician. From $!1! to :B he 'or8ed for the 9e'port =each 5olice
6epartment
in California as a forensic photographer. In $!!$ he *egan experimenting
'ith
digital imaging technology and the follo'ing year 9=56 started using this
technology for fingerprint analysis.
In $!!G, George 2eis founded Imaging Forensics, 'hich pro#ides training
and
consulting ser#ices in *oth digital imaging and photography. Through his
company
he has trained personnel from the Secret Ser#ice, F=I, <S Army Crime ;a*,
state,
county and municipal agencies. In addition to training, Imaging Forensics
pro#ides
consulting to police agencies in order to help them transition to digital
imaging
technology. They also pro#ide litigation support on criminal and ci#il
cases -for
*oth plaintiff and defense..
4r. 2eis is certified *y the IAI in Forensic 5hotography. 3e is a former
mem*er of
the Forensic 5hotography su*committee of the IAI. And is an alpha and
*eta tester
for Ado*e 5hotoshop.
*elative Po"ition
5roximity of characteristics to each other.
*elia+le
Pielding the same or compati*le results in different clinical experiments
or
statistical trials.
http%&&dictionary.reference.com&searchK)Lrelia*le G-:?-:/
*enoe, Ale(aner ;: .A: ;:5 .1=2=-13@35
2enoe 'as a prominent <nited States identification expert in the early
$!>s. 3e learned a*out personal identification from Capt. 4ichael 5.
+#ans. In $11!, 'hile 'or8ing at the Illinois State 2eformatory, 2enoe
'as as8ed to organi7e a =ertillon identification unit for the reformatory.
In $!B, he added a fingerprints system. In $!1, he 'as as8ed to
implement
147
a finger print system for the 4innesota State 5enitentiary. Just a fe'
months after this he 'as offered the position of records cler8 for the <S
5enitentiary at ;ea#en'orth, Fansas under the Warden, 4aIor 2. W.
4cClaughry.
In $!$B, he 'as appointed Chief of the =ureau of Identification for the <S
6epartment of Justice, 'hich 'as located at ;ea#en'orth. While 'or8ing in
this position, 2enoe de#eloped the extensions to the 3enry System that
'ere
used *y many police departments, including the F=I. 3e held this position
until $!:" 'hen this finger print section 'as com*ined 'ith the 9ational
5olice =ureau>s records to form the Identification Section of the Federal
=ureau of Identification in Washington 6.C. 2enoe 'as appointed technical
expert in the reorgani7ation. Among his other accomplishments, in $!:$
2enoe
'as elected as the :nd president of the IAI and ser#ed t'o terms in this
position.
*eprouci+ility
Accuracy-extended to 'hich a measurement agrees 'ith the accepted
or correct #alue.
'''.es*.utexas.edu&d*m&Teach&*ot"1&<nit$&:science.htm
*eticular Layer
@ne of the t'o layers of the dermis. The layer that is furthest
from the epidermis.
*ever"e I)a'e
See Image 2e#ersal.
*ever"e Color or ?one" of Print
See Tonal 2e#ersal.
*eye", Victor
See State of Florida #s. ,ictor 2eyes.
*hoa)ine."5
Family of dyes that produce fluorescence 'hen exposed to selected
ridge detail.
*hoa)ine 28
A fluorescent dye stain used 'ith an alternate light source to
#isuali7e cyanoacrylate ester fumed friction ridge detail. @ptimum
#ie'ing is done 'ith an alternate light source -B!G-GBnm. and
orange or red goggles.
*i'e .Friction5
See Friction 2idge.
*i'e Apla"ia
Congenital a*sence of friction ridge s8in.
148
*i'e Characteri"tic"
See Characteristics
*i'e Count
The num*er of ridges *et'een the core and the delta. <sed in the
3enry Classification System.
*i'e Detail in Nature
John =erry -3ertfordshire. commenced pu*lication of this esoteric Iournal
in
$!?!, dealing 'ith his o*ser#ations that the se#en *asic ridge detail
characteristics appear throughout nature, o*#ious examples *eing 7e*ra and
'ind-*lo'n or tidal-formed ridges and furro's on sand surfaces. In the
century prior to his research, a do7en or so disco#eries had *een noted in
fingerprint pu*lications. The first issue of 2I6G+ 6+TAI; I9 9AT<2+ 'as
circulated 'ith RFingerprint WhorldQ in $!?!, featuring o#er se#enty
disco#eries, many *eing illustrated. Since then =erry has pu*lished
t'enty-
fi#e annual issues, many profusely illustrated, and 'ith large page
counts.
The Iournal 'as re-titled ST2A=IS4<S in $!!1. At the end of :B, the
total
of ridge detail disco#eries 'as $,GG/. Alice 4aceo, of the ;as ,egas
4etro
5olice 6epartment, has lectured at I.A.I. conferences, citing many of
=erryQs
reported disco#eries, and proffering her theory for the phenomenon. =erry
also lectured on the su*Iect at fingerprint conferences in se#eral
countries
*efore his retirement in $!!$. John =erry expresses his appreciation for
the
reports of o#er thirty researchers in the last )uarter century, especially
his
friends and ex-colleagues at 3ertfordshire, 4artin ;ead*etter and 4i8e
Wal8er.
*i'e Di""ociation
See 6issociated 2idges
*i'e Dy"pla"ia
See 6ysplasia
*i'e Flo$
$. The direction of one or more friction ridges.
:. See ;e#el $ 6etail.
*i'e &ypopla"ia
149
<nderde#eloped ridges associated 'ith an excess of creases.
*i'e Path
$. The course of a single friction ridge.
:. See ;e#el : 6etail.
*i'e Bnit
Small section of a friction ridge containing one pore.
C2C 5ress
A theoretical length to indicate a segment of a friction ridge. This
length is approximately
the same distance as the 'idth of a friction ridge and signifies the area
around one pore.
See Friction 2idge <nit.
*i'eolo'y
The study of the uni)ueness of friction ridge s8in and its use for
personal identification -indi#iduali7ation..
2idgeology is a term de#eloped in $!1: *y Sgt. 6a#id Ash*augh to descri*e
the scientific e#aluation process used for friction ridge identifications.
*o9uerre, Donal Darin'
In $!"B, in an attempt to conceal his identity, 6onald 6aring 2o)uerre
mutilated
his fingerprints *y conducting surgery on himself. 3e remo#ed sections of
s8in
and exchanged them 'ith other areas. In some fingers he merely changed
the
direction of the s8in. In $!G" he 'as arrested, the alteration of his
fingerprints
'as disco#ered and he 'as still easily identified.
*o"aniline Chlorie
See =asic Fuschin.
*o"e Ben'al
A fluorescent dye stain used 'ith an alternate light source to #isuali7e
cyanoacrylate
ester fumed friction ridge detail. The results using this method 'ere
minimal and
its use diminished in the $!1Qs.
*o"", Marion
4arion 2oss 'as the murder #ictim in a $!!? SC2@ murder case in#ol#ing
150
erroneous identifications.
See. 4cFie Case.
*u++er Lifter
A sheet of flexi*le ru**er 'ith a small amount of adhesi#e on one side
used to
lift latent prints for preser#ation. The ad#antage of using a ru**er
lifter
is that *ecause of it>s flexi*ility, latents can *e lifted off of textured
and
cur#ed surfaces. 2u**er lifters are also helpful in lifting latent prints
off
of paper items *ecause they 'on>t rip the paper. ;atents lifted 'ith
ru**er
lifters 'ill ha#e re#ersed images.
*u++in' ?echni9ue
5o'dering techni)ue that can de#elop friction ridge detail 'hen
su*strates are ru**ed 'ith glo#es or cotton dipped in po'der, usually
after surfaces are cyanoacrylate fumed.
*ui)entary
$. @f or relating to *asic facts or principlesA elementary.
:. =eing in the earliest stages of de#elopmentA incipient.
". =iology. Imperfectly or incompletely de#elopedA em*ryonic% a
rudimentary *ea8.
http%&&dictionary.reference.com&searchK)Lrudimentary G-$"-"
*ui)entary *i'e
See Incipient 2idge.
6ue to the definitions of 2udimentary, a rudimentary ridge could *e
referring
to either the primary and secondary ridges or incipient ridges. It is
more
common to see them referred to as incipient ridges.
*u'a .pluralE ru'ae5
A fold or 'rin8le. In friction ridge identification the rugae refers to
friction
ridges.
*uhe)annD" Purple
Colored compound that is the product of the reaction *et'een amino
acids and ninhydrin.
151
*ule 12
The <nited States Federal 2ule of Criminal 5rocedures for 6isco#ery and
Inspection.
In part, section -a. -$. -G., for expert 'itnesses, says, OAt the
defendant>s
re)uest, the go#ernment must gi#e to the defendant a 'ritten summary of
any testimony
that the go#ernment intends to use under 2ules ?:, ?", or ?G of the
Federal 2ules
of +#idence during its case-in-chief at trial. If the go#ernment re)uests
disco#ery
under su*di#ision -*.-$.-C.-ii. and the defendant complies, the go#ernment
must,
at the defendant>s re)uest, gi#e to the defendant a 'ritten summary of
testimony
that the go#ernment intends to use under 2ules ?:, ?", or ?G of the
Federal
2ules of +#idence as e#idence at trial on the issue of the defendant>s
mental
condition. The summary pro#ided under this su*paragraph must descri*e the
'itness>s opinions, the *ases and reasons for those opinions, and the
'itness>s
)ualifications.O
*ule %41: ?e"ti)ony +y Lay -itne""e"
The <nited States Federal 2ule of e#idence that states%
If the 'itness is not testifying as an expert, the 'itness> testimony in
the form of opinions or inferences is limited to those opinions or
inferences
'hich are -a. rationally *ased on the perception of the 'itness, and -*.
helpful to a clear understanding of the 'itness> testimony or the
determination
of a fact in issue, and -c. not *ased on scientific, technical, or other
speciali7ed 8no'ledge 'ithin the scope of 2ule ?: .
*ule %4/: ?e"ti)ony +y E(pert"
If scientific, technical, or other speciali7ed 8no'ledge 'ill assist the
tier
of fact to understand the e#idence or to determine a fact in issue, a
'itness
)ualified as an expert *y 8no'ledge, s8ill, experience, training, or
education,
may testify thereto in the form of an opinion or other'ise, if -$. the
testimony
is *ased upon sufficient facts or data, -:. the testimony is the product
of
relia*le principles and methods, and -". the 'itness has applied the
principles
and methods relia*ly to the facts of the case.
This rule 'ent into effect in $!?G and supersedes Frye in Federal legal
cases.
*ule %4@: Ba"e" of Opinion ?e"ti)ony +y E(pert"
The facts or data in the particular case upon 'hich an expert *ases an
152
opinion
or inference may *e those percei#ed *y or made 8no'n to the expert at or
*efore
the hearing. If of a type reasona*ly relied upon *y experts in the
particular
field in forming opinions or inferences upon the su*Iect, the facts or
data need
not *e admissi*le in e#idence in order for the opinion or inference to *e
admitted.
Facts or data that are other'ise inadmissi*le shall not *e disclosed to
the Iury
*y the proponent of the opinion or inference unless the court determines
that
their pro*ati#e #alue in assisting the Iury to e#aluate the expert>s
opinion
su*stantially out'eighs their preIudicial effect.
*ule %4>: Di"clo"ure of Fact" or Data Bnerlyin' E(pert Opinion
The expert may testify in terms of opinion or inference and gi#e reasons
there
for 'ithout first testifying to the underlying facts or data, unless the
court
re)uires other'ise. The expert may in any e#ent *e re)uired to disclose
the
underlying facts or data on cross-examination.
*ule 1441: Definition"
For purposes of this article the follo'ing definitions are applica*le%
-$. Writings and recordings. - OWritingsO and OrecordingsO consist of
letters,
'ords, or num*ers, or their e)ui#alent, set do'n *y hand'riting,
type'riting,
printing, photostating, photographing, magnetic impulse, mechanical or
electronic
recording, or other form of data compilation.
-:. 5hotographs. - O5hotographsO include still photographs, `-ray films,
#ideo
tapes, and motion pictures.
-". @riginal. - An OoriginalO of a 'riting or recording is the 'riting or
recording
itself or any counterpart intended to ha#e the same effect *y a person
executing or
issuing it. An OoriginalO of a photograph includes the negati#e or any
print therefrom.
If data are stored in a computer or similar de#ice, any printout or other
output
reada*le *y sight, sho'n to reflect the data accurately, is an Ooriginal.O
-B. 6uplicate. - A OduplicateO is a counterpart produced *y the same
impression as
the original, or from the same matrix, or *y means of photography,
including
enlargements and miniatures, or *y mechanical or electronic re-recording,
or *y
chemical reproduction, or *y other e)ui#alent techni)ues 'hich accurately
153
reproduces
the original.
*ule 144/: *e9uire)ent of Ori'inal"
To pro#e the content of a 'riting, recording, or photograph, the original
'riting,
recording, or photograph is re)uired, except as other'ise pro#ided in
these rules or
*y Act of Congress.
*ule 144@: A)i""i+ility of Duplicate"
A duplicate is admissi*le to the same extent as an original unless -$. a
genuine
)uestion is raised as to the authenticity of the original or -:. in the
circumstances
it 'ould *e unfair to admit the duplicate in lieu of the original.
*ule 1440: A)i""i+ility of Other Evience of Content"
The original is not re)uired, and other e#idence of the contents of a
'riting, recording,
or photograph is admissi*le if--
-$. @riginals lost or destroyed. All originals are lost or ha#e *een
destroyed,
unless the proponent lost or destroyed them in *ad faithA or
-:. @riginal not o*taina*le. 9o original can *e o*tained *y any a#aila*le
Iudicial
process or procedureA or
-". @riginal in possession of opponent. At a time 'hen an original 'as
under the
control of the party against 'hom offered, that party 'as put on notice,
*y the
pleadings or other'ise, that the contents 'ould *e a su*Iect of proof at
the hearing,
and that party does not produce the original at the hearingA or
-B. Collateral matters. The 'riting, recording, or photograph is not
closely related
to a controlling issue.
*u""ell-?urner, -illia)
In#entor of the Comparator.
*utheniu) ?etro(ie .*?L5
2eagent used in the #isuali7ation of friction ridge detail,
especially on fa*rics.
A chemical used in a fuming method to de#elop friction ridge detail on
porous items.
2T` reacts 'ith se*aceous material lea#ing dar8 gray images. This process
can *e used
on thermal paper, human s8in, fa*ric, leather, glass, plastic, tape, 'ood,
metal, stone,
154
'alls, and 'et surfaces.
To# \ Home
$

Identification.
Home \ Bottom
SAVED
Safe Approach ,apouri7ed +#idence 6e#ice.
SCAFO
Southern California Association of Fingerprint @fficers.
SC*O
Scottish Criminal 2ecord @ffice. Founded in April $!/.
S6EE?
An acronym for the re)uirement an expert must ha#eA s8ills, 8no'ledge,
education, experience, and training.
SMANML
Senior 4anagers Australian and 9e' êaland Forensic ;a*oratories.
SOCO
From the Greater 4anchester 5olice, Scenes @f Crime @fficer -no' CS+@..
SP*
Small 5article 2eagent. Suspension in 'hich moly*denum disulphide
adheres to fats and oils, allo'ing for #isuali7ation of friction
ridge detail.
SSO
An AFIS term meaning Sending Search to @ther, referring to searching
another
AFIS system from your system.
S-8FAS?
Scientific Wor8ing Group on Friction 2idge Analysis, Study and Technology.
+sta*lished *y the F=I in $!!G as TWGFAST. The name 'as changed to
SWGFAST in
$!!!. This organi7ation de#elops standards and guidelines in the area of
friction
s8in identification. In :?, it 'as officially recogni7ed that SWGFAST
represented *oth the tenprint profession as 'ell as the latent print
155
profession.
Safe Approach Vapouri<e Evience Device .SAVED5
A ro*otic de#ice de#eloped *y Sgt. 6a#e Wood from Calgary, Canada. This
de#ice is designed to find fingerprints on o*Iects that are too dangerous
for a person to handle. It fumes the o*Iect and photographs any latent
prints found prior to the o*Iect *eing destroyed. To date, this de#ice
has
ne#er *een used in actual case'or8 *ut it is anticipated that it 'ill *e
soon. In 9o#. :B SA,+6 'as sho'n on the tele#ision sho' CSI.
Safranin O
2ed dye 'hich produces fluorescence 'hen exposed to selected
ridge detail.
Sa)p"on, -illia) C: an 6aren L:
William Sampson -$!"/-9o#. :1, :?. is recogni7ed as the most
8no'ledgea*le
indi#idual regarding the reco#ery of latent prints from human s8in. 3e
retired from the 4iami-6ade 5olice 6epartment after "1 years of ser#ice
that included assignments to 2adio 5atrol, Foot 5atrol, Traffic 3omicide,
Training Ad#isor, Training =ureauA Crime Scene In#estigatorA Interim
Administrati#e Super#isor&Crime Scene In#estigations =ureau, ;iaison
to 4iami-6ade 5olice 6epartment>s Crime ;a*oratory and the 4iami-6ade
4edical +xaminer 6epartment. =ill SampsonQs training and special proIects
include Coordinator for the Crime Scene In#estigations =ureauA Certified
Instructor *y the Florida State General 5olice Standards Commission and
has ser#ed as an adIunct professor at the 4iami-6ade Community College.
3e has taught o#er :G la' enforcement entities, se#eral uni#ersities,
nine International Association for Identification International
Conferences,
numerous IAI 6i#isional Conferences, International Chiefs of 5olice
Conference, and for the American Academy of Forensic Sciences.
Se#eral a'ards ha#e recogni7ed his contri*utions and accomplishments.
3e is the recipient of the 4iami-6ade 5olice 6epartment>s 6istinguished
Ser#ice A'ard, recipient of / consecuti#e 9ACo -$!! thru $!!G. A'ards,
the 9ational Association of Counties for excellence in county go#ernment
achie#ements in the field of Forensic Science, and the recipient of Ford
Foundation A'ard.
3eQs held an acti#e role in the International Association for
IdentificationA
*eing a Certified Senior Crime Scene Analyst, 6istinguished 4em*er,
recipient
of the prestigious John 6ondero A'ard, ser#ed on se#eral committee
positions
and 5ast Chair 5erson of the Safety Committee, as 'ell as a mem*er of the
+ditorial 2e#ie' =oard.
4r. Sampson has also *een in#ol#ed in many other organi7ations. 3e is a
retired Fello' of the =ritish Fingerprint Society, 3onorary ;ife 4em*er of
the <tah State 6i#ision of the IAI, mem*er of the Florida 6i#ision of the
IAI and has ser#ed on =oard of 6irectors, 3istorian, 6istrict 6irector and
ser#ed on #arious committeesA recipient of Sustained Achie#ement A'ard and
the @utstanding Science A'ard.
156
Faren Sampson is 5resident of F;S Forensics Inc., 'hich the SampsonQs
esta*lished in $!!G. This company pro#ides hands-on intensi#e training in
#arious crime scene related su*Iects. F;S Forensics also assists la'
enforcement agencies 'hen re)uested. 3er expertise includes the fields of
textiles, 5roduct Identification and itQs origin and 5hotography. She is
a
past instructor and consultant for 4iami-6ade 5olice department and the
4iami-
6ade 4edial +xaminer>s @ffice. She has also taught at B International
Annual
Conferences of the IAI, numerous di#isional conferences, American Academy
of
Forensic Sciences and numerous la' enforcement entities and uni#ersities.
Faren Sampson has attended and successfully completed speciali7ed training
in
the fields of fingerprint comparison, Forensic 5hotography and Crime Scene
Analysis.
She is a mem*er of the International Association for Identification,
American
Academy of Forensic Sciences, Florida 6i#ision of the IAI, 3onorary ;ife
mem*er
of <tah State 6i#ision of the IAI, and ser#ed on the IAIQs $!!G committee
on
4anagement Issues.
San$ich Metho
The Sand'ich 4ethod is a dry process used to de#elop friction ridge
detail on porous items. Transfer sheets are first prepared *y soa8ing
clean sheets of paper in the desired chemical and allo'ed to air dry
-commonly ninhydrin or 64AC are used.. Then the paper to *e processed
is placed *et'een the transfer sheets and processed normally. The
*enefits to this method are that no *leeding of the in8 or *ac8ground
discoloration occurs.
Santa)aria Metho
Florentino Santamaria =eltran, Chief of the Technical 5olice ;a*oratory in
4adrid,
Spain, 'as perhaps the first person to pu*lish a )uality and )uantity
approach to
e#aluating ridge characteristics. Santamaria did research in the $!BQs
and
presented his findings in June of $!G" at the ::nd General Assem*ly of the
International Criminal 5olice Commission in @slo, 9or'ay. Santamaria
recogni7ed
that some characteristics 'ere rarer than others and all characteristics
shouldnQt
carry the same 'eight. Santamaria may ha#e *een the initial inspiration
*ehind
recogni7ing that a numerical standard 'as not the *est approach in
)uantifying a
fingerprint identification.
Scar
A mar8 remaining after the healing of a 'ound.
157
A mar8 left on the s8in after an inIury to the dermis or a mar8 left on
the s8in after an inIury to the generating layer of the epidermis. If an
inIury to the generating layer of the epidermis remo#es sufficient
regenerating cells, the cells cannot reproduce the original
characteristics
of the s8in, lea#ing fi*rous tissue or a scar.
Scarf "7in
6ry or dead s8in 'hich has scaled and peeled a'ay from the surface s8in.
Science
The o*ser#ation, identification, description, experimental in#estigation,
and theoretical explanation of phenomena.
http%&&dictionary.reference.com&searchK)Lscience :-:?-"
A 'ay of gaining 8no'ledge a*out a natural phenomenon and the *ody of
8no'ledge
deri#ed from this approach. This systematic form of reasoning differs
from other forms
of reasoning, -li8e hearsay, intuition, a *elief system or coincidence. *y
gaining
8no'ledge through testa*le o*ser#ations, peer re#ie', and other scientific
guidelines.
These procedures insure o*Iecti#ity resulting in a more relia*le, credi*le
and
consistent type of 8no'ledge.
Scientific Metho
The principles and empirical processes of disco#ery and demonstration
considered characteristic of or necessary for scientific in#estigation,
generally in#ol#ing the o*ser#ation of phenomena, the formulation of a
hypothesis concerning the phenomena, experimentation to demonstrate the
truth or falseness of the hypothesis, and a conclusion that #alidates or
modifies the hypothesis.
http%&&dictionary.reference.com&searchK)LscientificE:method :-:?-"
The process *y 'hich 'e gain our 8no'ledge -the most common form is
hypothesis testing..
=ased on e#idence, not on *elief. 4a8e a distinction *et'een other
forms of explanation li8e emotions, chance, intuition, ignoring 'hat
does not fit, guessing. <sed to support or dispro#e a hypothesis.
9ot a set of rules, a 'ay of gathering information o*Iecti#ely a*out
natural phenomenon. Conclusions should *e explaina*le, falsifia*le
and reproduci*le.
Scientific proof
It is a myth that scientific proof exists. The goal of science is
158
not to pro#ide proof *ut to find reasona*le explanations of natural
phenomenon.
Scienti"t
William Whe'ell first coined the 'ord science in $1"". =efore then,
thin8ers in science 'ere 8no'n as >natural philosophers>. The first
of these natural philosophers that history records 'ere Thales and
his contemporaries, Anaximander and Anaximenes, 'ho li#ed in Greece
around /=C, although there 'ere also similar people to *e found in
China, India, +gypt and 4esopotamia. Whe'ell chose the terms >science>
and >scientist> from the ;atin scire >to 8no'>. So >science> is the
pursuit of 8no'ledge.
http%&&'''.sciencenet.org.u8&data*ase&General&$B&xB/d.html :-:?-"
@ne 'ho has a deep understanding of a certain *ody of 8no'ledge and
rigorously adheres to scientific principles, guidelines, and methodologies
in order to formulate theoretical 8no'ledge or conclusions.
Se+aceou" 8lan"
Small su*cutaneous glands, usually connected 'ith hair
follicles. They secrete an oily semifluid matter, composed in
great part of fat, 'hich softens and lu*ricates the hair and s8in.
We*ster>s 2e#ised <na*ridged 6ictionary, D $!!/, $!!1 4IC2A, Inc
An oil-secreting gland generally associated 'ith a hair follicle.
Se+aceou" S$eat
See Se*um.
Se+u)
A fatty secretion of the se*aceous glands.
C2C 5ress
The secretion of the se*aceous gland. Composed of lipids, 'hich are
fats, oils and 'axes.
Secon Level Detail .al"o "ee Level / Detail5
2idge path, maIor ridge path de#iations, and paths caused *y
damage such as scars.
C2C 5ress
Seconary
An alpha expression deri#ed from the pattern type of the index fingers.
Seconary *i'e"
2idges on the *ottom of the epidermis under the surface furro's.
C2C 5ress
The term >secondary ridge> can *e used to descri*e many different areas
159
of the s8in. It is not important to discern 'hether one is right or
'rong, Iust to understand the area that is *eing referred to. 3o' this
term is used 'ill also effect ho' the terms >primary ridges> and
>papillary
ridges> are used.
$. 3ale% 2idges at *ottom of the epidermis that correspond to the surface
furro's.
:. Surface ridges may *e referred to as secondary ridges in the respect
that the ridges at the dermal-epidermal Iunction gro' first, considered
as primary ridges, and the surface ridges appear later. It appears to
*e interpreted this 'ay in the <.S. #s. Carlos I#an ;lera 5la7a opinion
dated $&?&::.
". In O=loom and Fa'cett>s Concise 3istologyO primary ridges and secondary
ridges refer to the ridges of the dermis and the ridges in the epidermis
that 3ale refers to are considered epidermal groo#es.
Secretor
The medical profession defines a secretor as someone 'ho secretes their
*lood type antigens into their *ody fluids. When this happens the medical
professionals can determine the *lood type of a person Iust *y analy7ing a
*ody fluid, li8e sali#a or semen. A non-secretor is a person 'ho doesnQt
secrete their *lood type into their *ody fluids.
The fingerprint profession uses the term Rnon-secretorQ to descri*e a
person
'ho doesnQt s'eat. ItQs important to *e a'are of all the latent print
reco#ery
conditions in order to recogni7e that *eing a non-secretor doesnQt imply a
person is una*le to lea#e a latent print. It also doesnQt imply that Iust
*ecause
latent prints 'erenQt found doesnQt mean a person is a non-secretor.
Se9uential Proce""in'
<se of a series of de#elopment techni)ues in a specific order to
maximi7e de#elopment of friction ridge detail.
Set
See 5erceptual set.
Shannon-(ylene
Techni)ue used to separate adhesi#e surfaces.
Short *i'e
A single friction ridge *eginning, tra#eling a short distance, and then
ending.
Shouler"
Where a recur#ing ridge tends to turn.
Sie Cone
A term populari7ed *y 2on Smith to descri*e the delta in the interdigital
160
area that is *elo' the little finger.
Silva, Dr: *oolfo Lavier a
In 9o#em*er $!B, 6r. à#ier da Sil#a and a fingerprint expert of the
;is*on
Anthropometric @ffice -5osto Antropom_trico de ;is*oa., ;eonel 5ereira,
had
identified the corpse of a stranger *y his fingerprints. It seems to *e
the
first corpse identification in +urope *y this method. The first in the
'orld
*elonged to the Juan ,ucetich in $1!G.
6actiloscopia, $!"1
Silver Nitrate
Chemical used in the 5hysical 6e#eloper, 4ultimetal 6eposition and
Sil#er 9itrate processes. <sed alone, sil#er nitrate reacts 'ith
salt to de#elop friction ridge detail.
+arly documentation re#eals that the sil#er nitrate process 'as de#eloped
in the $!$>s. In $!$1, the IAI Conference ga#e a presentation on this
process. 6ifferent people 'ere experimenting 'ith it *ut it>s de#elopment
is historically credited to 6r. +rastus 4ead 3udson. The sil#er nitrate
process *ecame 'ell 8no'n after 6r. 3udson reco#ered latent prints on a
ladder used in the ;ind*ergh 8idnapping case -$!":.. In later years, 6r.
3udson did additional research 'ith the 9e' Por8 5olice 6epartment
exploring
other possi*le uses for the sil#er nitrate process, such as reco#ering
latent prints from cloth and glo#es.
Finger 5rint and Identification 4aga7ine, ,ol. $?, 9o. ", Septem*er $!"G.
The Federal =ureau of In#estigation has also ta8en credit for the
de#elopment
of sil#er nitrate. They claim that it 'as first used in $!"" in the
William
3amm 8idnapping case -the president of the 3amm =re'ing Company..
Silver Plate ?ran"fer Metho
See Iodine-Sil#er Transfer 4ethod.
Si)a", Ale(anre Duarte e Ca+eo .Dec: /4, 130>-pre"ent5
4r. Simas is one of the most 'ell 8no'n fingerprint experts in 5ortugal.
3e
*egan his career in Criminalistics in $!1$, speciali7ing in fingerprints.
6uring this time he too8 #arious courses such as MTeaching Techni)uesN,
MCrime
Scene 5hotographyN, MAFISN, and M=iological CriminalisticN.
After 'or8ing for se#eral years as =ureauQs Chief in Sector de
Identificadeo
Judicifria, he *ecame 5rofessor of Criminalistics and In#estigation for
all
courses at IS5JCC -Instituto Superior de 5olgcia Judicifria e Cihncias
Criminais.,
the e)ui#alent to the F=IQs Huantico.
161
Alexandre Simas has accumulated a long list of police agencies he has *een
responsi*le for training. 3e 'as the professor and training super#isor to
the
criminal police of Seo Tom_ e 5rgncipe, Cape ,erde Islands, and in charge
of
in#estigation courses for the rural and su*ur*an police. In#ited
professor in
after-graduation in MCriminal SciencesN in <ni#ersidade Internacional in
Figueira
da Fo7, 5rofessor in after-graduation in MCriminal SciencesN in
M<ni#ersidade 4odernaN
and MFaculdade de Cihncias do SulN, as 'ell as super#isor of fingerprint
courses in
5olgcia de Seguranda 5i*lica. 4r. Simas has also lectured in se#eral
attorney and
Iudges courses.
=esides his teaching credentials, 4r. Simas is also an AFIS computer
specialist. 3e
'as a technical assessor for installation and assem*ly of the Fingerprint
=ureau of
Ca*o ,erde and Seo Tom_ e 5rgncipe criminal police.
3e is recogni7ed as *eing a mass disaster specialist and 'as instrumental
in the
identification of $BB corpses in an aerial disaster in the Santa 4aria
Island,
A7ores 'ith an American =oeing ??, in $!1!.
Alexandre Simas 'as a mem*er of the 5re#ention ;ocal Group in +`5@!1 in
;is*on,
participated in M$ years of fingerprints in Scotland PardN, in ;ondon,
<F, participant
in M4otorolla-5rintra8 <sers ConferenceN, in ;os Angeles, <SA, and 'as the
representati#e of 5olgcia Judicifria in the MFirst International
Conference and
+xhi*ition on Forensic 3uman IdentificationsN in ;ondon.
4r. Simas has authored the *oo8s MA identificadeo de A a ^N and MA
Identificadeo em
Grandes CatfstrofesN. 3e has also co-authored and colla*orator on se#eral
others
technical *oo8s.
Alexandre Simas has significantly contri*uted to the science of friction
ridge
identification and is recogni7ed as one of the leading experts in his
field.
Si)ian Crea"e
Single crease that crosses the palm in a place of the distal and
proximal creases.
C2C 5ress
162
Si)ultaneou" Court Ca"e" .not a co)plete li"t5
Common'ealth -of 4assachusetts. #. Terry ;. 5atterson -$!!G.
Common'ealth -of 4assachusetts. #. Terry ;. 5atterson -:G -
4assachusetts Supreme Judicial Court ruling.
Si)ultaneou" I)pre""ion
Friction ridge impressions are simultaneous if they are deposited 'ith one
touch
to the item. Indi#idual segments of a simultaneous impression may not
ha#e sufficient
#alue to arri#e at a conclusion of identity on their o'n *ut may ha#e
sufficient #alue
to arri#e at a conclusion of identity in the aggregate -using all the
information in the
simultaneous impression.. There is no scientific *asis re)uiring that
each segment of
a simultaneous impression ha#e sufficient #alue to arri#e at a conclusion
of identity
indi#idually.
T'o or more friction ridge impressions from the same hand or foot
deposited concurrently.
Si)ultaneou" I)pre""ion", factor" ofE
Impressions are said to *e simultaneous if sufficient factors are present.
These factors
can include% orientation -direction., spatial relationship -spacing and
position.,
anatomical area, anatomical si7e, anatomical features -such as ridge
'idth, flo',
and creases., characteristics of the de#elopmental medium, distortion
-lateral and
direct pressure, length of smearing, direction of smearing, cur#ature of
smearing,
and consistencies in ridge 'idths.. Some impressions may easily *e
determined to
ha#e *een left simultaneously *ecause there is attachment of the ridges -a
thenar
and a hypothenar may ha#e *een left simultaneously and this is 8no'n
*ecause
no space is present *et'een the sections.. ;e#el : or ;e#el " details are
not
factors in determining simultaneity.
S7in
The outer co#ering of the *ody consisting of the dermis and epidermis.
S7in Layer"
The t'o main layers of the s8in are the epidermis and dermis.
The epidermis consists of G layers -starting from the outer most layer.%
Stratum Corneum -3orny ;ayer.
Stratum ;ucidum -Clear ;ayer.
163
Stratum Granulosum -Granular ;ayer.
Stratum Spinosum -5ric8ly ;ayer.
Stratum Germinati#um -=asal ;ayer or 4alpighian ;ayer.
The dermis consists of : layers -starting closest to the epidermis.%
5apillary ;ayer
2eticular ;ayer
Slap"
The images of the four fingers simultaneously usually ta8en on a
fingerprint card.
These images are ta8en to esta*lish the correct order of the indi#idual
fingers.
S)all Detail A(io)
OThe smaller the detail found...progressi#ely in agreement during
comparison,
the more indi#iduali7ing po'er it hasO.
As stated *y 6a#id 2. Ash*augh in <nited States of America #s. =yron C.
4itchell.
S)all Particle *ea'ent
See S52
S)ith, Davi -: MD
Wrote OThe Genesis of 6ermatoglyphicsO 'ith 4ul#ihill, John J. 46
for the Journal of 5ediatrics, @ct. $!/! issue. It is said to *e
on of the most thorough discussions of fingerprint formation.
Their findings 'ere%
/-1 'ee8s after conception #olar pads form
$-$: 'ee8s #olar pads *egin to recede
$"th 'ee8 s8in ridges *egin to appear
:$st 'ee8 after conception fingerprint patters are complete
http%&&'''.handanalysis.net&li*rary&derm(history.htm :-:?-"
S)ith, *on
2on Smith is a 'orld-reno'ned authority on friction ridge identification.
In :$, he retired as the Associate 6irector of the 4ississippi Crime
;a*oratory and esta*lished and directs O2on Smith 0 Associates, Inc.O.
This company pro#ides technical training to forensic specialists and
criminal in#estigation. 4r. Smith is most 'ell 8no'n for his educational
seminars O6emystifying 5alm 5rintsO and OCourtroom Testimony Techni)ues-
Success instead of Sur#i#alO. Through these seminars, his lectures and
his international consulting he has esta*lished himself as an instrumental
and essential part of the forensic science field. 2on Smith>s research
and contri*utions regarding palm print analysis ha#e pro#ided examiners
'orld'ide 'ith the fundamental tools needed for latent palm print
recognition. In :$, he recei#ed recognition for his numerous
accomplishments 'hen the IAI presented him 'ith the John A. 6ondero a'ard,
the IAI>s highest honor. According to the IAI 'e*site, he is the $?th
person
to e#er recei#e this a'ard.
Sno$ Cone"
A term populari7ed *y 2on Smith to descri*e the middle deltas in the
interdigital
164
area.
Soiu) Acetate
Chemical used in the preparation of reagents.
Soiu) Bicar+onate
Chemical used in the preparation of reagents.
Soiu) Chlorie
@ne of the inorganic components of perspiration or eccrine s'eat. Salt.
Soiu) &ypochlorite .&ou"ehol Bleach5
Solution used to clear ninhydrin stains and to dar8en the sil#er
deposits of 5hysical 6e#eloper.
Source
Specific area of friction ridge s8in.
Source may also refer to the person a latent print impression is
attri*uted to.
To# \ Home
$

Identification.
Home \ Bottom
?he Spa Murer" O .State of Floria v: Stephen -illia) Beattie .13%=55
The spa murders occurred on July :", $!?1 in 9orth 4iami =each,
Florida. This
case 'as the first case on record 'here a latent fingerprint de#eloped
from a
homicide #ictim>s s8in 'as identified 'ith an offender and introduced
as e#idence
in court.
Three #ictims -$ male and : females. 'ere found shot to death in the
World of
3ealth Spas. @ne of the #ictims, a young female, 'as found nude, posed
165
and her
clothing stre'n a*out. It appeared as though she may ha#e *een
sexually assaulted.
She 'as processed for latent print e#idence 'ith *lac8 magnetic po'der
and three
prints 'ere de#eloped on the left an8le area. @ne of the prints 'as
determined to
*e identifia*le and 'as identified to the su*Iect. The other t'o
#ictims 'ere also
processed for latent print e#idence 'ith FromeFote C cards, yielding
negati#e results.
There are many misconceptions connected 'ith this case, 'hich ha#e
perpetuated o#er
the years, resulting in ur*an legend. @ne is that the print 'as
deposited on the
surface of the #ictim>s s8in 'ith sun tan lotion or oil. This is
unsu*stantiated
and unfounded *ut has contri*uted to o#er em*ellished statements that
all prints
reco#ered from human s8in ha#e *een in the state of Florida and are due
to sun
tan oil.
The causati#e factor of the print is irrele#ant and 'as definitely not
sun tan oil.
The fact 'as that a latent print 'as de#eloped and reco#ered from the
surface of the
s8in of a murder #ictim and 'as su*se)uently accepted in court as
e#idence.
@n January "$, $!?!, Stephen William =eattie 'as found guilty of three
counts of $st
degree murder. @n Fe*ruary $, $!?! he 'as sentenced to three
consecuti#e death
sentences. =eattie committed suicide 'ithin three years of his
sentence in prison
'hile a'aiting execution. 3e maintained his innocence e#en to the end.
=y William C. Sampson and Faren ;. Sampson
Spar7" fro) the Anvil
Spar8s from the An#il 'as the second periodical of the IAI and 'as
pu*lished from $!""-$!"?.
Specific Pattern
5attern or path of the friction ridges used during identificationA
second le#el detail.
$!!! C2C 5ress
Spinou" Layer of Epier)i"
See Stratum Spinosum.
Split ?hu)+
Thum* that has conIoined distal phalanges.
166
Sprue Mar7"
4ar8s that are made 'hen casting metals or plastics. These mar8s can
resem*le
friction ridge detail *y replication ridges 'ith *ifurcations and
ending ridges.
These mar8s typically appear 'ith a 'a#y motion and ha#e no signs of
pores or
ridge edges. These mar8s ha#e *een called extrusion mar8s and&or false
ridge
detail.
Spur
A *ifurcation 'ith one short friction ridge *ranching off a longer
friction ridge.
S9ua)ou"
2esem*ling a scale or scalesA thin and flat li8e a scale.
+dition
http%&&dictionary.reference.com&searchK)Ls)uamous
Stan-alone
A segment of a simultaneous impression that has sufficient #alue to
arri#e at a
conclusion of identity directly from the information 'ithin this
segment.
A segment of a simultaneous impression that has sufficient information
to arri#e
at a conclusion of indi#iduali7ation independent of other impressions
'ithin
the aggregate.
Star+ur"t
A term populari7ed *y 2on Smith to descri*e the crease pattern in the
top radial
side of the thenar. These creases originate from the same area and
then explode
in different directions.
Starr", Dr: ;a)e"
A fingerprint critic. A professor of la' and forensic science at
George Washington <ni#ersity. 5redicted the fall of fingerprints
in $!!/.
State of Floria v: Stephen -illia) Beattie .13%=5
The first case on record 'here a latent print 'as de#eloped on a
homicide #ictim>s
s8in, identified to a suspect, and introduced as e#idence in court.
167
See The Spa 4urders D.
State of Floria v: Victor *eye" ./44@5
This 'as the Bth trial in the <nited States that considered the
e#identiary #alue
of computer enhancement 'ith regard to latent e#idence. In $!!/, ,ictor
2eyes 'as
charged 'ith a =ro'ard County murder. @riginally latent prints on some
tape 'ere
analy7ed as ha#ing no #alue, *ut in $!!! the latent images 'ere
reanaly7ed *y
forensic analyst 6a#id Fnoerlein using a computer enhancement techni)ue
8no'n as
Rdodge and *urnQ, and identified as prints left *y ,ictor 2eyes. The
State of
Florida found that computer enhanced images did meet the Frye test and
the latents
'ere admitted as e#idence in the trial. 2eyes 'as ac)uitted at trial.
The Iury
felt that the latent prints didnQt pro#e that 2eyes committed the
murder. The
significance of this case 'as that defense attorneys reali7ed the
importance of
challenging digitally generated e#idence.
State of Illinoi" v: ;ennin'" .13145
A8a 5eople #. Jennings.
See Jennings. See Jennings, Thomas.
State of Marylan v: Bryan *o"e ./44%5
The second case to fail a fingerprint Challenge *ased on the
relia*ility of the conclusion.
=ryan -=rian. 2ose 'as the suspect in a homicide case. Stephan 4eagher
testified for the
prosecution and 2alph 3a*er testified for the defense. @n @ct $!,
:?, Judge Souder
pu*lished her decision, MVIn conclusion, the proof presented *y the
State in this case
regarding the AC+-, methodology of latent fingerprint identification
sho'ed that it 'as
more li8ely so, than not so, that AC+-, 'as the type of procedure Frye
'as intended to
*anish, that is, a su*Iecti#e, untested, un#erifia*le identification
procedure that purports
to *e infalli*le. After impartial scientific testing, the
esta*lishment of an error rate and of
o*Iecti#e criteria 'hich 'hen applied, are documented and can *e
#erified, it may *e
that latent print identification opinion testimony as offered in this
capital case 'ill )ualify
for admission under Frye-2eed. The State did not meet that *urden in
this case and,
conse)uently, shall not offer testimony that any latent fingerprint in
this case is that of
the 6efendant. In this case, the State did not sho' *y a preponderance
of e#idence
168
that a fingerprint examiner can relia*ly identify a fingerprint to an
indi#idual to the
exclusion of all others using the AC+-, method.N
In @ct. :?, the prosecution filed a motion for reconsideration. It
'as denied on
Fe*. :$, :1. @n April $, :1, a federal grand Iury indicted 2ose on
murder charges
hoping that this 'ould allo' the fingerprint e#idence into a trial. @n
Sept. 1, :!,
Judge Catherine =la8e rendered her decision that the fingerprint
e#idence 'as
admissi*le under the re)uirements set forth *y the Supreme Court in
6au*ert #.
4errell 6o' 5harmaceuticals and *y Fumho Tire Co., ;td. #. Carmichael.
State of Ma""achu"ett" v: Patter"on ./44>5
In $!!G Terry 5atterson 'as found guilty of a $!!" armed ro**ery and
the $!!" homicide
of 6et. John 4illigan. In :, *ased on inefficient counsel,
5atterson 'on an appeal to
ha#e ne' trail. 5rior to the ne' trial, the defense as8ed for a
6au*ert 3earing regarding
the use of simultaneous impression.
@n 6ec. :?, :G, in Common'ealth -of 4assachusetts. #. Terry ;.
5atterson, the
4assachusetts Supreme Judicial Court determined MConsistent 'ith the
decisions of
other courts that ha#e considered the issue since 6au*ert, 'e conclude
that the
underlying theory and process of latent fingerprint identification, and
the AC+-,
method in particular, are sufficiently relia*le to admit expert opinion
testimony
regarding the matching of a latent impression 'ith a full fingerprint.
In this case,
ho'e#er, the Common'ealth needed to esta*lish more than the general
relia*ility of
latent fingerprint identification. It needed to esta*lish that the
theory, process, and
method of latent fingerprint identification could *e applied relia*ly
to simultaneous
impressions not capa*le of *eing indi#idually matched to any of the
fingers that
supposedly made them. @n the record *efore the Iudge *elo', the
Common'ealth
failed to meet its *urden.N
The prosecution offered 5atterson a plea agreement of pleading guilty
to a lesser
charge 'ith time ser#ed instead of ris8ing a ne' trial and the
potential longer
sentence. 5atterson too8 the plea agreement.
State of Michi'an v: Le" .13@05
In 5eople #. ;es, -:GG 9W B?. the defendant>s palm print 'as reco#ered
from the
169
'indo'sill at the point of entry of a *rea8ing and entering scene.
=efore trial,
the defendant contended that palm prints 'ere not sufficient to sustain
a
con#iction. The court ruled that the e#idence 'as insufficient to hold
the defendant
for trial, )uashed the information, and ordered the discharge of the
defendant. The
Go#ernment appealed that the trial court 'as in error in their ruling
regarding the
palm print e#idence, and the Supreme Court of 4ichigan -$!"B. agreed
that finger-
prints and palm prints are *oth Oconsidered physical characteristicsO
and therefore
'ere Osufficient e#idence to go to trial.O The trial Iudge 'as directed
to reinstate
the information.
State of Nevaa v: 6uhl .131=5
State #s. Fuhl 'as a significant court case regarding palm prints
identifications.
This case 'as an appeal for a con#iction of a $!$/ murder. It loo8ed
at $. Was
the court in error in allo'ing experts in fingerprint identification to
testify
as experts in palm print identification, :. Was the court in error in
admitting
photographic enlargements of palm prints, ". Was the court in error in
allo'ing
the use of a proIectoscope, B. Was the court in error in admitting
photographs
of palm prints 'here the experts dre' lines upon them, and G. Was the
court in
error in permitting the expert 'itness to ma8e a positi#e statement as
to the
identity of the palm impressions. The Supreme Court of 9e#ada -$!$1.
held O9@O
on all counts.
http%&&'''.clpex.com&Articles&The6etail&$-!!&The6etail1:.htm
State of Ne$ &a)p"hire v: *ichar Lan'ill ./44%5
The first case to fail a 6au*ert Challenge *ased on the relia*ility of
the conclusion.
2ichard ;angill 'as suspected of *urglary. ;isa Corson 'as the
examiner in this
case and 5rof. James Starrs testified for the defense. The court
determined, M4s.
Corson is )ualified through training, experience, and proficiency
testing to pro#ide
expert testimony at the defendantQs trial. 3o'e#er, 4s. CorsonQs
proffered
testimony is inadmissi*le under 2ule ?: *ecause her application of the
AC+-,
-Analysis, Comparison, +#aluation, and ,erification. methodology to the
single
170
latent print in this case 'as unrelia*le as a result of incomplete
documentation
and possi*ly *iased #erification.N @n Jan.$!, :?, Judge Coffey
granted a motion
to exclude the fingerprint e#idence. 6ocumentation 'as re)uired in the
936SF;
Standard @perating 5rocedures *ut 'asnQt done in this case. The
comment a*out
Rpossi*ly *iased #erificationQ 'as determined *ecause *lind
#erification 'asnQt
done. =lind #erification has *ecome a policy of the F=I since the
4ayfield mis-
identification. 4s. Corson also testified in this case that =lind
,erification 'as
ideal *ut not practical.
A motion to reconsider 'as entered and on April $$, :? Judge Coffey
ruled that
there 'as Minsufficient information to support a finding that the
application of the
AC+-, methodology to the single latent print in this case 'as
relia*le.N Judge
Coffey affirmed her original decision.
@n Fe* $", :1, this 'as argued *efore the 9e' 3ampshire Supreme
Court.
@n April B, :1, the court issued its opinion to re#erse and remand.
State of Ne$ #or7 v: Cri"pi .13115
A8a 5eople #. Crispi. Charles Crispi, a8a Cesare J. Cella, 'as the
defendant in
this case, 'hich is noted as *eing the first case that fingerprint
e#idence 'as
the sole e#idence. Fingerprint expert Joseph Faurot testified to the
identification
process. After hearing FaurotQs testimony, Crispi pled guilty. The
Iudge as8ed
Crispi for a full confession, insuring him that no additional charges
'ould *e filed.
The Iudge 'anted to insure that the scientific e#idence that 'as
testified to 'as
indeed correct.
State of Ne$ #or7 v: 6ent .132=5
A8a 5eople #. Fent. 5erhaps the first trial that a defense expert
testified that
although the identification had $: -some articles say $B. points of
similarity, the
prints 'ere not identical. 2ichard Stanley Fent 'as charged 'ith
murdering Joseph
4urphy, a retired 9e' Por8 City 5oliceman. The 8ey e#idence against
Fent, a latent
print on a *ed *oard, seemed to *e irrefuta*le. William J. Ciol8o,
6utchess County
5u*lic 6efender, hired 6r. ,assilis C. 4orfopoulos, director of the
American Standards
171
Testing =ureau, to loo8 at the identification. 6r. 4orfopoulos
analy7ed the
identification using a :Gx microscope. 3e testified that he found "
differences, M@ne
distinct and crucial difference destroys the #alidity of an
identificationN, he said.
2ichard Fent 'as found not guilty of the murder. In $!?, the F=I and
the IAI refuted
6r. 4orfopoulosQs analysis and sided 'ith Wilfred 3olic8, the original
examiner in
this case. The defense attorney and the defense expert ga#e a
presentation of this
case at the GGth IAI Conference.
There 'ere t'o significant points to this case. This 'as the first
time Rthe prints
are not identicalQ 'as used in court as a defense strategy, and the
defense claimed that
this case *ro8e do'n the apparent ironclad status of fingerprints.
State of Ohio v: Bett" .131%5
The =etts case may ha#e *een the first con#iction *ased solely on palm
print e#idence.
In $!$?, Samual W. =etts 'as arrested and charged 'ith *urglary *ased
on the fact that
his palm print 'as found on a 'indo'pane. George Foestle -one of
FerrierQs students.
'as the person 'ho too8 and compared the palm prints.
RFingerprint and Identification 4aga7ineQ, 6ec $!B:.
Another palm print case that happened around the same time, and also
said to *e the
first palm print case to ha#e a con#iction, 'as a murder trial in
9e#ada. The defendant
'as =en Fuhl.
State of Ohio v: &art)an .133=5
The "rd court case in the <nited States ruling on the computer
enhancement of
fingerprint images. In $!!?, =rett `. 3artman 'as charged 'ith
murdering Winda
Snipes *y sta**ing her $"1 times, slitting her throat, and cutting off
her hands.
6ue to numerous pieces of e#idence, including latent print images on a
chair and
a *edspread, a Iury found 3artman guilty of murder and 8idnapping,
sentenced him
to death. In :$, 3artman appealed his con#iction stating $"
different challenges.
The challenges dealing 'ith the latent prints 'ere $. the admission of
digitally
enhanced fingerprint e#idence, their relia*ility and the )ualifications
of the
state>s fingerprint expert, 5atric8 Warric8, to testify regarding such
e#idence
and :. the court failed to ma8e a threshold determination concerning
5atric8
172
Warric8>s )ualifications stating that OIt 'as error for the trial court
to admit
the opinion of 'itnesses 'ho had not first *een )ualified as an
expertO. The
court ruled that Othe use of the computer in this instance is no
different than
]]] 'ould *e the use of an o#erhead proIector, microscope, a magnifying
glass or
anything else li8e that that 'ould enhance an experts a*ility to ma8e
his
determination...O. It 'as ruled that since Warric8 had used computer
enhancement
for approx. a year and a half this 'as not *la7ing ne' ground,
Warric8>s testimony
'as appropriate. The court also determined that although Warric8 'as
not formally
tendered as an expert 'itness, the defense did not challenge Warric8>s
)ualifications
and the court determined him to *e )ualified to identify defendants
fingerprint on
Snipes>s *edspread. @n @ct. ", :$, the appellate court affirmed
3artman>s con#iction.
http%&&casela'.lp.findla'.com&scripts&getcase.plK
courtLoh0#olL!1$B?G0in#olL$ 1-:-:B
State of Vir'inia v: *o+ert Dou'la" 6ni'ht .13315
The first -case to esta*lish a precedence for the acceptance of
digitally enhanced
e#idence in American criminal proceedings. is Common'ealth of ,irginia
#s. 2o*ert
6ouglas Fnight. This $!!$ murder case -murder 'as 4arch of $!!, trial
'as in $!!$.
in#ol#ed the enhancement of a *loody fingerprint found on a pillo'case
at the crime
scene. A company called 3unter Graphics -no longer in *usiness. 'as
contacted *y the
3enrico County 5olice 6epartment to assist in the enhancement process.
+xperts from
3unter Graphics used a fre)uency filter 8no'n commonly as a Fast
Fourier Transform
-FFT. to su*tract the fa*ric pattern that interfered 'ith the
identification of the
fingerprint. The fingerprint 'as su*se)uently identified as *elonging
to 2o*ert Fnight.
After *eing charged 'ith the crime, FnightQs attorney mo#ed for a
Felly-Frye 3earing
to determine the scientific #alidity and acceptance of the enhancement
process. The
determination of the court 'as that the techni)ues used 'ere
essentially photographic
processes. 2o*ert Fnight plead guilty and 'as sentenced to four life
terms.
http%&&'''.more-hits.com&forensics&dl&A*outForensic6igitalImaging.pdf
$-:G-:G
State of -a"hin'ton v: Eric &ayen .133=5
173
The :nd court case in the <nited States ruling on the computer
enhancement of
fingerprint images. In $!!G, +ric 3ayden 'as charged 'ith murdering a
:?-year-
old female. 3er *ody 'as found 'ith a *loody sheet 'rapped around her
head and
nec8. The examiner in this case, 6an 3olshue, found latent prints on
the sheet
*ut they 'ere too su*tle to identify. +ri8 =erg, an expert in enhanced
digital
imaging, used enhancement techni)ues to filter out the *ac8ground
pattern and
colors of the sheet. After enhancement, the latent prints 'ere
identified and
+ric 3ayden 'as found guilty of murder. 3is murder con#iction 'as
upheld on
appeal and the court concluded that computer enhancement did meet the
Frye
test, setting ne' case la' in this field.
Stati"tical Analy"i" of Error *ate"
See +rror 2ate Studies.
Stati"tical Moel" on Fin'erprint Iniviuality, etc:
Galton -$1!:.
3enry -$!.
=altha7ard -$!$$.
=ose -$!$?.
Went'orth & Wilder -$!$1.
5earson -$!".
2ox*urgh -$!"".
Cummins & 4idlo -$!B".
Amy -$!B/-B1.
Trauring -$!/".
Fingston & Fir8 -$!/B.
Gupta -$!/1.
@ster*urg -$!??-1.
Stoney -$!1G.
Champod -$!!G-!/.
F=I & ;oc8heed-4artin G8 x G8 study -$!!!.
5an8anti & 5ra*ha8ar & Jain -:$.
9eumann & Champod ;i8lihood 2atios -:?. -see 5=F+.
Stee'er", ;uan .A6A Stee'er" y Pereira or Stee'er" y Perera5.1=>2-13/15
Juan Steegers 'as a cu*an ci#il ser#ant honored *y his go#ernment as a
fingerprint pioneer.
OFingerprint Techni)uesO Andre A. 4oenssens, $!?$ pg :/.
Stic7y Sie Po$er A
5roduct used to de#elop friction ridge detail on adhesi#e surfaces
and&or tapes.
Sti)ac, ;on ?: .1322-pre"ent5
Jon Stimac *egan his career in forensics after earning a =achelor of
174
Science
6egree in Criminalistics&Criminal Justice from We*er State <ni#ersity
in @gden,
<tah. Immediately after graduation, he *egan employment 'ith Salt ;a8e
City
5olice 6epartment>s Crime ;a*oratory.
In $!!/, Jon left Salt ;a8e City to continue his career 'ith the @regon
State
5olice Forensic Ser#ices 6i#ision. Since then, he has acted as a
latent print
examiner, temporary la* director, forensic scientist, and as the
technical
leader for the latent print discipline.
Jon supplemented early research on the "4C sol#ent 3F+-?$ and
introduced
to the forensic community the use of <n-duC as an alternati#e adhesi#e
separator.
For the de#elopment of latent print impressions on specialty papers
-thermal and
car*onless., he introduced a speciali7ed ninhydrin formulation and the
use of
$,:-Indanedione. Jon has pu*lished se#eral technical articles co#ering
these
and other topics 'ithin international forensic identification Iournals,
including
the Journal of Forensic Identification. In addition, he has compiled
and pu*lished
a monthly ne'sletter on friction ridge indi#iduali7ation, F5 Stuff,
since :$.
In Fe*. :1, Jon Stimac *ecame the editor of the IAIQs Identification
9e's.
In :, Jon *ecame a mem*er of the F=I sponsored Scientific Wor8ing
Group on
Friction S8in Analysis, Study and Technology -SWGFAST.. 3e is also
acti#e 'ithin
se#eral regional and international forensic identification
organi7ations.
Stoc7 Solution
Concentrated solution diluted to prepare a 'or8ing solution.
Stoney, Dr: Davi
A mild fingerprint critic. 6irects the 4cCrone 2esearch Institute in
Chicago,
5h6 Forensic Science. 9oted as *eing the person to state that
conclusions of
a*solute certainty are *ased on a leap of faith.
Stra+i")u"
A Iournal edited *y John =erry -3ertfordshire. from $!?! dealing 'ith
the
175
appearance of the *asic se#en ridge characteristics occurring
throughout
nature, the total at the end of :B *eing $,GG/. @riginally pu*lished
under the title 2I6G+ 6+TAI; I9 9AT<2+ until $!!1, this reference
should
*e used for further information.
Stratify .Stratification5
Arranged in a se)uence of grades or ran8s.
http%&&dictionary.reference.com&searchK)Lstratified
Stratton Brother" .Alfre an Al+ert5
The Stratton *rothers made legal history in 4ay $!G 'hen fingerprint
e#idence 'as used against them in a =ritish Court to con#ict them of
murdering Thomas and Ann Furro'. 6r. 3enry Faulds sided 'ith the
defense in this case due to a *itter contro#ersy o#er Faulds
contri*ution
to the science of fingerprints.
Stratu) Ba"ale .Ba"al Layer5
The inner layer of epidermis that contains melanocyte cells, 4er8el
cells and
8eratinocyte cells. The layer of the epidermis 'here ne' 8eratinocytes
are
formed. Fno'n as the germinati#e or generating layer.
Stratu) corneu) epier)ii", horny layer of epidermis% the
outermost layer of the epidermis, consisting of cells that are dead
and des)uamating.
4erc8 Source 3ealth ;i*rary
http%&&'''.merc8source.com&pp&us&cns&cns(health(li*rary(frame.Isp7H7pg7
+7&pp&us&cns&cns(hl(dorlands.
Isp7H7pg7+77S7ppdocs7S7us7S7common7S7dorlands7S7dorland7S7dmd(l(G757ht
m
Stratu) 'er)inativu), stratum germinati#um epidermidis
[4alpighii\, germinati#e layer% the stratum *asale epidermidis and
the stratum spinosum epidermidis considered as a single layer. The
term is also sometimes used to designate only the stratum *asale
epidermidis. Called also germinati#e layer of epidermis, malpighian
layer or rete, mucous layer, and s. malpighii.
m
Stratu) 'ranulo"u) epier)ii", granular layer of epidermis%
the layer of the epidermis *et'een the stratum lucidum epidermidis and
the stratum spinosum epidermidis.
176
m
Stratu) luciu) epier)ii"
Clear layer of epidermis% the clear translucent layer of the epidermis,
Iust
*eneath the stratum corneum epidermidis.
m
This layer of the epidermis is not al'ays present. It is prominent in
#ery
thic8 s8in. Also call the 3yalin layer of the epidermis.
This is an electronlucent s8in layer *et'een the stratum granulosum and
stratum corneum in palmoplantar s8in rather than 'hat you ha#e 'ritten.
Stratu) Malpi'hii
Stratu) Muco"u)
Stratu) "pino"u) epier)ii", spinous layer of epidermis%
the layer of the s8in *et'een the stratum granulosum epidermidis
and the stratum *asale epidermidis characteri7ed *y the presence
of pric8le cells. Called also pric8le cell layer.
m
5rotein synthesis happens in this layer of the epidermis,
producing 8eratin.
Su+cutaneou"
=eneath or introduced *eneath the s8in.
$!!! C2C 5ress
Su+Cective
5roceeding from or ta8ing place in a person>s mind rather than the
external 'orld% a su*Iecti#e decision
+dition
http%&&dictionary.reference.com&searchK)Lsu*Iecti#e :-:?-"
Influenced *y a person>s 8no'ledge, state of mind, or a*ility.
177
$!!! C2C 5ress
Su+Cective Pro+a+ility
The user defines the pro*a*ility -the pro*a*ility of getting an A..
See Classical 5ro*a*ility and +mpirical 5ro*a*ility.
Su+-Seconary
An alpha expression deri#ed from the index, middle and ring
fingers of *oth hands.
Su+"trate
Surface upon 'hich a friction ridge impression is deposited.
The surface upon 'hich a latent fingerprint is deposited or placed.
$!!! C2C 5ress
Suan Blac7
=lac8 dye that stains fats, oils, se*aceous components, and
contaminants of friction ridge residueA can enhance cyanoacrylate
A *lac8 dye used to #isuali7e friction ridge detail. Can *e alone or
in conIunction 'ith the cyanoacrylate process. Wor8s *est on 'axy or
greasy surfaces.
Sufficient
<sed *y friction ridge examiners to denote the )uality and )uantity of
agreement or disagreement of friction ridge detail in an impression
necessary
to reach a conclusion of indi#iduali7ation or exclusion, respecti#ely.
-e.g. Osufficient for identificationO or Osufficient for exclusionO.
+nough or an ade)uate amount to *e generally accepted *y other experts.
=esides *eing generally accepted, scientific conclusions usually
re)uire
enough information or data to Iustify the conclusion and&or enough to
test
the conclusion. +nough data should *e present to diminish dou*t in the
conclusion, enough so the Iustification and the conclusion stands up to
scrutiny, and enough so the conclusion 'ill stand the test of time.

The determination that there is ade)uate )uality and )uantity of detail
in
an impression for further
analysis, comparison, or to reach a conclusion.
Sufficient *ecurve
The space *et'een the shoulders of a loop, free of any appendages
178
that a*ut upon the recur#e at a right angle on the outside.
Suicie *i'e"
A term populari7ed *y 2on Smith to descri*e the ridge pattern on the
underside of the distal trans#erse crease. 4any times these ridges are
found to *e a series of #ertically terminating ridges.
Suita+le
The determination that there is ade)uate )uality and )uantity of
friction
ridge detail in an impression for some further process step such as
retention in the case, further analysis *y an examiner, comparison 'ith
in8ed impressions, or searching in AFIS.
The determination that there is ade)uate )uality and )uantity of detail
in an impression for further analysis, comparison, or to reach a
conclusion.
Sulcu" .pluralE "ulci5
A deep, narro' furro' or groo#e, as in an organ or tissue.
The American 3eritageC 6ictionary of the +nglish ;anguage, Fourth
+dition
http%&&dictionary.reference.com&searchK)Lsulci
>-Sulfo"alicylic Aci
Chemical used in fixati#e solutions for a #ariety of *lood
enhancement reagents.
Super'lue
See Cyanoacrylate +ster.
Super8lue 8irl
For the :/ California State Science Fair, $" year old A#ery ;. Smith
tried to add different coloring agents to superglue to enhance the
#isi*ility. She found that the in8 from a pin8 highlighter produced
the *est results. Su*se)uent to the Science Fair, 4iss Smith presented
her conclusions at the :? IAI Conference in San 6iego, California and
*ecame 8no'n as SuperGlue Girl. 3er research 'as su*se)uently
pu*lished in Forensic 4aga7ine and Jan :? issue of The 5rint.
See Colored Superglue.
Superior *e'ion
@ne of the " main areas of the palm. The area immediately *elo' the
fingers.
In many countries this area is 8no'n as the interdigital area *ut in
some
countries, such as 5ortugal, this is called the superior region.
179
Supre)e Court of Canaa, &er MaCe"ty ?he Hueen v: Chi7)a'lur Mohan
.13305
.*: v: Mohan5
@n appeal to the Supreme Court of Canada from the @ntario Court of
Appeal, a decision on the
admissi*ility of expert e#idence and the nature of expert e#idence and
ho' it pertains to
disposition. A Canadian decision similar to the American 6au*ert
3earings, the 4ohan decision
has set the parameters and application for the admission of expert in
Canada.
Admission of expert e#idence depends on the application of the
follo'ing criteria%
a. 2ele#ance
*. 9ecessity in assisting the trier of fact -Iudge or Iury.
c. The a*sence of exclusionary rule
d. 4ust *e *y a properly )ualified expert
In 2. #. 4ohan, four counts of sexual assault on female patients ages
$"-$/ 'ere laid against a
practicing paediatrician. 3is counsel indicated that he intended to
call a psychiatrist 'ho
'ould testify that the perpetrator of the alleged offences 'ould *e
part of a limited and
unusual group of indi#iduals and that the accused did not fall 'ithin
that narro' class
*ecause he did not possess the characteristics of the group -profile.
ho'e#er the e#idence
'as ruled inadmissi*le.
The original con#iction 'as stayed *y the Court of Appeals and opened a
ne' hearing.
At issue 'as the determination of the circumstances in 'hich expert
e#idence is admissi*le
to sho' that the character traits of an accused person do not fit the
psychological profile
of the putati#e perpetrator of the offences charged. The resolution of
the issue in#ol#ed
the examination of the rules relating to -i. expert e#idence, and -ii.
character e#idence.
In summary, expert e#idence 'hich ad#ances a no#el scientific theory or
techni)ue is
su*Iected to special scrutiny to determine 'hether it meets a *asic
threshold of relia*ility
and 'hether it is essential in the sense that the trier of fact 'ill *e
una*le to come to a
satisfactory conclusion 'ithout the assistance of the expert.
The Supreme Court allo'ed the appeal *ut decided that the e#idence
should *e excluded
as nothing in the court record supported a finding that the profile of
a paedophile or
psychopath -as alleged *y the psychologist. has *een standardi7ed to
the extent that it
180
could *e said that it matched the supposed profile of the offender
depicted in the charges.
The expertQs group profiles 'ere not seen as sufficiently relia*le to
*e considered helpful.
http%&&'''.canlii.org&en&ca&scc&doc&$!!B&$!!Bcanlii1&$!!Bcanlii1.pdf
1-$-:!
Courtesy of Cst. Jonathan =A;T^+2 and Sgt. Tim Wal8er, 2C45
Supre)e Court Of ?he Bnite State", Melene<-Dia< v: Ma""achu"ett"
./4435
The <S Supreme Court decision that determined that forensic reports
'ere
not considered *usiness records and therefore su*Iect to confrontation
-forensic
practitioners must ma8e themsel#es a#aila*le to court testimony if
as8ed..
Surfactant
Surface-acti#e su*stanceA detergent.
S$eat 8lan"
=oth the eccrine and the apocrine glands are considered as s'eat
glands,
as opposed to the se*aceous gland 'hich is an oil gland.
Sy)phalan'y
+nd to end fusion of the phalanges of the fingers or toes.
Another opinion% Synonymous 'ith syndactyly and 'e**ed fingers
or toes.
The International Classification of 6iseases, !th edition,
World 3ealth @rgani7ation.
http%&&'''.n*er.org&mortality&$!!G&docs&ch$B.txt /-$1-:"
Synactyly
2efers to 'e**ed fingers. Side-to-side fusion of digits.
Fusion of the fingers or toes. This may occur 'ith or 'ithout
fusion of the *one. Synonymous 'ith symphalangy or 'e**ed
fingers or toes.
The International Classification of 6iseases, !th edition,
World 3ealth @rgani7ation.
http%&&'''.n*er.org&mortality&$!!G&docs&ch$B.txt /-$1-:"
Synperonic-N
Chemical used in the preparation of the detergent solution in
5hysical 6e#eloper.
181
To# \ Home
$

Identification.
Home \ Bottom
?EC
Thenoyl +uropium Chelate. Treatment ha#ing fluorescent properties
used 'ith selected 'a#elengths of light to enhance cyanoacrylate
?MB
Tetramethyl*en7idene. 2eagent used to detect & enhance *loody
friction ridge detail.
T4= is a suspected carcinogen and has a #ery short shelf life -one day..
?-8FAS?
Technical Wor8ing Group on Friction 2idge Analysis, Study and Technology.
+sta*lished *y the F=I in $!!G. In $!!!, the name 'as changed to *etter
reflect the goals of this group. This organi7ation de#elops standards and
guidelines in the area of friction s8in identification.
?a+er, I"aiah -e"t .?a+or5 .1=@4-131/5
There are many *oo8s and articles that refer to a man named Ta*or
'ho 'as an eminent photographer of San Francisco 'ho proposed
using fingerprints to register the Chinese around $11. @ne article
'as pu*lished *y Jay 3am*ridge in @cto*er $!! in Century 4aga7ine
titled MFingerprints% Their <se *y the 5oliceN. 3am*ridge states MSome
" years agoV..N *ut that is the only reference to a date. Ta*ors
proposal 'asnQt accepted *ut it seems that this may ha#e *een the
earliest trace of using fingerprints as a means of identification in the
<nited States.
In RFingerprint WhorldQ, ,olume $ num*er B, $!1G, G.T. ;am*ourne
'rote an article a*out Ta*er and included letters he recei#ed from
the Smithsonian Institute. 6ue to ;am*ourneQs research it appears
that Ta*erQs name had *een misspelled throughout the years.
;am*ourne *elie#es this misspelling originated from GaltonQs *oo8
RFingerprintsQ *ut it appears that his name 'as also misspelled in a
letter from the 3ouse of 2epresentati#es, <.S. dated $111. ;am*ourne
also disco#ered the year that Ta*er suggested using fingerprints as
a means of identification 'as the year $11/ and that his initials 'ere
182
I.W. Ta*er.
6ue to the com*ination of reference material a#aila*le the man
referred to as Ta*or seems to *e the 'ell-8no'n San Francisco
photographer Isaiah West Ta*er -$1"-$!$:..
?actile
5ertaining to the sense of touch.
?a7e A$ay Print
A >ta8e a'ay> print, also referred to as a negati#e impression, is
created 'hen an o*Iect is touched and instead of the friction ridges
lea#ing a matrix *ehind, the friction ridges ta8e a'ay a su*stance
that is left on the su*strate. This is common 'hen the o*Iect *eing
touched is co#ered 'ith dust or another su*stance, such as *lood.
Fre)uently >ta8e a'ay> prints are tonally re#ersed.
?ar'et 8roup
A uni)ue group of friction ridge details that stands out enough for an
examiner to easily memori7e. When the same location in an in8ed
impression of the source is examined, recognition is triggered and
the detailed comparison can *egin from this area.
See Focal 5oints.
?aylor, ;:&: .;a)e" &er+ert5
@n 4ay $, $!$, Taylor 'as promoted to Chief of the Identification Section
for the <.S. 9a#y. 3e 'rote a *oo8 entitled OFinger 5rint +#idenceO and
in $!$? in#ented the metal identification tags for all the 9a#y men in WWI
that had their fingerprints etched on them. In $!:/, J.3. Taylor
testified
for the defense in the first 8no'n erroneous identification case, see
3all-
4ills dou*le murder case.
?aylor, ?ho)a" .1=%%5
4icroscopist at the <.S. 6epartment of Agriculture, suggested that
mar8ings of the palms, the hands and the tips of the fingers could
*e used for identification in criminal cases. Although reported in
the American Journal of 4icroscopy and 5opular Science and Scientific
American, the idea 'as apparently ne#er pursued from this source.
5rinciple of Criminalistics% The 5rofession of Forensic Science, =y
Feith Inman and 9orah 2udin, C2C 5ress, :.
http%&&'''.courtt#.com&onair&sho's&forensicfiles&timeline$.html
?echnical *evie$
A re#ie' to #erify that conclusions are supported *y suita*le data, proper
procedures, and appropriate documentation.
2e#ie' of notes, documents, and other data that forms the *asis for a
scientific conclusion.
ASC;6&;A= :1 4anual
?echnician
A person s8illed in the details of a su*Iect or tas8. especially a
183
mechanical one.
C2C 5ress
?echnolo'y
The science of the application of 8no'ledge to practical purposes %
applied science.
4erriam-We*ster>s 4edical 6ictionary, D :: 4erriam-We*ster, Inc.
http%&&dictionary.reference.com&searchK)Ltechnology $-$B-:G
?enprint
A recording of the friction ridge s8in on the distal phalanges.
$. A generic reference to examinations performed on intentionally recorded
friction ridge impressions, usually ten fingers.
:. A controlled recording of a#aila*le fingers of an indi#idual using
*lac8 in8,
electronic imaging, photography, or other medium on a contrasting
*ac8ground.
?en"ion Crea"e
O<sually in crisscrossing patterns or at right angles to the ridges.
These secondary creases are 8no'n as tension creases and are not normally
found on the hands at *irth. O
Scott>s Fingerprint 4echanics. =y 2o*ert @lsen
See Creases, Flexion Creases and White ;ines.
?etra)ethyl+en<iene
See T4=.
?henar Area
The large cushion of the palm located at the *ase of the thum*.
?henoyl Europiu) Chelate .?EC5
A fluorescent dye stain used 'ith an ultra#iolet light source to
#isuali7e cyanoacrylate ester fumed friction ridge detail.
?heory
A set of statements or principles de#ised to explain a group of facts or
phenomena, especially one that has *een repeatedly tested or is 'idely
accepted and can *e used to ma8e predictions a*out natural phenomena
http%&&dictionary.reference.com&searchK)Ltheory :-:?-"
An explanation of 'hy a natural phenomenon occurs 'hich has *een tested
and has gained general acceptance.
+xplanations of o*ser#ations -or of la's.. The fact that 'e ha#e a pretty
good understanding of ho' stars explode doesn>t necessarily mean 'e could
predict the next superno#aA 'e ha#e a theory *ut not a la'.
184
http%&&'''.madsci.org&posts&archi#es&oct!!&!B!B:?:B.Sh.r.html :-:?-"
-Authors note. This is a nonscientific definition, generally 'hat people
thin8 of as a theory%
An assumption *ased on limited information or 8no'ledgeA a conIecture.
http%&&dictionary.reference.com&searchK)Ltheory :-:?-"
?heory of Differential 8ro$th
The scientific theory that explains 'hy fingerprints are uni)ue. Internal
and external
pressures and stresses alter the #olar pad de#elopment during the fetal
stage.
These pressures also effect ho' primary ridges gro'. Since it is
impossi*le to
duplicate these pressures, no t'o fingerprints 'ill e#er *e the same.
=esides the Theory of 6ifferential Gro'th *eing *ased on em*ryonic
*iological
formation, it is also supported *y statistical pro*a*ilities -the
pro*a*ility of
duplication is #irtually 7ero. and empirical data -no t'o formations ha#e
*een
found to *e the same in o#er $ years..
?heory of Fin'erprint Per)anence .or Per"i"tency5
The scientific theory that explains 'hy fingerprints are permanent.
Fingerprints de#elop on a fetus. @nce the secondary ridges start gro'ing,
the primary ridges stop any further de#elopment and the *lueprint for the
friction ridge pattern is esta*lished. This pattern is permanent 'ith
the exception of scaring.
?her)al Paper
Thermal paper is paper that uses heat to produce its images. It has a
chemical
coating on one side that dar8ens 'hen exposed to heat. The coated side of
thermal
paper is sensiti#e to the 6F@ and ninhydrin processes. 64AC, 2T`,
3ydrochloric
Acid, Indanedione -3F+-?$ formulation. and physical de#eloper are good
alternati#es to processing this 8ind of paper.
?her)aNin
A ninhydrin deri#ati#e, a#aila*le from =,6A, used to reco#er latent prints
on
thermal paper. This chemical reco#ers latent prints 'ithout turning the
thermal
paper *lac8.
?her)opla"tic Po$er
Toner po'der used in copiers and printers.
185
?hic7 S7in
Thic8 s8in refers to s8in on the palms of the hands, fingertips or the
soles
of the feet. This s8in lac8s follicles, se*aceous glands and arrector
pili
muscles.
http%&&'''.#cu.edu&anatomy&@=&S8inX$&tsld:.htm 1-?-:B
?hin S7in
9onfriction ridge s8in.
Thin s8in is s8in that co#ers most of the *ody. It contains hair
follicles,
se*aceous glands and arrector pili muscles. It also has thinner epidermis
'ith less de#eloped strata granulosa and lucida, and the stratum corneum
may
*e )uite thin.
http%&&'''.#cu.edu&anatomy&@=&S8inX$&tsld:.htm 1-?-:B
?hir Level Detail .al"o "ee Level @ Detail5
2idge shape, relati#e pore location, and some accidental details.
C2C 5ress
?ho)p"on, 8il+ert .March /1, 1=@3-;une 3, 13435
A railroad *uilder 'ith the <.S. Geological Sur#ey in 9e' 4exico, 'ho in
$11:
put his o'n thum*print on 'age chits to safeguard himself from forgeries.
http%&&'''.forensicdna.com&Timeline:?:.pdf "-1-:"
Thompson 'as the first person to use fingerprints as a means of
identification
in the <nited States.
?i+ia
A *one in the lo'er leg.
?i+ial Area
The plantar area situated on the *ig toe side of the foot.
?itaniu) Dio(ie
Titanium 6ioxide is a 'hite po'der used as a coloring pigment. In :",
Josh =ergeron pu*lished a paper in the Journal of Forensic Identification
sho'ing that 'hen this po'der is mixed 'ith methanol it *ecomes a
'onderful
processing techni)ue to de#elop friction ridge detail left in *lood on
dar8
surfaces.
6a#e Wade also disco#ered that Titanium 6ioxide can *e mixed 'ith 'ater
and
photo-flo : to de#elop friction ridge detail on other items, including
186
the adhesi#e side of tape. See White5rint D Titanium 6ioxide.
?oeprint
Friction ridge impression left *y a digit of the plantar surface.
?olerance
The acceptance of dissimilarity caused *y distortion, usually in#ol#ing an
indi#iduali7ationA
the opposite of the un-acceptance of differences caused *y different
friction ridge
sources in#ol#ing an exclusion. Generally expressed as O'ithin toleranceO
or Oout of
toleranceO for the le#el of clarity that is present in *oth impressions.
Within an accepta*le range.
?onal *ever"al
Tonal 2e#ersal is 'hen the color of the ridges is re#ersed from the
standard of dar8 ridges
on a light *ac8ground, also referred to as in#erted ridges. Some reasons
tonal re#ersal
may occur are
a. *ecause of the de#elopmental medium -such as CAQd or ardroxed latents.
*. excess moisture is present in the furro's
c. excess moisture is present on the su*strate
d. pressure
e. ta8e a'ay prints are usually tonally re#ersed
?op-Do$n Influence"
@ne of the t'o cogniti#e influences 'ith respect to o*ser#ational
8no'ledge. Top-
do'n influences are su*Iecti#e in nature, guided *y prior 8no'ledge,
expectations,
or emotions.
See =ottom-<p.
?ran"ferre Print
A transferred print is a true friction ridge impression that has *een
transferred
to another surface. This may happen intentionally -as 'ith fa*ricated or
forged
prints. or unintentionally -*y the original su*strate coming in contact
'ith
another surface.. If a transfer occurs unintentionally, the transferred
print
'ill *e a re#ersed image.
?ran"ient Crea"e
Creases 'hich are not permanent.
?ran"itive Property of E9uality
The mathematical principle% If a L * and * L c, then a L c. This relates
to friction
s8in identifications in esta*lishing that if a print -a. 'as identified to
print -*.
187
and print -*. 'as identified to print -c. then it is 8no'n that print -a.
'as left *y
the same person as print -c. 'ithout the need of doing an additional
comparison.
?ran"itory Print
A latent print seen *y *reathing on it.
?ran"po"in' the Conitional
The statistical e)ui#alent of the 5rosecutors Fallacy. In =ayes Theorum,
the
conditional pro*a*ility of an e#ent happening, gi#en that another e#ent
has
happened is expressed as 5-a&*.. Transposing the conditional is 'hen
someone
misinterprets this to *e the same as 5-*&a., 'hether intentional or
unintentional.
+xample% While loo8ing at the pro*a*ility of someone spea8ing Spanish,
gi#en that
they are from Spain it may *e misrepresented as the pro*a*ility of someone
*eing
from Spain, gi#en that they spea8 Spanish.
Transposing the conditional can *e related to fingerprints identifications
in many
different 'ays. @ne example is that +xaminers may *e reluctant to testify
to any
minimum point standard. This is often *ecause people misinterpret the
minimum num*er
of points you may ha#e used to ma8e an identification 'ith the minimum
num*er of
points that you 'ould use to ma8e an identification. @f course, this is
not correct
*ecause there are other conditions that an identification is *ased on.
See 5rosecutors Fallacy.
?rau)a
InIury or damage.
?rifurcation
The point at 'hich one friction ridge di#ides into three friction ridges.
?ri7etohyrinine &yrate
See 9inhydrin.
?ripartite *ule
5u*lished in the $!$Qs, *y +dmund ;ocard, the Tripartite 2ule gi#es "
different
conclusions to a fingerprint identification.
$. If more than $: Galton points exist, then the certainty of a positi#e
identification
is *eyond de*ate.
:. If 1-$: Galton points exist, an identification 'ill then *e dependent
188
on other items,
such as rarity.
". If less than 1 Galton points exist, then the print cannot pro#ide a
certain
identification.
?riraiu"
Area on the friction ridges 'here three ridge systems meet.
C2C 5ress
This term 'as introduced *y one of the authors of the *oo8 O5ersonal
IdentificationO. It suggests a " point star and includes *oth the delta
and the " radiating lines 'here ridges de#iate in different directions.
5ersonal Identification, Went'orth and Wilder $!$1 pg. $$?.
?roup Co))ittee
In $1!B, =ritainQs Troup Committee esta*lished adding fingerprints to
=ertillon
Identification Cards. At this time, the fingerprints 'erenQt used for
identification
purposes *ut their #alue 'as recogni7ed.
See =epler Committee.
?rue S7in
Another term for the dermis.
?urner, -illia) *u""ell
See 2ussell-Turner, William.
?ype 1 Error
The error in a system to o#erreact, a false positi#e result. An erroneous
indi#iduali7ation.
?ype / Error
The error in a system to underreact. Some #ie' this type of error as
either Mfalse negati#e
resultsN or Minconclusi#e results 'hen a definiti#e result could ha#e *een
foundN. @thers
#ie' a type : error only a Mfalse negati#e resultsN stating that
inconclusi#e results cannot
*e an erroneous conclusion *ecause inconclusi#e results are not
conclusions, *ut the a*sence
of a conclusion.
?ype Line"
The t'o innermost friction ridges associated 'ith a delta that parallel,
di#erge, and surround
or tend to surround the pattern area.
?ypica
A Gree8 'ord 'hich is synonymous 'ith characteristic.
189
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Identification.
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Blna
The larger of the t'o *ones of the forearm, on the palmar
side of the little finger.
The inner and longer of the t'o *ones of the human forearm
on the same side as the little finger.
Bltraviolet
Wa#elengths of light shorter than that of the #isi*le spectrum,
*et'een $ and B nm.
Bn-Du I
5roduct used to separate adhesi#e tapes.
Bni9ue
=eing the only one of its 8ind.
http%&&dictionary.reference.com&searchK)Luni)ue :-:?-"
3a#ing no e)ualA one.
C2C 5ress
Bni9ue Characteri"tic"
Characteristics used to indi#iduali7eA specific details.
C2C 5ress
Bni9uene""
,ery uncommon, unusual, atypical, or remar8a*leA a degree of
distinguishing distincti#eness.
C2C 5ress
190
Bnite State" v: Byron Mitchell .13335
This 'as the first legal case 'here fingerprints e#idence 'as challenged
at a 6au*ert hearing. The defense claimed that the state had failed to
esta*lish the scientific #alidity of latent prints stating, OIs there a
scientific *asis for a fingerprint examiner to ma8e an identification,
of a*solute certainty, from a small distorted latent fingerprint
fragmentO.
The <S 6istrict Court for the +astern 6istrict of 5ennsyl#ania>s decision
'as that the defense>s motion to exclude fingerprint e#idence 'as denied.
Bnite State" v: &enthorn .13315
An extension of the Giglio decision 'hich applies to re)uests for the
personnel
records of go#ernment 'itnesses.
See =rady and Giglio # <nited States.
Bnite State" v: Par7" .13315
MThe only 8no'n fingerprint case in 'hich a federal trial court has
performed
the type of analysis that is no' mandated *y 6au*ert, the district court
excluded the go#ernmentQs fingerprint identification e#idence. <nited
States #. 5ar8s -C.6. Cal. $!!$. -9o. C2-!$-"G1-JS;. -+x. B1.. The
district court
in 5ar8s reached its determination after hearing from three different
fingerprint experts produced *y the go#ernment in an effort to ha#e the
e#idence admitted. In excluding the e#idence, the district court
recogni7ed,
among other things, the lac8 of testing that has *een done in the field,
the
failure of latent fingerprint examiners to employ uniform o*Iecti#e
standards,
and the minimal training that latent fingerprint examiners typically
recei#e.N
http%&&'''.goextranet.com&Seminars&Federal&Fingerprint2eply.htm 1-$:-:B
The Iudge decided not to admit the e#idence in this case *ecause he had
se#eral
concerns. The initial examiner, 6iana Castro, testified to a point
standard -1 points.
*ut couldnQt state 'hy that standard 'as used. The Iudge concluded there
'ere
no 'ritten documents or studies to support this standard and therefore the
conclusion 'asnQt scientific. The super#isor, 6arnell Carter, testified
that the
office standard 'as $ points *ut could *e reduced 'ith a super#isorQs
appro#al.
The super#isor could offer no literature to support this policy. The "rd
expert
'as an IAI Certified +xaminer that 'or8ed for the <nited States 5ostal
Inspection
Ser#ice, Ste#en Fasars8y. 3e testified that no studies on errors had *een
done
*ut he 8ne' of cases 'here $ points of agree 'ere found in different
prints.
3e stated that practitioners all ha#e independent standards and that
191
practitioners
donQt 8no' if a dissimilarity exists in an area that 'asnQt left, they
must guess.
Bnite State" v: Pla<a ./44/5
5la7a 'as one of four people *eing charged as *eing a hit man. There 'ere
latent
prints in the case and the defense decided to challenge the fingerprint
e#idence.
A 6au*ert hearing 'as held. Federal Judge ;ouis 5olla8 ruled that
fingerprint
experts could not tell Iuries that t'o fingerprints matched. It 'as noted
that
fingerprints 'ere uni)ue and permanent *ut the science didn>t meet the
6au*ert test.
Judge 5olla8 re#ersed his decision t'o months later.
Bniver"ity of Applie Science
See Institute of Applied Science.
Brea
@ne of the organic elements in eccrine s'eat.
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Identification.
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VMD
,acuum 4etal 6eposition. 5rocess of selecti#e condensation of
metals under #acuum conditionsA used to #isuali7e friction ridge
detail.
A num*er of metals 'hen deposited *y ,AC<<4 4+TA; 6+5@SITI@9 'ill
delineate
fingerprints on some surfaces. Some of these 'or8 as single metal
treatment
'hile others must *e used in com*ination. The currently recommended
com*ination
is G@;6 follo'ed *y Î9C.
;ead, 7inc, sil#er, gold, magnesium and a fe' other metals de#elop
fingerprints
'hen deposited as single metals. Some of the 8no'n metal com*inations are
gold,
192
sil#er or copper follo'ed *y cadmium or 7inc.
http%&&'''.crimetechla*s.com&#acuummetal.asp ?-$?-:G
Vacuu) Cyanoacrylate E"ter
Fuming method, conducted under #acuum conditions, in 'hich
cyanoacrylate polymeri7es on friction ridge residueA used to
#isuali7e friction ridge detail.
Vacuu) Metal Depo"ition
See ,46.
Vaiya M:C:
Wrote OThe 6ermal 5apillae and 2idge 5atterns in 3uman ,olar S8inO in $!/1
'ith
;.W. Chac8o.
Vali
Well grounded, produced the desired results.
http%&&dictionary.reference.com&searchK)L#alid
Valiate
To ma8e #alid *y chec8ing the accuracy of a system.
Valiation Stuy
A study to assess the limitations and *enefits of a process or techni)ue
in order to
determine its usefulness. An ade)uate #alidation study should include the
process,
comparisons to other similar processes, re#ie' of literature, limitations
and #alues
of the process, and documentation of the testing that #alidates the
conclusion.
Value
The #alue of a friction ridge impression is determined *y the context in
'hich the term is
used. An impression can ha#e identification #alue, exclusionary #alue,
#alue for
determining ho' an o*Iect 'as touch, #alue in determining if impressions
'ere left
simultaneously, in#estigation #alue, analytical #alue, or pro*ati#e #alue.
An impression
can *e of #alue in determining ho' an o*Iect 'as held *ut not ha#e
sufficient #alue in
determining identity. Additionally, an impression can ha#e identification
#alue *ut not
pro*ati#e #alue.
Vaner7ol7, ;ohn
John ,ander8ol8 recei#ed a =achelor of Arts degree in Forensic Studies and
5sychology
193
from Indiana <ni#ersity in $!?!. 3e 'or8ed as an Indiana State 5olice
Trooper from
$!?!-$!1", *ecame a Crime Scene Technician in $!1", and then a Criminalist
-latent
prints, foot'ear&tiretrac8, physical comparisons. from $!1B-$!!/. 3e has
*een a
;a*oratory 4anager&Criminalist since $!!/.
John is a distinguished mem*er -:G. of the International Association for
Identification -IAI., and currently ser#es on the +ditorial 2e#ie' =oard
for the
Journal of Forensic Identification since $!!$ and the Forensic
Identification Standards
Committee. 3e is also a mem*er of the Scientific Wor8ing Group for
Friction 2idge
Analysis, Study and Technology -SWGFAST. since $!!/. John is also a
mem*er of the
Canadian Identification Society, the Indiana 6i#ision IAI, and the
Illinois 6i#ision
IAI.
3e has presented at a #ariety of international, national and regional
seminars and has
*een pu*lished in The Journal of Forensic Identification and the Cogniti#e
5sychology
Journal ,ision 2esearch. The topics include% M2idgeology, Animal
4u77leprints and
3uman FingerprintsN, MClass Characteristics and RCould =eQ 2esultsN,
MIdentifying
Consecuti#ely 4ade Gar*age =ags Through 4anufactured CharacteristicsN,
MForensic
Indi#iduali7ation of Images <sing Huality and Huantity of InformationN,
M;e#els of
Huality and Huantity in 6etailN, MAC+c,% A 4odelN and M=eha#ioral and
+lectrophysiological +#idence for Configural 5rocessing in Fingerprint
+xpertsN *y 6r.
Tom =usey, Indiana <ni#ersity 6epartment of 5sychology 'ith John
,ander8ol8, ,ision
2esearch, BG -Fe*ruary, :G. B"$-BB1.
Ver+ov, Profe""or ;ulian MD, F*CP, F*CPC&, FIBiol, FLS
5rofessor Julian ,er*o# is 5rofessor of 6ermatology at the <ni#ersity of
;i#erpool <F
and has *een a Consultant to The Fingerprint Society since $!!$. 3is 46
Thesis in $!?$
'as on M6ermatoglyphics and @ther Findings in 3ealth and 6iseaseN. 3e is
author or
contri*utor to more than " pu*lications including :! *oo8s and his
particular
specialty is 5ediatric 6ermatology. 3e founded the Iournal, 5ediatric
6ermatology, is a
founding father of =ritish 5ediatric 6ermatology, is a past +ditor- in-
Chief of the =ritish
Journal of 6ermatology. 3e 'as a'arded the Sir Archi*ald Gray 4edal in
:/ *y the
=ritish Association of 6ermatologists, their highest accolade, for
194
outstanding ser#ices
to 6ermatology. 3is in#ited lectures include #isits to <SA, Canada,
9or'ay, Greece,
France, Germany, Israel and the <F. 3e 'as 8eynote lecturer at the
inaugural meeting
of the Israel Society for 5ediatric 6ermatology in :B. 3e is an
3onorary 4em*er of
the =ritish Association of 6ermatologists, the =ritish Society for
5aediatric 6ermatology,
the 9orth of +ngland 6ermatological Society, and the 6r 3enry Faulds-
=eith
Commemorati#e Society, Scotland. 3e has *een a 4agistrate for the City of
;i#erpool
since $!1".
Apart from his dedication to 6ermatology, he has also *een a teacher in
@ld Testament
Studies at the <ni#ersity of ;i#erpool 6ept of 5hilosophy. A polymath,
some of his other
many interests include his family, classical and *rass *and music,
editing, teaching all
age groups, 'riting poetry, etymology, clich_s, humour, ties and tie
design, apes and
lay preaching.
3is pu*lications include%
] 3ypohidrotic -or Anhidrotic. +ctodermal 6ysplasia T an appraisal of
diagnostic methods.
=r J 6ermatol $!?A1"%"B$-"B1
] +ditorial% 6ermatoglyphics in 4edicine. ;ancet $!?:%$%B$?
] Anonychia 'ith =i7arre Flexural 5igmentation T an autosomal dominant
dermatosis.
=r J 6ermatol $!?GA!:%B/!-B?B -no' sometimes referred to as ,er*o#
Syndrome.
] 5almar 2idge Appearances in 9ormal 9e'*orn Infants, and 2idge
Appearances in
2elation to +ccrine S'eating. =r J 6ermatol $!?GA!"%/BG- /B1
] 4ummified S8in T An +xercise in 5reser#ation. Int J 6ermatol
$!1"A::%B/- /
] 4any contri*utions to Fingerprint Whorld and +ducational ;ectures and
ad#ice to
The Fingerprint Society.
Verification
M,erification is a form of peer re#ie' and is part of most sciences. 4any
organi7ations
erroneously use #erification as a method of protecting against errors in
place of
ade)uate training. While #erification may pre#ent the occasional error,
its purpose is
to #erify process and o*Iecti#ity as opposed to only chec8 results. It is
also an
excellent #ehicle for training.N 6a#id Ash*augh
6etail :1 http%&&'''.clpex.com
,erification insures o*Iecti#ity and un*iased results, it does not insure
195
accurate
results or conclusions.
5roofA confirmation of a process.
C2C 5ress
The final step of the AC+-, method. A re#ie' and independent analysis of
the
conclusion of another examiner.
See =lind ,erification and 6ou*le =lind ,erification.
Verification Shoppin'
See8ing #erification that is in agreement 'ith the desired outcome.
Ve"ti'e"
+rratic local disarrangements of ridges not conforming to
surrounding ridge formations.
C2C 5ress
Vir'in I"lan" v: Au"tin ;aco+" ./4415
A *urglary case that failed a 6au*ert challenge. The Iudge decided to
exclude
the fingerprint testimony *ecause the prosecutor hadnQt pro#ided
information
to the defense to determine if the fingerprint e#idence 'as scientifically
relia*le.
The defense as8ed for the C, of the examiner -4aureen 2ichardson. and for
an
explanation of the methodology to determine if a *asis and reason existed
for
the findings. The prosecutor failed to pro#ide these items.
Vi"i+le Li'ht
,isi*le light is a series of electromagnetic 'a#elengths that 'e can see.
These
'a#elengths range in fre)uency from B-?nm and are seen as different
colors.
The com*ination of all the colors in the #isi*le light spectrum is
referred to
as 'hite light.
Volar
2elated to the palmar and plantar surfaces.
To do 'ith the palms of the hands or the soles of the feet.
C2C 5ress
196
Volar Pa"
5almar and plantar fetal tissue gro'th that affects friction ridge
s8in de#elopment and patterns.
S'elling of the mesenchyme cells during fetal gro'th. There are $$
#olar pads are on each hand of a fetus.
Voll)er, Au'u"t .1=%2-Nov: 0, 13>>5
A Chief of 5olice in ;os Angeles, California 'ho started the first crime
la*oratory in the <nited States. ,ollmer, along 'ith 5aul Fir8, also
esta*lished criminology and criminalistics as an academic discipline. In
$!G the <ni#ersity of California =er8eley *egan offering criminal Iustice
degrees.
,ollmerQs o*ituary appears in the January $!G/ issue of Fingerprint and
Identification 4aga7ine.
Vucetich, ;uan .A6A Vucetic, Ivan an Vucetic, ;o"ip an Vucetic, Ivo5
.1=>=-13/>5
Wor8ing in Argentina, ,ucetich is credited 'ith deri#ing the
classification
system used in South America. 3is classification system 'as originally
called >The Icnofalangometric-ia. system> *ut after some modifications the
name 'as changed to >6actiloscopy> or >6actiloscopia>, at the suggestion
of
another fingerprint pioneer- 6r. Francisco ;at7ina,. ,ucetich is also
credited as *eing the first person to use a latent fingerprint to sol#e a
crime. The real person 'ho collected the e#idence and made the
identification
'as Inspector +duardo Al#are7, in $1!:, *ut historically ,ucetich is gi#en
the
credit *ecause it is felt that Al#are7 'ould ha#e ne#er done this 'ithout
the
influence of ,ucetich. Confronted 'ith the fingerprint e#idence,
Francesca
2oIas confessed to murdering her t'o sons.
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Identification.
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-al7er, Michael Davi .13@%-pre"ent5
Written *y John =erry.
197
4ichael 6a#id Wal8er 'as *orn in $!"? at Stroud, Gloucestershire, +ngland
and Ioined the 9e' Scotland Pard Fingerprint =ureau in $!/, duly
o*taining
his expert status. ;ater he transferred to the 3ertfordshire Consta*ulary
Fingerprint =ureau, thence to the Cam*ridgeshire =ureau, 'here he is
presently employed. I 'as an ama7ed 'itness to an a*solutely outstanding
memory identification in the eighties. In 3ertfordshire, fingerprints of
persons li8ely to commit crimes 'ere filed in separate *undles, right
hand,
left hand, and plain impressions held together 'ith elastic *ands. @ne
day
I concluded a search and 'as a*out to put the fingerprint *undle in a
dra'er
and I stopped to tal8 to 4i8e. 4y elastic *and snapped and fingerprint
forms
cascaded to the floor. 4i8e instincti#ely gra**ed one, loo8ed at it and
did
a dou*le ta8e. 3e rushed to the Scenes of Crime Collection, flipped
through
the cards and 'ith a 'ide smile handed me the crime scene imprint and the
fingerprint slip. It 'as an identification in the *rief flash of time as
the form fell to the ground and he gra**ed it, his mind, computer-li8e,
recogni7ed the crime scene imprint. 4i8e Wal8er has also made many 2idge
6etail in 9ature disco#eries, #ia photograph or report, duly pu*lished in
ST2A=IS4<S. T John =erry, Jan. :G
-atlin', -illia)
William Watling of the Internal 2e#enue Ser#ice 'as one of the first
people to
use imaging technology in forensics. =ill Watling 'as in#ol#ed in the
first
Felly-Frye hearing on this 8ind of technology, ,A #s. 2o*ert 6ouglas
Fnight $!!$.
5ersonal Correspondence 'ith George 2eis G-:G
4r. Watling *egan his career in la' enforcement 'ith the Ari7ona 3igh'ay
5atrol
in $!/!. 3e 'as assigned to the ne'ly formed ;atent 5rint Section of the
ne'ly
created 6epartment of 5u*lic Safety in $!?. 4uch of his fingerprint
training
'as from #arious classes and 'or8shops at the F=I Academy in Huantico, ,A.
In
$!?/ he 'as promoted to head the section. 3e expanded the ;atent 5rint
Section
and o#ersa' the design and construction of three latent print la*oratories
for
the State of Ari7ona. 3e 'ent to 'or8 for the I2S Criminal In#estigation
6i#ision,
9ational Forensic ;a*oratory in $!1? as a Forensic In#estigator, 'here he
headed
up their ;atent 5rint Section. 3e 'ent into pri#ate practice in late
$!!/. Coming
out of pri#ate practice he 'ent to 'or8 at the <S 6epartment of 3omeland
Security
Fingerprint Identification Center in San 6iego, California in :" as a
198
latent
print examiner super#isor. 3e has recei#ed many commendations and
accolades from
#arious organi7ations, prosecutors and others including a special
commendation from
the Go#ernor of The State of Ari7ona.

3e has authored and had pu*lished in #arious scientific Iournals many
papers
related to latent print de#elopment, identification and forensic image
enhancement.
3e has gi#en presentations related to fingerprints, forensic hand'riting
and
forensic image enhancement to conferences&meetings and 'or8shops of the
IAI, #arious
di#isions of the IAI, the American Academy of Forensic Science and other
symposiums
throughout the <S, Canada and Great =ritain. 3e has also instructed
'or8shops
related to latent print de#elopment, e#idence&crime scene photography and
digital
image enhancement for a num*er of la' enforcement agencies though out
9orth America.
3e 'as an instructor at Glendale Community College in Glendale, Ari7ona
for *oth day
and e#ening classes related to e#idence technology for se#eral years. 3e
also ser#ed
on the Curriculum Ad#isory =oard for Community Colleges in Ari7ona.
3e 'as one of the pioneers in using computeri7ed image enhancement on *oth
fingerprint
and document e#idence. 3e is one of the three co-founders of the Ari7ona
Identification
Council, 'hich is a di#ision of the IAI. 3e is a life mem*er of the AIC
and the IAI
and has ser#ed in #arious positions for *oth organi7ations. 3e ser#ed
se#eral terms on
the AIC ;atent Finger 5rint Certification Committee in addition to *eing
5resident and
on the =oard of 6irectors se#eral times. 3e is a distinguished mem*er of
the IAI and has
ser#ed se#eral terms on the =oard of 6irectors as 'ell as #arious
committees. 3e has also
*een a mem*er of se#eral other di#isions of the IAI and se#eral other
forensic related
organi7ations.

While at the Ari7ona 65S, 4r. Watling along 'ith Fenneth @. Smith, Jr.
-no' in charge of
the <S5IS ;atent 5rint Section, 6ulles, ,A.. experimented 'ith and
de#eloped se#eral
different formulas for de#eloping latent fingerprints on #arious surfaces.
They 'ere the
first to pu*lish a paper on a 3+5TA9+ *ased carrier for de#eloping latent
fingerprints on
porous surfaces to 8eep in8s from *leeding or running. 4r. Watling has
199
also speciali7ed
in detecting fa*ricated latent fingerprint e#idence and&or fa*ricated
enhancement of such
e#idence. 3e has *een successful in disco#ering a num*er of fa*rications
as 'ell as
erroneous fingerprint identifications - some *y reno'ned fingerprint
experts.

4r. Watling testified to the #alidity of digital image enhancement used to
enhance
fingerprints in the first Felly-Frye 3earing in the <nited States -,A #s.
2o*ert 6ouglas
Fnight $!!$.. 3e also pro#ided testimony in the first similar type
hearing in Canada also
in $!!$ and in San 6iego, California -5eople #s. Jac8son $!!$.. 3e has
consulted 'ith many
latent print examiners and prosecutors 'hen they prepare-d. cases
in#ol#ing digital image
enhancement for trial. 3e also consults 'ith defense attorneys in cases
'here it is
*elie#ed image enhancement has *een mis-used or to #alidate the
identification.
-eaver, Davi
In $!! 6a#id Wea#er in#ented the CA fuming 'and. "4 patented this as the
Cyano'and S
and in $!!" they launched the ne' product. In :G, 6a#id patented the
Fuma-6ome S and
the 5ress 0 Fume S. In :/, 4ountain State <ni#ersity recei#ed an 9IJ
grant that, under the
guidance of 6a#id Wea#er, 'ill research dyed superglue for *etter
#isuali7ation.
-e++e Fin'er"
T'o or more fingers connected along the sides *y s8in.
See Syndactyly.
-ent$orth, Bert .1=>%-13@=5
=orn George 3er*ert -or 3e*ert. Went'orth. An early researcher
in the field of friction s8in identification. Went'orth 'as a
police commissioner for 6o#er, 9e' 3ampshire in the early $!>s.
In $!$1 he co-authored the *oo8 O5ersonal IdentificationO 'ith 6r.
3arris 3a'thorne Wilder. Went'orth 'ent on to *ecome a *oard
mem*er of the Institute of Applied Science in the $!">s.
-erthei), 6a"ey .;une 11, 13%@-pre"ent5
Fasey Wertheim *egan loo8ing at fingerprints 'ith his father, 5at, 'hile
in grade school. 6uring his undergraduate studies in chemistry and
criminal Iustice at 9orthern Ari7ona <ni#ersity, he #olunteered in the
fingerprint section of the Ari7ona 65S Crime ;a*oratory, and successfully
completed t'o summer internships 'ith the Forensic Ser#ices <nit of
the <nited States Secret Ser#ice in Washington 6C. From $!!? to :",
he 'or8ed as Forensic Scientist for the 4ississippi Crime ;a*oratory,
200
follo'ed *y a one-yea r effort 'ith a small forensic technology company,
;umenIH, as their 6irector of Forensic Ser#ices. In :B, Fasey 'as hired
*y ;oc8heed 4artin to de#elop an examination ser#ices team for the
federal go#ernment. : years and $$ ne' employees later, Fasey had
esta*lished the 6o6 =iometric +xamination Ser#ices Team and earned
his 4asters in =usiness Administration, Technology 4anagement. In :?,
he accepted a *roader scale position 'ith 3arding Security Associates
as a Senior 5rincipal Analyst to continue 6o6 'or8 on multiple forensic
proIects in different parts of the 'orld. Concurrently, in :B, Fasey
Wertheim formed Complete Consultants World'ide 'ith a #ision to *ring
examination ser#ices from non-centrali7ed *ut incorporated experts in
their home-offices to go#ernment clients 'ho need superior s8ills to
accurately and efficiently contri*ute to national security. =y :1,
CCW pro#ided the ser#ices of )ualified, educated, and experienced
scientific research and Su*Iect 4atter +xpertise to the 6epartment
of 6efense -6o6. *iometric centers of excellence. It 'as in :1 that
Fasey Wertheim resigned his position 'ith 3arding Security Associates
and exclusi#ely 'or8ed as the 5resident and Chief +xecuti#e @fficer
of Complete Consultants World'ide.
Fasey has lectured, conducted 'or8shops, pu*lished papers, and enhanced
go#ernment and coalition forensic operations internationally. 3e has
earned
O6istinguished 4em*erO status 'ith the International Association for
Identification
-IAI., ser#ed as the Chair of the ;atent 5rint Su*committee of the IAI for
: years,
'as an IAI Certified Crime Scene Analyst for G years, currently ser#es on
the
+ditorial =oard for the Journal of Forensic Identification -JFI., and is
currently
a Ore-testedO IAI Certified ;atent 5rint +xaminer -C;5+..
Fasey Wertheim is also 8no'n for co-'riting MFriction 2idge 0 5attern
Formation 6uring the Critical StageN 'ith Alice 4aceo, JFI, Jan&Fe* ::,
,ol G:, 9o. $. This article is one of the most comprehensi#e papers on
this
su*Iect a#aila*le to friction ridge practitioners.
-erthei), Pat A: .March /@, 130=-pre"ent5
5at Wertheim is one of the most prominent and influential latent print
examiners in the latent print community. 3e *egan his career as a patrol
officer in $!?" and has since *een in#ol#ed in e#ery aspect of latent
print 'or8. 3e>s *een a distinguished representati#e of the IAI holding
#arious positions such as ;i*rarian, a mem*er of the editorial re#ie'
*oard, a *oard mem*er for se#eral years, and he>s ser#ed in different
,ice 5resident positions. 3e 'or8ed for ;ightning 5o'der as an instructor
of identification and crime scene courses, as 'ell as *eing their ,ice
5resident. In $!!!, 4r. Wertheim founded OForensic Identification
Training SeminarsO and has taught o#er $ forensic courses. 3e>s also
'ritten and presented o#er B educational papers and articles. 3e>s *een
acti#e in setting industry standards and has *een a mem*er of SWGFAST
since $!!/. Among his long list of note'orthy cases, he 'or8ed in
Scotland
'ith 6a#id Grie#e in exposing the erroneous identification in the Shirley
4cFie case, he 'or8ed 'ith Allen =ayle in +ngland exposing mista8es made
201
in the Alan 4c9amara case and he 'as a 8ey 'itness for the <nited States
6au*ert hearings. This is Iust a *rief summary of the contri*utions and
accomplishments 5at Wertheim has *rought to the latent print community.
Currently he 'or8s as a latent print examiner 'ith the Ari7ona 65S Crime
;a*oratory, 'here he>s *een employed since $!1!.
-e"t, -ill an -illia)
To some, the Will West & William West case in $!" is noted as the demise
of the =ertillon 4ethod of Identification. T'o men had the exact same
measurements *ut different fingerprints. This incident happened at
;ea#en'orth 5enitentiary in Fansas.
@thers claim that this case 'as not the demise of the =ertillon System.
Fingerprints replaced the =ertillon System follo'ing the fingerprint
exhi*it at the $!B Worlds Fair. Fingerprints 'ere found to *e more
con#enient to use and could *e used to identify latent prints found at
crime scenes. The West case did esta*lish that fingerprints 'ere more
relia*le than anthropometry or photographs.
-et Print
A premade solution of small particle reagent that can *e purchased through
the ;ynn 5ea#ey Company. This solution can *e sprayed on 'et items to
de#elop latent fingerprints.
-et$op A
FIell Carlsson of S'eden de#eloped this product to de#elop friction
ridge detail on adhesi#e surfaces and&or tapes. It is a po'er
suspension mixture that has *een found to 'or8 *etter than other
staining methods and *etter than stic8y side po'der.
-hipple, Ine< L: .1=%1-13/35 .A6A -hipple--iler5
Ine7 Whipple-Wilder is noted for her research 'ith the e#olutionary
de#elopment of #olar pads in mammals, the e#olutionary de#elopment of
friction ridges, and ridge patterns. She found that these patterns are
affected *y internal and external forces on a fetus during de#elopment.
She 'rote, OThe ,entral Surface of the 4ammalian Chiridium, 'ith special
reference to the conditions found in manO in $!B. She is also
noted as *eing an assistant to 3arold Wilder and later *ecoming his
'ife.
-hite Li'ht
White light is a com*ination of all the colors in the #isi*le light
spectrum.
,isi*le light is sometimes referred to as 'hite light.
-hite Line"
Creases 'hich are not formed 'ith other friction ridge detail.
<sually associated 'ith age. According to 6a#id Ash*augh>s *oo8
OHuantitati#e-Hualitati#e Friction 2idge Analysis, O'hite lines
disrupts the stratum corneum -horny layer. of the epidermis.
These creases do ha#e ridge detail 'ith-in the crease. They are
usually permanent *ut do ha#e the a*ility to shrin8 and gro'.
Also 8no'n as tension creases.
See Creases, Tension Creases and Flexion Creases.
-hitePrint O ?itaniu) Dio(ie
202
A processing techni)ue used to de#elop friction ridge detail on *oth
sides of electrical tape, the non-adhesi#e side of duct tape, plastic
*ags, cellophane, and other non-porous surfaces. 6e#eloped *y 6a#e
Wade in :$-::.
http%&&'''.'hiteprint.com&Ti@:.htm
-horl - Acciental
$. With the exception of the plain arch, a fingerprint pattern consisting
of
t'o different types of patterns
'ith t'o or more deltas.
:. A pattern that possesses some of the re)uirements for t'o or more
different types.
". A pattern that conforms to none of the definitions.
-horl - Central Poc7et Loop
A type of fingerprint pattern that has t'o deltas and at least one
friction
ridge 'hich ma8es, or tends to ma8e, one complete circuit, 'hich may *e
spiral, o#al, circular, or any #ariant of a circle. An imaginary line
dra'n
*et'een the t'o deltas must not touch or cross any recur#ing friction
ridges 'ithin the inner pattern area.
-horl - Dou+le Loop
A type of fingerprint pattern that consists of t'o separate loop
formations
'ith t'o separate and distinct sets of shoulders and t'o deltas.
-horl - Plain
A type of fingerprint pattern that consists of one or more friction ridges
'hich
ma8e, or tends to ma8e, a complete circuit, 'ith t'o deltas, *et'een
'hich,
'hen an imaginary line is dra'n, at least one recur#ing friction ridge
'ithin
the inner pattern area is cut or touched.
-iler, Dr: &arri" &a$thorne .April %, 1=20-Fe+: /%, 13/=5
A fingerprint pioneer associated 'ith his research into 'hat is no' 8no'n
as differential gro'th. 6r. Wilder claims to *e the first person to
recogni7e
that the >center of distur*ance>, center of a ridge pattern, is al'ays
'here
a #olar pad exists. 3e also claims to ha#e pro#ed that the large cats
#olar
pad is really three pads fused together. This point 'as stated *y
Flaatsch
earlier *ut Wilder claims that Flaatsch offered no proof. Wilder is
also
noted for the idea that ridges are ridge units fused together, a
hypothesis
203
'hich still remains unpro#en. 3e 'rote numerous articles and pu*lished
the
*oo8 O5ersonal IdentificationO 'ith =ert Went'orth in $!$1.
First American to study dermatoglyphics. 9amed the A, =, C, 6
triradii points, in#ented the 4ain ;ine Index, studied thenar
hypothenar eminencies, 7ones II, III, I,.
http%&&'''.handanalysis.net&li*rary&derm(history.htm "-1-:"
-or7in' Solution
Solution at the proper dilution for processing.
-riterJ" Pal)
The outer edge of a palm print typically left on a document 'hen people
'rite. This includes the outer portion of the hypothenar and may include
the outer edge of interdigital section and the outer edge of the little
finger.
To# \ Home
$

Identification.
Home \ Bottom
Lanthull v: State
In ànthull #. State -B" SW.:d 1?. the defendant 'as con#icted of the
*urglary
of a lum*er company. A hammer on the floor *ehind the counter at the crime
scene
had *een used to pry open the cash *ox and the defendant>s palm print 'as
found
on the hammer. As in Fuhl, the deputy -'ho )ualified as an expert in
fingerprints
*ased on his education, training, and experience. testified that palm
prints 'ere
O*iologically the same as the *ul*ar ridges on the end of the fingerO. The
issue
on appeal in#ol#ed the )uestion O'as the court in error in allo'ing a
fingerprint
expert to testify on palm printsO. The court -Court of Criminal Appeals of
Texas,
$!//. held that *ecause he 'as )ualified as a fingerprint expert and fully
explained the fundamental similarity *et'een fingerprints and palm prints,
the
204
court did not err in permitting him to testify as an expert on palm
prints.
Lylene an Lylene Su+"titute"
A la*oratory sol#ent used as a carrier in reagents, also used as a
clearing agent.
`ylene is considered a ha7ardous chemical. @#er exposure can produce
headaches, nausea or di77iness. `ylene su*stitutes are a#aila*le under
different names that are less ha7ardous to the user.
`ylene is also 8no'n as xylol, dimethyl*en7ene, or mixed xylenes.
Minc Chlorie
A fluorescent techni)ue used to de#elop friction ridge detail on
porous surfaces. Also used to enhance latent prints that 'ere
de#eloped 'ith other methods.
Minc Nitrate
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$
205

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Michele Triplett's Fingerprint

A collection of over 800 terms used in the Science of Fingerprint

A collection of over 800 terms used in the Science of Fingerprint

A collection of over 800 terms used in the Science of Fingerprint

A collection of over 800 terms used in the Science of Fingerprint

A collection of over 800 terms used in the Science of Fingerprint

A collection of over 800 terms used in the Science of Fingerprint

A collection of over 800 terms used in the Science of Fingerprint

A collection of over 800 terms used in the Science of Fingerprint

A collection of over 800 terms used in the Science of Fingerprint

A collection of over 800 terms used in the Science of Fingerprint

A collection of over 800 terms used in the Science of Fingerprint

A collection of over 800 terms used in the Science of Fingerprint

A collection of over 800 terms used in the Science of Fingerprint

A collection of over 800 terms used in the Science of Fingerprint

A collection of over 800 terms used in the Science of Fingerprint

A collection of over 800 terms used in the Science of Fingerprint

A collection of over 800 terms used in the Science of Fingerprint

A collection of over 800 terms used in the Science of Fingerprint

A collection of over 800 terms used in the Science of Fingerprint

A collection of over 800 terms used in the Science of Fingerprint

A collection of over 800 terms used in the Science of Fingerprint

A collection of over 800 terms used in the Science of Fingerprint

A collection of over 800 terms used in the Science of Fingerprint

A collection of over 800 terms used in the Science of Fingerprint

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