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Atomic structure and the periodic table notes

Protons 1 +1
Electrons 1/1840 -1
Neutrons 1 0

Atomin number and the mass number, the mass number will be at the top, number of the portons and
the neutrons and the atomic number at the bottom is the number of protons only
Isotopes are atoms of same element that contain different number of neutrons chemical properties will
be the same and the physical properties will change
]
Mass spectrometry accurate instrumental technique used to determine the relative isotopic mass
(mass of each individual isotope relative to carbon 12) and relative abundance of each isotope, how
much of it is there, from these measurements, the RAM can be calculated
Uses of this
Carbon 14 dating
Detecting illegal drugs
Forensic science
Space exploration

1 Vaporization sample material is put in as a gas, solid samples have to be heated and vaporized
2 Ionization high energy electrons will knock out the electrons in the atoms making them
positive ions
3 Acceleration
4 Deflection










Prinicipal energy levels notes

For each element, the successive ionization energies increases because the charge on the ion
gets greater as each electron is removed.
As each electron is removed, there is a greater attractive force between the protons in the
nucleus and the remaining electrons
hence more energy is needed to overcome these sttractive forces

The large changes in the ionization energies means that the electrons that are being removed
are from the next energy level which is closer to the nucleus

The factors that influence ionisaion energies (add on)
Size of the nuclear charge
As the atomic number increases, the posiive nuclear charge increases, the bigger the positive
charge the greater the attractive force between the nucleus and the electrons so mre energy is
neede to overcome these attractive forces

Ionization energy will increase as the proton number increases (lesser electrons)

Distance of outer electrons from the nucleus
Force of sttracion between the positive and negative charge decreases rapidly as the distance
them increases,m electrons in the shells further away form the nucleus are less attracted than
the ones closer

Further away the outer electron shell is from the nucleus, the lowere the ionization energy

Shielding effect
Since all the electrons are negatively charged, they will repel each other (like duh,
Electrns in the full inner shells will repel electrons in outer shells
Full inner shells of electrons prevenet the full nuclear charge being felt by the outer electrons,
this is called sheileding
Greter the shielding, the lowrre the attractive forces,

Ionisaition energy is lowere as the number of full electron shells between the outer electrons
and the nucleus increases.

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