CHAPTER 6

HEAT TRANSFER IN CHANNEL FLOW

6.1 Introduction
(1) Laminar vs. turbulent flow
- Flow through tubes, transition Reynolds number is
t
D
Re
2300 ~ =
v
D u
Re
t
D
(6.1)
(2) Entrance vs. fully developed region
- Classification based on velocity and temperature profiles:
(i) Entrance region
(ii) Fully developed region
(3) Surface boundary conditions
- Two common boundary conditions::
(i) Uniform surface temperature
(ii) Uniform surface heat flux
(4) Objective.
- Objective depends on surface thermal boundary condition:
(i) Uniform surface temperature. Determine axial variation of:
(1) Mean fluid temperature
(2) Heat transfer coefficient
(3) Surface heat flux
(ii) Uniform surface flux. Determine axial variation of:
(1) Mean fluid temperature
(2) Heat transfer coefficient
(3) Surface temperature
6.2 Hydrodynamic and Thermal Regions: General Features
- Fluid enters with uniform velocity and temperature.
(1) Entrance region. Extends from the inlet to the section where the boundary layer
thickness reaches the center of channel.
(2) Fully developed region. This zone follows the entrance region.
2
6.2.1 Flow Field
(1) Entrance Region (Developing Flow, ).
h
L x s s 0
- Name: hydrodynamic entrance region.
- Length: (hydrodynamic entrance length).
h
L
developed fully
x
r
h
L
u
c
u
i
V
6.1 Fig.
o
u
- Streamlines are not parallel.
- Core velocity increases with distance
c
u
0 / < dx dp ). - Pressure decreases with distance (
2 / D < o . -
(2) Fully Developed Flow Region.
h
L x >
). 0 =
r
v ( - Streamlines are parallel
- for two-dimensional incompressible fluid. 0 / = c c x u
6.2.2 Temperature Field
(1) Entrance Region (Developing Temperature, )
t
L x s s 0
- Name: Thermal entrance region.
developed fully
r
i
V
6.2 Fig.
i
T
c
T
s
T
t
L
T
x
t
o
s
T
s
T
- Length: (thermal entrance length).
t
L
- Core temperature is uniform,
c
T
i c
T T = .
2 / D
t
< o -
(2) Fully Developed Temperature Region.
t
L x >
- Temperature varies radially and axially,
. 0 / = c c x T
6.3 Hydrodynamic and Thermal Entrance Lengths
6.3.1 Scale Analysis
(1) Hydrodynamic Entrance Length .
h
L
- Starting with external flow result (4.16)
x
Re
x
1
~
o
(4.16)
h
L x = : - Applying (4.16) to a tube at
D
L
Re Re
h
D L
h
= D ~ o and (b)
- Substituting (b) into (4.16) and rearranging
3
1 ~
/
2 / 1
|
|
.
|
D
D

\
|
h
Re
L
(6.2)
(2) Thermal Entrance Length .
t
L
- Starting with external flow result (4.24)
2 / 1 2 / 1
~

r P Re L
L t
o (4.24)
- Applying (4.24) at :
t
L x =
D
L
Re Re
t
D L
t
= D
t
~ o and (b)
Substituting (b) into (4.24) and rearranging
1 ~
/
2 / 1
|
|
.
|

\
|
r P Re
D L
D
t
(6.3)
- (6.2) and (6.3) give
Pr
L
L
h
t
~ (6.4)
6.3.2 Analytic and Numerical Solutions: Laminar Flow
(1) Hydrodynamic Entrance Length .
h
L
- Results for :
h
L
Table 6.1
Entrance length coefficients and C [1]
h
C
e
D h
h
Re C
D
L
e
=
t
(6.5)
- Table 6.1 gives C
h
- Compare with scaling:
1 ~
/
2 / 1
|
|
.
|
\ D
h
Re
D L

|
(6.2)
Rewrite (6.5)
( )
2 / 1
2 / 1
/
h
e
D
e h
C
Re
D L
=
|
|
.
|

\
|
(a)
Example: Rectangular channel,
aspect ratio 2, Table 6.1 gives
Substituting this value
into (a), gives
. 085 . 0 =
h
C
t
C
geometry
h
C
uniform
surface flux
uniform
surface
temperature
0.056 0.043 0.033
a
b
a
a/b =1
0.09 0.066 0.041
a
b a/b = 2
0.085 0.057 0.049
a
b a/b = 4
0.075 0.042 0.054
0.011 0.012 0.008
4
( ) 29 . 0 085 . 0
/
2 / 1
2 / 1
= =
|
|
.
|
e
D
e
D

\
|
h
Re
L
(b)
Scaling replaces 0.29 by unity.
(2) Thermal Entrance Length .
t
L
- depends on surface boundary conditions: Two cases: (i) Uniform surface
temperature. (ii) Uniform surface flux.
t
L
- Solution
D t
t
PrRe C
D
L
e
= (6.6)
- Table 6.1 gives for both cases.
t
C
- Compare with scaling. Rewrite (6.6)
( )
2 / 1
2 / 1
/
t
D
t
C
PrRe
D L
e
=
|
|
.
|

\
|
(c)
Scaling gives
1 ~
/
2 / 1
|
|
.
|

\
|
r P Re
D L
D
t
(6.3)
Example: Rectangular channel, aspect ratio 2, Table 6.1 gives . 049 . 0 =
t
C Substituting
this value into (c), gives
( ) 22 . 0 049 . 0
/
2 / 1
2 / 1
= =
|
|
.
|

\
|
e
D
e t
PrRe
D L
(d)
Scaling replaces 0.22 be unity.
- Turbulent flow:
t h
L L L = =
10 ~
D
L
(6.7)
s
q ' ' 6.4 Channels with Uniform Surface Heat Flux
) 0 (
m mi
T T = - Inlet mean temperature: .
0
s
q' '
x
mi
T
6.3 Fig.
L
) (x T
m
- Determine:
(1) Total heat transfer rate .
s
q
(2) Mean temperature variation ). (x T
m
(3) Surface temperature variation ). (x T
s
- Total heat transfer rate
5
q
s
x P q A q
s s s
' ' = ' ' (6.8) =
s
A = surface area
P = perimeter
- Mean temperature . Conservation of energy between inlet and section x: ) (x T
m
] ) ( [
mi m p s s
T x T c m x P q q = ' ' =
or
x
c
m
P q
T x T
p
s
mi m
' '
+ = ) ( (6.9)
- Surface temperature . Newtons law of cooling gives ) (x T
s
| | ) ( ) ( ) ( x T x T x h q
m s s
= ' '
or
) (
) ( ) (
x h
q
x T x T
s
s m
' '
+ =
Using (6.9)
(
(

+ ' ' + =
) (
1
) (
x h c
m
Px
q T x T
p
s
i
m s
(6.10)
NOTE:
- Determining requires knowing h(x). ) (x T
s
- To determine h(x): Must know if:
- Flow is Laminar or turbulent.
- Entrance or fully developed region
6.5 Channels with Uniform Surface Temperature
) 0 (
m mi
T T = - Inlet mean temperature: .
0
x
mi
T
) (x T
m
dx
dx
dT
T
m
m
+
dx
s
dq
m
s
T
6.4 Fig.
m
T
dx
- Determine:
(1) Mean temperature variation ). (x T
m
(2) Total heat transfer rate between
s
q 0 = x and
location x.
). (x q
s
' ' (3) Surface heat flux variation
- Mean temperature variation ). (x T
m
Conservation of energy to element
(a)
m p s
dT c m dq =
6
Newton's law:
| |Pdx x T T x h dq
m s s
) ( ) ( = (b)
Combine (a) and (b)
dx x h
c m
P
x T T
dT
p m s
m
) (
) (
=

(c)
Integrating (c)
)
=
(

x
dx x h
c
m
P
T T
T x T
p
mi
m
s
s
0
) (
) (
ln (6.11)
h Definite
)
=
x
dx x h
x
h
0
) (
1
(6.12)
(6.12) into (6.11), solve ) (x T
m
] [ exp ) ( ) ( x
c m
h P
T T T x T
p
s mi m s
+ = (6.13)
NOTE:
- Determining requires knowing h(x). ) (x T
m
- To determine h(x): Must know if:
- Flow is laminar or turbulent.
- Entrance or fully developed region
- Heat transfer rate. Conservation of energy:
] ) ( [
mi m p s
T x T c m q = (6.14)
- Surface heat flux.: Newtons law:
)] ( )[ ( ) ( x T T x h x q
m s s
= ' ' (6.15)
6.6 Determination of Heat Transfer Coefficient and Nusselt Number ) (x h
D
Nu
6.6.1 Scale Analysis
0
m
T
s
T
s
q' '
r
o
r
6.5 Fig.
- Estimate h(x) and .
D
Nu
- Tube: radius , surface temperature , mean temperature
o
r
s
T .
m
T
- Fouriers law and Newtons law:
s m
o
T T
r
x r T
k
h

c
c

=
) , (
(6.16)
Scaling (6.16)
7
( )
s m
t
s m
T T
T T
k

o
~
or
t
k
h
o
~ (6.17)
The Nusselt number
k
hD
Nu
D
=
Use (6.17)
t
D
D
Nu
o
~ (6.18)
~ D, equation (6.18) gives ) (x
t
o - Fully developed region:
(fully developed) (6.19) 1 ~
D
Nu
- Entrance region: Need to scale ( ) (x
t
o < D).
t
o
- For external flow
~ (4.24)
2 / 1 2 / 1
x
Re Pr x
t
o
- (4.24) into (6.18)
1/2 2 / 1
~
x D
Re r P
x
D
u N (c)
- Expressing in terms of
x
Re
D
Re
D
x
Re
D
x D u x u
Re
D x
= = =

(d)
Substitute (d) into (c)
1/2 2 / 1
1/2
~
D D
Re r P
x
D
u N |
.
|

\
|
(6.20a)
Rewrite
1 ~
2 / 1
|
.
|

\
|
x/D
Re r P
u N
D
D
(6.20b)
- Scaling estimates (6.19) and (6.20) will be compared with exact solutions.
8
6.6.2 Basic Considerations for the Analytical Determination of Heat Flux, Heat
Transfer Coefficient and Nusselt Number
0
m
T
s
T
s
q' '
r
o
r
6.5 Fig.
- Need to determine velocity and temperature distribution.
- Assume: fully developed velocity
- Neglect axial conduction
- Section outline:
- Definitions
- Governing equations for determining:
(i) Surface heat flux
(ii) Heat transfer coefficient
(iii) Nusselt number
(1) Fouriers law and Newtons law.
s
q ' ' - Surface heat flux. Fouriers law gives surface heat flux
( )
r
r x T
k q
o
s
c
c
= ' '
,
(a)
Define dimensionless variables
u
r
v
v
r
=
-
u
v
x
v v
x
=
-

D u
Re
D
=
s i
s
T T
T T

= u ,
Pr Re
D x
D
/
=
o
r
r
R = , , , , (6.21)
Substitute into (a)
( )
R
T T
r
k
q
i s
o
s
c
c
= ' '
) 1 , ( 0
) (

(6.22)
- Heat transfer coefficient. Define h
( )
s m
s
T T
q
h

=
"
(6.23)
Combine (6.22) and (6.23)
R r
k
R T T r
T T k
h
m o s m o
i s
c
c
=
c
c

=
) 1 , (
) (
1 ) 1 , (
) (
) (
) (
u
u
u
(6.24)
is defined as where
m
u
s i
s m
m
T T
T T

0 (6.25)
- Nusselt number. Define:
k
r h
k
D h
Nu
o
2 ) ( ) (
) (

= = (6.26)
(6.24) into (6.26)
R
Nu
m
c
c
=
) 1 , (
) (
2
) (
0
0
(6.27)
9
(2) The Energy Equation. Review assumptions on energy equation (2.24).
(
(

c
c
+ |
.
|

\
|
c
c
c
c
= |
.
|

\
|
c
c
+
c
c
2
2
1
z
T
r
T
r
r r
k
z
T
v
r
T
v c
z r p
(2.24)
Replace z by x, use dimensionless variables:
2 2
2
(
1 4
2

0 0 0

0
c
c
+ |
.
|

\
|
c
c
c
c
=
c
c
+
c
c
- -
Pr) Re
R
R
R R R
v Pr Re v
D
D r x
(6.28)
where
r P Re Pe
D
= , Peclet number (6.29)
- Neglect conduction for
(6.30) 100 > =
D
PrRe Pe
Thus, under such conditions, (6.28) becomes
|
.
|

\
|
c
c
c
c
=
c
c
+
c
c
- -
R
R
R R R
v Re v
D
u u

u 4
2
r x
Pr (6.31)
(3) Mean (Bulk) Temperature . Define:
m
T
)
=
o
r
rdr T v c T mc
x p m p
0
2t (a)
Mass flow rate m is given by
rdr v m
x
o
r
t 2
0
)
= (b)
(b) into (a), assume constant properties
)
)
=
o
o
r
r
rdr v
Trdr v
T
x
x
m
0
0
(6.32a)
Dimensionless form:
dR R v
dR R v
T T
T T
x
x
s i
s m
m
-
-
)
)
=

=
1
0
1
0
u
u
(6.32b)
6.7 Heat Transfer Coefficient in the Fully Developed Temperature Region
6.7.1 Definition of Fully Developed Temperature Profile
10
- Far away from the entrance ( ), temperature profile becomes
fully developed.
r P Re d x
D
05 . 0 / >
- To define fully developed temperature, introduce the dimensionless temperature |
) ( ) (
) , ( ) (
x T x T
x r T x T
m s
s

= | (6.33)
- Fully developed temperature is defined as a profile in which | is independent of x:
) (r | | = (6.34)
(6.34) gives
0 =
c
c
x
|
(6.35)
(6.33) and (6.35) give
0
) ( ) (
) , ( ) (
=
(

c
c
=
c
c
x T x T
x r T x T
x x
m s
s
|
(6.36a)
Expand and use the definition of | in (6.33)
0 ) ( =
(

c
c

dx
dT
dx
dT
r
x
T
dx
dT
m s s
| (6.36b)
6.7.2 Heat Transfer Coefficient and Nusselt Number
- Examine h and Nu in the fully developed region.
- Fouriers and Newtons law:
s m
o
T T
r
x r T
k
h

c
c

=
) , (
(6.16)
Use (6.33) to eliminate . (6.16) gives r x r T
o
c c / ) , (
dr
r d
k h
o
) ( |
= = constant (6.37)
IMPORTANT CONCLUSOIN:
THE HEAT TRANSFER COEFFICIENT IN THE FULLY DEVELOPED REGION
IS CONSTANT INDEPENDET OF LOCATION.
- Nusselt number
dr
r d
D
k
hD
Nu
o
D
) ( |
= = (6.38)
- Scaling estimate based on limiting case of entrance region:
(fully developed) (6.19) 1 ~
D
Nu
- Scale estimate based on fully developed region:
11
Scale s r x r T
o
c c / ) , ( a
D
T T
r
x r T
m s o

c
c
~
) , (
Substitute into (6.16)
D
k
h ~ (6.39)
Substitute (6.39) into (6.38)
1 ~
D
u N (fully developed) (6.40)
6.7.3 Fully Developed Region for Tubes at Uniform Surface flux
r
T
x
0
s
q' '
s
q' '
D
u
6.6 Fig.
- Determine:
(i) Surface temperature ). (x T
s
(ii) Heat transfer coefficient.
- Newtons law
| | ) ( ) ( x T x T h q
m s s
= ' ' (a)
Since and h are constant it follows that
s
q ' '
= ) ( ) ( x T x T
m s
constant (b)
Differentiate
dx
dT
dx
dT
m s
= . (c)
(c) into (6.36b)
dx
dT
x
T
s
=
c
c
(d)
(c) and (d)
dx
dT
dx
dT
x
T
m s
= =
c
c
s
q ' ' (for constant ) (6.41)
- Unknowns: ) and ), , ( x r T (x T
m
) (x T
s
s
q' '
dx
dx
dx
dT
T
m
m
+
m
T
m
6.7 Fig.
- Conservation of energy:
(

+ = dx
dx
dT
T mc
m
m p
+ ' ' T mc Pdx q
m p s
or
12
p
s
mc
P q
m
dx
dT ' '
= = constant (6.42)
Substitute (6.42) into (6.41)
p
s
mc
P q ' '
dx
dT
dx
dT
x
T
m s
= =
c
c
= = constant (6.43)
Integrate(6.43)
1
) ( C x
mc
P q
x T
p
s
m
+
' '
= (e)
Use inlet condition
mi m
T T = ) 0 ( (f)
Solution (e) becomes
x
mc
P q
T x T
p
s
mi m
' '
+ = ) ( (6.44)
- Need to determine and This requires solving the differential form of
the energy equation.
) , ( x r T ). (x T
s
0 =
r
v in energy equation (2.24) - Set
|
.
|

\
|
c
c
c
c
=
c
c
r
T
r
r r
k
x
T
v c
p x
(6.45)
Fully developed flow axial velocity
(
(

=
2
2
1 2
o
x
r
r
u v (6.46)
(6.43) and (6.46) into (6.45)
|
.
|

\
|
c
c
c
c
=
' '
(
(

r
T
r
r r
k
c m
P q
r
r
u c
p
s
o
p

2
2
1 2 (g)
u r m
o
t
2
=
o
r P t 2 = and , equation (g) becomes However,
|
.
|

\
|
c
c
c
c
=
(
(

' '
r
T
r
r r
k
r
r
r
q
o
o
s
2
2
1
4
(6.47)
Boundary conditions are:
0
) , 0 (
=
c
c
r
x T
(6.48a)
s
o
q
r
x r T
k ' ' =
c
c ) , (
(6.48b)
Integrate (6.47)
13
( ) x f
r
T
kr
r
r r
o
s
+
c
c
=
(
(

' '
2
4 2
4
2
q
r
o
4
(h)
. 0 ) ( = x f Boundary condition (6.48a) gives Equation (h) becomes
(
(

' '
=
c
c
2
3
4
2
4
o
o
s
r
r r
kr
q
r
T
Integrate again
) (
16
4
4
) , (
2
4 2
x g
r
r r
kr
q
x r T
o
o
s
+
(
(

' '
= (6.49)
The integration constant is . Use to determine Substitute (6.46) and
(6.49) into (6.32a)
). (x g ) (x g ) (x T
m
) (
24
7
) ( x g
k
q r
x T
s o
m
+
' '
= (6.50)
Equate (6.44) and (6.50) gives ) (x g
x
mc
q P
k
q r
T x g
p
s s o
mi
' '
+
' '
=
24
7
) ( (6.51)
(6.51) into (6.49)
x
mc
q P
k
q r
r
r r
kr
q
T x r T
p
s s o
o
o
s
mi
' '
+
' '

(
(

' '
+ =
24
7
16
4
4
) , (
2
4 2
(6.52)
Set in (6.52) to obtain
o
r r = ) (x T
s
x
mc
q P
k
q r
T x T
p
s s o
mi s
' '
+
' '
+ =
24
11
) ( (6.53)
) (r | (6.44), (6.52) and (6.53) into (6.33) gives
x x
mc
q P
r
r
r
r
r
p
s
o o
11
7
11
24
4
1
11
24
1 ) (
2
4
2
2
+
' '
+
(
(

= | (6.54)
Differentiate (6.54) and substitute into (6.38) gives
364 . 4
11
48
= =
D
Nu (6.55)
NOTE:
- (6.55) applies to laminar fully developed velocity and temperature in tubes with
uniform surface heat flux.
- The Nusselt number is independent of Reynolds and Prandtl numbers.
- Scaling gives Nusselt as
1 ~
D
u N (6.40)
14
This compares favorable with (6.55).
6.7.4 Fully Developed Region for Tubes at Uniform Surface Temperature
- Determine: Nusselt number
- Solve the energy equation for the fully developed region
- Neglect axial conduction and dissipation.
0 =
r
v - Energy equation: set in (2.24)
|
|
.
|

\
|
c
c
c
c
=
c
c
r
T
r
r r
k
x
T
v c
p x
(6.45)
- Boundary conditions
0
) , 0 (
=
c
c
r
x T
(6.56a)
s o
T x r T = ) , ( (6.56b)
- Axial velocity for fully developed flow is
(
(

=
2
2
1 2
o
x
r
r
u v (6.46)
x T c c / in (6.45) - Use (6.36a) to Eliminate
0
) ( ) (
) , ( ) (
=
(

c
c
=
c
c
x T x T
x r T x T
x x
m s
s
|
(6.36a)
For uniform , above gives
s s
T x T = ) (
dx
dT
x T T
x r T T
x
T
m
m s
s
) (
) , (

=
c
c
(6.57)
(6.46) and (6.57) into (6.45)
|
|
.
|

\
|
c
c
c
c
=

(
(

r
T
r
r r
k
dx
dT
x T T
x r T T
r
r
c
m
m s
s
o
p
) (
) , (
1 2
2
2
u (6.58)
Solution: (6.58) was solved using an infinite power series. Solution gives the Nusselt
number as
657 . 3 =
D
Nu (6.59)
6.7.5 Nusselt Number for Laminar Fully Developed Velocity and Temperature in
Channels of Various Cross-Sections
- Table 6.2 lists Nusselt numbers for channels of various cross-sections.
- Two cases: (1) uniform surface heat flux and (2) uniform surface temperature.
- Nusselt number of Non-circular channels is based on the equivalent diameter.
- Scaling estimate:
15
Table 6.2
Nusselt number for laminar fully developed
conditions in channels of various cross-sections [3] 1 ~
D
Nu
0 =
r
(fully developed) (6.40)
- Table 6.2: Nusselt number ranges from 2.46
to 8.235.
6.8 Thermal Entrance Region: Laminar Flow
through Tubes
6.8.1 Uniform Surface Temperature: Graetz
Solution
- Laminar flow.
- Fully developed inlet velocity.
- Neglect axial conduction (Pe > 100).
- Uniform surface temperature T .
s
Fully developed flow:
v (3.1)
Axial velocity
) (
4
1
2 2
o z
r r
dz
dp
v =

(3.12)
(3.12) expressed in dimensionless form
) 1 ( 2
2
R
u
v
v
x
x
= =
-
(6.61)
(3.1) and (6.61) into energy equation (6.31)
( )
|
.
|

\
|
c
c
c
c
=
c
c

R
R
R R
R
u

u 1
1
2
1
2
(6.62)
- Boundary conditions
0
) 0 , (
=
c
c
R
u
(6.63a)
0 ) 1 , ( = u (6.63b)
1 ) , 0 ( = R u (6.63c)
- Analytic and numerical solutions to this problem have been obtained.
- Review analytic solution leading to:
Nusselt number
D
Nu
b
a
Channel geometry Uniform
surface
Uniform
surface
temperature flux
4.364 3.657
a
b
1 3.608 2.976
a
b
2 4.123 3.391
a
b
4 5.331 4.439
a
b
8 6.49 5.597

8.235 7.541
3.102 2.46
r
t
o
T
s
T
x
0
i
T
u
6.8 Fig.
16
(i) Mean temperature, ) ( u
m
( ) ) 2 exp( 8
2
2
0

u
n
n
n
n
m
G
=
_

=
(6.66)
) ( Nu (ii) Local Nusselt number,
( )
_
_

=
0
0
) 2 exp( 2
) 2 exp(
2
2
2
n
n
n
n
n
n n
G
G
Nu

(66.7)
) ( Nu (iii) Average Nusselt number,
k
D h
Nu
) (
) (

= (f)
RESULTS
- Table 6.3 lists values of
n
and for
n
G ) ( Nu . 10 0 s s n Table 6.4 gives and
) ( Nu at selected values of the axial distance .
) ( Nu ) ( Nu - Fig. 6.9 gives the variation of and along a tube.
Table 6.3
Uniform surface temperature [4]
n
n

n
G
0 2.70436 0.74877
1 6.67903 0.54383
2 10.67338 0.46286
3 14.67108 0.41542
4 18.66987 0.38292
5 22.66914 0.35869
6 26.66866 0.33962
7 30.66832 0.32406
8 34.66807 0.31101
9 38.66788 0.29984
10 42.66773 0.29012
Table 6.4
Local and average Nusselt
number for tube at uniform
surface temperature [5]
Pr Re
D x
D
/
) ( Nu
=
) ( Nu
0
0.0005 12.8 19.29
0.002 8.03 12.09
0.005 6.00 8.92
0.02 4.17 5.81
0.04 3.77 4.86
0.05 3.71 4.64
0.1 3.66 4.15
3.66 3.66
17
for number Nusselt average and Local
re temepratu surface uniform at tube ] 4 [
Pr e R
D x
D
/
=
N
u
s
s
e
l
t
n
u
m
b
e
r
Nu Average
Nu Local
6.9 Fig.
NOTE:
(1) The average Nusselt number is greater than the local Nusselt number.
. Thus (2) Asymptotic value of Nusselt number of 3.657 is reached at 05 . 0 ~
657 . 3 ) ( = Nu (6.69)
m
T , defined as (3) Evaluate fluid properties at the mean temperatures
2
mo mi
m
T T
T
+
= (6.70)
6.8.2 Uniform Surface Heat Flux
- Repeat Graetz entrance problem
replacing the uniform surface
temperature with uniform heat flux.
t
o
r
T
x
0
i
T
s
q' '
s
q' '
D
u
6.10 Fig.
- Inlet velocity is fully developed.
- Energy equation is
( )
|
.
|

\
|
c
c
c
c
=
c
c

R
R
R R
R
u

u 1
1
2
1
2
(6.62)
18
Boundary conditions
0 )
) 0 , (
=
c
c
R
u
(6.71a)
) (
) 1 , (
s i
o s
T T k
r q
R
' '
=
c
c u
(6.71b)
1 ) , 0 ( = R u (6.71c)
- Solution.
- Local Nusselt number:
1
) 2
2

(
(

n
|
Table 6.5
1
exp(
2
1
48
11
) (

+ = =
_
n
n
A
k
hx
Nu (6.72] Uniform surface flux [4]
n
n
A
2
n
|
- The average Nusselt number is given by
1 25.6796 0.198722
2 83.8618 0.069257
1
2
2
) 2 exp(
2

(
(

n
n
|
|
1
1
2
1
48
11
) (

+ = =
_
n
n
A
k
hx
Nu
n
3 174.1667 0.036521
(6.73]
4 296.5363 0.023014
5 450.9472 0.016030
6 637.3874 0.011906
- The eigenvalues and the constant are listed
in Table 6.5
2
n
| A
7 855.8495 0.009249
8 1106.3290 0.007427
9 1388.8226 0.006117
- Limiting case: (fully developed) =
10 1703.3279 0.005141
364 . 4
11
48
) ( = = Nu (6.74)
Pr e R
D x
D
/
=
N
u
s
s
e
l
t
n
u
m
b
e
r
Nu Average
Nu Local
[4] flux heat surface uniform at e tub
for number Nusselt average and Local 6.11 Fig.