Week 12 - Review 2013 (Part 1)

1
Mechanics of Solids II
Chapter 1 Stress
Definition:
The first suffix indicates the direction of plane. The second
denotes the direction of the stress component along the
coordinate.



Sign of normal stress

Sign of shear stress

Example 1: Know how to draw the stress status diagram from a given stress tensor or how to
extract a stress tensor from a drawn infinitesimal element.

Stress tensor: Symmetric, six independent variables (components) (i.e. three normal and
three shear components

Stresses with coordinate axis rotation
u u o u o u o o sin cos 2 sin cos
2 2
' ' xy yy xx x x
+ + =
u u o u o u o o cos sin 2 cos sin
2 2
' ' xy yy xx y y
+ =
( ) u o u o o t 2 cos 2 sin 5 . 0
' ' xy xx yy y x
+ =
Principal stresses and maximum shear stresses in 2D
( ) ( )
2
2
3 , 1
2 2
xy
yy xx yy xx
t
o o o o
o +
(

+
=
xy
yy xx
s
t
o o
u
2
2 tan

=
x
y
z
o
xx
o
+
positive
x
y
z
o
xx
o

negative
Tensile Compressive
Positive
plane
Positive
plane
x
y
z
o
xy
o
+
x
y
z
o
xy
o
n
n
Tensile

Compressive
Negative
plane
Negative
plane
x
y
z
o
x
y
z
o
y
z
o
xy
o
+
positive
x
y
z
o
x
y
z
o
y
z
o xy
o

negative
x
y
z
o
x
y
z
o
y
z
o
xy
o
positive
x
y
z
o
x
y
z
o
y
z
o
xy
o
negative
n
n
o
10
x
y
z
20
30
5
5
15
25
15
25
x
y
z
o
x
y
z
o
y
z
o
10
20
30
5
5
15
25
15
25
| |
(
(
(

=
30 25 15
25 20 5
15 5 10
' ' o
| |
(
(
(

=
30 25 15
25 20 5
15 5 10
' o
(
(
(

zz zy zx
yz yy yx
xz xy xx
o o o
o o o
o o o
x
y
z
o
x
y
z
o
y
z
o
zz
o
zy
o
zx
o
zz
o
zy
o
zx
o
yz
o
yy
o
yx
o
xz
o
xy
o
xx
o
k j i
zz zy zx
n
o o o + + = T
z - sectional plane
Resolution direction
(i.e.coordinate directions)
(
(
(

zz z zr
z r
rz r rr
o t t
t o t
t t o
u
u uu u
u
x
y
o
x
y
o
x

u
o
xx
o
yy
o
xx
o
xy
o
yy
o
xy
u
u+90
Week 12 - Review 2013 (Part 1)
2
Cylindrical Pressure Vessels
Axial Stress( or Longitudinal Stress):

t
Pr
xx
2
= o
Hoop Stress (or Circumferential Stress - higher):

t
yy
Pr
= =o o
uu


Example 2
For a thin-walled pressurised vessel with internal pressure P, give the equation for von Mises and
Tresca failure criteria, respectively. Determine which is more critical.
Soln:
Principal stresses: Since there is no shear stress in the infinitesimal element, the direct
stressed are the principal stresses: o o o 2
Pr
1
= = =
t
yy
, o o o = = =
t
xx
2
Pr
2
, 0
3
= o
Tresca criterion: Y s = = o o o o 2 0 2
3 1
or: Y Y 5 . 0 2 / = s o
von Mises criterion:
| | | | Y s = + + = + + o o o o o o o o o o o 3 ) 2 0 ( ) 0 ( ) 2 (
2
1
) ( ) ( ) (
2
1
2 2 2 2
1 3
2
3 2
2
2 1

Y Y 5774 . 0 3 / = s o Y Y 5774 . 0 5 . 0 < , Therefore, Tresca criterion is more critical.
Thus: ,
2 2
Pr Y
t
s =o
r
tY Y
r
t
P = s
2
2
(note vm criteria: ,
2
Pr
3 3 Y
t
s
|
.
|

\
|
= o
r
tY
P
3
2
s )

Stress in any direction (3D)
Knowing direction cosines of a plane (l,m,n):

(
(
(

n
m
l
zz zy zx
yz yy yx
xz xy xx
nz
ny
nx
o o o
o o o
o o o
o
o
o

3D Stresses with coordinate rotation
T
old new
R R =
T
zz zy zx
yz yy yx
xz xy xx
t t t t n t
t t t t n t
nt nt nn
n m l
n m l
n m l
n m l
n m l
n m l
(
(
(

(
(
(

(
(
(

=
(
(
(

' ' ' ' ' '

' ' '
' ' ' ' ' '
' ' '
' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' '
' ' ' ' ' '
' ' '
o o o
o o o
o o o
o o o
o o o
o o o


Example 3: As in Example1, rotate the coordinate from left to right configuration
Soln: Right coordinate is rotated 180 about y-axis: The direction cosines are:
(
(
(

=
(
(
(

=
' ' ' ' ' '
' ' '
0 0 ) 180 cos(
' ' ' ' ' '
' ' '
n m l
n m l
n m l
n m l
n m l
R
T
old new
R R =
| |
(
(
(

=
(
(
(

(
(
(

(
(
(

= =
30 25 15
25 20 5
15 5 10
' ' ' ' ' '
' ' '
30 25 15
25 20 5
15 5 10
' ' ' ' ' '
' ' ' ' ' '
T
T
n m l
n m l
n m l
n m l
n m l
n m l
R R o

o
xx
P
t
Sectioned plane
r
x
y
o
xx
o
yy
Week 12 - Review 2013 (Part 1)
3
Principal stresses and maximum shear stresses in 3D

(
(
(

p
p
p
p
p
p
zz zy zx
yz yy yx
xz xy xx
n
m
l
n
m
l
o
o o o
o o o
o o o
0 =

(
(
(

p
p
p
zz zy zx
yz yy yx
xz xy xx
n
m
l
o o o o
o o o o
o o o o

To have non-vanish solution, the coefficient determinant must be zero, i.e.
0 =

o o o o
o o o o
o o o o
zz zy zx
yz yy yx
xz xy xx
or 0
3 2
2
1
3
= + I I I o o o
These three roots are the principal stresses: o
1
, o
2
, o
3
: (
3 2 1
o o o > > )
Stress Invariants
First invariant:
zz yy xx
I o o o + + =
1

Second invariant:
2 2 2
2
) ( ) ( ) (
zx yz xy xx zz zz yy yy xx
I o o o o o o o o o + + =
Third invariant: ( ) ( ) ( )
2 2 2
3
2
xy zz zx yy yz xx zx yz xy zz yy xx
I o o o o o o o o o o o o + =
Principal direction cosines

( ) 1
0
2 2 2
= + +
=

(
(
(

n m l
n
m
l
p
p
p
zz zy zx
yz yy yx
xz xy xx
o o o o
o o o o
o o o o
e.g.
( )
( )

= + +
= + +
= + +
1
0
0
2
1
2
1
2
1
1 1 2 1
1 1 1 1
n m l
n m l
n m l
yz yy yx
xz yx xx
o o o o
o o o o

Example 4: In a plane stress problem, the stress components are MPa
xx
10 = o ,
MPa
yy
20 = o , MPa
xy
10 = o . Determine the stress invariants and principal stresses.
Soln: Stress tensor in a plane stress status: | |
(
(
(

=
0 0 0
0
0
yy xy
xy xx
o o
o o
o
30 20 10
1
= + = + = + + =
yy xx zz yy xx
I o o o o o
100 10 20 10 ) ( ) ( ) ( ) (
2 2 2 2 2
2
= = = + + =
xy yy xx zx yz xy xx zz zz yy yy xx
I o o o o o o o o o o o o
( ) ( ) ( ) 0 2
2 2 2
3
= + =
xy zz zx yy yz xx zx yz xy zz yy xx
I o o o o o o o o o o o o
0 ) 100 30 ( 0 100 30
2 3 2 3
3 2
2
1
3
= + = + = + o o o o o o o o o I I I

82 . 3
18 . 26
2
100 1 4 ) 30 ( ) 30 (
2
=

= o
0 = o
Rank them and one can thus obtain: 0 , 82 . 3 , 18 . 26
3 2 1
= = = o o o
Equilibrium Equation of Motion
Cartesian: 3D

= +
c
c
+
c
c
+
c
c
= +
c
c
+
c
c
+
c
c
= +
c
c
+
c
c
+
c
c
z z
zz
zy
zx
y y
yz yy yx
x x
xz
xy
xx
a f
z y x
a f
z y x
a f
z y x

o
o
o

o o o

o
o
o
2D

=
c
c
+
c
c
=
c
c
+
c
c
0
0
y x
y x
yy yx
xy
xx
o o
o
o

Week 12 - Review 2013 (Part 1)
4
Cylindrical system:

= + +
c
c
+
c
c
+
c
c
= + +
c
c
+
c
c
+
c
c
= +

+
c
c
+
c
c
+
c
c
z z
rz zz z rz
r z r
r r
rr rz r rr
a f
r z r r
a f
r z r r
a f
r z r r

o o
u
o o

o o
u
o o

o o o
u
o o
u
u u
u u uu u
uu u
1
2 1
1

Example 5: The stress components are ( )
2 2
4 / , 0 , y h c qxy
xy yy xx
= = = o o o . Determine c
and stress distribution in the boundary (if body force = 0).
Soln: Substitute the stress components into the equilibrium equation:
0 2
4
) (
2
2
= =
|
|
.
|

\
|

c
c
+
c
c
=
c
c
+
c
c
cy qy y
h
c
y
qxy
x y x
xy
xx
o
o

2
q
c =
To plot the boundary distribution, we separate the different stress components:
xx
o : qly l x x
xx xx
= = = = ) ( , 0 ) 0 ( o o
xy
o :
|
|
.
|

\
|
= =
|
|
.
|

\
|
= =
2
2
2
2
4 2
) ( ,
4 2
) 0 ( y
h q
l x y
h q
x
xy xy
o o
0
2 4 2
)
2
( , 0
2 4 2
)
2
(
2
2
2
2
=
|
|
.
|

\
|
|
.
|

\
|
= = =
|
|
.
|

\
|
|
.
|

\
|
= =
h h q h
y
h h q h
y
xy xy
o o


Chapter 2 Displacement and Strain
Definition:
Direct strain:
0
0
l
l l
= c , Shear strain:
2
1
tan
2
1
~ =
Strain tensor:
(
(
(

=
zz zy zx
xz yy yx
xz xy xx
c c c
c c c
c c c
c
Strain Variant and Principal Strain
1
st
variant: Dilatation or Volume strain:
zz yy xx
I c c c + + =
1

2
nd
variant:
2 2 2
2
) ( ) ( ) (
zx yz xy xx zz zz yy yy xx
I c c c c c c c c c + + =
3
rd
variant: ( ) ( ) ( )
2 2 2
3
2
xy zz zx yy yz xx zx yz xy zz yy xx
I c c c c c c c c c c c c + =
Principal strains can be found from 0
3 2
2
1
3
= + I I I c c c

Strain Rosette
l
lh
q
2
lh
q
2

x
y
l
x
y
2
4
lh
q
2
4
lh
q
u
1
u
2
u
3
x
y
1
2
3
Week 12 - Review 2013 (Part 1)
5

+ + =
+ + =
+ + =
3 3 3
2
3
2
3
2 2 2
2
2
2
2
1 1 1
2
1
2
1
sin cos 2 sin cos
sin cos 2 sin cos
sin cos 2 sin cos
u u c u c u c c
u u c u c u c c
u u c u c u c c
u
u
u
xy yy xx
xy yy xx
xy yy xx

Example 6: A plane stress problem as shown, determine the strain tensor (E=200GPa and
Poissons ratio v=0.3) (From the strain rosette measurement:
4 4
10 2 , 10 1

= = =
B C A
c c c ) (Exam 2009, Quiz 2010)
Soln: Find
xx
c ,
xy
c and
yy
c
xx xy yy xx
xy yy xx nn A
c c c
u u u c u c u c c
= + + =
+ + = = =
0 sin 0 cos 2 0 sin 0 cos
sin cos 2 sin cos ) 0 (
2 2
2 2

4
10 1

= =
A xx
c c
( ) ( ) ( )( )
yy xy yy xx
xy yy xx nn C
c c c c
c c u c c
= + + =
+ + = = =
1 0 2 1 0
90 sin 90 cos 2 90 sin 90 cos ) 90 (
2 2
2 2
4
10 1

= =
C yy
c c
xy yy xx xy yy xx
xy yy xx nn B
c c c c c c
c c u c c
+ + =
|
|
.
|

\
|
|
|
.
|

\
|
+
|
|
.
|

\
|
+
|
|
.
|

\
|
=
+ + = = =
2
1
2
1
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
45 sin 45 cos 2 45 sin 45 cos ) 45 (
2 2
2 2

( )
4 4 4
10 1 10 1 10 2
2
1

= = + =
yy xx B xy
c c c c
( )( )
( ) ( ) | | 0 1
2 1 1
= + +
+
=
yy xx zz zz
E
c c v c v
v v
o
( )
( )
( )
( )
4 4 4
10 8571 . 0 10 1 10 1
3 . 0 1
3 . 0
1

= +

= +

=
yy xx zz
c c
v
v
c
Thus the strain state (or namely strain tensor): | |
4
10
8571 . 0 0 0
0 1 1
0 1 1

(
(
(

= c
3D Displacement-Strain relation
Cartesian:

|
.
|

\
|
c
c
+
c
c
=
|
|
.
|

\
|
c
c
+
c
c
=
|
|
.
|

\
|
c
c
+
c
c
=
c
c
=
c
c
=
c
c
=
x
w
z
u
z
v
y
w
y
u
x
v
z
w
y
v
x
u
zx yz xy
zz yy xx
2
1
;
2
1
;
2
1
, ,
c c c
c c c

Cylindrical:

c
c
=
+
c
c
=
c
c
=
z
w
r
u v
r
r
u
zz
rr
c
u
c
c
uu
1

|
.
|

\
|
c
c
+
c
c
=
|
.
|

\
|
c
c
+
c
c
=
|
.
|

\
|

c
c
+
c
c
=
x
w
z
u
z
v w
r
r
v u
r r
v
zr
z
r
2
1
1
2
1
1
2
1
c
u
c
u
c
u
u


Computability Conditions
x
y
45
P
A
B
C
Strain Rosette
Week 12 - Review 2013 (Part 1)
6

c c
c
=
c
c
+
c
c
c c
c
=
c
c
+
c
c
c c
c
=
c
c
+
c
c
x z x z
z y z y
y x y x
zx zz xx
yz yy
zz
xy
xx
yy
c c c
c c
c
c
c
c
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2

c c
c
=
|
|
.
|

\
|
c
c

c
c
+
c
c
c
c
c c
c
=
|
|
.
|

\
|
c
c

c
c
+
c
c
c
c
c c
c
=
|
|
.
|

\
|
c
c

c
c
+
c
c
c
c
y x z y x z
x z y x z y
z y x z y x
zz
xy
zx
zy
yy
zx
yz xy
xx
zy xy
zx
c
c
c
c
c
c
c c
c
c c
c
2
2
2
2
2
2

Example 7: Check if the finite element shape function for 3D 4-node (tet) elements can
satisfy the compatibility condition.

+ + + =
+ + + =
+ + + =
z c y c x c c w
z b y b x b b v
z a y a x a a u
3 2 1 0
3 2 1 0
3 2 1 0

Soln: Normal strain:

= + + +
c
c
=
c
c
=
= + + +
c
c
=
c
c
=
= + + +
c
c
=
c
c
=
3 3 2 1 0
2 3 2 1 0
1 3 2 1 0
) (
) (
) (
c z c y c x c c
z z
w
b z b y b x b b
y y
v
a z a y a x a a
x x
u
zz
yy
xx
c
c
c

Shear strain:
( )
( )
( )

+ =
(

+ + +
c
c
+ + + +
c
c
=
|
.
|

\
|
c
c
+
c
c
=
+ =
(

+ + +
c
c
+ + + +
c
c
=
|
|
.
|

\
|
c
c
+
c
c
=
+ =
(

+ + +
c
c
+ + + +
c
c
=
|
|
.
|

\
|
c
c
+
c
c
=
1 3 3 2 1 0 3 2 1 0
3 2 3 2 1 0 3 2 1 0
2 1 3 2 1 0 3 2 1 0
2
1
) ( ) (
2
1
2
1
2
1
) ( ) (
2
1
2
1
2
1
) ( ) (
2
1
2
1
c a z c y c x c c
x
z a y a x a a
z x
w
z
u
b c z b y b x b b
z
z c y c x c c
y z
v
y
w
a b z a y a x a a
y
z b y b x b b
x y
u
x
v
zx
yz
xy
c
c
c

All strain are constants, the displacement should satisfy the computability equations.

Chapter 3 Stress-Strain Relationship
Generalised Hookes law

(
(
(
(
(
(
(

zx
yz
xy
zz
yy
xx
zx
yz
xy
zz
yy
xx
C C C C C C
C C C C C C
C C C C C C
C C C C C C
C C C C C C
C C C C C C
c
c
c
c
c
c
o
o
o
o
o
o
66 65 64 63 62 61
56 55 54 53 52 51
46 45 44 43 42 41
36 35 34 33 32 31
26 25 24 23 22 21
16 15 14 13 12 11

constant matrix [C] is symmetrical and only 21 components of [C] are independent.
In principal planes:

(
(
(

3
2
1
33 32 31
23 22 21
13 12 11
3
2
1
c
c
c
o
o
o
C C C
C C C
C C C
or

+ =
+ =
+ =
c
c
c
c o
c o
c o
1 3 3
1 2 2
1 1 1
2
2
2
I
I
I

In general planes:

+ =
+ =
+ =
c
c
c
c o
c o
c o
1
1
1
2
2
2
I
I
I
zz zz
yy yy
xx xx

=
=
=
zx zx
yz yz
xy xy
c o
c o
c o
2
2
2

Isotropic materials (need two independent material constants)
From strain to determine stress:
Week 12 - Review 2013 (Part 1)
7

( )( )
( ) ( ) | |
( )( )
( ) ( ) | |
( )( )
( ) ( ) | |

+ +
+
=
+ +
+
=
+ +
+
=
yy xx zz zz
xx zz yy yy
zz yy xx xx
E
E
E
c c v c v
v v
o
c c v c v
v v
o
c c v c v
v v
o
1
2 1 1
1
2 1 1
1
2 1 1

( )
( )
( )

=
+
=
=
+
=
=
+
=
zx zx zx
yz yz yz
xy xy xy
G
E
G
E
G
E
c c
v
o
c c
v
o
c c
v
o
2
1
2
1
2
1

From stress to determine strain:

( ) | |
( ) | |
( ) | |

+ =
+ =
+ =
yy xx zz zz
xx zz yy yy
zz yy xx xx
E
E
E
o o v o c
o o v o c
o o v o c
1
1
1

( )
( )
( )

=
+
=
=
+
=
=
+
=
G E
G E
G E
zx
zx zx
yz
yz yz
xy
xy xy
2
1
2
1
2
1
o
o
v
c
o
o
v
c
o
o
v
c

Relationship between material properties
From Lames constants to find E and v


+
+
=
) 2 3 (
E
( )

v
+
=
2

From E and v to find Lames constants
( ) v

+
=
1 2
E

( )( ) v v
v

2 1 1 +
=
E

Poissons ratio
In practice: 5 . 0 0 < sv ; In theory 5 . 0 1 < < v
When 0 > v , axial tension will cause a transverse shrinkage and vice verse.
When 0 = v , axial tension will cause zero transverse deformation.
Shear Modulus G
( ) v +
=
1 2
E
G
When 1 = v G , which means that such material is impossible to shear, or in other
words, such materials is rigid in shear.

Bulk Modulus K
c c
v
c c c
v
o o o o
1 1 3 2 1 3 2 1
) 2 1 ( 3
) (
) 2 1 ( 3
) (
3
1
KI I
E E
=

= + +

= + + =
where constant
) 2 1 ( 3 v
=
E
K is called bulk modulus, which is a measure of volume change
of a material when it is undergoing hydrostatic stress
c
c c c
c c c
1
0
0 0
0
0
) 1 (
I
V
V V
V
V V
zz yy xx
zz yy xx
= + + =
+ + +
=

= A
When 5 . 0 = v K , which means that such material is incompressible, like Rubber
499 . 0 = v .

Example 8: The material (rubber) is pressed in p within a
frictionless container as shown. Determine pressure q from the
container and volume change. If change rubber into rigid body
or incompressible body, what is the volume change?

p
q
q q
x
y
z
o
x
y
z
o
y
z
o
Rigid body
rubber
Week 12 - Review 2013 (Part 1)
8
Soln: From the Hookes law:
( ) | |
( ) | |

+ = =
+ = =
xx zz yy yy
zz yy xx xx
E
E
o o v o c
o o v o c
1
0
1
0

( )
( )

= +
= +
0
0
xx zz yy
zz yy xx
o o v o
o o v o
( ) ( ) 0 = + +
zz yy zz yy
o o v o v o
( ) 0 1 ) 1 (
2
= + v vo v o
zz yy
p
zz yy
v
v
o
v
v
o

=
1 1

( ) p p p
zz yy xx
v
v
v
v
v o o v o

=
|
.
|

\
|
+

= + =
1 1
p q
yy xx
v
v
o o

= = =
1

Volume change:
( ) | |
) 1 (
) 2 1 )( 1 (
) 1 (
2
) 1 (
) 1 ( 1
) 1 (
2 1
1
0 0
2 2
1
0
0
v
v v
v
v
v
v
v
v
o o v o c c c c
c

+
=
(
(

=
(
(

=
+ = + + = + + = =

= A
E
p
p p
E
p p
E
E
I
V
V V
yy xx zz zz zz yy xx

Rigid body, E, 0
) 1 (
) 2 1 )( 1 (

= A
v
v v p

Incompressible body, v0.5, 0
) 5 . 0 1 (
) 5 . 0 2 1 )( 5 . 0 1 (

+
= A
E
p

Thermal Effect Only affect the normal strain (not shear strain)

( ) | | ( )
( ) | | ( )
( ) | | ( )

A + + =
A + + =
A + + =
T
E
T
E
T
E
yy xx zz zz
xx zz yy yy
zz yy xx xx
o o o v o c
o o o v o c
o o o v o c
1
1
1

=
=
=
zx zx
yz yz
xy xy
G
G
G
o c
o c
o c
2
1
2
1
2
1


Example 9: Write the Hookes law for plane tress and plane strain problem with a temperature
change of AT and thermal expansion coefficient o? (Quiz 2011)
Plan stress:
( )
( )

A +
A +
(
(
(

xy
yy
xx
xy
yy
xx
T
T
E
c
o c
o c
v
v
v
v
o
o
o
2 / ) 1 ( 0 0
0 1
0 1
1
2

Plane strain:
( )
( )

A +
A +
(
(
(

+
=

xy
yy
xx
xy
yy
xx
T
T
E
c
o c
o c
v
v v
v v
v v
o
o
o
2 / ) 2 1 ( 0 0
0 1
0 1
) 2 1 )( 1 (

Example 10: As shown in a small hole in a thin solid under a uniform tension. If change the
material from mild steel (E=210GPa) to aluminium (E=70GPa) and assume their Poisson ratios
are almost the same in FEA, which of the following calculation should be right (Quiz 2012).
(a)
Al
A
Steel
A , , uu uu
o o = and
Al
A yy
Steel
A yy , ,
3 c c =
(b)
Al
A
Steel
A , ,
3
uu uu
o o = and
Al
A yy
Steel
A yy , ,
c c =
(c)
Al
A
Steel
A , ,
3
uu uu
o o = and
Al
yy
Steel
yy
c c = 3
(d)
Al
A
Steel
A , , uu uu
o o = and
Al
yy
Steel
yy
c c =
a
u
x
=0
u
y
=0
2m
2m
A
B
Week 12 - Review 2013 (Part 1)
9
Since u o
uu
2 cos
3
1
2
1
2
4
4
2
2
|
|
.
|

\
|
+
|
|
.
|

\
|
+ =
r
a T
r
a T
is irrelative to materials, thus replacement
technique of E and v does not affect the stress results when change from p stress to p strain.
According to Hookes law, the strain is however related to Youngs modulus.

Chapter 4 Modelling and Solution
Unknowns (15):
- 6 stresses:
zx yz xy zz yy xx
o o o o o o , , , , ,
- 6 strains:
zx yz xy zz yy xx
c c c c c c , , , , ,
- 3 displacements: w v u , ,
Basic equations (21):
3 equilibrium equations:
i i j ij
u b o = +
,

6 geometric equations:

|
.
|

\
|
c
c
+
c
c
=
|
|
.
|

\
|
c
c
+
c
c
=
|
|
.
|

\
|
c
c
+
c
c
=
c
c
=
c
c
=
c
c
=
x
w
z
u
z
v
y
w
y
u
x
v
z
w
y
v
x
u
zx yz xy
zz yy xx
2
1
;
2
1
;
2
1
, ,
c c c
c c c

6 strain-stress eqns:
( )( )
( ) ( ) | |
( )( )
( ) ( ) | |
( )( )
( ) ( ) | |

+ +
+
=
+ +
+
=
+ +
+
=
yy xx zz zz
xx zz yy yy
zz yy xx xx
E
E
E
c c v c v
v v
o
c c v c v
v v
o
c c v c v
v v
o
1
2 1 1
1
2 1 1
1
2 1 1

( )
( )
( )

+
=
+
=
+
=
zx zx
yz yz
xy xy
E
E
E
c
v
o
c
v
o
c
v
o
1
1
1

6 Plus compatibility equation

c c
c
=
c
c
+
c
c
c c
c
=
c
c
+
c
c
c c
c
=
c
c
+
c
c
x z
x z
z y
z y
y x
y x
zx zz xx
yz yy
zz
xy
xx
yy
c c c
c c
c
c
c
c
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2

c c
c
=
|
|
.
|

\
|
c
c

c
c
+
c
c
c
c
c c
c
=
|
|
.
|

\
|
c
c

c
c
+
c
c
c
c
c c
c
=
|
|
.
|

\
|
c
c

c
c
+
c
c
c
c
y x z y x z
x z y x z y
z y x z y x
zz
xy
zx
zy
yy
zx
yz xy
xx
zy xy
zx
c
c
c
c
c
c
c c
c
c c
c
2
2
2
2
2
2

Displacement, Stress and Mixed boundary condition (B.C.)
Displacement B.C.: ' ' , ' w w v v u u = = =
Stress B.C.:

+ + = ' '
+ + = ' '
+ + = ' '
zz yz xz nz
yz yy xy ny
zx yx xx nx
n m l
n m l
n m l
o o o o
o o o o
o o o o

Mixed B.C.: Combined displacement and stress boundary
Mathematically, the requirement of B.C. in solving differential equation is obvious.

Special deformation features
Symmetric condition

Stress B.C.
Displacement
B.C.
t
Mixed
B.C.
Week 12 - Review 2013 (Part 1)
10
Plane stress and plane strain problems
Plane Stress Plane Strain
Model
Thin plate with in-plane loading

Thick block with perpendicular
loading to the axis
zz
o 0 0 ) ( = + =
yy xx zz
E
o o
v
o
zz
c 0 ) ( = + =
yy xx zz
E
o o
v
c 0
w 0 = w 0 = w
xx
yy xx xx
E vo o c =
yy xx xx
E
o
v
v
o c
v
|
.
|

\
|

=
|
.
|

\
|

1
1
2

yy
xx yy yy
E vo o c =
xx yy yy
E
o
v
v
o c
v
|
.
|

\
|

=
|
.
|

\
|

1
1
2

xy
xy xy
E o v c ) 1 ( + =
xy xy
E
o
v
v
c
v
(

|
.
|

\
|

+ =
|
.
|

\
|

1
1
1
2

E*
E E = *
2
1
*
v
=
E
E
v v v = *
v
v
v

=
1
*
Unified
Hookes
Law

+ =
=
=
xy xy
xx yy yy
yy xx xx
E
E
E
o v c
o v o c
o v o c
*) 1 ( *
* *
* *

From plant stress to plane strain solution:
2
*
*
1
PStress
PStress
E
E
v
=
*
*
1
PStress
PStress
v
v
v

= ,
From plant strain to plane stress solution:
(
(

+
+
=
2 *
*
) 1 (
2 1
*
Pstrain
Pstrain
E E
v
v

) 1 (
*
*
Pstrain
Pstrain
v
v
v
+
=
Example 11: The thick cylinder is under the outer pressure p
o
. If we change from such a thick
cylinder to a thin disk structure, which of following result is right? (Exam 2012)
(a)
cylinder
rr
disk
rr
E
o
v
v
o
2
) 1 (
) 2 1 (
+
+
=
\(b)
cylinder
rr
disk
rr
o o =
(c)
cylinder
rr
disk
rr
E
o
v
o
2
* 1
*

=
(d)
cylinder
rr
disk
rr
o
v
v
o
+
=
1

ts h,b
h
b
mg
F F
p
o
r
z
u
r
R
i
R
o
Week 12 - Review 2013 (Part 1)
11
Soln: Replacing the E and v in the solution of a p-strain by
2
) 1 (
) 2 1 (
v
v
+
+ E
and
v
v
+ 1

Since
|
.
|

\
|

=
2 2 2
2 2
2 2
2
1
) (
r R R
R R p
R R
R p
r
i o
o i o
i o
o o
rr
o , ) (r
rr
o is independent on material properties.
But
( )
2 2 2
2 2
2 2
2
1 ) 1 ( ) 1 (
r R R
R R p
E R R
R p
E
i o
o i o
i o
o o
rr
|
|
.
|

\
|

|
|
.
|

\
|

=
v v
c is inversely proportional to E.
Superposition Principles
Known the stress functions in two different loading cases.
Load case 1: 0 = =
xy yy
o o and ay
xx
6 = o Load case 2: 0 = =
yy xx
o o and a
xy
= o

Thus the stress functions should be added.
ay ay
case xx case xx xx
6 0 6
2 , 1 ,
= + = + = o o o .
0
2 , 1 ,
= + =
case yy case yy yy
o o o
a
case xy case xy xy
= + =
2 , 1 ,
o o o
Solution approaches
After define the B.C. one should solve for three groups of unknowns:
- Displacement: u,v,w
- Strain , , , , , ,
zx yz xy zz yy xx
c c c c c c
- Stress , , , , , ,
zx yz xy zz yy xx
o o o o o o
Displacement Method
Unknowns: u, v, w
Procedure: Other two sets of the variables must be eliminated. Thus we replace strain
and stress in displacement.
Stress Method
Unknowns: , , , , , ,
zx yz xy zz yy xx
o o o o o o
Procedure: Solve for stress component first and then strains and displacements.
Strain Method
Unknowns: , , , , , ,
zx yz xy zz yy xx
c c c c c c
Procedure: Solve for strain component first and then stresses and displacements.

Saint Venant Principle:
(1) very small loading area compared with the whole dimension. The affected area will
be much smaller than the unaffected area A
unaffected
>>A
affected
. e.g in the gravity bar
example, L>>a, in which the affected
area will take roughly: ,z,~a.
(2) Force replaced must be statically
equivalent. The replacement must not
change either the resultant force or
resultant couple.

Affected zone Affected zone unaffected zone
Week 12 - Review 2013 (Part 1)
12
Example 12: Different forces are applied to the same cantilever structure as shown below,
resulting in different stress distributions. Explain whether or not these forces are statically
equivalent, and why? (Quiz 2013)

Soln: As per St Vanant principle, the force application affects only small area of the beam. These
forces are statically equivalent in the far field.

Example 13: A very long tube has the nominal dimensions of
inner radius R
1
=25mm and outer radius R
2
=50mm, as shown,
over which another long tube having nominal inner radius of
R
2
=50mm and outer radius of R
3
=75mm, is to be thermally
shrink-fitted. The strain gauge test allow us to determine the
circumferential stress of o
uu
=40MPa on the outer surface of
the outer tube (at point A as shown). Quantify the pressure
between inner and outer tubes. (Quiz 2013)
Soln
Step 1: Free-body diagram: Assume that the fit pressure
between the inner and outer rings is p. We can draw free-body diagram as follows, in which
we separate the outer ring from the assembly.

Step 2: Determine p: Now we can only analyse the outer ring. The circumferential stress at
the outer surface of the outer ring under pressure of 0 , = =
o i
p p p (see the right figure
above) can be written as
( )
( )
2
2
2
3
2
2
2
2
2
3
2
2
2
2
2
3
2
2
2
3
2
2
2
3
2
3
2
2
2
2
2
3
2
3
2
2
2 2 2
2 2
2 2
2 2
3
2 1 0 0
1
) (
R R
pR
R R
pR
R R
pR
R R R
R R p
R R
R pR
r R R
R R p p
R R
R p R p
R r
i o
o i o i
i o
o o i i

=
|
|
.
|

\
|

=
|
.
|

\
|

= =
uu
o

The strain gauge determined the circumferential stress on the outer surface of the outer ring
6
3
10 40 ) ( = = R r
uu
o , i.e.
6
2
2
2
3
2
2
1
10 40
2
) ( =

= = p
R R
R
R r
i uu
o
Thus: ( ) ( ) MPa
R
R R
p 25
05 . 0
05 . 0 075 . 0
10 40
2
10 40
2
2 2
6
2
2
2
2
2
3 6
=

=
(Positive here means pressure)
-1000
-1000
-2000
-2000N/m
u
r
R
1
=25
R
2
=50
R
3
=75
p
p
R
1i
R
2i
R
2o
R
3o
u
r
R
1
=25
R
2
=50
R
3
=75
Strain gauge
A
B
Week 12 - Review 2013 (Part 1)
13
Chapter 5 Applications
Torsion of Circular Shaft
Boundary Condition
At the fixed end: R r z s s = 0 , 0 :
0 = = = w v u
Outer surface In-between: R r L z = < < , 0
0 = = =
rz r rr
o o o
u

At the loading end: R r L z s s = 0 ,
0 = =
zr zz
o o
According Saint-Venant principle: Q dr d r
R
z
=
} }
u o
t
u
2
0 0
2

Bending Beam
According to St Vanant Principle, the stress BC can be expressed as follows:
Moment: M M dxdy y
h
h
b
b
xx zz
= = }

2 /
2 /
2 /
2 /
o ,
} }

= =
2 /
2 /
2 /
2 /
0
h
h
b
b
yy zz
M dxdy xo ,
Axial force:
} }

= =
2 /
2 /
2 /
2 /
0
h
h
b
b
zz zz
F dxdy o
Shear force: 0 , 0
0 0
= = = =
} } y
b
zy x
b
zx
V dx V dx o o

Example 14 (Exam 2011): According the Saint Venant
Principle, decide the stress boundary condition on side AB.

Soln:
Stress boundary: When L x b y = s s , 0 ,
b
qy
xx
= o
Resultant force: F dy
b
xx
=
}
0
o :
2 2
0
2
0 0
qb
b
qy
dy
b
qy
dy
b
b b
xx
=
(
(

=
|
.
|

\
|
=
} }
o
Moment: M ydy
b
xx
=
}
0
o :
} } }
|
|
.
|

\
|
+ =
|
.
|

\
|

|
.
|

\
|
=
|
.
|

\
|
=
b b b
xx
dy
qy qy
dy y
b
b
qy
dy y
b
M
0
2
0 0
2 2 2 2
o
12 3 4 3 4 3 4 2 2
2 2 2 3 2
0
3 2
0
2
qb qb qb
b
qb qb
b
qy qy
dy
qy qy
M
b
b
=
|
|
.
|

\
|
+ =
|
|
.
|

\
|
+ =
|
|
.
|

\
|
+ =
|
|
.
|

\
|
+ =
}

Shear stress: 0
0
=
}
b
yx
dx o
Thermal Stress Analysis
Total strain
M
M
x
y
z
L
b
h
L

Fix
End
Twisted
End
z
Q
|
B
A
A
r
u
y
0
q
L
A
b
qy
xx
= o
x
b
B
Week 12 - Review 2013 (Part 1)
14
( )
( )
( )

+ A =
c
c
=
+ A =
c
c
=
+ A =
c
c
=
m
zz zz
m
yy yy
m
xx xx
T
z
w
T
y
v
T
x
u
c o c
c o c
c o c
Equilibrium Eq
( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
( )

=
c
A c

V +
c
c
+
=
c
A c

V +
c
c
+
=
c
A c

V +
c
c
+
0
) 2 1 (
0
) 2 1 (
0
) 2 1 (
2 1
2 1
2 1
z
T E
w
z
I
y
T E
v
y
I
x
T E
u
x
I
v
o

v
o

v
o

c
c
c

Body forces:
( ) ( ) ( )

c
A c

=
c
A c

=
c
A c

=
z
T E
f
y
T E
f
x
T E
f
z y x
) 2 1 ( ) 2 1 (
,
) 2 1 ( v
o
v
o
v
o

Application example:
( ) D
r
E
C
E
rdr T
r
E
r
R
rr
i
2 2
1
) 1 ( 1
1
v v
o o
+

+ A =
}

( ) ( ) D
r
E
C
E
T E rdr T
r
E
r
R
i
2 2
1
1 1
1
v v
o o o
uu
+
+

+ A A =
}
( ) ( )
} }
A

+
= A

=
o
i
o
i
R
R i o
i
R
R i o
rdr T
R R
R
D rdr T
R R
C
2 2
2
2 2
) 1 (
,
) 1 ( v o v o

( )
r
D
Cr rdr T
r
r u
r
R
i
+ + A + =
}
1
) 1 ( ) ( o v
Contact Stress
Bal-ball
* ) ( 4
3
2 1
2 1 3
E
P
R R
R R
a
+
=
2
2 1
2 1 3
*
) (
16
9
|
.
|

\
|
+
=
E
P
R R
R R
o
2
2
0
1
a
r
q q = where ( ) P E
R R
R R
q
2
2
2 1
2 1
3
3
0
*
6
|
|
.
|

\
| +
=
t

Cylinder-Cylinder
* ) (
4
2 1
2 1 2
E
p
R R
R R
b
+
=
t

|
.
|

\
|
+

+
|
.
|

\
|
+

= 407 . 0
2
ln
1
407 . 0
2
ln
1 2
2
2
2
2 1
1
2
1 3
b
R
E b
R
E
p v v
t
o
2
2
0
1
b
x
q q = where p E
R R
R R
q *
1
2 1
2 1 2
0
|
|
.
|

\
| +
=
t


Example 15 (Quiz 2013): A cylindrical bearing is loaded as shown. All
components are made of the same material.
At which part of the bearing will the highest contact stress o likely occur?
Point A / Point B / Point C
Also, if loading P is doubled, the peak contact stress
P 2
o will be:
a. o o 2
2
=
P
b. o o 5 . 0
2
=
P

c. o o =
P 2
d. Other (provide your own answer)
2R
O
2R
i
t
2R
s
R
f
r
u

R
2
2a
o
P
P
E
1
,v
1
E
2
,v
2
R
1
R
2
R
1
E
2
,v
2
E
1
,v
1
p
l
b
b
q
q
0
A
B
C
R
1
R
2
r
P
Week 12 - Review 2013 (Part 1)
15
Solution: Peak contact stress under P: P E
rR
R r
q *
1
1
1 2
0
2
|
|
.
|

\
| +
= =
t
o P E
rR
R r
P
*
1
1
1
|
|
.
|

\
| +
=
t
o
Double P:
P P
P E
rR
R r
P E
rR
R r
o
t t
o 414 . 1 *
1
2 2 *
1
1
1
1
1
2
=
|
|
.
|

\
| +
=
|
|
.
|

\
| +
=

Chapter 6 Stress Function Method
Procedure:
Selection of stress function | (combination of several) stresses
2
2
y
xx
c
c
=
|
o ,
2
2
x
yy
c
c
=
|
o ,
y x
xy
c c
c
=
|
o
2
B.C. to determine coefficients Fully determine stress functions
Hookes law to determine strains Strain-Displacement to derive displacement function
Displacement B.C. to fully determine displacement functions
Stress function
- Equilibrium Eqn:
- Strain-disp:
- Compatibility
- Hookes law:
- Stress B.C. and Displacement B.C.
To solve for the differential equations, one can assume a solution
of stress, called stress function (or Airy stress function) such that
it can satisfy the equilibrium equations
Stress
2
2
y
xx
c
c
=
|
o ,
2
2
x
yy
c
c
=
|
o ,
y x
xy
c c
c
=
|
o
2
, which satisfy the equilibrium eqs.
Satisfy bi-harmonic equation: 0 2
2
4
2 2
4
2
4
=
c
c
+
c c
c
+
c
c
y y x x
| | |

Pure Bending
3
ay = |
2
, 0
h
y L x = s s : 0 = =
yx yy
o o ,
2 2
, and 0
h
y
h
L x x s s = = : 0 =
xy
o ,
As per S-V principle: 0
2 /
2 /
=
}

h
h
xx
dy o , M
ah
ay ayydy ydy
h
h
h
h
h
h
xx
= = = =

2
2 6
3
2 /
2 /
3
2 /
2 /
2 /
2 /
o
Cantilever Beam:
3 3
cy bxy axy + + = |

P
h/2
h/2
L
x
y
P
h/2
h/2
L
x
y

= + V
=
c
c
+
c
c
=
c
c
+
c
c
0 ) (
0
0
2
yy xx
yy yx
xy
xx
y x
y x
o o
o o
o
o
M M
h/2
h/2
L
x
y
Week 12 - Review 2013 (Part 1)
16
2
, 0
h
y L x = s s : 0 = =
yx yy
o o
2 2
, 0
h
y
h
x s s = : 0 = = v u
2 2
,
h
y
h
L x s s = : 0 =
xx
o P dy
h
h
xy
=
}

2 /
2 /
o (S-V principle)

Example 16 (Quiz 2012): Determine the boundary conditions of the pure bending thin plate as
shown; (2) Use the boundary conditions to fully determine stress function
3
ay = | for this
problem.
Soln: B.C.
2
, 0
h
y L x = s s : 0 = =
yx yy
o o
2 2
, and 0
h
y
h
L x x s s = = : 0 =
xy
o ,
As per S-V principle: 0
2 /
2 /
=
}

h
h
xx
dy o , M ydy
h
h
xx
=
}

2 /
2 /
o
ay ay
y y
xx
6 ) (
3
2
2
2
2
=
c
c
=
c
c
=
|
o
M h
a h h
a M dy y a ayydy ydy
h
h
h
h
h
h
xx
= =
(
(

|
|
.
|

\
|
= = = =
} } }

3
3 3 2 /
2 /
2
2 /
2 /
2 /
2 /
2 8 8 3
1
6 6 6 o
Thus:
3
2
h
M
a =
3
3
3
2
y
h
M
ay = = |
Stress concentration around a circular hole u | 2 cos ) ( ln
2
5
2
4 3 1
2
1

+ + + + = r c r c c r c r c

|
|
.
|

\
|
+ =
|
|
.
|

\
|
+
|
|
.
|

\
|
+ =
|
|
.
|

\
|
+ +
|
|
.
|

\
|
=
u o
u o
u o
u
uu
2 sin
2 3
1
2
2 cos
3
1
2
1
2
2 cos
4 3
1
2
1
2
2
2
4
4
4
4
2
2
2
2
4
4
2
2
r
a
r
a T
r
a T
r
a T
r
a
r
a T
r
a T
r
rr

When 1 2 cos = u ,
uu
o reaches the maximum: T 3
max
=
uu
o

T
a
b
u
T
M M
h/2
h/2
L
x
y
A
B
C
D
O