Analysis of Breakdowns and Improvement of Preventive Maintenance on 1000 Ton Hydraulic Press

International Journal of Emerging Technology and Advanced Engineering
Website: www.ijetae.com (ISSN 2250-2459,ISO 9001:2008Certified Journal, Volume 3, Issue 8, August 2013)
636

Analysis of Breakdowns and Improvement of Preventive
Maintenance on 1000 Ton Hydraulic Press
Praveen Kumar R
1
, Rudramurthy
2
1
M.Tech scholar,
2
Assistant Professor, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Sri Jayachamarajendra college of Engineering,
Mysore, Karnataka, India
Abstract The main objective of the project isto increase
the availability a machine and toreduce the down time of a
machine, to maximize production capacity and to improve
new Preventive maintenance schedule. The project is carried
out on hydraulic press were all repeated breakdowns analyzed
along with the critical parts, which were under breakdown
condition is also identified and analyzed . Also the reason for
the breakdown has been analyzed and inspected by the
method of Fish bone diagram and why-why analysis. By this
analysis and methods the root causes of the breakdowns were
identified. This in turn helped to develop and improve a new
Preventive maintenance checklist for the machine. This
method is used to prevent the failure of equipment before it
actually occurs. This project work is aiming at reducing idle
time i.e., breakdown and towards optimizing plant
performance by increasing availability and MTBF of critical
manufacturing equipments This has been achieved by optimal
utilization of time for maintenance, inspection frequency by
considering manufacturer recommendation and previous
experience. By all these procedures the availability of the
machine will increases to a certain extent and also increases
the production capacity, minimizes the maintenance cost and
reduces the down time.
KeywordsAvailability, Breakdown, downtime, Preventive
maintenance and Root Cause analysis, Fish bone diagram,
why-why analysis.
I. INTRODUCTION
Machine maintenance is gaining importance in industry
because of the need to increase reliability and to decrease
the possibility of production loss due to the machine
breakdown. Schedule preventive maintenance reduces the
regular breakdowns and increases the availability of
machine. Detection of faults like imbalance, shaft
misalignment, gear failure and bearing defects is possible.
These signals can also be used to detect the incipient
failures of the machine components, through the online
monitoring system, reducing the possibility of catastrophic
damage and the down time. Maintenance is an activity to
ensure that equipment is in a satisfactory condition and
reliable. The goal of maintenance is to ensure that the
performance of the equipment is satisfactory.

A good maintenance system contributes to efficiency,
customer service, high quality, safety, on time delivery, and
customer satisfaction. For complex mechanical equipment
containing units the optimal model to preventive
maintenance cycle policy is proposed to minimize the
maintenance cost rate, the model is subject to the
availability and the reliability. And optimal variable is
preventive maintenance cycle [1]. The ability to forecast
correctly equipment preventive maintenance (PM) timing
requirements not only helps optimizing equipment uptime
but also minimizing negative impacts on manufacturing
production efficiency [2]. A conception of the production
scheduling and preventive maintenance in industries was
taken for the research work. Thus, there is an intense need
for manufacturing industries to reduce unexpected
breakdowns and remain competitive, and motivating
maintenance operations should be integrated into
production scheduling models [3].
II. PROBLEM DEFINITION
1000 ton hydraulic press is a critical machine. Although
the company is following the present preventive
maintenance schedule. This maintenance schedule is over
exceeding the minimum acceptable level of breakdowns.
Due to this frequent breakdown, there is decreasing in
production capacity and MTBF and also decreases the
machine availability. Hence here an attempt has been made
to overcome the above draw backs by incorporating new
preventive maintenance schedule.
III. DATA COLLECTION
Data Collection is an important aspect of any type of
research study. Inaccurate data collection can impact the
results of a study and ultimately lead to invalid results.Data
is essential for investigating the Root Cause of the problem.
Data also provides the foundation for:
Defining the current performance
Identification of root cause
Measuring progress
Verifying effectiveness of solutions

637

1. Goal of the data collection is:
Probe the data to determine what happened during
the occurrence
Describe how it happened
Understand why it happened
2. Failure data collection: The following information is
available in maintenance data log books or log sheets
and if computerized, data is available in equipment
history sheets.
The data about the causes of breakdown
Breakdown hours
Repair time, inspection time and maintenance action
taken
Parts replaced
The data should also include the failure reasons
related to machine, material, process, environment
etc. These data, after analysis, will be helpful in the
redesigning during the availability improvement
attempt.
A. Machine details of 1000 ton hydraulic forging pres:
Hydraulic presses are employed for many applications
like slotting, pressing, clamping, blanking, embossing,
stamping, stacking and trimming. There are quite a few
types of hydraulic presses in the market. Each different
hydraulic press offers different features making them ideal
for a number of applications. Hydraulic presses operate
under pressurized, incompressible liquids and are capable
of producing thousands Tons of force.

Fig1: 1000 ton hydraulic forging press
Operating a hydraulic press can be extremely dangerous
and unskilled, untrained workers should never attempt to
operate hydraulic presses. Hydraulic presses are used to
extrude the cold and hot pattern. LASCO hydraulic cold
forming presses are capable of producing parts with a
tolerance of a millimeter. Cold extrusion is among the most
important processes for the economic forming of near net-
shape parts in large volumes. World-wide a multitude of
different parts, including drive pinions, starter shafts,
hollow shafts, and similar automotive parts, are cold forged
on LASCO hydraulic presses. In a combined process of
forward, backward, and cross extrusion, intricate parts,
such as spiders, can be produced in an efficient way and
with consistent quality.
TABLE I
Machine breakdowns details of 1000 ton hydraulic forging press
Sl.
No
Problem
No of
times
B/d
Correction action
Preventive
action
1. Die housing
cooling not
taking place
5 Water jacket was
cleaned by acid

2. Punch
displacement
cylinder
movement
8 Punch displacement/
new assembly was done

3. Ram movement
in the press
7 Pilot valve pressure drop
to 60bar so pilot valve
has changed 100bar
achieved

4. Loading arm
gear box failure
7 Gear box has replaced
5. Ram movement
not taking place
9 Motor coupling changed
6. Bolster die
clamping thread
worn -out
10 Bolster has replaced
7. Displacement
cylinder piston
rod thread end
cut
4 Displacement cylinder
has changed

8. Stripper
actuating
cylinder problem
8 O ring has been
replaced

Note: - Major Breakdown should be considered for minimum acceptable level of
Breakdown i.e. greater than Three times of breakdowns (> 3 Times of
breakdowns)

638

IV. ANALYSIS AND COUNTER MEASURES
A. Root cause analysis:
Root Cause Analysis is a method that is used to address
a problem or non-conformance, in order to get to the root
cause of the problem. It is used to correct or eliminate the
cause, and prevent the problem from recurring.Or, in other
wordsfor a particular product problem, Root Causeis the
factor that, when you fix it, the problem goes away and
doesnt come back.
B. Need for root cause analysis:
A Root Cause Analysis will disclose:
Why the incident, failure or breakdown occurred
How future failures can be eliminated by:
Changes to procedures
Changes to operation
Training of staff
Design modifications
Verification that new or rebuilt equipment is free
of defects which may shorten life:
a. Repair and reinstallation is performed to
acceptance standards.
b. Identification of any factors adversely affecting
service life and implementation of mitigating
actions.
C. Tools of root cause analysis:
1. Fish bone diagram also called as Cause and Effect
Diagram:
Fishbone analysis is an example of root cause analysis
specifically, its a type of cause and effect diagram which
helps you to think through causes of a problem thoroughly.
Their major benefit is that they push you to consider all
possible causes of the problem, rather than just the ones
that are most obvious. This approach works on two
principles:
a. The true problem must be understood before action is
taken.
b. Problems are often masked for a variety of reasons.

Fig2: Fish bone diagram
Causes are usually grouped into major categories to
identify these sources of variation. The categories typically
include:
People: Anyone involved with the process.
Methods: How the process is performed and the
specific requirements for doing it, such as policies,
procedures, rules, regulations and laws.
Machines: Any equipment, computers, tools, etc.
required to accomplish the job.
Materials: Raw materials, parts, pens, paper, etc.
used to produce the final product.
Measurements: Data generated from the process
that are used to evaluate its quality.
Environment: The conditions, such as location,
time, temperature, and culture in which the
process operates.
2. 5-why analysis
The 5-Why method helps to determine the cause-effect
relationships in a problem or a failure event. It can be used
whenever the real cause of a problem or situation is not
clear. Using the 5-Whys is a simple way to try solving a
stated problem without a large detailed investigation
requiring many resources. When problems involve human
factors this method is the least stressful on participants. It is
one of the simplest investigation tools easily completed
without statistical analysis. Also known as a Why Tree, it is
supposedly a simple form of root cause analysis.
By repeatedly asking the question, Why? you peel
away layers of issues and symptoms that can lead to the
root cause. You start with a statement of the situation and
ask why it occurred. You then turn the answer to the first
question into a second Why question. The next answer
becomes the third Why question and so on. Though this
technique is called 5-Whys, five is a rule of thumb. You
may ask more or less Whys before finding the root of a
problem.
a. Benefits of the 5 Whys:
Help identify the root cause of a problem.
Determine the relationship between different root
causes of a problem.
One of the simplest tools; easy to complete
without statistical analysis.

639

TABLE II
For analysis purpose repeated Breakdowns are taken to find out the
problem location:
Sl.
No
1000 ton hydraulic forging pres
Problem Problem location Purpose
1. Die housing
cooling not taking
place
Die holder Die cooling
2. Punch displacement
cylinder movement
Ram assembly in
displacement cylinder
Forging operation
[ first & second
punch
displacement
purpose]
3. Ram movement in
the press
Press not producing
required Force
Forging operation
4. Loading arm gear
box failure
Loading arm, gear box Billet movement
into die pot area
5. Ram movement not
taking place
Press main motor
assembly
To drive the
hydraulic pump
6. Bolster die
clamping thread
worn -out
Forging area Die housing
clamping
7. Displacement
cylinder piston rod
thread end cut
Ram area Forging operation
8. Stripper actuating
cylinder problem
Stripper cylinder Job stripping
purpose
D. Root cause analysis of 1000 ton hydraulic press:
1. Problem statement: Die housing cooling not taking
place
Problem location: Die holder
Purpose: Die cooling
Customer: AAL TATA MOTOR
Product: Spindle 10TG-C055
a) Interim containment actions:
Spare die holder provided.

b) Cause analysis: Fish bone diagram

Fig: 3 Fish bone diagram for die housing coolingproblem
c) 5-why analysis:

Problem: Die housing cooling not taking place
Question Answer
WhatisYourFinalAction Die housing water jacket has been
cleaned by HCL

After : Proper cooling taking place Yes No
WHY ANSWER ACTION
Why1: water jacket
cleaning has been done
Water jacket got clogged
by scales
Cleaning
Why 2: water jacket got
clogged by scales
Due to hardness in water Water is treated by
water treatment method

Why 3: does water get
in hardness
Due to natural available of
water
Water treatment has
been done and pH value
will be monitored 6.5 to
7.5

d) Corrective counter measures:
Periodic checking of water hardness by pH
method.
Monitoring and periodic cleaning of heat
exchanging and water jacket.
NOTE: Similarly other type of problem can solved by using these
method and Identifying the Root Causes to obtain the preventive
action.

640

TABLE III
After RCA implementation of Preventive maintenance checklist
Sl.
No
1000 ton hydraulic forging pres
Problem
Correction
action
Preventive action
1. Die housing
cooling not
taking place
Water jacket was
cleaned by acid
Periodic checking of water
hardness by pH
methodneutral pH value
from 6.5 to 7.5
2. Punch
displacement
cylinder
movement
Punch
displacement/
new assembly
was done
Check pilot operated
pressure valve range from 80
to 100 kg/cm
2
.
3. Ram
movement in
the press
Pilot valve
pressure drop to
60bar so pilot
valve has
changed 100bar
achieved
Periodic interval of oil
quality monitoring
Before oil testing paper After
oil testing paper

4. Loading arm
gear box
failure
Gear box has
replaced
Proper tuning of proximity
sensor position Distance
from < 5mm sensing board.
5. Ram
movement not
taking place
Motor coupling
changed
Ensure Periodic maintenance
to carried out by giving
hand/manual torque to the
motor.
6. Auto mode
ram
movement not
working
Draw carriage
proximity output
wire loosened [
reconnection
done]
Periodic observation of
loosened cables and periodic
checking of proximity sensor
cables.
7. Bolster die
clamping
thread worn-
out
Bolster has
replaced
Periodic changing of bolster
studs and proper clamping
method by using torque
wrench.
8. Displacement
cylinder
piston rod
thread end cut
Displacement
cylinder has
changed
Checking of tightness of the
guide ways bolts
9. Stripper
actuating
cylinder
problem
O ring has been
replaced
Periodic maintenance of O-
ring and seal kits and
observe oil leakage

E. Preventive maintenance program:
The most important reason for a PM program is reduced
costs as seen in the following ways:
Reduced production downtime, resulting in fewer
machine breakdowns.
Better conservation of assets and increased life
expectancy of assets, thereby eliminating premature
replacement of machinery and equipment.
Reduced overtime costs and more economical use of
maintenance workers due to working on a scheduled
basis instead of a crash basis to repair breakdowns.
Timely, routine repairs circumvent fewer large-scale
repairs.
Reduced cost of repairs by reducing secondary
failures. When parts fail in service, they usually
damage the other parts.
Reduced product rejects, rework and scrap due to
better overall equipment condition.
Identification of equipment with excessive
maintenance costs, indicating the need for corrective
maintenance, operator training, or replacement of
obsolete equipment.
Improved safety and quality conditions.
F. Benefits of preventive maintenance:
Keeps equipment in good condition to prevent large
problems.
Extends the useful life of equipment.
Improves system availability and reliability.
Decreases system downtime.
Parts stocking levels can be optimized.
Reduces number of emergency breakdowns.
Greatly reduces unplanned downtime.
Finds small problems before they become big ones.
Improves customer service.
Reduces inventory cost by ensuring availability of
spare parts.
Decreases maintenance costs and replacement costs.
Increases overall productivity.

641

TABLE IV
Daily cum weekly maintenance check list

TABLE V
After RCA points to be added in the preventive maintenance check

Daily cum weekly maintenance check list

M/C Name : Lasco 1000T
Press
Operation : Closed
forging
M/C No :
03
Sl
NO
Activity description
Frequency
1. Check cleanliness of machine

D
2. Check the slide lubrication oil level

D
3. Check the slide lubrication

D
4. Check the hydraulic oil leakage in the pipe line

D
5. Check pilot pressure 80 to 100 kg/cm
2
.

W
6. Check soft water level in descaling tank

W
7. Pneumatic pressure 4 to 7 kg/cm2

W
8. Check the main motor terminal

W
9. Check press oil level

D
10. Check automation oil level

D
11. Chemical adding to Press cooling tower
501 and 504
W
12. Displacement slide bolt, flange bolt tightening

W
13. Drawing carriage stripper bolts and spring
checking

W
14. Check Press DM water tank temperature is 30 to
35 degree Celsius

D
15. Check the oiling for v notch chain conveyor

D
Note : D-Daily W-Weekly

Preventive Maintenance Check List
M/C Name : Lasco 1000T Press
Operation : Closed
forging
M/C No :
03
SI.
No
ACTIVITY DESCRIPTION Specifications Freq
1. Loading arm greasing Ap3 grease Q
2. Unloading arm greasing Ap3 grease Q
3.
Oil patch testing
Press and automation
hydraulic oil
Q
4. Chain conveyor bolt
tightening
Bolt tightening Q
5. Compressor cleaning Compressor cleaning H
6. Press motor greasing Ap3 grease H
7. Slide shims adjustment Shims adjustment H
8.
Encoder checking
Checking of flange bolt
tightness
H
9.
Punch holder
Checking of flange bolt
tightness
H
10. Adding Chemical 501, 504 to
cooling tower alpha lava tank
501 and 504 Y
11. Press and automation ELC
filter paper change
Filter paper 15
number
Y
12. Descaling pump, valve
maintenance
O-ring, damage parts,
pipe line
Q
13. Descaling unit nozzle
cleaning
Nozzle servicing Y
14.
DM water cleaning
DM water used 6.5 to
7.5
W
15. Die holder water jacket
cleaning
Using HCL acid Y
Note : Q- quarterly H- half yearly Y- yearly W- weekly

642

V. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
1. Availability:
Availability is the total time of utilization of a machine.
Availability is the reciprocal of the difference between the
total available hours and total breakdown hours to the total
available hours.
Availability =
Tot al available hours Total Breakdown hours
Total available hours
100
2. Mean time between failures: (MTBF)
MTBF is the time between two failures. When failure
rate is constant, the mean time between failures is the
reciprocal of the constant failure rate or the ratio of the test
time to the number of failures.
MTBF =
Total available hours break down hours
No of breakdowns
(in hrs)
3. Mean time to repair: (MTTR)
"Mean Time to Repair" is the average time that it takes
to repair something after a failure.
MTTR =
Total break down hours
No of breakdowns
(in hrs)
TABLE VI
Process measurable before root cause analysis and existing preventive
maintenance management system
MONTHLY DOWN TIME REPORT
Machine name:
1000 ton hyd forging press
Operation:
Closed
forging
Machine
no:03
Date:
Sl
N
o
Month
Total
Available hrs
Total
breakdown
hrs
Total
utilized hrs
Total no.
Of
breakdow
n hrs
1. February 528 48.30 479.7 6
2. March 594 43.45 550.55 7
A. Before root cause analysis:
1. February:
Availability =
Total available hours Total Breakdown hours
100
=
528 48.30
528
100 = 90.8 %
MTBF =
No of breakdowns
(in hrs)
=
52848.30
6
= 80 hrs
MTTR =
No of breakdowns
(in hrs)
=
48.30
6
= 8.05 hrs
2. March:
Availability =
100
=
594 43.45
594
100 = 92.68%
MTBF =
No of breakdowns
(in hrs)
=
59443.45
7
= 78.65 hrs
MTTR =
No of breakdowns
(in hrs)
=
43.45
7
= 6.2 hrs
TABLE VII
Process measurable after root cause analysis and improving
preventive maintenance management system:
Machine name:
Operation:
Closed forging
Machin
e no:03
Date:
Sl
No
Month
Total
Available
hrs
Total breakdown
hrs
Total
utilized
hrs
Total no.
Of
breakdow
n hrs
1. APRIL 506 27.23 478.77 6
2. MAY 550 21.45 528.55 6
B. After root cause analysis:
1. April:
Availability =
100
=
506 27.23
506
100 = 94.61 %
MTBF =
No of breakdowns
(in hrs)

643

=
50627.23
6
= 79.79 hrs
MTTR =
No of breakdowns
(in hrs)
=
27.23
6
= 4.53 hrs
2. May:
Availability =
100
=
550 21.45
550
100 = 96.1%
MTBF =
No of breakdowns
(in hrs)
=
55021.45
6
= 88.09 hrs
MTTR =
No of breakdowns
(in hrs) =
21.45
6
= 3.57 hrs
TABLE VIII
Values of Availability and MTBF, MTTR of Losco Press before and
after RCA for the period October 2012 to May 2013
Machine name:
Operation:
Closed forging
Machine
no:03
Date:
Sl
No
Month % Of
Availability
Targe
t%
MTBF
hrs
Target
hrs
MTTR
hrs
Targe
t hrs
1. Oct-12 94.05 95 65 80 8.30 6
2. Nov-12 94.13 95 76.5 80 7.25 6
3. Dec-12 86 95 75 80 9.11 6
4. Jan-13 91.61 95 68 80 6.48 6
5. Feb-13 90.8 95 80 80 8.05 6
6. Mar-13 92.68 95 78.65 80 6.2 6
The above table includes the values of availability, MTBF and MTTR before
root cause analysis from October 2012 to March 2013
7. Apr-13 94.61 95 79.79 80 4.53 6
8. May-
13
96.1 95 88.09 80 3.57 6
The above table includes the values of availability, MTBF and MTTR after
root cause analysis from April 2013 to May 2013
The above table includes the values of availability,
MTBF and MTTR before root cause analysis from October
2012 to March 2013 and also include values of April 2013
to May 2013 after root cause analysis.

Fig: Comparison of Availability before and after RCA
From the above graphs we can come to the conclusion
that Availability after root cause analysis met the target
values and it has been increased considerably than the
Availability before root cause analysis.

Fig: Comparison of MTBF before and after RCA
that MTBF after root cause analysis met the target values
and it has been increased considerably than the MTBF
before root cause analysis.

644

Fig: Comparison of MTTR before and after RCA
that MTTR after root cause analysis couldnt met the target
values and it has been decreased considerably than the
MTTR before root cause analysis. Therefore the above
graphs shows the mean time to repair decreased from the
actual MTTR to planned MTTR. But it has been improved
considerably after root cause analysis.
C. Average values of Availability, MTBF and MTTR before
and after RCA for the period October 2012 to May 2013
Before Root Cause Analysis After Root Cause Analysis
Average
value of
% of
availability
Average
value of
MTBF
Average
value of
MTTR
Average
value of
% of
availability
Average
value of
MTBF
Average
value of
MTTR
91.54 73.85 7.56 95.35 83.94 4.05
1. Percentage increase in AVAILABILITY of a machine
Percentage increase =
Final average Availability after RCA Initial average Availability before RCA
Initial average Availability before RCA

100=
95.3591.54
91.54
100 = 4.16%
Note: Increase in the Availability of a machine is 4.16% i.e. 4.16% of
initial Available hours in April and March month is 506 and 550 hrs.
April =
4.16506
100
= 21 hrs
Therefore Increase in the Availability of a machine in
April and March month is 21 hrs and 22.88 hrs (22 hrs 52
minutes) respectively.
2. Percentage increase in MTBF of a machine
Final average MTBF after RCA Initial average MTBF before RCA
Initial average MTBF before RCA

100
=
83.9473.85
73.85
100= 13.66%
3. Percentage decrease in MTTR of a machine
Initial average MTTR before RCA Final average MTTR after RCA
Initial average MTTR before RCA

100
=
7.564.05
7.56
100 = 46.42%
VI. CONCLUSION
This project has been carried out on 1000 Ton hydraulic
forging press and all repeated breakdowns were analyzed
along with the critical parts, which has been under
breakdown condition is also identified and analyzed . Also
the reason for the breakdown has been analyzed and some
of the tools of root cause analysis like 5-why analysis, fish
bone diagram are implemented to identify the actual cause
of the breakdown. By this analysis and methods the root
causes of the breakdowns were identified. This in turn
helped to develop and improve a new preventive
maintenance checklist for the machine. This method is used
to prevent the failure of equipment before it actually
occurs.The average availability of critical machine 1000
Ton hydraulic forging press after root cause analysis is
increased to 4.16%. Also the average MTBF of critical
machine after root cause analysis is increased to 13.66%
and MTTR is decreased to 46.42% respectively. After root
cause analysis there is an improvement in the maximization
of planned productivity.This is because of proper diagnosis
of the existing system and by employing proper preventive
maintenance schedule. Therefore whenever a breakdown
occurs, the root cause of the breakdown has to be
identified. Then some efforts should be made to improve
this system using root cause analysis and counter measures,
such that similar type of breakdown can be reduced.
REFFERENCE
[1 ] Y. Sherif, M. L. Smith, Optimal maintenance models for systems
subject to failure - A review, Naval Research Logistics Quarterly,
Vol. 28, March 1988, pp. 47-74.
[2 ] Li, C. H., & Chang, S. C. (2002). Model for preventive maintenance
operations and forecast method for interval triggers. Semiconductor
Manufacturing Technology workshop 2002, 1011 Dec. 2002, pp.
275277.

645

[3 ] Pan E, Liao W, Xi L (2010) Single-machine-based production
scheduling model integrated preventive maintenance planning. Int J
Adv Manuf Technol 50(14):365375.
[4 ] Akturk, M.S. and Avci, S., Tool allocation and machining
conditions- based preventive maintenance for CNC machines. Eur. J.
Oper. Res., 1996, 94, 335348.

[5 ] G. H. Graves and C. Y. Lee, Scheduling maintenance and
semiresumable jobs on a single machine, Nav. Res. Logist, vol. 46,
no.7, pp. 845863, 1999.
[6 ] H P Garg Industrial Maintenance, Rajendra Printers Pvt Ltd, New
Delhi, 1972.

Analysis of Breakdowns and Improvement of Preventive Maintenance on 1000 Ton Hydraulic Press

Загружено:

Сведения о документе

Исходное описание:

Оригинальное название

Авторское право

Доступные форматы

Поделиться этим документом

Поделиться или встроить документ

Параметры публикации

Этот документ был вам полезен?

Это неприемлемый материал?

Авторское право:

Доступные форматы

Analysis of Breakdowns and Improvement of Preventive Maintenance on 1000 Ton Hydraulic Press

Загружено:

Авторское право:

Доступные форматы

International Journal of Emerging Technology and Advanced Engineering

Вам также может понравиться