Reinforced Concrete Khmer

NPIC
T.Chhay
XVII.
karKNnakMralxNBIrTis
Design of Two-Way Slabs
1> esckIepIm Introduction

kMralxNGacRtUv)anBicarNaCaGgt;eRKOgbgMEdlmankMras; h tUcCagRbEvg L nigTTwg S .
TMrg;dsamBarbs;kMralxNKWkMralxNEdlRtUv)anRTedayTMrQmKa Edlvapl;nUvPaBdabcMbgkg
TismYy EdleKeGayeQaHfa kMralxNmYyTis (one-way slab). karKNnakMralxNmYyTisman
niyayenAkgemeronTI 9.
enAeBlkMralxNRtUv)anRTedayRCugTaMgbYn nigmanpleFobbeNay L elITTwg S tUcCag
BIr ehIykMralxNdabBIrTis elIsBIenHbnkenAelIkMralxNRtUv)anbBaneTATMrTaMgbYnRCug. kMral
xNEbenHRtUv)aneKeGayeQaHfa kMralxNBIrTis (two-way slab). m:Um:g;Bt; nigPaBdabenAkgkM
ralxNEbbenHtUcCagenAkgkMralxNmYyTis kMralxNdUcKaGacRTbnk)aneRcInCagenAeBlEdl
vamanTMrTaMgbYnRCug. bnkenAkgkrNIenHRtUv)anRTBIrTis ehIym:Um:g;Bt;kgTisnImYytUcCagm:Um:g;
Bt;enAkgkMralxNRbsinebIbnkrbs;vaRtUv)anRTkgTisEtmYy. kartMerob rt-Fwm-kMralxN (slabbeam-girder) KMrUnkMralxNmYyTis nigBIrTisRtUv)anbgajenAkgrUbTI 17>1.
2> RbePTkMralxNBIrTis
Types of Two-Way Slabs
kMralxNebtugBIrTisGacRtUv)ancat;cMNat;fak;dUcxageRkam
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kMralxNBIrTisenAelIFwm (two-way slab on beam) krNIenHekItmanenAeBlEdlkMral

xNBIrTisRtUv)anRTedayFwmenAelIRCugTaMgGs;rbs;va rUbTI17>1. bnkBIkMralxNRtUv
bBaneTATMrFwmTaMgbYnrbs;va EdlnwgbBanbnkbneTAssr.
b. Flat slab CakMralxNBIrTisEdlRtUv)anBRgwgBIrTisedayKanFwmRT ehIybnkRtUv)anbBan
pal;eTAssrTMr. ssrcg;TMluHkMralxN EdlRtUv)ankarBaredaybIviFIxageRkam rUbTI
17>2 nig 17>3
- edayeRbI drop panel CamYynwg column capital.
- edayeRbI drop panel EdlKan column capital. ebtugEdlBTCMuvij column capital KYr
EtRkas;RKb;RKan;edIm,ITb;Tl;nwgkugRtaMgTajGgt;RTUgEdlekItBIkMlaMgkat; punching
shear.
- edayeRbI column capital edayKan drop panel EdlCaviFImYyminFmta.
c. Flat-Plate floor CaRbBnkMralxNBIrTisEdlmankMras;kMralxNesI nigsitenABIelIssr
edaypal;edayKanFwm b column capital rUbTI 17>2 a. kgkrNIenHssrcg;TMluHkMral
xNedaykugRtaMgTajGgt;RTUg. dUcenH CaTUeTAeKRtUvkarbegInkMras;kMralxN bdak;Edk
Biess.
d. Two-way ribbed slabs nig waffle slab system kMralxNRbePTenHekItBIkMralxNEdl
manpleFobbeNayelITTwgtUcCag 2. CaTUeTAkMras;rbs;kMralxNsitenAcenaH 5cm eTA
10cm nigRtUv)anRTedayrnUt (rib or joist) TaMgBIrTis. rnUtRtUv)antMerobkgTisnImYyCa
mYyKMlatRbEhlBI 50cm 75cm EdlbegItragkaer bctuekaNEkg rUbTI 17>2 c. rnUt
kGacRtUv)antMerobedaymMu 45o b 60o BIGkSrbs;kMralxN EdlbegInesaPNPaBsabtkm. sMrab; two-way ribbed slabs RbBnepSgGacRtUv)anTTYlyk
- RbBnrnUtBIrTisCamYynwgRbehagcenaHrnUtEdlTTYledayeRbIBum<Biess EdlCaTUeTA
manragkaer. rnUtRtUv)anRTedayrtTaMgbYnRCugEdlsitenABIelIssr. kMralxNRbePT
enHRtUv)aneKeGayeQaHfa two-way ribbed (joist) slab system .
- RbBnrnUtBIrTisCamYyeRKOgbMeBj (filler) enAcenaHrnUtEdleFVIeGayBidanerobesI.
eKOgbMeBj (filler) CagRbehag nigeFVIBIebtugTMgn;Rsal bTMgn;Fmta bBIsMParTMgn;
RsalepSgeTot. rnUtRtUv)anRTedayrtenARCugTaMgbYnEdlRtUv)anRTbnedayssr.
a.
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kMralxNRbePTenHkRtUv)aneKeGayeQaHfa two-way ribbed slab system b hollowblock two-way ribbed system .

- RbBnrnUtBIrTisCamYyRbehagcenaHrnUt nigKanrt bFwmRTrnUt. vaQrenAelIssreday
pal;CamYynwgbnHebtugtan;. kMralxNRbePTenHRtUv)anehAfa waffle slab.
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3> kareRCIserIsRbBnkMralxNebtugEdlmanlkNesdkic
NPIC
Economical
Choice of Concrete Floor Systems
RbBnkMralxNCaeRcInRbePTRtUv)aneRbIsMrab;GKarTUeTA dUcCa eKhdan kariyaly nigGKar

rd)alepSg. kareRCIserIsRbBnkMralxNEdlmanlkNkMralxN nigRKb;RKan;GaRsyelIRbePT
GKar/ rUbragsabtkm/ esaPN nigRbEvgElVgEdlenAcenaHssr. CaTUeTA bnkGefrenAelIGKar
ERbRbYlcenaHBI 3.8kN / m 2 7.2kN / m 2 . karENnaMTUeTAsMrab;kareRbIR)as;RbBnkMralxNEdl
manlkNesdkicRtUv)ansegbdUcxageRkam
- Flat plate saksmbMputsMrab;ElVgEdlmanRbEvgcenaHBI 6m 7.5m nigbnkGefrERb
RbYlBI 2.9kN / m 2 4.8kN / m 2 . GtRbeyaCn_nkarTTYlyk flat plate rYmmankarcM
NayelIBum<Gs;fefak TTYl)anBidanrabesI nigkarsagsg;qab;. Flat plate manlTPaB
Tb;kMlaMgkat;TTWgTab nigPaBrwgRkajtUc EdleFIVeGaymanPaBdabFM;. Flat plate RtUv)an
eRbIy:agTUlMTUlayenAkgGKarCakMralxNBRgwgedayEdk bkebtugeRbkugRtaMg.
- Flat slab saksmbMputsMrab;ElVgEdlmanRbEvgBI 6m 9m nigsMrab;bnkGefrERbRbYlBI
3.8kN / m 2 7.2kN / m 2 . vaRtUvkarBum<eRcInCag flat plate CaBiesssMrab; column capital.
kgkrNICaeRcIn eKeRbIEt drop panel edayKan column capital .
- Waffle slab saksmsMrab;ElVgEdlmanRbEvgBI 9m 14.5m nigsMrab;bnkGefrERbRbYl
BI 3.8kN / m 2 7.2kN / m 2 . vaRTbnk)aneRcInCag flat plate nigmanBidanKYreGayTak;
TajEtBum<mantMlf.
- kMralxNelIFwm (slab on beam) salsmbMputsMrab;ElVgcenaH 6m 9m nigbnkGefrBI
2.9kN / m 2 5.7 kN / m 2 . FwmbegInPaBrwgRkajrbs;kMralxNEdleFVIeGaymanPaBdab
tUc. eKRtUvkarBum<bEnmsMrab;Fwm.
- kMralxNmYyTisenAelIFwm (one-way slab on beam)saksmbMputsMrab;ElVgEdlmanRb
EvgBI 3m 6m nigbnkGefrcenaHBI 2.9kN / m 2 4.8kN / m 2 . vaGacRtUv)aneRbIsMrab;
ElVgFMCagenHCamYynwgtMlfCag elIsBIenHeKnwgTTYl)anPaBdabFM. eKRtUvkarBum<bEnm
sMrab;Fwm.
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saksmbMputsMrab;ElVgEdlmanRbEvgBI 6m 9m nigman
bnkGefrcenaH 3.8kN / m 2 5.7kN / m 2 . edaysarEtrnUteRCA brimaNebtug nigEdkKWtic
EtkarcMNayelIBum<Gs;eRcIn. Bidanrbs;kMralxNGacnwgemIleTAKYreGayTak;Taj.
One-way joist floor system
4> eKalKMnitkgkarKNna Design Concept

karviPaKdsuRkitsMrab;kMlaMg nigbMlas;TIenAkgkMralxNBIrTisKWsKsaj edaysarEtPaB
minkMNt;x<s;. vaBitCasKsajebIeTaHbICa\TiBl creep nig nonlinear behavior rbs;ebtugRtUv)an
ecalkeday. viFI numerical method dUcCa finite element kGacRtUv)aneRbI b:uEnviFIdsamBadUcEdl
GVI)anbgajeday ACI Code saksmbMputsMrab;karKNnasMrab;karGnuvtn_. ACI Code, Chapter
13 snt;fakMralxNeFVIkarCaFwmTUlay Etrak;begItCaeRKagrwg (rigid frame) CamYynwgssrEdlenA
BIeRkam nigBIelIva. karsnt;nkarEckeRKagCaeRKagsmmUlRtUv)anepgpat;eLIgvijedaykarsikSa
RsavRCavCalkNviPaK nigBiesaFn_ (analytical and experimental research). va)anbgajfa lTPaBRTbnkcugeRkay (ultimate load capacity) nkMralxNBIrTisCamYynwgkarTb;tamRCug
restrained boundary) KWesI RbEhlBIdgnlTPaBRTbnkcugeRkayEdlKNnaedaykarviPaKtam
RTwsI edaysarkarEbgEckm:U- m:g;eLIgvijdFMEdlekIteLIgenAkgkMralxNmunnwg)ak;. enAeBlbnk
FM bMlas;TI nigPaBdabFMRtUv)anrMBwgTuk dUcenHeKRtUvkarkMras;kMralxNGb,brmaedIm,IrkSaPaBdab
niglkxNeRbHRKb;RKan; eRkambnkeFVIkar.
ACI Code kMNt;viFIsaRsBIrsMrab;KNnakMralxNBIrTis
- viFIKNnaedaypal; (direct design method DDM, ACI Code, Section 13.6) CaviFIRbhak;
RbEhl (approximate procedure) sMrab;karviPaK nigkarKNnakMralxNBIrTis. RtUv)ankM
Nt;sMrab;RbBnkMralxNEdlrgnUvbnkBRgayesI nigssrmanKMlatesIKa besIresIKa. viFI
enHeRbInUvsMnuMemKuNedIm,IkMNt;m:Um:g;KNnaenARtg;muxkat;eRKaHfak;. RbBnkMralxNEdlmin
RtUvKanwgkarkMNt;rbs; ACI Code, Section 13.6.1 RtUv)anviPaKedayviFIsaRsKNnaEdl
manlkNsuRkitCag.
- viFIeRKagsmmUl (equivalent frame method EFM, ACI Code, Section 13.7) CaviFImYy
EdlGKarbITMhM (3D) RtUv)anEckecjCaesrIneRKagsmmUlBIrTMhM (2D) edaykat;GKar
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tamExSrcenaHssr. lTplrbs;eRKagRtUv)anBicarNadac;edayELkBIKatamTisbeNay
nigTisTTwgrbs;GKar nigRtUv)anKitBImYyCan;eTAmYyCan; dUcEdlbgajenAkgrUbTI 17>4.
viFIsaRsKNnatam ACI Code BIrKWQrelIelIlTplnkarviPaKeGLasic (elastic analysis) n
eRKOgbgMTaMgmUledayeRbIbnkemKuN. viFIEdlEktMrUv (modified approach) viFI direct design
method RtUv)anbgajenAkg commentary n code qaM 1989 CaviFIPaBrwgRkajEktMrUv (modified
stiffness method MSM). vaQrkarbBalemKuNEbgEckdkMNt;mYyCaGnuKmn_npleFobPaB
rwgRkaj ec sMrab;KuNnwgm:Um:g;saTicsrubenAkgElVgxagcug. viFIenHRtUv)anBnl;enAeBleRkay.
bEnmBIelI viFIrbs; ACI Code eKenAmanviFIepSgCaeRcIneTotsMrab;KNna nigviPaKkMralxN.
CalTpl kMralxNnwgmanbrimaNEdkticCag beRcInCag. viFIviPaK (analytical method) GacRtUv
cat;cMNat;fak;kgRkumnTMnak;TMngeKalrvagbnk nigbMlas;TI CaeGLasic/ )asic nig nonlinear .
- enAkgkarviPaKeGLasic (elastic analysis) kMralxNebtugRtUv)anKitCakMraleGLasic.
karBt;kMlaMgkat;TTwg nigPaBdabRtUv)anKNnaedaysmIkarDIepr:g;EslTI4 (fourth
differential equation) EdlTak;TgbnkeTAnwgPaBdabsMrab;kMralesIgCamYynwgbMlas;TItUc
dUcEdl)anbgaj eday Timoshenko. dMeNaHRsay finite difference solution kdUcCadM
eNaHRsay finite element solution RtUv)anesIeLIgedIm,IviPaKkMralxN. enAkgviFI finite
element method kMralxNRtUv)an EbgEckCasMNaj;ragRtIekaN bragkaer (mesh of
triangles or quadrilateral). GnuKmn_bMlas;TIn cMnuc (node) Edlkat;KaedaycMnucsMNaj;
(intersecting mesh point) RtUv)anbegIteLIgCaTUeTA ehIym:aRTicnPaBrwgRkaj (stiffness
matrices) RtUv)anbegItsMrab;karviPaKedaykMuBTr.
- sMrab;karviPaK)asic eKmanbIviFI. viFI yield line method RtUv)anbegIteLIgeday Johansen
edIm,IkMNt;sanPaB (limit state) nkMralxNedayBicarNafa yield line EdlekItmanenA
kgkMralxNCaemkanicnkar)ak; (collapse mechanism). viFIcMerok (strip method) RtUv)an
begIteday Hillerborg. kMralxNRtUv)anEckecjCacMerok (strip) ehIybnkenAelIkMral
xNRtUv)anEbgEckTisedABIrEkgKa. cMerokRtUv)anviPaKCaFwmsamBa. viFITIbICaviFI optimal
analysis method sMrab;eFVIeGaybrimaNEdlTTYl)anmantMlGb,brmaedayQrelIkarvi
PaK)asic. dMeNaHRsay optimal solution KWsKsajkgkarviPaK nigTTYl)ankarBRgay
srsEdlmYydsKsaj.
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- karviPaK nonlinear analysis KitlkNbMlas;TIeRkambnkBitnkMralxNebtugGarem: enA

eBlEdlviFI finite element method KitBicarNaEpk nonlinear nTMnak;TMngkugRtaMg-bMEr
bMrYlrageFob (stress-strain relationship) nGgt;mYydac;edayELkBIKa. kgkrNIenH
dMeNaHRsaykayCasKsaj RbsinebITMnak;TMngEdl)anBIkarBiesaFn_edayTTYl)ankar
sMrYlminRtUv)ansnt;eTenaH.
viFIEdl)anerobrab;xagelI RtUv)anbgajedIm,IENnaMGksikSanUvviFIepSgnkarviPaKkMralxN.
kargarBiesaFn_elIkMralxNminRtUv)anGPivDeTkgb:unanqaMcugeRkayenH b:uEnkarsikSaCaeRcInRbEhlCaRtUvkaredIm,IsMrYldMeNIrkarKNnabcb,nCamYysuvtiPaB karbMerIkargar niglkNesdkic.
5> cMerokelIssr nigcMerokkNal Column and Middle Strips
rUbTI 17>5 bgajkMralxagkgnkMralxNBIrTisEdlRtUv)anRTenAelIssr A / B / C nig
D . RbsinebIkMralRTbnkBRgayesI kMralxNnwgdabBIrTis CamYyPaBdabGtibrmarnAtMbn;kNal
O . cMnucx<s;bMputsitenAelIssr A / B / C nig D dUcenHEpknkMralxNEdlenACMuvijssrnwg
manrage)a:g (convex shape). karpas;brrUbragrbs;kMralxNbnicmg BIPaBe)a:genAelIssreTA
rkPaBptenAkNalkMral eFVIeGayExSkaMnImYykat;Rtg;cMnucrbt;. muxkat;Rtg; O / E / F / G nig
H nwgmanm:Um:g;Bt;viCman b:uEnenAmMbrievNssrnwgmanm:Um:g;Bt;GviCmanGtibrma. edayBicarNacM
eroktambeNay AFB cMeroknwgekagdUcFwmCab; rUbTI 17>5 b edaymanm:Um:g;GviCmanenARtg; A
nig B nigmanm:Um:g;Bt;viCmanRtg; F . cMerokenHlatsnwgenAcenaHssrBIr A nig B nigCab;enAelI
RCugTaMgsgagnkMral EdlbegIt)anCacMErokelIssr (column strip).
dUcKasMrab;cMeroktambeNay EOG nwgmanm:Um:g;Bt;GviCmanenARtg; E nig G ehIym:Um:g;
viCmanenARtg; O EdlbegItCacMerokkNal. cMerokTIbItambeNay DHC nwgeFVIkarRsedogKanwgcM
erok AFB . dUcenH bnHkMralGacnwgRtUv)anEbgEckbIcMerokKW 1enAkNaltambeNay EOG Edl
eKeGayeQaHfacMerokkNal nigBIreTotsgagtambeNay AFB nig DHC EdleKeGayeQaHfa
cMerokelIssr rUbTI 17>5 a. cMeroknImYyeFVIkarCaFwmCab;. tamviFIdUcKa bnHkMralkRtUv)anEbg
EckCabIcMroksMrab;TisedAmYyeTotKW cMerokkNalmYytambeNay FOH nigcMerokelIssrBIreTot
tambeNay AED nig BGC erogKa rUbTI 17>5 e.
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tamryrUbTI 17>5 a eyIgeXIjfacMerokkNalRtUv)anRTedaycMerokelIssr EdlbBan

bnkbneTAssr A / B / C nig D enAkgbnHkMralenH. dUcenHcMerokssrRTbnkeRcInCagcMerok
kNal. dUcenH m:Um:g;Bt;viCmanenAkgcMerokelIssrnImYy enARtg; E / F / G nig H mantMl
FMCagm:Um:g;Bt;viCmanenARtg; O EdlsitenAcMerokkNal. dUcKa m:Um:g;GviCmanenAelIssr A / B /
C nig D enAkgcMerokelIssrmantMlFMCagm:Um:g;GviCmanenARtg; E / F / G nig H enAkgcMerok
kNal. Epknm:Um:g;KNnaEdlRtUv)ankMNt;enAmuxkat;eRKaHfak;nImYyncMerokssr nigcMerok
kNalRtUv)anbgajenAkgEpkTI 8.
TMhMncMerokelIssr nigcMerokkNslnImYyenAkgbnHkMralRtUv)ankMNt;eday ACI Code,

Section 13.2. cMerokelIssr x EdlRtUv)ankMNt;edayTTwgkMralxNenAelIRCugnImYynGkS
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ssr esInwgmYyPaKbYnnTMhMbnHkMral l1 nig l2 mYyNaEdltUcCageK rYmbBalTaMgFwmRbsinebI

man.
l1 = RbEvgElVg KitBIGkSeTAGkS kgTisedAEdlm:Um:g;nwgRtUv)ankMNt;
l 2 = RbEvlElVg KitBIGkSeTAGkS kgTisedAEkgnwg l1
EpknbnHkMralcenaHcMerokelIssrkMNt;cMerokkNal.
6> kMras;kMralGb,brmaedIm,IkMritPaBdab
Minimum Slab Thickness to
Control Deflection
kMNt;kMras;kMralxNsMrab;kMralxNBIrTisedIm,IkMritPaBdab.
TMhMnPaBdabrbs;kMralxNGaRsynwgGefrCaeRcInEdlrYmbBalTaMgPaBrwgRkajTb;karBt;
(flexural stiffness) rbs;kMralxNEdlbBalCaGnuKmn_nkMras;kMralxN h . enAeBlbegInkMras;
kMralxN enaHPaBrwgRkajTb;karBt;rbs;kMralxNk ekIneLIg ehIyPaBdabrbs;kMralxNnwgRtUv
kat;bny. edaysarkarKNnaPaBdabsMrab;kMralxNBIrTismanPaBsKsaj nigedIm,IeCosvagPaB
dabFM ACI Code kMNt;kMras;kMralxNTaMgenHedayTTYlykkarkMNt;Edl)anBIkarBiesaFn_bI. Rb
sinebIkarkMNt;rbs;eyIgminsitenAkgEdnkMNt;TaMgbIenHeT eKcaM)ac;RtUvKNnaPaBdab.
a. sMrab; 0.2 fm 2 /
ACI Code, Section 9.5.3
fy
l n 0.8 +
1400
h=
36 + 5 ( fm 0.2)
b.
b:uEnminRtUvtUcCag 125mm
sMrab; fm > 2
fy
l n 0.8 +
1400
h=
36 + 9
c.
!&>!
b:uEnminRtUvtUcCag 90mm
sMrab; fm < 0.2
h = kMras;kMralxNGb,brmaedayKanFwmxagkg tarag 17>1
Edl ln = clear span sMrab;TisEvgEdlvas;BIpQmKarbs;ssr
= pleFobn clear span EvgelI clear span xI
!&>@
!&>#
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tMlmFmn f sMrab;RKb;FwmnRCugTaMgGs;rbs;bnHkMral
f = CapleFobnPaBrwgRkajTb;karBt;nmuxkat;Fwm Ecb I b lIPaBrwgRkajTb;
karBt;nkMralxN Ecs I s EdlBTCMuvijedayGkSbnHkMralenABIelIFwmRCug
nImYy.
E I
!&>$
f = cb b
E cs I s
Edl Ecb nig Ecs Cam:UDuleGLasicrbs;ebtugenAkgFwm nigkMralxN erogKa.
I b = m:Um:g;niclPaBTaMgmUlnmuxkat;FwmeFobGkSTIRbCMuTMgn; muxkat;FwmrYmTaMg
beNaykMralxNenAelIRCugTaMgsgagrbs;FwmEdlesInwgkMBs;FwmBIelI bBI
eRkamkMralxN ykmYyNaEdlFMCageK b:uEnminRtUvFMCagbYndgkMras;kMral
xN.
I s = m:Um:g;niclPaBnmuxkat;kMralxNTaMgmUl.
b:uEn kMras;kMralxNminKYrtUcCagtMlxageRkam
- sMrab;kMralxNEdlman fm < 2.0 125mm
- sMrab;kMralxNEdlman fm > 2 90mm
fm =
tarag 17>1 kMras;kMralxNGb,brmaedayKanFwmxagkg

Yield
Stress
fy *
280
420
edayKan Drop Panel**

man Drop Panel***
bnHkMralxageRkA
bnHkMralxageRkA
bnHkMralxagkg
bnHkMralxagkg
KanFwmxag manFwmxag
KanFwmxag manFwmxag
ln
33
ln
30
ln
36
ln
33
ln
36
ln
33
ln
36
ln
33
ln
40
ln
36
ln
40
ln
36
sMrab;EdkEdlman Yield Stress cenaH 280 nig 420 kMras;Gb,brmaTTYl)anBI linear interpolation.
** Drop panel RtUv)ankMNt;enAkg ACI Sections 13.3.7.7 nig 13.3.7.2
*** kMralxNEdlmanFwmcenaHssrtambeNayxagkg. tMln f sMrab;FwmminKYrmantMltUcCag 0.8 .
*
RbsinebIFwmminRtUv)aneRbI dUckgkrNI flat plate enaH f = 0 nig fm = 0 . smIkar ACI

Code sMrab;KNnakMras;kMralxN h )anKit\TiBlrbs;RbEvgElVg/ TMrg;bnHkMral/ yield stress rbs;
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Edk f y nigPaBrwgRkajTb;karBt;rbs;Fwm. enAeBlFwmEdlmanlkNrwgxaMgRtUv)aneRbI smIkar !&>!

Gacpl;nUvkMras;kMralxNtUc ehIysmIkar !&>@ Gaclub. sMrab; flat plate nig flat slab enAeBl
EdlFwmxagkgminRtUv)aneRbI kMras;kMralxNGb,brmaGacRtUv)ankMNt;edaypal;BItarag 9>5 c n
ACI Code EdlRtUv)anbgajenATIenHKWtarag 17>1.
karkMNt;rbs; ACI Code epSgeTotRtUv)ansegbdUcxageRkam
- sMrab;bnHkMralEdlmanxagminCab;; FwmxagcugEdlman = 0.8 RtUv)aneRbI ebImindUcenHeT
kMras;kMralxNGb,brmaRtUv)anKNnatamsmIkar !&>! nig !&>@ RtUv)anbegIn 10% y:ag
tic ACI Code, Section 9.5.3 .
- enAeBl drop panel RtUv)aneRbIedayKanFwm kMras;kMralxNGb,brmaKYrRtUv)anbnyeday
10% . drop panel KYrRtUv)anlatsnwgRKb;TisBIGkSrbs;TMredaycMgayminticCagRbEvg
ElVgelI 6 RKb;TiscenaHGkSeTAGkSnTMr nigTMlak;cuHeRkamkMralxNy:agtic h / 4 . kar
bnyenH)anrYmbBaleTAkgtaragTI 17>1.
- edayminKittMlEdlTTYl)anBIsmIkar !&>! nig !&>@
kMras;kMralxNBIrTisminRtUvtUcCagkrNIdUcteTA ! 125mm sMrab;kMralxNEdlKanFwm
b drop panel. @ 100mm sMrab;kMralxNKanFwmEtman drop panel. # 90mm sMrab;
kMralxNmanFwmenAelIRCUgTaMgbYnCamYynwg fm 2 nig 125mm sMrab; fm 2 ACI
Code, Section 9.5.3.
CMhanxageRkamsegbBIkarKNnaTaMgenH
!> sMrab;kMralxNEdlKanFwmxagkg flat plate nig flat slab
a. KNnakMras;kMralxNedaypal;BItarag 17>1. b:uEnsmIkar !&>! nig !&>@ kGacRtUv)aneRbI
ehIyCaTUeTA smIkar !&>! lub. kMras;kMralxNGb,brmaKYrFMCag besInwg 125mm
sMrab;kMralxNEdlKan drop panel nigFMCagbesI 100mm sMrab;kMralxNEdlman drop
panel.
b. enAxagEdlminCab; FwmxagEdlman f 0.8 KYrRtUv)aneRbI. ebImindUecaHeT kMras;kMral
xNGb,brmaRtUv)anKNnaedaysmIkar !&>! nig !&>@ KYrRtUv)anbegIneday 10% . kar
begIn 10% RtUv)anbBaleTAkgCYrQrTI 2 kgtaragTI 17>1 rYcehIy.
450
NPIC
T.Chhay
RbsinebI drop panel RtUv)aneRbIenAkg flat slab kMras;kMralxNGb,brmaRtUv)anbnyeday

10% enAkgkrNIEdl drop panel latsnwgenARKb;TisBIGkSnTMrCamYycMgaymintUcCag
1 / 6 RbEvgElVg nigTMlak;eRkamkMralxNy:agtic h / 4 . karbnyenH)anbBaleTAkgem
KuNntarag 17>1.
@> sMrab;kMralxNEdlmanFwmenARKb;RCug fm > 0
a. KNna fm nigbnab;mkKNnakMras;kMralxNGb,brmaBIsmIkar !&>! nig !&>@. kgkrNI
CaeRcInsmIkar !&>@ lub.
b. kMras;kMralxNKYrFMCag besInwg 125mm sMrab;kMralxNEdlman fm < 2.0 nigKYrFMCag
besInwg 90mm sMrab;kMralxNEdlman fm 2.0 .
#> sMrab;RKb;kMralxN kMrs;kMralxNEdltUcCagkMras;Gb,brmaEdleGayenAkgCMhan !> nig @>
GacRtUv)aneRbI RbsinkarKNnabgajfaPaBdabminFMCagkarkMNt;rbs; ACI Code, Table 9.5
b EdlBnl;enAkgemeronTI 6.
]TahrN_17>1 RbBnkMral flat plate EdlmanTMhM 7.5 6m RtUv)anRTenAelIssrkaer 500mm .
edayeRbIsmIkar ACI Code kMNt;kMras;kMralxNGb,brmacaM)ac;sMrab;bnHkMralxagkg nigbnHkM
ralkac;RCug dUcbgajenAkgrUbTI 17>6. FwmxagminRtUv)aneRbI. eKeGay f 'c = 28MPa nig
f y = 420MPa .
c.
dMeNaHRsay
1>
ln
f y = 420MPa
sMrab;bnHkMralxNkac;RCugelx ! kMras;Gb,brmaKW 30
nigKanFwmxagRtUv)aneRbI emIltarag 17>1.
l n1 = 7500 500 = 7000mm

7000
250mm
hmin =
= 233mm
30
yk
ma:gvijeTot smIkar !&>! nig !&>@ GacRtUv)aneRbIedIm,IKNnakMras;Gb,brmaCamYy
f = fm = 0 .
2> sMrab;bnHkMralxagkgelx #> CamYy f y = 420MPa kMras;kMralxNGb,brmaKW
l
hmin = n = 212mm yk 220mm
33
ma:gvijeTot smIkar !&>! nig !&>@ GacRtUv)aneRbI.
451
NPIC
T.Chhay
RbsinebIRKb;bnHkMralxNTaMgGs;eRbIkMras;dUcKa enaHeKGacyk hmin = 250mm .
]TahrN_17>2 RbBnkMralxNdUcbgajenAkgrUbTI 17>7 EdlpSMeLIgedaykMraltan; nigFwmenA
elITaMgBIrTisEdlRTedayssrkaerEdlmanRCug 500mm . edayeRbIsmIkar ACI Code kMNt;kMras;

kMralxNGb,brmacaM)ac;sMrab;bnHkMralxagkg. eKeGay f 'c = 21MPa nig f y = 420MPa .
dMeNaHRsay
1> edIm,IeRbIsmIkar !&>! fm RtUv)anKNnamun. dUcenH eKcaM)ac;kMNt; I b / I s nig f sMrab;

Fwm nigkMralxNtamTisEvg nigTisxI.
2> m:Um:g;niclPaBrbs;FwmTaMgmUl I b RtUv)anKNnasMrab;muxkat;dUcbgajenAkgrUbTI 17>7 b
EdlRtUv)anbegIteLIgedayFwm nigEpksgagxHrbs;kMralxN x = y b:uEnminRtUvFMCag 4
bYndgkMras;kMralxN. snt; h = 18cm ehIyvaRtUv)anepgpat;enAeBleRkay enaH
x = y = 56 18 = 38cm < 18 4 = 72cm . dUcenH be = 40 + 38 2 = 116cm nigmuxkat;
452
NPIC
T.Chhay
GkSr T RtUv)anbgajenAkgrUbTI 17>7 c . kMNt;TIRbCMuTMgn;rbs;muxkat;edayKitm:Um:g;eFob

kMBUlrbs;sab
RkLapsab = 18 116 = 2088cm 2
RkLapRTnug = 40 38 = 1520cm 2
RkLapsrub 3608cm 2
2088 9 + 1520 37 = 3608 y
y = 20.8cm
116
(18)3 + 2088(11.8)2 + 40 383 + 1520(19 2.8)2 = 928924.6cm 4
Ib =
12
12
3> m:Um:g;niclPaBnkMralxNtamTisedAEvgKW
bh 3
Il =
Edl b = 600cm nig h = 18cm
12
Il =
600 3
18 = 291600cm 4
12
453
NPIC
T.Chhay
928924.6
b
tamTisedAEvg = EI
=
= 3.19
EI s
291600
4> m:Um:g;niclPaBnkMralxNtamTisedAxIKW
fl
Is =
760 3
18 = 369360cm 4
12
EI
928924.6
= b =
= 2.51
EI s
369360
tamTisedAxI
5> fm CatMlmFmn fs nig fl
fs
3.19 + 2.51
= 2.85
2
7.6 0.5
=
= 1.29
6 0.5
fm =
6>
7> kMNt; hmin edayeRbIsmIkar !&>@ ln = 7.1m
hmin
420
7.1 0.8 +
1400
=
= 0.148m
36 + 5 1.29(2.82 0.2)
b:uEn tMlenHminRtUvtUcCag h EdleGayedaysmIkar !&>@ fm > 2.0

h=
7.81
= 0.164m
36 + 9 1.29
ma:geTot hmin = 90cm .

dUcenH h = 16.4cm lub.
eKGacTTYlykkMras;kMralxNEdl)ansnt; h = 18cm .
cMNaMfa enAkgkrNIGnuvtn_CaeRcIn smIkar !&>@ manlkNlub.
7> ersIusg;kMlaMgkat;TTwgrbs;kMralxN Shear Strength of Slabs
sMrab;RbBnkMralxNBIrTis bnHkMralRtUvEtmankMras;RKb;RKan;edIm,ITb;nwgm:Um:g;Bt;TaMgBIr
nigkMlaMgkat;TTwgenARtg;muxkat;eRKaHfak;. edIm,IGegtlTPaBTb;kMlaMgkat;TTwgnkMralxNBIrTis
krNIxageRkamRtUv)anBicarNa.
7>1> kMralxNBIrTisEdlRTedayFwm
Two-Way Slabs Supported on Beams
muxkat;eRKaHfak;rbs;kMralxNBIrTisEdlRTedayFwmKWsitenAcMgay d BIpnFwmTMr ehIy

lTPaBTb;kMlaMgkat;TTwgnmuxkat;nImYyKW Vc = f 'c bd / 6 . enAeBlEdlFwmmanlkNrwg
nigGacbBanbnkkMraleTAssr vaRtUv)ansnt;eGayRTbnkEdleFVIGMeBImkelIpkMralxNEdlBT
454
NPIC
T.Chhay
edaybnat; 45o EdlKUsecjBIRCugEkg dUcbgajenAkgrUbTI 17>8. bnkenAelIpctuekaNBaynwg

RtUv)anRTedayFwmEvg AB nig CD b:uEnbnkenAelIpRtIekaNnwgRtUv)anRTedayFwmxI AC nig
BD .
kMlaMgkat;TTwgkgmYyktaTTwgrbs;kMralmantMlx<s;bMputenAcenaH E nig F tamTis

TaMgBIr ehIy Vu = wu (l2 / 2) Edl wu CabnkemKuNBRgayesIkgmYyktap.
RbsinebIEdkTb;kMlaMgkat;TTwgminRtUv)andak; kMlaMgkat;TTwgenAcMgay d BIpnFwm
Vud RtUvEtesInwg
Vud Vc
f 'c bd
6
Edl Vud = wu l22 d
7>2> kMralxNBIrTisEdlKanFwm
Two-Way Slabs Without Beams
nig flat slab KanFwmeT dUcenHkMralxNRtUv)anRTedayssredaypal;. sMrab;kM

ralxNEbbenHkugRtaMgkMlaMgkat;TTwgBIrRtUv)aneFVIkarGegt TImYyKWkMlaMgkat;TTwgmYyTis bkMlaMg
kat;TTwgFwm (one-way shear or beam shear). muxkat;eRKaHfak;RtUv)anykenAcMgay d BIpn
ssr ehIykMralxNRtUv)anBicarNadUcFwmEdlmanTTwgFMsitenAcenaHTMr dUckgkrNIFwmmYyTis
Flat plate
455
NPIC
T.Chhay
. lTPaBTb;kMlaMgkat;TTwgnmuxkat;ebtugKW Vc = f 'c bd / 6 . RbePTTIBIrn

kMlaMgkat;TTwgEdlRtUvsikSaKWkMlaMgkat;TTwgBIrTis bkMlaMgkat;pug (two-way shear or punching
shear) dUcEdl)anerobrab;enAkgkarKNnaeCIgtag. Kar)ak;edaykMlaMgkat;ekItmantambeNaykM
Nat;ekaN bkMNat;BIra:mIt (truncated cone or pyramid) CMuvijssr. muxkat;eRKaHfak;sitenAcM
gay d / 2 BIpssr/ column capital/ b drop panel rUbTI 17>9 a. RbsinebIEdkkMlaMgkat;TTwg
minRtUv)andak; ersIusg;kMlaMgkat;TTwgrbs;ebtugKWtMlEdltUcCageKkgcMeNamsmIkar !&>%
nig !&>^
f 'c bo d
1 1
f ' c bo d
!&>%
Vc = +
3
6 3
Edl bo = brimaRtnmuxkat;eRKaHfak;
= pleFobnRCugEvgrbs;ssrelIRCugxI bRkLapbnk
d
!&>^
Vc = s + 2 f 'c bo d
12 b
(one-way beam)
Edl s esI 40 sMrab;ssrxagkg/ esI 30 sMrab;;ssrxag nigesI 20 sMrab;ssrkac;RCug.

enAeBlEdlEdkkMlaMgkat;TTwgRtUv)andak; ersIusg;kMlaMgkat;TTwgminKYrelIs
Vc
f 'c bo d
!&>&
2
7>3> EdkkMlaMgkat;TTWgenAkgkMralxNBIrTisEdlKanFwm
Shear Reinforcement in
Two-Way Slabs Without Beams
enAkgRbBnkMralxN flat plate nig flat slab kMras;kMralxNEdl)aneRCIserIsGacnwgmin

RKb;RKan;edIm,ITb;nwgkugRtaMgkMlaMgkat;TTwgEdlGnuvteT. kgkrNIenH eKGacbegInkMras;kMralxN
bdak;EdkTb;kMlaMgkat;TTwg. ACI Code GnuBaatkareRbIEdkTb;kMlaMgkat;TTwgCa shearhead nig
anchored bar b wire.
Shearhead pSMeLIgedayEdkragGkSr I bGkSr C EdlpSarExVgCabYn nigRtUv)andak;enAkgkM
ralxNBIelIssr rUbTI 17>9 c, d . karKNna Shearhead minGnuvtsMrab;ssrxageRkA Edlm:U
m:g;Bt; nigm:Um:g;rmYlmantMlFMEdlRtUv)anbMElgcenaHkMralxN nigssr. ACI Code, Section
11.12.4 bgajfaenARtg;muxkat;eRKaHfak; ersIusg;kMlaMgkat; nominal Vn minKYelIs f 'c bo d / 3
b:uEnRbsin ebIEdk shearhead RtUv)andak; Vn minKYrelIs 7 f 'c bo d / 12 . edIm,IkMNt;TMhMrbs;
shearhead, ACI Code, Section 11.12.4 pl;nUvkarkMNt;dUcteTA
456
T.Chhay
NPIC
457
T.Chhay
NPIC
458
NPIC
T.Chhay
!> pleFob v rvagPaBrwgRkaj Es I rbs;d shearhead nigPaBrwgRkajnmuxkat;EdleRbH

smasEdlmanTTWg c2 + d minRtUvtUcCag 0.15 .
@> sabrgkarsgt;nEdkragminRtUvmanTItaMgenAmM 0.13d nprgkarsgt;rbs;kMralxN.
#> kMBs;rbs;EdkragminRtUvFMCag 70 nkMras;RTnug.
$> lTPaBTb;m:Um:g;)asic M P ndnImYyrbs; shearhead RtUv)anKNnaeday
V
c
ACI Code, Eq. 11.37

!&>*
M P = u hv + v l v + 1
2n
2
Edl
= 0.9
kMlaMgkat;TTwgemKuNCMuvijbrievNnpssr
n = cMnYnd
hv = kMBs;rbs; shearhead
l v = RbEvg shearhead Edlvas;BIGkSssr
%> muxkat;kMralxNeRKaHfak;sMrab;kMlaMgkat;TTWgRtUvEtkat;d shearhead enAcMgayesInwg
(3 / 4)(l v c1 / 2) BIpssreTcugndrbs; shearhead dUcbgajenAkgrUbTI 17>9 c.
muxkat;eRKaHfak;RtUvEtmanbrimaRtGb,brma bo b:uEnvaminRtUvenACitCag d / 2 BIprbs;sse.
^> Shearhead RtUv)anBicarNaeGaycUlrYmkgkarEbgEckm:Um:g;eLIgvij
M v eTAcMerokkMralxNelIssrnImYydUcxageRkam
c
vVu l v 1
ACI Code, Eq. 11.38
!&>(
Mv =
2n
2
b:uEnvaminRtUvtUcCagtMltUcCageKkgcMeNam 30% nm:Um:g;emKuNEdlcaM)ac;enAkgcMerok
elIssr/ karpas;brm:Um:g;cMerokelIssrelIRbEvg lv b M p EdleGayenAkgsmIkar !&>*.
kareRbI anchored bent bar b wire kRtUv)anGnuBaateday ACI Code, Section 11.12.3. Edk
Edldak;enAxagEpkxagelIrbs;ssr niglTPaBkartMerobEdkRtUv)anbgajenAkgrUbTI 17>9 e.
enAeBlEdl bar b wire RtUv)aneRbICaEdkTb;kMlaMgkat;TTwg enaHersIusg;kMlaMgkat;TTWg nominal
KW
f ' c bo d Av f y d
V n = Vc + V s =
+
!&>!0
6
s
Edl Av CaRkLapEdkkgsrub nig bo CaRbEvgnmuxkat;eRKaHfak;nkMlaMgkat;BIrTisenA
cMgay d / 2 BIpssr. ersIusg;kMlaMgkat; nominal Vn minRtUvFMCag f 'c bo d / 2 .
Vu =
459
NPIC
T.Chhay
kareRbIEdkkMlaMgkat;enAkg flat plate kat;bnykMras;kMralxN nigenAEtrkSaPaBrabesI

rbs;BidanedIm,Ikat;bnyfBum<. TMrg; stirrup cage sMrab;EdkkMlaMgkat;TTwgRtUv)anbgajenAkgrUbTI
17>9 f . RbePTm:ageTotnEdkkMlaMgkat;pSMeLIgeday studded steel strip rUbTI 17>9 g.
Steel strip RtUv)andak;CamYy bar chair nigRtUv)anPab;eTAnwgBum< edayCMnYs stirrup gage . ersIusg;
yalrbs;Edk stud RtUv)ankMNt;enAcenaH 280MPa nig 420MPa edIm,ITTYl)an anchorage eBj
eljenAeBlbnkemKuN.
8> karviPaKnkMralxNBIrTisedayviFIKNnaedaypal;
Analysis of Two-Way
Slabs by the Direct Design Method
CaviFIRbhak;RbEhl (approximate method) RtUv)anbegIteLIgeday

ACI Code edIm,IKNnam:Um:g;KNnaenAkgkMralxNBIrTisEdlRTbnkBRgayesI. edIm,IeRbIviFIenH kar
kMNt;xHRtUv)anelIkeLIgeday ACI Code, Section 13.6.1.
Direct design method
8>1> karkMNt;
Limitations
!> vaRtUvmankMralxNCab;Kay:agticbIkgTismYy
@> kMralxNRtUvEtkaer bctuekaNEkg. pleFobElVgEvgelIElVgxIrbs;kMralminRtUvFMCagBIr
#> ElVgEdlenAEk,rkgTisnImYyminRtUvxusKaedayFMCagmYyPaKbInElVgEvgCag.
$> ssrminRtUvlyecjBIGkSssrdTCaeRcIneTotedaytMlGtibrma 10% nRbEvgElVg
enAkgTislyecj.
%> bnkTaMgGs;RtUvEtBRgayesI ehIypleFobnbnkGefrelIbnkefrminRtUvFMCag 2 .
^> RbsinebImanFwmenARKb;RCug pleFobnPaBrwgRkajEdlTak;TgkgTisEkgTaMgBI
f 1l 22 / f 2 l12 minRtUvtUcCag 0.2 nigFMCag 5.0 .
8>2> m:Um:g;saTicemKuNsrub
Total Factored Static Moment
RbsinFwmTMrsamBaRTbnkBRgayesI w kN / m enaHm:Um:g;Bt;viCmanGtibrmaekItmanenA
kNalElVgnigesInwg M o = wl12 / 8 Edl l1 CaRbEvgElVg. RbsinebIRtUv)anbgb;cugTaMgsgag b
Cab;CamYynwg m:Um:g;GviCmanesIKaenAcugTaMgsgag enaHm:Um:g;srub
M o = M p m:Um:g;viCmanenAkNalElVg + M n m:Um:g;GviCmanenAelITMr = wl12 / 8 rUbTI 17>10.
460
NPIC
T.Chhay
\LvRbsinebIFwm AB RTbnk W BIkMralxNEdlmanTTwg l2 Ekgnwg l1 enaH W = wu l2

ehIy m:Um:g;srubKW M o = (wl2 )l12 / 8 Edl wu = GaMgtg;sIuetbnkKitCa kN / m 2 . kgsmIkarenH
m:Um:g;BitR)akdEdlekItmanenAeBl l1 esInwg clear span cenaHTMr A nig B . RbsinebI clear span
RtUv)ankMNt;eday ln enaH
l n2
M o = (wu l 2 )
8
(ACI Code, Eq. 13.3)
RtUv)anvas;BIpeTApTMrkgTisedAEdlm:Um:g;RtUv)anBicarNa b:uEnminRtUvticCag
0.65 dgRbEvgElVgBIGkSeTAGkSTMr. pnTMrEdlmanm:Um:g;GviCmanKYrRtUv)anKNna RtUv)anbgaj
enAkgrUbTI 17>11. RbEvg l2 RtUv)anvas;kgTisedAEkgnwg ln ehIyesITisedAcenaHGkSeTAGkS
rbs;TMr TTwgkMralxN. m:Um:g;srub M o EdlKNnakgTisedAEvgRtUv)anKitCa M ol nigkgTisedA
xIRtuv)anKitCa M os .
enAeBlm:Um:gsrub M o RtUv)anKNnakgTisedAmYy vaRtUvEbgEckCam:Um:g;viCman M p nigm:U
m:g;GviCman M n GBawgehIyeTIb M o = M p + M n rUbTI 17>10. enaHm:Um:g;nImYy M p nig
M n RtUv)anEbgEckqgkat;TTwgkMralxNcenaHcMerokssr nigcMerokkNal dUcEdl)anBnl;y:agxI.
Clear span l n
8>3> karEbgEckm:Um:g;tambeNaykgkMralxN
Longitudinal Distribution of
Moment in Slabs
enAkgkMralxagkg m:Um:g;saTicsrub M o RtUv)anEbgEckenAkgm:Um:g;BIr m:Um:g;viCman M p enA

kNalElVgesInwg 0.35M o nigm:Um:g;GviCman M n enATMrnImYyesInwg 0.65M o dUcbgajenAkgrUbTI
17>12. tMlm:Um:g;TaMgenHQrelIkarsnt;fakMralxagkgCab;kgTisTaMgBIr ehIymanRbEvgElVg
461
NPIC
T.Chhay
nigbnkRbhak;RbEhlesIKa dUcenHtMNxagkgKanmMurgVilFMeT. elIsBIenHeTot m:Um:g;mantMl

RbEhlnwgm:Um:g;rbs;Fwmbgb;cugTaMgBIrEdlrgbnkBRgayesI Edlm:Um:g;GviCmanenAelITMresIBIrdg
m:Um:g;GviCmanenAkNalElVg. enAkgrUbTI 17>12 RbsinebI l1 > l2 / enaHkarEbgEckm:Um:g;enAkg
TisedAEvg nigTisedAxIKW
l n21
8
l2
= (wu l1 ) n 2
8
M ol = (wu l 2 )
M pl = 0.35M ol
M n1 = 0.65M ol
M os
M ps = 0.35M os
M ns = 0.65M os
RbsinebITMhMnm:Um:g;GviCmanenAelITMrxagkgmantMlxusKaedaysarRbEvgElVgminesIKa
ACI Code kMNt;eGayeRbIm:Um:g;EdlFMCagsMrab;KNnasrsEdk.
enAkgbnHkMralxageRkA bnkkMralxNEdlGnuvtelIssrxageRkA)anmkEtBIRCugmag
bNaleGayekItmanm:Um:g;minesI (unbalanced moment) nigmMurgVilenAtMNxageRkA. dUcenH m:Um:g;
viCmanenAkNalElVg nigm:Um:g;GviCmanenAelITMrxagkgTImYynwgekIneLIg.TMhMnmMurgVilntMNxag
eRkAkMNt;nUvkarelIneLIgnUvm:Um:g;kNalElVg nigm:mU :g;enAelITMrxagkg. ]TahrN_ RbsinebIRCugxag
462
NPIC
T.Chhay
eRkACaTmrsamBa dUckgkrNIkMralxNenAelICBaaMg rUbTI 17>13 m:Um:g;kMralenARtg;pCBaaMgesI

0 m:Um:g;viCmanenAkNalElVgGacykesInwg M p = 0.63M o nigm:Um:g;GviCmanenATMrxagkgKW
M s = 0.75M o . tMlTaMgenHbMeBjlkxNsmIkarsaTic
M o = M p + 12 M n = 0.63M o +
1
2
(0.75M o )
sMrab;RbBnkMral-ssr (slab-column floor system) tMNxageRkAmankarTb; (restraint) xH

Edlpl;edayPaBrwgRkaJTb;karBt;nkMralxN nigedayPaBrwgRkajTb;karBt;nssrxageRkA.
eyagtam ACI Code, Section 13.6.3 m:Um:g;saTicsrub M o enAkgElVgcugRtUv)anEbgEckeday
pleFobepSgKaedayeyagtamtarag 17>2 nigrUbTI 17>14. emKuNm:Um:g;enAkgCYrQrTI 1 sMrab;
RCugEdlminmankarTb;KWQrelIkarsnt;fa pleFobnPaBrwgRkajTb;karBt;rbs;ssrelIPaBrwg
RkajTb;karBt;smasrvagkMralxN nigFwmenARtg;tMN ec KWesIsUn. emKuNnCYrQrTI 2 KWQr
463
T.Chhay
NPIC
elIkarsnt;fapleFob ec esInwgGnn. emKuNm:Um:g;enAkgCYrQrTI 3/ TI4 nigTI5 RtUv)anbegIt

eLIgedaykarviPaKRbBnkMralCamYynwglkxNragFrNImaRt niglkxNTMrepSgKa.
464
NPIC
T.Chhay
taragTI 17>2 karEbgEckm:Um:g;enAkgbnHkMralxagcug

kMralxN
EdlmanFwm
enAcenaHRKb;
TMr
Tb;eBj
#
@
RCugxageRkA
minRtUv
)anTb;
!
m:Um:g;emKuNGviCmanxageRkA
m:Um:g;emKuNviCman
m:Um:g;emKuNGviCmanxageRkA
kMralxNEdlKan
FwmenAcenaHTMrxagkg
manFwm KanFwm
xageRkA xageRkA
$
%
0.65
0.16
0.30
0.26
0.63
0.35
0.57
0.50
0.52
0.75
0.65
0.70
0.70
0.70
8>4> karEbgEckm:Um:g;tamTTwgkgkMralxN
Transverse Distribution of Moment
in Slabs
m:Um:g;tambeNayEdl)anBnl;xagelIKWsMrab;TTwgTaMgmUlrbs;eRKagGKarsmmUl.
TTwgeRKag enHCaplbUknTTwgcMerokelIssrBIr
CamYynwgTTwgcMerokkNalBIrnbnHkMralBIrEk,rKa dUcbgaj enAkgrUbTI 17>15.
karEbgEcktamTTwgnm:Um:g;tambeNayeTAcMerokkNal nigcMerokelIssrKW
CaGnuKmn_npleFob l2 / l1
E I
beam stiffness
f = cb b =
!&>!@
E I
slab stiffness
cs s
E C
torsional rigidity of edge beam section
t = cb =
2 E cs I s flexural rigidity of a slab of width equal to beam span length
!&>!#
3
Edl C = torsional constant = 1 0.63y x x3y
!&>!$
Edl x nig y CaTTwg nigbeNayrbs;muxkat;ctuekaN. PaKrynm:Um:g;KNnanImYyEdl

nwgRtUvEbgEckeTAcMerokelIssr nigcMerokkNalsMrab;bnHkMralxagkg nigbnHkMralxageRkA
RtUv)aneGayenAkgtarag 17>3 dl; 17>6. enAkgbnHkMralKMrUxagkg EpkxHnm:Um:g;KNna
EdlminRtUv)andak;eTAkgcMerokelIssr tarag 17>3 RtUv)anTb;edaycMerokkNalBak;
kNalEdlRtUvKa. kareFVI linear interpolation sMrab;tMl l2 / l1 EdlenAcenaH 0.5 nig 2.0
nigsMrab;tMl f 1l2 / l1 EdlenAcenaH 0 nig 1 RtUv)anGnuBaateday ACI Code. BItarag
465
T.Chhay
NPIC
17>3 eyIgGacemIleXIjfa enAeBlFwmminRtUv)aneRbI dUckgkrNI flat plate nig flat slab

f 1 = 0 . PaKrycugeRkaynm:Um:g;enAkgcMerokelIssr nigcM erokkNalCaGnuKmn_n M o
RtUv)aneGayenAkgtaragTI 17>4.
sMrab;kMralxageRkA Epknm:Um:g;KNnaEdlminRtUv)andak;enAkgcMerokelIssr tarag
17>5 RtUv)anTb;edaycMerokkNalBak;kNalEdlRtUvKa. mgeTot kareFVI linear
interpolation cenaHtM lEdlbgajenAkgtarag 17>5 RtUv)anGnuBaateday ACI Code,
Section 13.6.4.2. enAeBlEdl FwmminRtUv)aneRbIenAkMralxageRkA dUckrNI flat plate nig flat
slab edayKanFwmxag (spandrel beam) f 1 = 0 / C = 0 nig t = 0 . enHmannyfacugssr
pl;nUvkarTb;sMrab;cugkMralxageRkA. tMlGnuvtn_ntarag 17>5 sMrab;krNIBiessenHRtUv)an
bgajenAkgtarag 17>6 nigrUbTI 17>15.
466
NPIC
T.Chhay
tarag 17>3 PaKrynm:Um:g;tambeNayenAkgcMerokelIssr sMrab;bnHkMralxagkg (ACI

Code, Section 13.6.4)
pleFob l2 / l1
f 1l 2 / l1
m:Um:g;GviCmanenAelITMrxagkg
m:Um:g;viCmanenAEk,rkNalElVg
0 .5
1 .0
2 .0
75
75
75
1 .0
90
75
45
60
60
60
1 .0
90
75
45
tarag 17>4 PaKrynm:Um:g;enAkgkMralxNxagkgBIrTisEdlKanFwm (

m:Um:g;KNnasrub
= 0)
l n21
n!
M o = (wu l 2 )
8 r!(n r )!

m:Um:g;GviCman
m:Um:g;viCman
m:Um:g;tambeNayenAkgkMralmYy
cMerokelIssr
0.65M o
0.35M o
0.75( 0.65M o ) = 0.49 M o
0.60(0.35M o ) = 0.21M o
cMerokkNal
0.25( 0.65M o ) = 0.16 M o
0.40(0.35M o ) = 0.14 M o
tarag 17>5> PaKrynm:Um:g;tambeNayenAkgcMerokelIssr sMrab;bnHkMralxageRkA (ACI

Code, Section 13.6.4)
f 1l 2 / l1
m:Um:g;GviCmanenAelITMrxageRkA
m:Um:g;GviCmanenAelITMrxagkg
pleFob l2 / l1
0 .5
1 .0
2 .0
0
2 .5
0
75
90
60
75
75
60
75
45
60
2 .5
90
75
45
60
60
60
1 .0
90
75
45
75
75
75
1 .0
90
75
45
0
1 .0
m:Um:g;viCmanenAEk,rkNalElVg
467
NPIC
T.Chhay
tarag 17>6> PaKrynm:Um:g;tambeNayenAkgcMerokelIssr nigcMerokkNal sMrab;pleFob

l / l edayeGay = = 0
2
f1
m:Um:g;GviCmanenAelITMrxageRkA
m:Um:g;viCman 0.6 0.52M o
m:Um:g;GviCmanenAelIMTMrxagkg
0.75 0.70M o
m:Um:g;cugeRkayCaGnuKmn_n
M o nig ec
cMerokelIssr cMerokkNal
cMerokelIssr
100
0.26M o
60
0.312M o
0.208M o
75
0.52M o
0.175M o
0.65
M o
(1 + 1 ec )
0.28
M
0.63
(1 + 1 ec ) o
0.10
0.75
M o
(1 + 1 ec )
BItarag 17>6 eyIgeXIjfaenAeBlEdlFwmxagminRtUv)aneRbIsMrab;kMralxageRkA t = 0

nig m:Um:g;KNna 100% RtUv)anTb;edaycMerokelIssr. cMerokkNalnwgminTb;m:Um:g;NamYyeT
dUcenHbrimaNEdkGb,brmaRtUv)andak;. ACI Code, Section 13.6.4.3 kMNt;faenAeBlTMrxag
eRkACassr bCBaaMgEdlRtUv)anBntsMrab;cMgayesInwgbIPaKbYnRbEvgElVgTTwg l2 EdleRbIedIm,I
kMNt; M o m:Um:g;GviCmanxageRkAEdlRtUv)anEbgEckesIkat;tam l2 . enAeBlEdlFwmRtUV)andak;
tam beNayGkSssr ACI Code, Section 13.6.5 tMrUvfam:Um:g;RtUvEtsmamaRtedIm,IkarBarm:Um:g;
85% enAkgcMerokelIssr RbsinebI f 1 (l 2 / l1 ) 1.0 . sMrab;tMl f 1 (l 2 / l1 ) enAcenaH 1.0
nig 0 m:U m:g;EdlmankgFwmRtUv)ankMNt;edayeRbI linear interpolation . m:Um:g;kRtUVEtsmamaRt
edIm,IkarBar m:Um:g;bEnmEdlekItedaybnkTaMgGs;EdlGnuvtedaypal;eTAelIFwm edaybBal
TaMgTMgn;rbs;tYrFwm EdlKitBIeRkamkMral. Epknm:Um:g;Edlmin)andak;eTAkgFwmRtUv)anTb;eday
kMralxNenAkgcMerok elIssr.
8>5> karpl;rbs; ACI sMrab;\TiBlrbs;KMrUnkardak;bnk ACI Provisions for Effects

of Pattern Loading
enAkgrcnasm<nCab; m:Um:g;Bt;FGtibrma nigGb,brmaenARtg;muxkat;eRKaHfak;RtUv)anTTYl

eday kardak;bnkGefrtamKMrUkMNt;mYyedIm,IbegIttMlx<s;bMput. kardak;bnkGefrenARKb;ElVg
468
NPIC
T.Chhay
TaMgGs; nwgminbegItm:Um:g;Bt;viCman bm:Um:g;Bt;viCmanGtibrmaeT.m:Um:g;Gtibrma nigGb,brma

GaRsyCacMbg nwgkrNIxageRkam
!> pleFobnbnkGefrelIbnkefr. pleFobx<s;nwgbegIn\TiBlrbs;KMrUnkardak;bnk
(patter loading).
@> pleFobPaBrwgRkajssrelIFwm. pleFobtUcnwgbegIn\TiBlrbs;KMrUnkardak;bnk.
#> KMrUnkardak;bnk. m:Um:g;viCmanGtibrmaenAkgElVgrg\TiBltictYcBIKMrUnkardak;bnk.
edIm,IkMNt;m:Um:g;emKuNKNnaenAkgrcnasm<nCab; ACI Code, Section 13.7.6 kMNt;dUc
xageRkam
!> enAeBlKMrUnkardak;bnkRtUv)ansal; eRKagsmmUlKYrRtUv)anviPaKsMrab;bnkenaH.
@> enAeBlbnkGefrERbRbYl b:uEnminFMCagbIPaKbYnnbnkefr wL 0.75wD benAeBl
EdlRKb;kMralTaMgGs;RtUv)andak;bnkGefrkgtMNalKa karviPaKeRKagEdlmandak;bnk
GefremKuNeBjeRKagRtUv)anGnuBaat.
#> sMrab;lkxNnkardak;bnkepSgeTot eKGnuBaateGaysnt;fa m:Um:g;emKuNviCman
Gtibrma enAEk,rkNalElVgekItmanCamYynwg 0.75 nbnkGefremKuNeBjenAelIkMral
nigenAelIkM ralqas;. sMrab;m:Um:g;emKuNGviCmanGtibrmaenAkgkMralxNelITMr RtUv)an
eKGnuBaateGay snt;fa 0.75 nbnkGefremKuNGnuvtEtenAelIkMralEk,r.
$> m:Um:g;emKuNminKYryktUcCagm:Um:g;EdlekIteLIgCamYybnkGefremKuNeBjenAelIkMral
EdlCab;TaMgGs;eT.
8>6> karlMGitsrsEdk
Reinforcement Details
eRkayeBlPaKryTaMgGs;nm:Um:g;saTicenAkgcMerokelIssr nigcMerokkNalRtUv)ankMNt;
brimaNsrsEdkkGacRtUv)anKNnasMrab;m:Um:g;viCman nigGviCmanenAkgcMeroknImYy dUc
Edl)aneFVIsMrab;FwmenAkgemeronTI4
a
M u = As f y d = Ru bd 2
!&>!%
2
KNna Ru nigkMNt;PaKryEdk edayeRbItarag]bsm<n B beRbIsmIkarxageRkam

f y
!&>!^
Ru = f y 1
1.7 f '
469
T.Chhay
NPIC
Edl = 0.9 . RkLapmuxkat;EdkKW As = bd . enAeBlEdlkMras;kMralxNRtUvnwgkarkMNt;

kMras;kMralxNEdl)anerobrab;kgEpkTI 4> enaHeK minRtUvkarEdkrgkarsgt;eT. rUbTI 13>3>8
n ACI Code bgajRbEvgGb,brmanEdk nigkar lMGitsrsEdksMrab;kMralEdlKanFwm ehIy
vakRtUvbgajenATIenHEdr rUbTI 17>16. KMlatEdkenAkgkMralxNminRtUvFMCaglImIt
Gtibrmarbs; ACI EdlmanKMlat 450mm bBIrdgkMras; kMralykmYyNaEdltUcCageK.
470
NPIC
T.Chhay
8>7> viFIPaBrwgRkajEdlRtUv)anEktMrUvsMrab;ElVgcug
Modified Stiffness Method
for End Spans
enAkgviFIenH PaBrwgRkajrbs;FwmxagcugkMral nigrbs;ssrxageRkARtUv)anCMnYsedayPaB

rwgRkajnssrsmmUl K ec . PaBrwgRkajTb;karBt;nssrsmmUl K ec GacRtUv)anKNnaBI
smIkarxageRkam
1
1
1
Kc
=
+
K ec =
b
!&>!&
1 + Kc / Kt
K ec K c K t
K ec = PaBrwgRkajTb;nwgkarBt;rbs;ssrsmmUl
Edl
K c = PaBrwgRkajTb;nwgkarBt;rbs;ssrBitR)akd
K t = PaBrwgRkajTb;karrmYlrbs;Fwmxag
plbUknPaBrwgRkajrbs;ssrxagelI nigxageRkamkMralxNGacRtUv)anykdUcxag
eRkam
I
I
!&>!*
K c = 4 E c1 + c 2
L
L
c1
c2
Edl I c1 nig Lc1 Cam:Um:g;niclPaB nigRbEvgrbs;ssrxagelInIv:UkMralxN nig I c2 nig

Lc 2 Cam:Um:g;niclPaB nigRbEvgrbs;ssrxageRkamnIv:UkMralxN. PaBrwgRkajTb;nwgkarrmYl
rbs;Fwmcug K t GacRtUv)ankMNt;dUcxageRkam
9 E cs C
!&>!(
Kt =
3
c
l 2 1 2
l2
TMhMrbs;ssrctuekaNEkg bctuekaNEkgsmmUl/ capital column b

bracket Edlvas;enAelIElVgTTwgnRCugnImYyrbs;ssr.
Ecs = m:UDuleGLasicrbs;ebtugkMral
C = efrrmYl (torsion constant) EdlkMNt;BIsmIkarxageRkam
x x 3 y
C = 1 0.63
!&>@0
y 3
Edl
c2 =
Edl x CaTMhMTTwgrbs;ctuekaN nig y CabeNayrbs;ctuekaN. kgkarKNna C

vimaRt rbs;muxkat;ctuekaNRtUv)aneRCIserIsy:agNaedIm,IeFVIeGay)antMl C FMCageK.
471
NPIC
T.Chhay
smIkarxagedImEdl)anENnaMenATIenH nwgRtUv)anykmkeRbIenAkgEpk 12 Equivalent

Frame Method .
RbsinebIkMralmanFwmRsbKanwgm:Um:g;EdlRtuvKNna enaHPaBrwgRkajTb;karrmYl K t
EdleGaykgsmIkar !&>!( RtUv)anCMnYseday K ta EdlmantMlFMCag ehIy K ta RtUv)an
KNnadUcxag eRkam
K ta = K t
I sb
Is
l2 h 3
Is =
=
12
m:Um:g;niclPaBrbs;kMralxNEdlmanTTwgesInwgTTwgeBjcenaHGkS
kMral edayminrYmbBalEpkrbs;tYrFwmEdlbnayeTAelI beTAeRkamkMralxN.
I sb = I s / edaybBalTaMgtYrFwmEdlbnayeTAelI beTAeRkamkMralxN.
muxkat;nGgt;rgkarrmYlxHEdlmanPab;mkCamYyRtUv)anbgajenAkgrUbTI 17>17.
enAeBlEdl K ta RtUv)anKNna enaHpleFobPaBrwgRkaj ec RtUv)anTTYldUcxageRkam
K ec
ec =
!&>@!
(K + K )
Edl
Edl
4 Ecs I s
l1
4 Ecb I b
Kb =
l1
Ks =
=PaBrwgRkajTb;karBt;rbs;kMralxN
=PaBrwgRkajTb;karBt;rbs;Fwm
I b = m:Um:g;niclPaBTaMgmUlrbs;muxkat;FwmbeNay
karEbgEcknm:Um:g;saTicsrub M o enAkgkMralxageRkARtUv)aneGayCaGnuKmn_n ec
dUcxageRkam
0 .1
M
Interior negative factored moment = 0.75
(1 + 1 / ec ) o
0.28
M
Positive factored moment = 0.63
(1 + 1 / ec ) o
0.65
Exterior negative factored moment =
M o
(1 + 1 / ec )
tMlTaMgenHRtUv)anbgajenAkgkMralxageRkAKMrUkgrUbTI 17>18. emKuNTaMgenHRtUv)an

BicarNaBI\TiBlrbs;PaBrwgRkajrbs;ssrxageRkAkdUcCa\TiBlrbs;PaBrwgRkajrbs;FwmcugkM
ral EdleFVIeGaykarEbgEckm:Um:g;manlkNRKb;RKan;.
472
T.Chhay
NPIC
473
NPIC
T.Chhay
8>8> segbviFIKNnaedaypal;
Summary of the Direct Design Method (DDM)
krNITI1 kMralKanFwm
!> RtYtBinittMrUvkarnkarkMNt;Edl)anBnl;enAkgEpk 8>1. RbsinebIvaminRtUvnwgkar
kMNt;eT eKminGaceRbIviFI DDM )aneT.
474
NPIC
T.Chhay
@> kMNt;kMralxNGb,brma hmin edIm,IRKb;RKgPaBdabedayeRbItMlenAkgtarag 17>1.

kM ralxageRkAEdlKanFwmxageGay hmin x<s;bMput ln / 30 sMrab; f y = 420MPa .
vaCa karGnuvtFmtaEdleRbIkMras;kMralxNesIKasMrab;RKb;kMralxageRkAnigxagkg.
#> KNnabnkemKuN Wu = 1.2WD. + 1.6WL
$> epgpat;kMras;kMralxN h edIm,IkarBarkMlaMgkat;TTwgmYyTis nigkMlaMgkat;TTwgBIr
Tis. RbsinebIkMras;kMralxN h minRKb;RKan; eKRtUvbegInkMras; h bdak;EdkTb;
kMlaMgkat;TTWg.
%> KNnam:Um:g;saTicsrub M o sMrab;TisedATaMgBIr smIkar !&>!!
^> kMNt;emKuNEbgEcksMrab;m:Um:g;viCman nigm:Um:g;GviCmanenAkgTisedAbeNay
nigTisedA TTwgsMrab;cMerokelIssr nigcMerokkNalnImYyTaMgenAkgkMralxagkg
nigkMralxageRkA dUcxageRkam
a. sMrab;kMralxagkg eRbIemKuNm:Um:g;EdleGayenAkgtarag 17>4 brUbTI 17>15
b. sMrab;kMralxageRkAEdlKanFwmxag emKuNm:Um:g;kMralRtUv)aneGayenAkgtarag
17>2 brUbTI 17>14 krNITI5. sMrab;karEbgEckm:Um:g;enAkgTisedATTwg
eRbIta rag 17>6 brUbTI 17>15 sMrab;GRtacMerokelIssr.
cMerokkNalnwgTb;Epknm:Um:g; EdlminRtUv)andak;eTAkgcMerokssr.
c. sMrab;kMralxageRkAEdlmanFwmxag emKuNm:Um:g;kMralRtUv)aneGayenAkgtarag
17>2 brUbTI 17>14 krNITI4. sMrab;karEbgEckm:Um:g;enAkgTisedATTwg
eRbIta rag 17>5 sMrab;cMerokelIssr. cMerokkNalnwgTb;lMnwgnm:Um:g;kMral.
&> kMNt;brimaNEdksMrab;RKb;muxkat;eRKaHfak;;ncMerokelIssr nigcMerokkNalTaMgGs;
nigBntsrsEdkeBjkMralxN rUbTI 17>16
*> KNna unbalanced moment nigRtYtBinitemIlfaetIkarbMElgm:Um:g; unbalanced
moment edaykarBt;RKb;RKan;bGt;. RbsinebIGt;RKb;RKan;eT kMNt;brimaNEdk
bEnmEdlcaM)ac;enAkgTTwgeRKaHfak; eyagtamEpkTI 10.
(> RtYtBinitemIlfaetIkarbMElgm:Um:g; unbalanced moment edaykMlaMgkat;TTwgRKb;
RKan; bGt;. RbsinebIGt;eT begIn h bdak;EdkTb;kMlaMgkat;TTwg. eyagtamEpkTI
10
475
NPIC
T.Chhay
krNITI2 kMralEdlmanFwmxagkg nigFwmxageRkA

!> RtYtBinittMrUvkarnkarkMNt;Edl)anBnl;enAkgEpk 8>1.
@> kMNt;kMralxNGb,brma hmin edIm,IRKb;RKgPaBdabedayeRbItMlenAkgsmIkar
TI !&>! Dl; !&>#. kgkrNICaeRcIn smIkarTI !&>@ lub. smIkarTI !&>! KYrRtUv)an
KNnadMbUgdUcbgajenAkg]TahrN_TI 17>1.
#> KNnabnkemKuN Wu = 1.2WD. + 1.6WL
$> epgpat;kMras;kMralxN h tamrykMlaMgkat;TTwgmYyTis nigkMlaMgkat;TTwgBIrTis.
CaTUeTA kMlaMgkat;TTWgminmanlkNeRKaHfak;sMrab;kMralxNEdlRTedayFwmeT.
%> KNnam:Um:g;saTicsrub M o sMrab;TisedATaMgBIr smIkar !&>!!
^> kMNt;emKuNEbgEcksMrab;m:Um:g;viCman nigm:Um:g;GviCmanenAkgTisedAbeNay nigTis
edA TTwgsMrab;cMerokelIssr nigcMerokkNalnImYyTaMgenAkgkMralxagkg nigkMral
xageRkA dUcxageRkam
a. sMrab;kMralxagkg eRbIemKuNm:Um:g;kgrUbTI 17>14 krNITI 3 brUbTI 17>12.
sMrab;karEbgEckm:Um:g;kgTisedATTwg eRbItaragTI 17>3 sMrab;cMerokelIssr. cM
erokkNalnwgTb;Epknm:Um:g;Edlmin)andak;eTAkgcMerokelIssr. KNna 1 BI
smIkar !&>!@.
b. sMrab;kMralxageRkA eRbIemKuNm:Um:g;kMralenAkgtarag 17>2 brUbTI 17>14
krNI TI3. sMrab;karEbgEckm:Um:g;enAkgTisedATTwg eRbItarag 17>5 sMrab;cM
erokelIssr. cMerokkNalnwgTb;lMnwgnm:Um:g;kMral.
c. kgkrNITaMgBIr (a) nig (b) FwmRtUvTb; 85% nm:Um:g;enAkgcMerokssr enAeBl
Edl f 1 (l2 / l1 ) 1.0 b:uEnGRtaERbRbYlcenaH 85% nig 0% enAeBl
f 1 (l 2 / l1 ) ERbRbYlcemaHBI 1.0 nig 0 .
&> kMNt;brimaNEdksMrab;RKb;muxkat;eRKaHfak;;ncMerokelIssr/ Fwm nigcMerokkNal
TaMgGs; bnab;mkBntsrsEdkeBjkMralxN rUbTI 17>16
*> KNna unbalanced moment nigbnab;mkRtYtBinitemIlkarbMElgnm:Um:g; edaykar
Bt; nigkMlaMgkat;TTwg eyagtamEpkTI 10.
476
T.Chhay
NPIC
]TahrN_TI17>3
edayeRbIvIFI direct design method KNnakMral flat plate xagkgKMrU dUcEdl)anbgajenAkgrUb

TI 17>6 nig 17>19. RbBnkMralpSMeLIgeday kMralbYnenARKb;Tis EdlkMralmYymanTMhM
7.5 6m . kMralTaMgGs;RtUv)anRTedayssrTMhM 50 50cm manRbEvg 3.6m . kMralxNRT
bnkGefreFVIkar BRgayesI 4.8kN / m 2 nigbnkefreFVIkarEdlrYmman kMralkargarbegIy (floor
finish) 1.5kN / m 2 rYmTaMgbnkpal;rbs;kMral. eKeGay f 'c = 28MPa nig f y = 420MPa .
477
NPIC
T.Chhay
dMeNaHRsay
1> kMNt;kMras;kMralxNGb,brmaedayeRbItarag 17>1 sMrab; flat plate. BI]TahrN_TI

17>1 kMras;kMralxNKW 25cm .
2> KNnabnkemKuN
wD = 1.5 + weight of slab = 1.5 + 0.25 25 = 7.75kN / m 2
wu = 1.2 7.75 + 1.6 4.8 = 17kN / m 2
3> RtYtBinitkMlaMgkat;TTwgmYyTis nigkMlaMgkat;TTwgBIrTis

a. RtYtBinitkMlaMgkat;pugenAcMgay d / 2 BIpssr GMeBIBIrTis.
Edaysnt;kMras;ebtugkarBarEdk 2cm nigeRbIEdk DB16 . enaH d mFmKW
25 2 1.6 = 21.4cm nig bo = 4(50 + 21.4) = 285.6cm emIlrUbTI 17>19 c
Vu = [l1l 2 (71.4 71.4)] wu = (750 600 5098) 17 10 4 = 756.3kN
0.75
Vc =
f 'c bo d =
28 2.856 0.214 10 3 = 808.5kN
3
3
EdlFMCag Vu
b. KNnakMlaMgTTwgFwmenAcMgay d BIpssr. d mFmKW 21.4cm . BicarNacMerok
1m rUbTI 17>19 d CamYyRbEvgcMerokKW
x = 3.75 0.25 0.214 = 3.286m
Vu = wu (1 3.286) = 17 3.286 = 55.862kN

0.75
Vc =
f 'c bd =
28 1 0.214 10 3 = 141.5kN
6
6
EdlFMCag Vu . Kugkardak;bnkFmta kMlaMgkat;TTwgmYyTisGt;lub.

4> KNnam:Um:g;saTicsrubenAkgTisedAEvg nigTisedAxI
wu l 2 l n21 17
kgTisedAEvg M ol = 8 = 8 6 7 2 = 624.75kN .m
2
kgTisedAxI M os = wu l81ln2 = 178 7.5 5.52 = 482.11kN .m

edaysarEt l2 < l1 TTwgnBak;kNalcMerokelIssrenAkgTisedAEvgKW
0.25 6m = 1.5m ehIyTTwgncMerokkNalKW 6 2 1.5 = 3m . TTwgnBak;kNal
cMerokelIssrkgTisedAxI KW 1.5m ehIyTTwgncMerokkNalKW 7.5 2 1.5 = 4.5m .
edIm,IKNnakMBs;RbsiTPaB d kgTisedAnImYy snt;faEdkenA kgTisedAxIRtUvBIelIEdk
478
NPIC
T.Chhay
enAkgTisedAEvg. dUcenH d (long direction) = 25 2 0.8 = 22.2cm nig

d (short direction ) = 25 2 1.6 0.8 = 20.6cm . sMrab;karGnuvtn_ d (average) =
25 3.5 = 21.5cm GacRtUv)aneRbIsMrab;Tis edATaMgBIr.
dMeNIrkarKNnaGacRtUv)anerobcMCaTMrg;tarag dUcbgajenAkgtarag 17>7 nig 17>8.
karlMGitsMrab;kareRCIserIssrsEdkRtUv)anbgajenAkgrUbTI 17>20 edayeRbIRbBn
EdkRtg;. eKRtUveKarBkardak;RbEvgGb,brmarbs;EdkdUcEdl)anbgajenAkgrUbTI
17>16.
Gksagsg;cUlciteRbIEdkRtg; nigEdkEdlmanersIusg; f ' y = 420MPa .
of panel 3000
=
= 375mm
KMlatGtibrma = width
8
no. of bars
taragTI17>7 karKNnabnHkMral flat platexagkg kgTisEvg
M o = 624.75kN .m
M n = 0.65M o = 406.1kN .m
TisEvg
karEbgEckm:Um:g; %
M p = +0.35M o = 218.66kN .m
cMerokelIssr
GviCman
viCman
75
60
0.75M n = 304.6 0.6 M p = 131.2
M u (kN .m)
TTwgcMerok b(mm)
cMerokkNal
GviCman
viCman
25
40
0.25 M n = 101.5
0.6 M p = 87.5
3000
3000
3000
3000
222
222
222
222
2.06
0.89
0.69
0.59
PaKryEdk (%)
0.57
0.24
0.19
0.16
As = bd (mm 2 )
3796.2
1598.4
1265.4
1065.6
1350
1350
1350
1350
20 DB16
8DB16
12DB12
12DB12
150
375
250
250
kMBs;RbsiTPaB d (mm)
Ru =
Mu
bd 2
( MPa)
As (min) = 0.0018bhs (mm 2 )
EdkEdleRCIserIs Rtg;
KMlat 2h = 500mm
s
479
NPIC
T.Chhay
taragTI17>8 karKNnabnHkMral flat platexagkg kgTisxI

M o = 482.11kN .m
M n = 0.65M o = 313.4kN .m
TisEvg
karEbgEckm:Um:g; %
M p = +0.35M o = 168.7kN .m
cMerokelIssr
GviCman
viCman
75
60
0.75 M n = 235.05 0.6 M p = 101.2
M u (kN .m)
TTwgcMerok b(mm)
cMerokkNal
GviCman
viCman
25
40
0.25 M n = 78.35
0.6 M p = 67.5
3000
3000
4500
4500
206
206
206
206
1.85
0.79
0.41
0.35
PaKryEdk (%)
0.51
0.21
0.11
0.09
As = bd (mm 2 )
3151.8
1297.8
1019.7
834.3
1350
1350
2025
2025
16 DB16
8DB16
18 DB12
18 DB12
187.5
375
250
250
Ru =
Mu
bd 2
( MPa)
As (min) = 0.0018bhs (mm 2 )
KMlat 2h = 500mm
s
KMlatEdkenAkgcMerokelIssrkgTisxIKW 250mm . vamanlkNRKb;RKan; edaysarva

tUcCag 2hs = 500mm nigtUcCag 450mm EdlkMNt;eday ACI Code.
cMNaMfa PaKryEdkTaMgGs;KWticCag max = 0.0182 . dUcenH = 0.9 .
]TahrN_TI17>4
edayeRbIviFI direct design method KNnakMral flat plate xageRkAEdlmanTMhM bnk ersIusg;ebtug
nigersIusg;EdkdUcKanwgGVIEdl)aneGayenAkg]TahrN_TI 17>3. FwmminRtUv)aneRbI rUbTI 17>21.
dMeNaHRsay
1> kMNt;kMras;kMralxNGb,bramedayeRbItarag 17>1 sMrab; flat plate. BI]TahrN_TI

17>1 kMras;kMralxNKW 25cm .
480
NPIC
T.Chhay
2> KNnabnkemKuN wu = 17kN / m 2

3> RtYtBinitkMlaMgkat;TTwgmYyTis nigkMlaMgkat;TTwgBIrTis eyagtam]TahrN_TI 17>3
nigrUbTI 17>9.
a.
b.
c.
RtYtBinitkMlaMgkat;pugenAssrxagkg Vu = 756.3kN < Vc = 808.5kN

RtYtBinitkMlaMgkat;TTwgmYyTis Vu = 55.862kN < Vc = 141.5kN
RtYtBinitkMlaMt;pugenAssrxageRkA d = 21.4cm
x = 50 +
21.4
= 60.7cm
2
481
NPIC
T.Chhay
y = 50 + 21.4 = 71.4cm
482
NPIC
T.Chhay
bo = 2 x + y = 192.8cm
750
Vu = 600
+ 25 60.7 71.410 4 17 = 400.6kN
Vc =
d.
f ' c bo d = 545.8kN > 400.6kN
RtYtBinitkMlaMgkat;pugenAssrkac;RCug d = 21.4cm
x = y = 50 +
21.4
= 60.7cm
2
bo = x + y = 121.4cm
600
750
Vu =
+ 25
+ 25 60.7 60.7 10 4 17 = 214.7 kN
2
Vc =
f ' c bo d = 343.7 kN > 214.7 kN
4> KNnam:Um:g;saTicsrub BI]TahrN_TI 17>3

M ol (long direction ) = 624.7 kN .m
d = 22.2cm
M os (short direction) = 482.11kN .m
d = 20.6cm
TTwgrbs;cMerokelIssrKW 300cm nigTTwgcMerokkNalKW 450cm

5> KNnam:Um:g;KNnaenAkgTisedAEvg l1 = 7.5m eyagtamtarag 17>5 brUb 17>15.
karEbgEckm:Um:g;srub M ol enAkgcMerokelIssr nigcMerokkNalKWRtUv)anKNnadUcxag
eRkam
a. cMerokelIssr
m:Um:g;GviCmanxagkg = 0.525M o = 0.525(624.75) = 328kN .m
m:Um:g;viCmanenAkgElVg = 0.312M o = 0.312(624.75) = 195kN .m
m:Um:g;GviCmanxageRkA = 0.26M o = 0.26(624.75) = 162.4kN.m
b. cMerokkNal
m:Um:g;GviCmanxagkg = 0.175M o = 0.175(624.75) = 109.3kN .m
m:Um:g;viCmanenAkgElVg = 0.208M o = 0.208(624.75) = 129.9kN .m
m:Um:g;GviCmanxageRkA = 0
483
NPIC
T.Chhay
6> KNnam:Um:g;KNnaenAkgTisedAxI ls = 6m . vaRtUv)anKitdUckMralxagkgEdr BIeRBaHva

Cab;TaMgsgag. eyagtamtarag 17>4 brUbTI 17>15 karEbgEckm:Um:g;srub M os enA
kgcMerokelIssr nigcMerokkNalRtUv)anKNnadUcxageRkam
a. cMerokelIssr
m:Um:g;GviCman = 0.49M o = 0.49(482.11) = 236.2kN.m
m:Um:g;viCman = 0.21M o = 0.21(482.11) = 101.2kN .m
b. cMerokkNal
m:Um:g;GviCman = 0.16M o = 0.16(482.11) = 77.1kN.m
m:Um:g;viCman = 0.14M o = 0.14(482.11) = 67.5kN .m
dMeNIrkarKNnaRtUv)antMeroby:aggayRsYlenAkgtarag 17>9. karlMGitsMrab;kar
eRCIserIssrsEdkRtUv)anbgajenAkgrUbTI 17>22 edayeRbIRbBnEdkRtg;;enAkgTis
Evg. karlMGitsrsEdkenAkgTisxImanlkNRsedogKanwgkarBRgaysrsEdkenA
kgrUbTI 17>20 edayeRbIkareRCIserIssrsEdkenAkgtarag 17>9.
cMNaMfa RKb;PaKryEdkTaMgGs;tUcCag max = 0.0182 . dUcenH = 0.9 .
484
NPIC
T.Chhay
tarag 17>9 karKNnakMral flat platexageRkAsMrab;]TahrN_TI 17>4 d = 22.2cm

cMerokelIssr
cMerokkNal
TisEvg
xageRkA viCman xagkg xageRkA viCman xagkg
162.4
195
328
129.9
109.3
3000
3000
3000
3000
3000
3000
1.10
1.32
2.22
0.88
0.74
PaKryEdk (%)
0.30
0.36
0.62
0.24
0.20
As = bd (mm 2 )
1998
2398
4129
1598
1332
As (min) = 0.0018bhs (mm 2 )
1350
1350
1350
1350
1350
1350
22DB16
12DB12
18DB12
12DB12
136
250
167
250
M u (kN .m)
TTwgcMerok b(mm)
Ru =
Mu
bd 2
( MPa)
KMlat 2h = 500mm
TisxI
s
10DB16 12DB16
300
250
cMerokelIssr
cMerokkNal
236.2
101.2
77.1
67.5
TTwgcMerok b(mm)
3000
3000
4500
4500
206
206
206
206
1.86
0.79
0.40
0.35
PaKryEdk (%)
0.52
0.21
0.11
0.09
As = bd (mm 2 )
3214
1298
1020
834.3
As (min) = 0.0018bhs (mm 2 )
1350
1350
2025
2025
16DB16
8DB16
18DB12
18DB12
187.5
375
250
250
M u (kN .m)
Ru =
Mu
bd 2
( MPa)
KMlat 2h = 500mm
s
]TahrN_TI17>5
eFVI]TahrN_TI 17>4 elIgvij edayeRbIviFI modified stiffness method. eKRtUvkarKNnaRsedogKa

sMrab;viFI equivalent frame method, EpkTI 12.
485
NPIC
T.Chhay
dMeNaHRsay
1> GnuvtRsedogKasMrab;CMhanTI 1 dl; 4 dUckg]TahrN_TI 17>4

2> KNnaPaBrwgRkajssrsmmUl/ K ec
1
1
1
=
+
K ec K c K t
eyIgGacsnt;faEpkncMerokkMralEdlenAcenaHssrxageRkAeFVIkarCassrTb;nwgkarrmYl.
muxkat;rbs;kMralxN-ssrKW 50cm TTWgrbs;ssr 25cm kMras;kMralxN dUcEdl
bgajkgrUb.
a. kMNt;PaBrwgRkajTb;karrmYl K t BIsmIkar !&>@0
x x3 y
x = 250mm
y = 500mm
C = 1 0.63
y 3
250 250 3 500
C = 1 0.63
= 17.84 10 8 mm 4
500
3
Kt =
9Ec C
c
l 2 1 2
l2
9 E c 17.84 10 8
500
60001
6000
= 3.47 E c 10 6
sMrab;kMralxNEk,rKaBIr enAelIRCugTaMgsgagrbs;ssr EdleFVIkarCaFwmTTwg

K t = 2 3.47 E c 10 6 = 6.94 E c 10 6
b.
KNnaPaBrwgRkajrbs;ssr K c / kMBs;ssr Lc = 3.6m

Kc =
4 Ec I c
4 E c 500 4
=
= 5.79 E c 10 6
Lc
3600
12
sMrab;ssrBIrenABIelI niBIeRkamkMralxN
K c = 2 5.79 E c 10 6 = 11.58 E c 10 6
c.
KNna K ec
1
1
1
=
+
6
K ec 11.58 E c 10
6.94 E c 10 6
K ec = 4.34 E c 10 6
3> KNnaPaBrwgRkajrbs;kMralxN nigemKuN ec

Ks =
4Ec I s
l1
hs = 250mm
l 2 = 6000mm
Is =
l 2 hs3
12
486
NPIC
T.Chhay
4 E c 6000 250 3
= 4.17 E c 10 6
Ks =
7500
12
K ec
ec =
(K s + K b )
Kb = 0
dUcenH
edaysarKanFwm
ec =
4.34 Ec 10 6
4.17 E c 10 6
1
Q = 1+
= 1.96
= 1.04
yk
ec
4> KNnam:Um:g;KNnaenAkgTisedAEvg ll = 7.5m .
karEbgEckm:Um:g;enAkgkMralmYyRtUv)anbgajenAkgrUbTI 17>18.
m:Um:g;GviCmanxagkgKW
0.10
0.10
M ni = 0.75
M ol = 0.75
(624.7) = 436.6kN .m
Q
1.96
m:Um:g;viCmanKW
0.28
0.28
M p = 0.63
M ol = 0.63
(624.7) = 304.3kN .m
Q
1.96
m:Um:g;GviCmanKW
M ne =
0.65
0.65
(624.7 ) = 207.2kN .m
( M ol ) =
Q
1.96
5> KNnakarEbgEckm:Um:g;kMralenAkgTisxIeTAcMerokelIssr nigcMerokkNal. m:Um:g; M ni /

M p nig M ne RtUv)anEbgEckdUcxageRkam eyagtamtarag 17>6
a. m:Um:g;xagkg M nl = 436.6kN .m RtUv)anEbgEck 75% sMrab;cMerokelIssr nig
25% sMrab;cMerokkNal
column strip = 0.75( 436.6 ) = 327.5kN.m
Middle strip = 0.25( 436.6 ) = 109.1kN.m
b.
m:Um:g;viCman M p = 304.3kN .m RtUv)anEbgEck 60% sMrab;cMerokelIssr nig 40%

sMrab;cMerokkNal
column strip = 0.60(304.3) = 182.6kN.m
Middle strip = 0.40(304.3) = 121.7 kN.m
c.
m:Um:g;GviCmanxageRkA M ne = 207.2kN .m RtUv)anEbgEckGaRsytamtarag 17>5
487
NPIC
T.Chhay
t =
Ecb C
C
=
2 Ecs I s 2 I s
ebtugkMralxN nigebtugssrmanm:UDuleGLasicdUcKa
250 3
= 78.125 108 mm 4
12
17.84 10 8
=
= 0.114
2 78.125 108
E I
l
f 1 = cb b = 0
f1 2 = 0
l1
Ecs I s
I s = 6000
l2
= 0 .8
l1
BItarag 17>5 nigedayeFVvI iFanmUlvacar (interpolation) cenaH t = 0 PaKry

=100% nig t = 2.5 PaKry = 75% sMrab; t = 0.114 PaKryKW 98.9% .
m:Um:g;GviCmanxageRkAenAkgcMerokelIssrKW 0.989 ( 207.2) = 204.92kN.m
nigenAkgcMerokkNalKW 2.28kN.m . kgkrNIenHeKGacKitfacMerokelIssrRTm:Um:g;
M ne 100% KWesInwg 207.2kN.m
6> kMNt;srsEdkEdlcaM)ac;enAkgTisedAEvgkgtaragEdlmanlkNRsedogKanwg]TahrN_
TI 17>4. lTplEdlTTYl)anmanlkNERbRbYlticbMputxusBItarag 17>9.
7> eRbobeFoblTplrvag]TahrN_TI 17>4 nig 17>5 eyIgeXijfam:Um:g;xageRkAenAkgcMerok
elIssr 207.2kN.m FMCagcMelIyEdlTTYl)ankg]TahrN_TI 17>4 162.4kN.m
eday 27.6% b:uEnm:Um:g;viCman 182.6kN.m RtUv)ankat;bnyeday 6.8% eFobnwg
195kN.m tMldTeTotesIrEtRtUvKa.
]TahrN_TI17>6
KNnakMralxagkgnRbBnkMralBIrTisEdl)anbgajenAkgrUbTI 17>7. kMralpSMeLIgedaykMral

EdlmanTMhM 7.6 6m cMnYn 6 kgTisnImYy. kMralTaMgGs;RtUv)anRTedayssrEdlmanTMhM
50 50cm RbEvg 3.6m . kMralRtUv)anRTedayFwmtambeNayGkSssrEdlmanmuxkat;dUcbgaj
kgrUb. bnkGefreFVIkarRtUv)anyk 4.8kN / m 2 nigbnkefreFVIkarpSMeLIgeday 1kN / m 2 sMrab;kar
garbegIybEnmBIelITMgn;pal;rbs;kMral. cUreRbI f 'c = 21MPa / f y = 420MPa nigviFI direct
design method.
dMeNaHRsay
1> eKRtUveFVItamkarkMNt;rbs; ACI Code. kMNt;kMras;kMralxNGb,brmaedayeRbIsmIkar

17>1 nig 17>2. kMras;kMralxNRtUv)anKNnarYcCaeRscenAkg]TahrN_TI 17>2 ehIy
488
NPIC
T.Chhay
eyIgTTYlykkMras; 18cm . CaTUeTA kMras;kMralxNenAkgRbBnkMralRtUv)anRKb;RKgeday

kMralkac;RCugdUcCakarKNna hmin kMralxageRkApl;nUvkMras;kMralFMCagsMrab;kMralxagkg.
2> KNnabnkemKuN
wD = 1 + 0.18 25 = 5.5kN / m 2
wu = 1.2 5.5 + 1.6 4.8 = 14.28kN / m 2
3> kugRtaMgkMlaMgenAkgkMralxNminmanlkNeRKaHfak;eT. muxkat;eRKaHfak;mancMgay d BI

pFwm. sMrab;TTwg 1m
1
0.4
0.15 = 37.84kN
Vu = wu 3 beam width d = 14.28 3
2
2
0.75 21
Vc =
f 'c bd =
1000 150 10 3 = 85.9kN
6
6
4> KNnam:Um:g;saTicsrubenAkgTisEvg nigTisxI
wu
14.28
l 2 (l n1 )2 =
6(7.1)2 = 539.9kN .m
8
8
w
14.28
= u l1 (l n 2 )2 =
7.6(5.5)2 = 410.4kN .m
8
8
M ol =
M os
5> KNnam:Um:g;KNnaenAkgTisEvg ll = 7.6m

a. karEbgEckm:Um:g;enAkgkMral
m:Um:g;GviCman M n = 0.65M ol = 0.65 539.9 = 350.9kN .m
m:Um:g;viCman M p = 0.35M ol = 0.35 539.9 = 189kN .m
b. karEbgEckm:Um:g;kMralkgTisTTwgeTAFwm/ cMerokelIssr nigcMerokkNal
EI
l2
6
=
= 0.79
f 1 = s = b = 3.19 BI]TahrN_TI 17>2
EI
l
7 .6
1
f1
c.
l2
= 3.19 0.79 = 2.52 > 1
l1
karEbgEckm:Um:g;GviCman M n . Epknm:Um:g;GviCmanxagkgedIm,IkarBaredaycMerokelI
ssrRtUv)anTTYlBItarag 17>3 edayeFVI interpolation nigesInwg 81.3% sMrab;
l 2 / l1 = 0.79 nig f 1 (l 2 / l1 ) > 1.0 .
cMerokelIssr = 0.813M n = 0.813 350.9 = 285.3kN .m
cMerokkNal = 0.187M n = 0.187 350.9 = 65.6kN .m
489
NPIC
T.Chhay
edaysarEt f 1 (l2 / l1 ) > 1/ ACI Code, Section 13.6.5 bgajfa 85% nm:Um:g;
kgcMerokelIssrRtUv)anEckeGayeTAFwm nigenAsl; 15% RtUv)anEckeGayeTAkM
ralcMerokelIssr.
Fwm = 0.85 285.3 = 242.5kN.m
cMerokelIssr = 0.15 285.3 = 42.8kN.m
cMerokkNal = 65.6kN.m
d. karEbgEckm:Um:g;viCman M p .
Epknm:Um:g;viCmanxagkgEdlRtUv)anTb;edaycMerokelIssrRtUv)anTTYlBItarag 17>3
edayeFVI interpolation nigesInwg 81.3% sMrab; l2 / l1 = 0.79 nig f 1 (l2 / l1 ) > 1.0 .
cMerokelIssr = 0.813M n = 0.813 189 = 153.7kN .m
cMerokkNal = 0.187M n = 0.187 189 = 35.3kN .m
edaysarEt f 1 (l2 / l1 ) > 1/ ACI Code, Section 13.6.5 bgajfa 85% nm:Um:g;
kgcMerokelIssrRtUv)anEckeGayeTAFwm nigenAsl; 15% RtUv)anEckeGayeTAkM
ralcMerokelIssr.
Fwm = 0.85 153.7 = 130.6kN.m
karlMGitm:Um:g;RtUv)anbgajenAkgrUbTI 17>23.
6> KNnam:Um:g;KNnaenAkgTisxI ElVg = 6m . viFIKNnaRsedogKanwgCMhanTI5>
m:Um:g;GviCman M n = 0.65M os = 0.65 410.4 = 266.8kN .m
m:Um:g;viCman M p = 0.35M os = 0.35 410.4 = 143.6kN .m
EbgEck M n / M p eTAFwm/ cMerokelIssr nigcMerokkNal
EI
l 2 7 .6
=
= 1.27
f 1 = s = b = 2.51 BI]TahrN_TI 17>2
EI
l
6
1
f1
l2
= 2.51 1.27 = 3.19 > 1
l1
PaKrynm:Um:g;GviCman nigGviCmanenAkgcMerokelIssrRtUv)anTTYlBItarag 17>3 eday

kareFVI interpolation. sMrab; l2 / l1 = 1.27 nig f 1 (l2 / l1 ) > 1.0 PaKryEbgKW 67% .
490
T.Chhay
NPIC
m:Um:g;GviCmancMerokelIssr = 0.67M n = 0.69 266.8 = 178.8kN .m

m:Um:g;GviCmancMerokkNal = 0.33M n = 0.33 266.8 = 88kN .m
eday f 1 (l2 / l1 ) > 1.0 / 85% n 178.8kN.m RtUv)andak;eTAkgFwm. dUcenH
m:Um:g;GviCmanelIFwm = 0.85 178.8 = 152kN.m
m:Um:g;GviCmancMerokelIssr = 0.15 178.8 = 26.8kN.m
m:Um:g;viCmanelIFwm = 0.85 0.67 143.6 = 81.8kN.m
m:Um:g;viCmancMerokelIssr = 0.15 0.67 143.6 = 14.4kN.m
m:Um:g;viCmancMerokkNal = 0.33 143.6 = 47.4kN.m
7> brimaNEdkcaM)ac; nigcMnYnEdkRtUv)anbgajenAkgtarag 17>10.
cMNaMfaPaKryEdkTaMgGs;tUcCag max = 0.00137 . dUcenH = 0.9 .
491
NPIC
T.Chhay
tarag 17>10 karKNnankMralxNmanFwmBIrTisxagkg

TisEvg
cMerokelIssr
cMerokkNal
M u (kN .m)
42.8
23.1
65.6
35.3
TTwgcMerok b(mm)
3000
3000
3000
3000
150
150
150
150
( MPa)
0.63
0.34
0.97
0.52
PaKryEdk (%)
0.17
0.09
0.26
0.14
As = bd (mm 2 )
765
405
1170
630
As (min) = 0.0018bhs (mm 2 )
972
972
972
972
9DB12
9DB12
11DB12
9DB12
Ru =
Mu
bd 2
EdkEdleRCIserIs
TisxI
cMerokelIssr
cMerokkNal
M u (kN .m)
26.8
14.4
88
47.4
TTwgcMerok b(mm)
3000
3000
4600
4600
140
140
140
140
( MPa)
0.46
0.24
0.98
0.53
PaKryEdk (%)
0.12
0.06
0.27
0.14
As = bd (mm 2 )
504
252
1739
902
As (min) = 0.0018bhs (mm 2 )
972
972
1490
1490
9DB12
9DB12
16DB12
14DB12
Ru =
Mu
bd 2
]TahrN_TI17>7 edayeRbIviFI direct design method kMNt;m:Um:g;viCman nigGviCmancaM)ac; sMrab;
karKNnankMral xageRkA elx @ nRbBnkMralBIrTisEdlmanFwmdUcEdlbgajenAkgrUbTI

17>7. eRbIbnk nig TinnyEdleGayenAkg]TahrN_TI 17>6.
492
NPIC
T.Chhay
dMeNaHRsay
1> karkMNt;EdlTamTarbs; ACI Code RtUv)anbMeBjenAkg]TahrN_enH.

kMNt;kMras;kMralGb,brma hs edayeRbIsmIkar !&>! nig !&>@ nigCMhanbnbnab;.
snt; hs = 18cm . muxkat;rbs;Fwmxagkg nigxageRkARtUv)anbgajenAkgrUbTI 17>7.
cMNaMfa karbnykMralxNe nARKb;RCugrbs;FwmKW x = y = 38cm
2> a. m:Um:g;niclPaBrbs;Fwm nigkMralxagkgEdlRtUv)anKNnaenAkg]TahrN_TI 17>2 KW
TaMgBIrTis I b = 928924.6cm 4
TisEvg I s = 291600cm 4
I s = 369360cm 4
TisxI
b. KNna I b nig I s sMrab;Fwmxag nigkMralxNxag
30 383
183
+ (68 18)(13.5)2 +
+ (30 38)(14.5)2
Fwmxag I b = 68 12
12
= 632987cm 4
500
+
KNna I s sMrab;cMerokxagcugEdlRsbeTAnwgFwmxag EdlmanTTwg = 7600
2
2
= 4050mm
kMralxagcug I s = 40512 18 = 196830cm 4

3> a. KNna f f = EI b / EI s
.6
TisEvg l = 928924
= 3.19
291600
.6
= 2.51
TisxI s = 928924
369360
632987
= 3.22
Fwmxag = 196830
3.19 + 2.51 2 + 3.22
mFm = fm =
= 2.86
4
b. = pleFob clear span EvgelI clear span xI
3
=
c.
7.1
= 1.29
5.5
KNna hs
493
NPIC
T.Chhay
hs min
420
7100 0.8 +
1400
=
= 150mm
36 + 5 1.29(2.86 0.2)
b:uEntMlenHminRtUvtUcCag
420
7100 0.8 +
1400
= 164mm
=
36 + 9 1.29
lub
eRbI hs = 18cm > 9cm tMlGb,brmaEdlkMNt;eday code
4> KNnabnemKuN wu = 14.28kN / m 2 BI]TahrN_TI 17>6
5> KNnam:Um:g;saTicsrub M ol = 539.9kN .m M os = 410.4kN .m BI]TahrN_mun
6> KNnam:Um:g;KNnaenAkgTisxI ElVg = 6m edaysarkMralCab;kgTisenH m:Um:g;mantMl
dUcnwgm:Um:g;Edl)anKNnaenAkg]TahrN_TI 17>6 ehIyRtUv)anbgajenAkgrUbTI 17>23
sMrab;kMralxagkg.
7> KNnam:Um:g;enAkgmYykMraledayeRbIemKuNEdleGayenAkgtarag 17>2 brUbTI 17>14
krNITI 3
m:Um:g;GviCmanxagkg M ni = 0.7M o = 0.7 539.9 = 378kN .m
m:Um:g;viCmankgElVg M p = 0.57M o = 0.57 539.9 = 307.7kN .m
m:Um:g;GviCmanxageRkA M ne = 0.16M o = 0.16 539.9 = 86.4kN .m
cMNaM RbsinebIviFI modified stiffness method RtUv)aneRbI enaH C = 3857.27 106 mm4 /
k ta = 39.13Ec 10 6 / K c = 5.79 Ec 10 6 / K s = 1.56 Ec 10 6 / k b = 4.95Ec 10 6 /
k b = 8.94 Ec 10 6 nig ec = 1.37 . m:Um:g;GviCmanxagkgkayCa 373.7 kN.m
Rbhak;RbEhlKa m:Um:g;viCmankayCa 252.75kN.m fycuH 18%
nigm:Um:g;GviCmanxageRkAkayCa 202.86 ekIneLIg 235%
8> karEbgEckm:Um:g;kMraleTAFwm cMerokelIssr nigcMerokkNal
hs min
l2
6
=
= 0.79
f 1 = l = 3.19
l1 7.6
l
f 1 2 = 3.19 0.79 = 2.52 > 1.0
l1
KNna C
494
NPIC
T.Chhay
x x 3 y
C = 1 0 . 63
3
y
Eckmuxkat;rbs;FwmxagCactuekaNBIrEdleFVIy:agNaedIm,ITTYl)an C Gtibrma.
ykmuxkat;Fwm 300 560mm x = 300mm / y = 560mm nigmuxkat;kMral
180 380mm x = 180mm / y = 380mm
300 300 3 560
180 180 3 380
C = 1 0.63
1
0
.
63
= 3857.27 10 6 mm 4
+
560
3
380
3
t =
a.
b.
c.
Ecb C
3857 10 6
=
= 0.66
2 Ecs I s 2 291600 10 4
EbgEckm:Um:g;GviCmanxagkg M ni eyagtamtarag 17>3 nigedaykareFVI

interpolation PaKrym:Um:g;Edldak;enAkgcMerokelIssr sMrab; l 2 / l1 = 0.79
nig f 1l2 / l1 > 1.0 KW 81.3%
cMerokelIssr = 0.813 378 = 307.3kN.m
cMerokkNal = 0.187 378 = 70.7kN.m
edaysar f 1l2 / l1 > 1.0 / 85% nm:Um:g;enAkgcMerokssrKWRtUv)andak;eTAkgFwm
dUcenH
Fwm = 0.85 307.3 = 261.2kN.m
EbgEckm:Um:g;viCman M p eyagtamtarag 17>3 nigedayeFVI interpolation PaKry
m:Um:g;EdlRtUvdak;kgcMerokelIssrKW 81.3% 85% ntMlenHRtUv)andak;eTAFwm.
dUcenH
Fwm = 0.85(0.813 307.7) = 212.6kN.m
cMerokelIssr = 0.15(0.813 307.7) = 37.5kN.m
cMerokkNal = 0.187 307.7 = 57.5kN.m
EbgEckm:Um:g;GviCmanxageRkA M ne eyagtamtarag 17>5 nigedaykareFVI
interpolation PaKrym:Um:g;Edldak;eTAkgcMerokelIssr sMrab; l 2 / l1 = 0.79
nig f 1l2 / l1 > 1.0 KW 92.5% nig 85%
495
NPIC
T.Chhay
Fwm = 0.85(0.925 86.4) = 67.9kN.m

cMerokelIssr = 0.15(0.925 86.4) = 12kN.m
cMerokkNal = 0.075 86.4 = 6.48kN.m
9> m:Um:g;KNnaenAkgssr
Design Moments in Column
enAeBlEdlkarviPaKeRKagsmmUl (equivalent frame) RtUv)aneFVIeLIgedayviFI direct
design method m:Um:g;enAkgssrEdlbNalBIbnkminesI (unbalanced load) enAelIFwmEk,rRtUv)an
TTYlBIsmIkarxageRkam EdlRtUv)ankMNt;eday ACI Code, Section 13.6.9:
M u = 0.07[(wd + 0.5wl )l 2 l n2 w' d l ' 2 (l ' n )2 ]
!&>@@ a
RbsinebIviFI modified stiffness method EdleRbI K ec nig ec enaHm:Um:g; M u RtUv)ankMNt;
dUcxageRkam
0.08[(wd + 0.5wl )l 2 l n2 w' d l ' 2 (l ' n )2 ]
Mu =
!&>@@ b
1
1 +
ec
Edl
nig wl = bnkefr nigGefremKuNenAelIElVgEdlEvgCag

w' d = bnkGefremKuNenAelIElVgEdlxI
l n nig l' n = RbEvgnElVgEdlEvgCag nigxICag erogKa
wd
!&>@!
m:Um:g;enAkgsmIkarTI !&>@@ KYrRtUv)anEbgEckrvagssrxagelI nigxageRkamkMralxNRtg;
tMNreTAtamsmamaRtPaBrwgRkajrgkarBt;rbs;va rUbTI 17>24. sMrab;ElVgEdlesIKa l2 = l '2
nig ln = l 'n
M u = 0.07(0.5wl l 2 l n2 )
!&>@# a
0.08(0.5wl l 2 l n2 )
!&>@@ b
Mu =
1
ec =
K ec
(K s + K b )
1 +
ec
karbegItsmIkarTaMgenHedayQrenAelIkarsnt;fabnkGefrBak;kNaleFVIGMeBIenAelIElVg
EvgCag b:uEnbnkGefreFVIGMeBIenAelIElVgTaMgBIr. smIkar !&>@@ kGacRtUv)anGnuvtsMrab;ssrxag
eRkA edaysnt;faRbEvgElVgEdlxICagKW 0 rUbTI 17>25.
496
NPIC
T.Chhay
10> karbMElgm:Um:g;minesIeTAkgssr
Transfer of Unbalanced Moments to
Columns
10>1> karbMElgm:Um:g;
Transfer of Moment
497
NPIC
T.Chhay
kgkarviPaKeRKagsmmUl (equivalent frame) enAkgGKar m:Um:g;ekItmanenARtg;tMN kMral

xN-ssr EdlekItBIkMlaMgxagdUcCa kMlaMgxl; kMlaMgrBaydI bkMlaMgTMnajminesI (unbalanced
gravity load) edayeFVIeGaymanm:Um:g;minesIenAkgkMralenAelIRCugEdlpynwgssr. mYycMENkn
m:Um:g;minesIRtUv)anbMElgeTAssredaykarBt; ehIycMENkEdleFVIeGaym:Um:g;manlMnwgRtUv)anbBan
edaykMlaMgkat;bBarEdlmanGMeBIenAelImuxkat;eRKaHfak;sMrab;kMlaMgkat;pug. RbEhl 60% nm:U
m:g;EdlRtUv)anbMElgeATcugssrTaMgsgagRtg;tMNRtUv)anbMElgedaykarBt; ehIy 40% EdlenA
sl;RtUv)anbMElgedaykMlaMgkat;cakpit bkMlaMgrmYl enARtg;muxkat;EdlmanTItaMg d / 2 BIp
ssr. ACI Code, Section 13.5.3 bgajfacMENkn unbalanced moment EdlRtUv)anbMElg
edaykarBt; M f enARtg;tMNkMralxN-ssrEdlRtUv)anKNnadUcxageRkam
M f = f Mu
!&>@$
1
1
=
f =
!&>@%
2 b
2 c1 + d
1 +
3 c2 + d
1+
3 b2
ehIym:Um:g;EdlbMElgedaykMlaMgkat;TTwgKW
(
Mv = 1
)M u = M u M f
!&>@^
Edl c1 nig c2 CaRbEvgrbs;RCugBIrnssrctuekaN bssrctuekaNEkgsmmUl/ b1 = (c1 + d ) nig

b2 = (c 2 + d ) . enAeBlEdl c1 = c 2 / M f = 0.6M u ehIy M v = 0.4M u .
10>2> karRbmUlpMsrsEdkenAelIssr
Concentration of Reinforcement Over the
column
sMrab;karbMElgm:Um:g;edaypal;eTAssr vaCakarcaM)ac;kgkarRbmUlpMsrsEdkdak;kgcMerok
ssrkgTTwgkMNt;mYyenAelIssr, Epknm:Um:g;EdlbMElgedaykarBt; M f RtUv)anBicarNaeGay
eFVIGMeBItamryTTwgkMralxNesInwgTTwgssr c2 bUknwg 1.15hs enARKb;RCugTaMgGs;rbs;ssr b
tamryTTwgkMralxNesInwg (c2 + 3hs ) (ACI Code, Section 13.5.3). srsEdkGacRtUV)anRb
mUlpMenAelIssredayKMlatCitKa bedayeRbIsrsEdkbEnm.
10>3> kugRtaMgkMlaMgkat;EdlbNalBI M
Shear Stress Due to M f
kugRtaMgkMlaMgkat;EdlbegItedaycMENkn unbalanced moment M v RtUv)anpSMeLIgCa

mYynwgkugRtaMgkMlaMgkat;EdlbegItedaykMlaMgkat; Vu Edl)anBIkMlaMgbBar. kugRtaMgkMlaMgkat;
498
NPIC
T.Chhay
TaMgBIrRtUv)ansnt;eGayeFVIGMeBIenACMubrievNbg;EdlmanTItaMgenAcMgay d / 2 BIpssrdUcbgajenA
kgrUb 17>26. smIkarsMrab;KNnakugRtaMgkMlaMgkat;KW
V
M C
v1, 2 = u v
!&>@&
Ac
Jc
Edl Ac = RkLapmuxkat;eRKaHfak;enACMuvijssr
J c = m:Um:g;niclPaBb:UElnRkLapEdlRsbeTAnwgm:Um:g;EdlmanGMeBIbEnmBIelIm:Um:g;nicl
PaBnmuxkat;xagcugEdleFobnwgGkSTIRbCMuTMgn;nmuxkat;eRKaHfak;.
sMrab;ssrxagkg
nig
Ac = 2d ( x + y )
Jc =
xd 3
d x 3
+ x2 y +
2 3
6
!&>@*
!&>@(
499
NPIC
T.Chhay
sMrab;ssrxageRkA Ac = d (2 x + y )
!&>#0
xd 3
2dx 3
nig
!&>#!
(2 x + y )dx12 +
Jc =
3
6
Edl x1 / x2 nig y Rtuv)anbgajenAkgrUbTI 17>26. kugRtaMgkMlaMgkat;Gtibrma
v1 = Vu / Ac + M v C J c RtUvEttUcCag f 'c 3 ebImindUecaHeT EdkTb;kMlaMgkat;RtUv)andak;.
]TahrN_TI17>8 kMNt;m:Um:g;enAelIssrxagkg nigxageRkAkgTisedAEvgrbs; flat plate kg
TahrN_TI 17>4.
dMeNaHRsay
1> kMNt;m:Um:g;ssrxageRkA. BI]TahrN_TI 17>4 nig 17>5

wd = 1.2 7.75 = 9.3kN / m 2
0.5wl = 0.5 1.6 4.8 = 3.84kN / m 2
Unbalanced moment
Mu =
1
1 +
ec
l n = l ' n = 7m
l 2 = l ' 2 = 6m
= 1.96
EdlRtUvbMElgeTAssrxageRkAedayeRbIsmIkar !&>@@ b KW
0.08
(9.3 + 3.84)6 7 2 0 = 157.7kN .m
1.96
RbsinebIsmIkar !&>@@ a RtUv)aneRbI/ M u = 270.4kN .m EdlCatMlEdlsnSMsMc.

2> enATMrxagkg PaBrwgRkajrbs;kMralenAsgagssrRtUv)aneRbIedIm,IKNna ec
K ec
!&>@!
ec =
(K s + K b )
BI]TahrN_TI 17>5/ K ec = 4.34Ec 106 / K s = 4.17 Ec 106 nig K b = 0 dUcenH
ec =
4.34 Ec 10 6
2 4.17 Ec 10 6
1
1 +
ec
= 0.52
= 2.92
BIsmIkar 17>22 b m:Um:g; unbalance enAssrxagkgKW

Mu =
0.08
(9.3 + 3.84)6 7 2 9.3 6 7 2 = 30.93kN .m
2.92
RbsinebIsmIkar !&>@@ a RtUv)aneRbI/ M u = 79kN .m EdlCatMlEdlsnSMsMc.

]TahrN_TI17>9 sMrab; flat plate kg]TahrN_TI 17>4 KNnakugRtaMgkMlaMgkat;enAkgkMralxN
Rtg;muxkat;eRKaHfak;EdlbNalBI unbalanced moment nigkMlaMgkat;TTWgenAelIssrxagkg nig
500
NPIC
T.Chhay
ssrxageRkA. RtYtBinitkarRbmUlpMsrsEdk nigkMlaMgrmYlkgrbs;ssrxageRkA. eKeGay

f 'c = 28MPa nig f y = 420MPa
dMeNaHRsay
1> m:Um:g;EdleFVIeGayKanlMnwg (unbalanced moment) enAssrxagkgKW M u = 30.93kN .m

]TahrN_ TI 17>8 Edl f = 0.6 edaysar c1 = c2 = 50cm .
m:Um:g;EdlRtUvbMElgedaykarBt;KW M f = f M u = 0.6 30.93 = 18.56kN .m
m:Um:g;EdlbMElgedaykMlaMgkat;KW M v = M u M f = 30.93 18.56 = 12.37kN .m
ma:gvijeTot m:Um:g;E;dlKNnaBIsmIkar !&>@@ a GacRtUv)aneRbIedIm,IbegItkugRtaMgkMlaMgkat;
FMCag.
edayeRbI d = 22.2cm ]TahrN_TI 17>4
Vu = 17(6 7.5 0.722 2 ) = 756.1kN
BIrUbTI 17>27
Ac = 4 72.2 22.2 = 6411.4cm 2
Jc =
=
xd 3
d x 3
+ x2 y +
2 3
6
72.2
22.2 72.2 3
+ (72.2)2 72.2 +
22.2 3 = 5.7 10 6 cm 4
2 3
6
v max =
756.1
6411.4 10 4
0.722
2 = 1258kN / m 2
2
5.7 10
12.37
v min = 1179.3 78.34 = 1100kN / m 2
vc = f 'c / 3 = 0.75 28 / 3 = 1.323MPa = 1323kN / m 2 > 1258kN / m 2
2> sMrab;ssrxageRkA unbalanced moment EdlRtUvbMElgedaykarBt; M f enARtg;tMN

kMralxN-ssrKWesInwg f M u Edl M u = 157.7kN .m . cMNaMfa c1 = c2 = 50cm /
d = 22.2cm enAkgTisedAEvg nig f = 0.6 sMrab;ssrkaer.
M f = 0.6 157.7 = 94.6kN .m
m:Um:g;EdlRtUvbMElgedaykMlaMgkat;TTwgKW
M v = M u M f = 157.7 94.6 = 63.1kN .m
501
T.Chhay
NPIC
502
NPIC
T.Chhay
3> sMrab;karbMElgedaykMlaMgkat;enAssrxageRkA muxkat;eRKaHfak;sitenAcMgay d / 2

BIpssr rUbTI 17>28.
wu = 17kN / m 2
Vu = 17(6 3.9 0.611 0.722) = 390kN
kMNt;TItaMgTIRbCMuTMgn;rbs;muxkat;eRKaHfak;edayKitm:Um:g;eFob AB
61.1
2 61.1
= (2 61.1 + 72.2 )xl
2
dUcenH xl = 19.2cm . RkLapmuxkat;eRKaHfak; Ac KW 22.2(2 61.1 + 72.2) = 4315.7cm 2 .

KNna J c = I x + I y sMrab;RkLapesIKaBIr 22.2 61.1 EdlmanRCugRsbeTAnwgTisedAn
m:Um:g; CamYynwgRkLap 22.2 72.2 EkgeTAnwgTisedArbs;m:Um:g;. m:Um:g;niclPaBnRkLa
pTaMgBIrRtUvKiteFobnwgGkS CD .
bh 3
Jc = I x + I y =
+ Ax 2
12
61.13
61.1
61.1
= 2 22.2
+ 22.2 61.1
19.2 +
22.2 3 + 72.2 22.2 19.2 2
12
2
12

= 1.84 10 6 cm 4
bedayeRbIsmIkar !&>#! sMrab;ssrxageRkA. KNNakugRtaMgkMlaMgkat; nominal Gtibrma

nigGb,brmaedayeRbIsmIkar !&>@&
Vu M v C
390
63.1 0.192
+
=
+
= 1562.1kN / m 2
4
2
Ac
Jc
4315.7 10
1.84 10
V
M C
= u v = 903.7 658.4 = 245.3kN / m 2
Ac
Jc
v max =
v min
vc = f 'c / 3 = 0.75 28 / 3 = 1.323MPa = 1323kN / m 2 < 1562.1kN / m 2
kugRtaMgkMlaMgkat;TTwgFMCagkugRtaMgkMlaMgkat;GnuBaat dUcenHeKRtUvbegInkMras;kMralxN
beRbIEdkTb;kMlaMgkat;.
4> RtYtBinitkarRbmUlpMsrsEdkenAssrxageRkA KWRtYtBinitPaBRKb;RKan;rbs;lTPaBTb;
karBt;rbs;muxkat;edIm,IbMElgm:Um:g;GviCmaneTAkgssrxageRkA. muxkat;eRKaHfak;rbs;kM
ralxNRtUv)anbnay 1.5hs enAelIRCugnImYyrbs;ssr EdleGayTTwg (50 + 3 25)
= 125cm nigkMras; 25cm . m:Um:g;srubenAkgTTwgcMerokelIssr 3m KW 162.4kN .m
503
NPIC
T.Chhay
Edl)anKNnaenAkg]TahrN_TI 17>4 CMhan %. m:Um:g;enAkgTTwg 125cm KWesInwg

125
= 67.67 kN .m .
162.4
300
RbsinebIeKeRbIKMlatEdkesIKaenAkgcMerokelIssr enaHeKRtUvkarbrimaNEdkbEnmenAkg
TTwg 125cm sMrab;m:Um:g;EdlesInwg M f 67.67 = 94.6 67.67 = 26.93kN .m . brimaN
EdkcaM)ac; As = 340mm 2 dUcenH 4DB12 452mm 2 GacRtUv)aneRbI.
dMeNaHRsayepSgeTotKWedIm,ItMerobEdkenAkgcMerokelIssredIm,IbegInbrimaNEdkenAkgTTw
kcMerok 125cm . brimaNEdkcaM)ac;enAkgTTwgcMerokKYrRKb;RKan;edIm,ITb;nwgm:Um:g;EdlesInwg
0.6 dgnm:Um:g;GviCmanenAkgcMerokelIssr b 0.6 162.4 = 97.44kN .m .
Mu
snt; a = 25mm
As =
a
f y d
As =
97.44 10 6
= 1230mm 2
25
0.9 420 222

2
As f y
1230 420
a=
=
= 17.4mm
0.85 f 'c b 0.85 28 1250
RtYtBinit
eRbI 11DB12 enAkgTTwg 125cm edayEckesIKasgagssredayKitBIGkSssr rUbTI
17>29. kardak;EdkbEnm 4DB12 Edl)anbgajxagelICadMeNaHRsaykan;EtRbesI.
5> kMlaMgrmYlenAkgkMralxN kMlaMgrmYlBIRCugTaMgsgagrbs;ssrxageRkAesInwg 40%

nm:Um:g;elIcMerokTTwg.
504
NPIC
T.Chhay
Tu = 0.4 162.4 = 64.96kN .m

64.96
= 32.48kN.m
2
kMlaMgrmYlenAelIRCugmag
TTwgnmuxkat;kMralxNEdlesInwgTTwgssrRtUv)ansnt;eGayTb;nwgkugRtaMgrmYl
1
Tu = vtu x 3 y
3
Edl x = 25cm nig y = 50cm . muxkat;eRKaHfak;KWenAcMgay d BIpssr rUbTI 17>30 .

edaysnt;fakMlaMgrmYlERbRbYlmanragCaExSekag)a:ra:bUleTAGkSkMralxN enaHkMlaMgrmYl
enAcMgay d KW
2
3.5 0.222
Tu = 32.48
= 28.42kN .m
3 .5
sMrab;ersIusg;Tb;karrmYlrbs;ebtug Acp = 25 50 = 1250cm 2 / Pcp = 2(25 + 50)

2
= 150cm tamsmIkar !%>!( Tcp = 0.75 28 (1250 10 2 ) 10 6 / (3 1500 )
= 13.78kN.m / Ta = 13.78 / 4 = 3.445kN .m < 28.42kN .m .
eKRtUvkarEdkTb;kMlaMgrmYl. EdkkgbiTCitcaM)ac; nigEdkbeNaybEnmRtUv)anKNnadUc
Bnl;enAkgemronTI 15. muxkat;cugeRkayRtUv)anbgajenAkgrUbTI 17>30. vaCakarRb
esIrRbsinebImanFwmxagenAssrxageRkAedIm,IbegInPaBrwgRkajTb;karrmYlrbs;kMralxN.
]TahrN_TI17>10 kMNt;brimaNEdkTb;kMlaMgkat;TTwgcaM)ac;sMrab;kMral flat plate xagkgeday
BicarNadUcteTA kMlaMgkat;put Vu = 870kN / kMras;kMralxN = 23cm / d = 19cm /

f 'c = 28MPa / ehIyTMhMssrKW 50 50cm .
dMeNaHRsay
505
NPIC
T.Chhay
1> kMNt; Vc =
f ' c bo d / 3
sMrab;kMlaMgkat;BIrTis
bo = 4(50 + d ) = 4(50 + 19) = 276cm
Vc = 0.75 28 2760 190 10 3 / 3 = 693.7 kN
edaysar Vu = 870kN > Vc EdkTb;kMlaMgkat;TTwgRtUvkarcaM)ac;.

2> Vc GnuBaatGtibrma EdleRbIEdkkMlaMgkat;TTwgesInwg
f ' c bo d / 2 = 1.5(Vc ) = 1040.6kN > Vu EdkTb;kMlaMgkat;TTwgGacRtUv)aneRbI.
3> EdkTb;kMlaMgkat;TTWgGacpSMeLIgedayEdksrs Edkrag dUcCaFwmGkSr I b special
large-head studs welded to a steel strip emIlrUbTI 17>9. kg]TahrN_enH dMeNaHEdl
minfedayeRbIEdkTb;kMlaMgkat;FmtaRtUv)anTTYlykmkeRbI rUbTI 17>9 f . EdkTb;kM
laMgkat;TTwgRtUv)andak;enAelIRCugTaMgbYnrbs;ssrxagkg bbIRCugsMrab;ssrxageRkA
sMrab;RbEvg d + a rUbTI 17>31. cMgay a RtUv)ankMNt;edayeGay Vc = Vu enAmux
kat; bo EdlbgajedayExSdac; nigsnt;fa Vc = f 'c bo d / 6 .
bo = 4(c + a 2 ) = 4(500 + 2a )
0.75 28 4(500 + a 2 )190 / 6 = 870000
enATIenH a = 87cm ehIy (a + d ) = 106cm dUcenHyk 110cm .
506
NPIC
T.Chhay
4> KNnaEdkkMlaMgkat;TTwg
Vs = (Vu Vc ) = 870 693.7 = 176.3kN
Vs = 235kN
sMrab;pmYyrbs;muxkat;eRKaHfak; V4s = 58.75kN

eRbI DB10 EdkkgGkSr U / Av = 157mm 2 sMrab;eCIgBIr. KMlatKW s = Av f y d / Vs
= 157 420 190 / 58750 = 213mm . KMlatGtibrmKW d / 2 = 190 / 2 = 95mm / yk
s = 90mm .
5> karEbgEckEdkkg cMnYnEdkkgkgmYyRCugrbs;ssrKW 110 / 9 = 12.2 b 13 kg.
cMgaysrubKW 13 90 = 1170mm rUbTI 17>31
Vs
]TahrN_TI17>11 Flat-Slab Floor System
edayeRbIviFI direct design method KNnaRbePTkMralxN flate slab xagkgEdlmanEt drop

panel ehIyvamanTMhM 7.5 6m rUbTI 17>32. RKb;kMralTaMgGs;RtUv)anRTedayssrTMhM
50 50cm RbEvg 3.6m . kMralxNRTnUvbnkBRgayesIGefrKanemKuN 4.8kN / m 2 nigbnkefr
KanemKuN 1.15kN / m 2 edayKanrYmbBalTMgn;pal;. eKeGay f 'c = 28MPa nig f y = 420MPa
dMeNaHRsayKWRsedognwg]TahrN_TI 17>3.
dMeNaHRsay
1> kMNt;kMras;kMral nigkMral; drop panel

a. RbEvg clear span KW 7.5 0.5 = 7 m . sMrab;kMralxageRkA tMlGb,brmarbs;
h = l n / 33 = 21.2cm b:uEnkMralxagkg tMlGb,brmarbs; h = l n / 36 = 19.4cm .
eRbIkMralxNEdlmankMral 20cm kMras;TMlak;cuHBIeRkamkMralxNKW h / 4 = 5cm
dUcenHkMras; drop panel KW 25cm .
b. TMhMrbs; drop panel KW L / 6 = 7.5 / 6 = 1.25m sMrab;TisnImYyBIGkSrbs;TMrkgTis
edAEvg nig 6 / 6 = 1m enAkgTisedAxI. dUcenHTMhMsrubrbs; drop panel KW 2.5 2m
rUbTI 17>32.
2> KNnabnkemKuN
slab load = 1.15 + 0.2 25 = 6.15kN / m 2
Wu = 1.2 6.15 + 1.6 4.8 = 15.06kN / m 2
507
NPIC
T.Chhay
drop panel load = 1.15 + 0.25 25 = 7.4kN / m 2
Wu = 1.2 7.4 + 1.6 4.8 = 16.56kN / m 2
edaysarEt drop panel manRbEvg L / 3 kgTisnImYy tMlmFm

2
1
Wu = 15.06 + 16.56 = 15.56kN / m 2
3
3
3> RtYtBinitkMlaMgkat;BIrTis enAcMgay d / 2 BIpssr

d = 25 2 0.8 = 22.2cm
a. enAkg drop panel
bo = 4(50 + 22.2) = 288.8cm
Vu = 15.56 7.5 6 (0.722)2 = 692kN
0.75
Vc =
f 'c bo d =
28 (2888 222) 10 3 = 848.1kN > Vu
3
3
b.
enAkgkMral d = 20 2 0.8 = 17.2cm ehIy bo RtUv)anvas;ecjBI drop panel

enAcMgay 17.2 / 2 = 8.6cm .
bo = 2(250 + 17.2) + 2(200 + 17.2) = 968.8cm
Vu = 15.56[7.5 6 2.672 2.172] = 609.9kN
0.75
Vc =
f 'c bo d =
28 (9688 172) 10 3 = 2204kN > Vu
3
3
kMlaMgkat;mYyTisminmaneRKaHfak;.
c.
6 72
= 571.8kN / m 2
8
7.5 5.5 2
= 15.56
= 441.3kN / m 2
8
600
= 300cm
2
M ol = 15.56
M os
b:uEnTTwgrbs;cMerokkNal
TTwgrbs;cMerokelIssrkgTisnImYyKW
KW 300cm kgTisedAEvg nig 450cm kgTisedAxI.
5> KNnam:Um:g; nigsrsEdkRtUv)anbgajtarag 17>11. eRbIkMBs;RbsiTPaBmFm
d = 250 40 = 210mm sMrab;cMerokelIssr nig d = 200 40 = 160mm
sMrab;cMerokkNal. karBRgaysrsEdklMGitmanlkNRsedogKakg]TahrN_ flat
plate.
508
NPIC
T.Chhay
tarag 17>11> karKNnaRbBnkMral flat slab xagkg

M ol = 571.8kN .m
emKuNm:Um:g;
TisEvg
cMerokelIssr
cMerokkNal
0.49M o
0.21M o
0.16M o
0.14M o
M u (kN .m)
-280.2
120.0
-91.5
80.0
TTwgcMerok b(mm)
3000
3000
3000
3000
210
160
160
160
( MPa)
2.12
1.56
1.19
1.04
PaKryEdk (%)
0.59
0.43
0.32
0.28
As = bd (mm 2 )
3717
2064
1536
1344
As (min) = 0.0018bhs (mm 2 )
1350
1080
1080
1080
19DB16
11DB16
14DB12
12DB
Ru =
Mu
bd 2
M os = 441.3kN .m
emKuNm:Um:g;
TisxI
cMerokelIssr
cMerokkNal
0.49M o
0.21M o
0.16M o
0.14M o
M u (kN .m)
-216.2
92.7
-70.6
61.8
TTwgcMerok b(mm)
3000
3000
4500
4500
210
160
160
160
( MPa)
1.63
1.21
0.61
0.54
PaKryEdk (%)
0.45
0.33
0.16
0.14
As = bd (mm 2 )
2835
1584
1152
1008
As (min) = 0.0018bhs (mm 2 )
1350
1080
1620
1620
15DB16
15DB12
15DB12
15DB12
Ru =
Mu
bd 2
509
T.Chhay
NPIC
510
T.Chhay
NPIC
11> kMralxN Waffle Waffle Slabs

RbBnkMralxN waffle slab BIrTispSMeLIgedayrnUtebtugEdlFmtaRbsBVKaCamMuEkg. kM
ralxNenHGacsagsg;edayKanFwm EdlkgkrNIenHk,alssrtan;RtUv)aneFVIenAelIssredIm,Ikar
BarkarpugEdlbNalBIkMlaMgkat;. FwmTUlaykGacRtUv)aneRbIenAeLIGkSssrsMrab;kMBs;esI.
Bum<canEdkragkaer b fiberglass pan RtUv)aneRbICaTUeTAedIm,IbegItRTnug. kMralxNesIgkMras;
75mm eTA 125mm RtUv)ancak;CamYyRTnugedIm,IbegItCa waffle slab.
kMralnImYyRtUv)anEbgEckCacMerokelIssr nigcMerokkNal. cMerokelIssrrYmbBalRT
nugTaMgGs;EdlCab;eTAnwgk,alssrtan; ehIycMerokkNalsitenAcenaHcMerokelIssr. EdkRtg;
bEdkBt;GacRtUv)aneRbICaEdkBRgwgenAkg waffle slab. karKNna waffle slab BIrTismanlkN
RsedogKanwgkarKNna flat slabEdr edayKitk,alssrtan;Ca drop panel. edIm,IkarBarkMlaMgTaj
FMenAkgk,alssr eKRtUveRbITMhMssrFMRKb;RKan; bdak; shear cap.
kgkarKNna waffle slab kMralxagelI nigrnUtnImYybegItCamuxkat;GkSret EdlesIkMBs;
kg flat plate. dUcenH ElVgEvgEdlRTbnkFn;GacRtUv)anKNnaCamYynwgkarsnSMsMcebtug)aneRcIn.
kMral waffle slab k)anpl;nUvBidandKYreGayTak;Taj Edl)anBIkarelcecjnUvRTnug bedaykar
lMGrePIg. kMralsg;darnBum<canEdlRtUv)aneRbICaTUeTAenAkg waffle slab GacsitenAkgCMerIsBIr
xageRkam
511
NPIC
T.Chhay
1> Bum<cankaerTMhM 75cm 75cm CamYynwgkMras;kMral 75mm nigTTwgrnUt 150mm manKM

lat 90cm KitBIGkS. sg;darRbePTenH mankMBs;ERbRbYlBI 200mm eTA 500mm
eday ekIneLIgmg 50mm . eyagtam]TahrN_TI17>12 nigrUbTI 17>33.
2> Bum<cankaerTMhM 48cm 48cm CamYynwgkMras;kMral 75mm nigTTwgrnUt 125mm manKM
lat 60cm KitBIGkS. sg;RbePTenH mankMBs;ERbRbYlBI 150mm eTA 300mm eday
ekIneLIgmg 50mm . BtmanepSgBIkMralRtUv)anbgajenAkgtarag 17>12.
512
NPIC
T.Chhay
tarag 17>12 lkNmuxkat;

sMrab;rnUt Bum<canTMhM 75cm 75cm
maDxl;
kMralxagelI kMBs;rnUt
RkLap
( 10 6 mm3 / pan) ( 10 4 mm 2 )
(mm )
(mm)
75
75
75
75
75
75
115
115
115
115
115
115
200
250
300
350
400
500
200
250
300
350
400
500
107.4
132.7
157.4
181.4
204.9
250
107.4
132.7
157.4
181.4
204.9
250
10.09
11.04
12.02
13.05
14.12
16.39
13.69
14.64
15.62
16.65
17.72
19.99
Ycg
Ig
(mm )
( 10 mm )
81.91
98.58
116.54
135.4
155
195.7
95.12
109.4
141.8
141.8
159.45
196.88
5.45
9.02
13.85
20.08
27.88
48.8
8.25
12.89
19.06
26.95
36.72
62.59
513
NPIC
T.Chhay
sMrab;rnUt Bum<canTMhM
75
75
75
75
115
115
115
115
150
250
250
300
150
250
250
300
32
42.01
51.57
60.75
32
42.01
51.57
60.75
48cm 48cm
6.56
7.33
8.15
90
8.96
9.73
10.55
11.4
72.14
89.11
107.57
127.08
87.47
102.21
118.53
136.12
2.31
4.25
7.03
10.78
3.84
6.44
10.08
14.91
]TahrN_TI17>12 Waffle Slab
KNnaRbBnkMralxN waffle floor EdlpSMeLIgedaykMralkaerKanFwmedayKitnUvTinnyxagRkam

rUbTI 17>33
RbEvgElVgedayKitBIGkSssreTAGkSssr= 10m
TTwgrnUt = 150mm manKMlat 900mm BIGkSeTAGkS
kMBs;rnUt = 350mm
kMras;kMralxN = 75mm
TMhMssr = 500 500mm
bnkefr minrYmbBalbnkpal;= 2.4kN / m 2
bnkGefr= 4.8kN / m 2
f 'c = 35MPa
f y = 420MPa
dMeNaHRsay
1> KNnakMras;Gb,brmarbs;kMralxNedayeRbItarag 17>1 hmin = ln / 30 / ln = 10 0.5

= 9.5m / hmin = 9.5 / 30 = 0.317 m sMrab;kMralxagkg ehIy hmin = l n / 33 = 0.288m
sMrab;kMralxagkg. smIkar !&>! nig !&>@ GacRtUv)aneRbI. edaysnt;kMBs;srub 425mm
EdlrYmmankMralkMras; 75mm nigrnUtkMBs; 350mm .
2> KNnabnkEdlmanGMeBIenAelI waffle floor
a. bnkemKuNnEpktan;enAelIssr = 1.2 0.425 25 = 12.75kN / m 2
b. maDxl;rbs;rnUtkMBs; 350mm KW 181.4 10 6 mm 3 elIRkLap 900 900mm 2 .
TMgn;srubrbs;p 810000mm 2 KW
1.2 25(81 10 4 425 181.4 10 6 ) 10 9 = 4.89kN
bTMgn;kg 1m 2 KW 4.89kN / m 2
514
NPIC
T.Chhay
c.
d.
bnkefrbEnmemKuNnigbnkGefremKuNKW 1.2 2.4 + 1.6 4.8 = 10.56kN / m 2 .

bnkBRgayesIemKuNenAelIptan; wu = 10.56 + 12.75 = 23.31 23.5kN / m 2
bnkBRgayenAemKuNenAelIpelIrnUt wu = 10.56 + 4.89 = 15.45 15.5kN / m 2
bnkenAelImYykMral eyagtamrUbTI 17>34 enAelIptan;
W = 23.5 3.6 + 15.5 6.4 = 183.8kN / m
enAelIpelIrnUt W = 15.5 10 = 155kN / m

3> KNnakMlaMgkat; nigm:Um:g;saTicsrub
Vu (at face of column) = 183.8 1.55 + 155 3.2 = 780.89kN
M o (at midspan ) = 780.89 4.75 183.8 1.55 3.975 155
3.2 2
= 1783.2kN .m
2
4> RtYtBinitkMlaMgkat;pug eyagtamrUbTI 17>35

a. enAkgptan;enAcMgay d / 2 BIpssr h = 425mm / d = 425 30 = 395mm /
c(column) = 500mm / bo = 4(500 + 395) = 3580mm /
Vu = 155 6.4 + 183.8 3.6 23.5 0.895 2 = 1634.9kN nig
Vc = f 'c bo d / 3 = 0.75 35 (3580 395) / 3 = 1952kN > Vu
b.
enAkgpelIrnUtenAcMgay d / 2 BIRCugrbs;ptan;. kMras;kMralKW 75mm . yk

d = 60mm enaH
bo = 4(3800 + 60) = 15440mm
Vu = 155 6.4 + 183.8 3.6 23.5 3.860 2 = 1304kN
Vc = f 'c bo d / 3 = 0.75 35 (15440 60) / 3 = 1370kN > Vu
5> KNnam:Um:g; nigsrsEdk

a. kMralxageRkA M o = 1783.2kN .m
m:Um:g;GviCmanxageRkA = 0.26M o = 463.6kN .m
m:Um:g;viCman = 0.52M o = 927.3kN .m
m:Um:g;GviCmanxagkg = 0.7M o = 1248.2kN .m
b. kMralxagkg M o = 1783.2kN .m
m:Um:g;GviCman = 0.65M o = 1159.1kN .m
m:Um:g;viCman = 0.35M o = 624.1kN.m
515
T.Chhay
NPIC
karlMGItBIkarKNnaRtUv)anbgajenAkgtaragTI 17>13 nigrUbTI 17>36. cMNaMfa

PaKryEdkTaMgGs;tUc ehIy = 0.9
6> KNna unbalanced moment enAkgssr nigRtYtBinitkMlaMgkat;sMrab; Vu nig M v
dUckg]TahrN_TI 17>8 nig 17>9.
516
T.Chhay
NPIC
517
NPIC
T.Chhay
tarag 17>13> karKNnakMral waffle slab xagkg nigxageRkA rnUt 5enAkgcMerokelIssr

nigrnUt 6enAkgcMerokkNal
kMralxageRkA
cMerokelIssr
xageRkA
M
100
emKuNm:Um:g;
cMerokkNal
xagkg
60
M
75
25
40
M u (kN .m)
463.6
556.4
936.2
312
370.9
TTwgcMerok b(mm)
3800
5000
3800
900 (6 ribs)
5000
395
395
395
395
395
( MPa)
0.78
0.71
1.58
2.22
0.48
PaKryEdk (%)
0.21
0.19
0.43
0.61
0.13
As = bd (mm 2 )
3152
3753
6454
2169
2567
As (min) = 0.0018bhs (mm 2 )
2907
765/rib
2907
688.5
637.5/rib
11DB20
2DB25/rib
21DB20
7DB20
2DB22/rib
Ru =
Mu
bd 2
kMralxagkg
cMerokelIssr
xageRkA
M
-
emKuNm:Um:g;
cMerokkNal
xagkg
M
60
75
25
40
M u (kN .m)
374.5
869.3
289.8
249.6
TTwgcMerok b(mm)
5000
3800
900 (6 ribs)
5000
395
395
395
395
( MPa)
0.48
1.47
2.06
0.32
PaKryEdk (%)
0.13
0.40
0.57
0.09
As = bd (mm 2 )
2567
6004
2026
1777.5
As (min) = 0.0018bhs (mm 2 )
765/rib
2907
688.5
637.5/rib
2DB25/rib
20DB20
7DB20
2DB22/rib
Ru =
Mu
bd 2
518
T.Chhay
NPIC
519
T.Chhay
NPIC
12> viFIeRKagsmmUl Equivalent Frame Method

enAeBlEdlRbBnkMralxNBIrTismineKarBtamkarkMNt;rbs; direct design method m:Um:g;
KNnaRtUv)ankMNt;edayviFI equivalent method. enAkgviFIenH GKarRtUv)anEckCaeRKagsmmUltam
BIrTis nigbnab;mkviPaKeRKagkgsanPaBeGLasicsMrab;RKb;lkxNnkardak;bnk. PaBxusKarvag
viFITaMgBIrsitenAelIviFInkarKNnam:Um:g;tambeNayrbs;ElVg. tMrUvkarsMrab;karKNnaRtUv)anBnl;
dUcxageRkam
k> karBiBN_naBIeRKagsmmUl eRKagsmmUlCaeRKagGKarkgbg; BIrTMhM EdlTTYl)an
edaykarkat;GKarkglMhM bITMhMtambeNayExSkNalElVgcenaHssr rUbTI 17>4.
eRKagsmmUlEdlTTYl)anRtUv)anBicarNadac;edayELkenAkgTisbeNay nigTisTTwg
rbs;GKar. sMrab;bBar kMralnImYyRtUv)anviPaKdac;edayELk edaysnt;cugsagelI nig
cugxageRkamrbs;ssrRtUv)ansnt;fabgb;. kMral-Fwm (slab-beam) RtUv)ansnt;fabgb;
enARtg;TMrkMralBIrEdlQmnwgTMrEdleYigRtUvBicarNa BieRBaHbnkbBarcUlrYmCamYym:Um:g;
tictYcenARtg;tMNrenaH. sMrab;bnkedk eRKagsmmUlpSMeLIgedaykMralTaMgGs;sMrab;
kMBs;TaMgmUlrbs;GKar edaysarkMlaMgenAkMralnImYyCaGnuKmn_nbnkedkenARKb;kM
ralBIelInIv:UEdlRtUvBicarNa. karviPaKeRKagkGaceFVIeLIgedaykmviFIkMuBTr.
x> karsnt;bnk enAeBlpleFob service live load nig service dead load tUcCagbesInwg
0.75 KMrUnkardak;bnk pattern loading RtUv)aneRbIedayBicarNanUvlkxNxageRkam
- manEt 75% nbnkefremKuNTaMgmUlGacRtUv)aneRbIsMrab;karviPaK.
- m:Um:g;Bt;GviCmanGtibrmaenAkgkMralRtg;TMrRtUv)anTTYledaykardak;bnkEtelIkM
ralxNBIrEdlCab;Ka.
- m:Um:g;viCmanGtibrmaenAEk,rkNalElVgRtUv)anTTYledaykardak;bnkEtenAelIElVg
qas;.
- m:Um:g;KNnaminRtUvtUcCagm:Um:g;KNnaEdlekIteLIgedaykardak;bnkemKuNeBjelIkM
ral (ACI Code, Sectoion 13.7.6).
- m:Um:g;GviCmaneRKaHfak;RtUv)anBicarNaeGaymanGMeBIenARtg;pssrctuekaN benA
Rtg;ssrkaersmmUlEdlmanRkLapdUcKasMrab;muxkat;minEmnctuekaNEkg.
520
NPIC
T.Chhay
K> m:Um:g;niclPaBkMral-Fwm ACI CodekMNt;fakarERbRbYlm:Um:g;niclPaBtamGkSbeNay

ssr nigFwmkMralRtUv)anykmkKitkgkarviPaKeRKag. tMbn;eRKaHfak;sitenAcenaHExS
GkSssr nigpssr/ bracket b capital. tMbn;enHRtUv)anBicarNaCamuxkat;Rkas;nkM
ralxN. edIm,IBicarNakMBs;dFMrbs;ssr nigkarkat;bnyTTwg\TiBlrbs;vaEdlCab;nwg
FwmkMral ACI Code, Section 13.7.3.3kMNt;fam:Um:g;niclPaBrbs;FwmkMralrvagGkS
ssr nwgpTMrRtUv)ansnt;esInwgFwmkMralenARtg;pssredayEcknwgtMl (1 c2 l2 )2
Edl c2 CaTTwgssrkgTisedATTwg nig l2 CaTTwgrbs;FwmkMral. RkLaprbs;muxkat;
TaMgmUlGacRtUv)aneRbIedIm,IKNnam:Um:g;niclPaBrbs;FwmkMral.
X> m:Um:g;niclPaBrbs;ssr ACI Code, Section 13.7.4 bgajfam:Um:g;niclPaBrbs;ssr
RtUv)ansnt;faesIGnnBIpxagelIrbs;kMraleTA)atrbs; column capital bFwmkMral
rUbTI 17>37.
g> PaBrwgRkajrbs;ssr K ec RtUv)ankMNt;eday
1
1
1
=
+
!&>!&
K ec K c K t
Edl K c CaplbUkPaBrwgRkajrbs;ssrxagelI nigssrxageRkamenARtg;cugrbs;va
9 Ees C
Kt =
!&>!(
3
c
l 2 1 2
l2
x x 3 y
C = 1 0.63
y 3
!&>@0
c> m:Um:g;ssr enAkgkarviPaKeRKag m:Um:g;EdlkMNt;sMrab;ssrsmmUl enAcugxagelIssr

eRkamkMral nigenA)atssrelIkMralRtUv)aneRbIkgkarKNnassr.
q> m:Um:g;GviCmanenAelITMr ACI Code, Section 13.7.7 bgajfasMrab;ssrxagkg m:Um:g;GviC
manemKuNRtUv)anykenARtg;pssr bp capital b:uEnenAcMgayminFMCag 0.1175l1 BI
GkSssr. sMrab;ssrxageRkA m:Um:g;GviCmanemKuNRtUv)anykmkKitenARtg;muxkat;Edl
sitenABak;kNalcMgayrvagpssr nigEKmrbs;TMr. ssrmuxkat;mUlRtUv)anKitCassr
kaerEdlmanmuxkat;esIKa.
C> plbUkm:Um:g; RbBnkMralxNBIrTisEdleKarBtamkarkMNt;rbs;viFI direct design
method kGacRtUv)anviPaKedayviFI equivalent frame method . edIm,IFanafaviFITaMgBIr
521
NPIC
T.Chhay
pl;nUvlTpldUcKa ACI Code, Section 13.7.7 bgajfam:Um:g;EdlkMNt;edayviFI

equivalent frame method GacRtUv)ankat;bnyedaysmamaRtEdlplbUknm:Um:g;viCman
nigm:Um:g;GviCmanenAkgkarKNnaminRtUvFMCagm:Um:g;saTicsrub M o .
]TahrN_TI17>13
edayeRbIviFI equivalent frame method viPaKeRKagKMrUxagkgnRbBnkMral flate plate EdleGayenA

kg]TahrN_TI 17>3 EtkgTisedAEvg. RbBnkMralpSMeLIgedaykMralbYnkgTisedAnImYy Edl
kMralnImYymanTMhM 7.5 6m . kMralnImYyRtUv)anRTedayssrTMhM 50 50cm RbEvg 3.6m .
Service live load KW 3.8kN / m 2 Service dead load KW 6kN / m 2 edayrYmbBalTaMgTMgn;pal;
rbs;kMral. eKeGay f 'c = 21MPa / f y = 420MPa . FwmxagminRtUv)aneRbI. rUbTI 17>38
dMeNaHRsay
1> kMras;kMralxN 25cm RtUv)aneRCIserIs dUcEdlBnl;kg]TahrN_TI 17>3.

2> bnkemKuNKW wu = 1.2 6 + 1.6 3.8 = 13.28kN / m 2
pleFob Service dead load elI Service live load KW 3.8 / 6 = 0.63 < 0.75 . dUcenHeRKag
GacRtUvKNnaCamYynwgkarbnkemKuN wu eGaymanGMeBIRKb;kMralCMnYseGaykarBRgay
bnktamKMrUnkardak;bnk.
3> kMNt;PaBrwgRkajrbs;kMral K s
Ks = k
EI s
ls
522
NPIC
T.Chhay
Edl
CaemKuNPaBrwgRkaj nig
Is =
l 2 hs3 6 0.25 3
=
= 7.81 10 3 m 4
12
12
emKuNPaBrwgRkajGacRtUv)ankMNt;edayviFI column analogy method

EdlRtUv)anBnl;enAkgesovePAviPaKrcnasm<n (structural analysis).
edayKitfam:Um:g;niclPaBsMrab;kMral I s esInwg 1.0 dUckgrUb m:Um:g;niclPaBrvagGkSssr
nigpssrKW
1.0
c2
1
l2
1.0
500
6000
= 1.19
TTwgn analogous column ERbRbYlCamYy 1 / I dUcbgajenAkgrUbTI 17>38 b 1 / 1.19

= 0.84
emKuNPaBrwgRkajkMral k = l1 A1
Edl
Mc
I a
!&>#@
RkLapnmuxkat; analogous column

I a = m:Um:g;niclPaBrbs; analogous column
M = m:Um:g;EdlekItBIbnkktaenAsrsxageRkAbMputn analogous column
EdlenAGkSrbs;kMral.
Aa =
M = 1 .0
l1
2
Aa = 7 + 2 0.25 0.84 = 7 + 0.42 = 7.42

I a = I (for slab portion of 7m) + I (of end portion) about the centerline
2
73
0.250
Ia =
+ 0.42 3.75
= 34.1
12
2
edayecalm:Um:g;niclPaBnGgt;xIxagcugeFobnwgTIRbCMuTMgn;rbs;va.
75 3.75
emKuNPaBrwgRkaj k = 7.5 7.142 + 1 3.34
= 1.01 + 3.09 = 4.1
.1
emKuN carryover = 3.094.11.01 = 0.507
10
dUcenH PaBrwgRkajrbs;kMralxNKW K s = 4.1E 77..81
5
= 4.27 10 3 E
523
NPIC
T.Chhay
4> kMNt;PaBrwgRkajrbs;ssr/ K c
EI
K c = k ' c
lc
524
NPIC
T.Chhay
sMrab;ssrenABIelI nigBIeRkamkMral.
k ' = emKuNPaBrwgRkajrbs;ssr
l c = 3.6m
Ic =
0.5 4
= 5.2 10 3 m 4
12
emKuNPaBrwgRkaj k ' GacRtUv)ankMNt;dUcxageRkam

1 Mc
+
k ' = l c
Aa I a
sMrab;ssr c = lc / 2 nig M = 1.0(lc
2) = lc 2
Aa = l c hs = 3.6 0.25 = 3.35
(lc hs )3
3.353
= 3.133
12
12
1.8 1.8
1
k ' = 3.6
+
= 4.8
3.133
3.35
Ia =
K c = 4.8 E
5.2 10 3
2 = 0.0139 E
3.6
enAkg flat-plate floor system PaBrwgRkajrbs;ssr K c GacRtUv)anKNnaedaypal;

dUcxageRkam
3I c l c2
Kc
Ic
!&>##
=
+
3
(l h )
E
c
(lc hc )
5> KNnaPaBrwgRkajTb;karrmYl K t rbs;kMralenARtg;prbs;ssr
x x3 y
9 Rcs C
Kt =
C
=
1
0
.
63
ehI
y
3
y 3
c
l 2 1 2
lc
enAkg]TahrN_enH x = 250mm kMras;kMralxN nig y = 500mm TTWgssr

emIlrUbTI 17>17.
0.25 0.253 0.5
C = 1 + 0.63
= 3.42 10 3 m 4
0
.
5
3
Kt =
9 Ecs 3.42 10 3
0.5
61
= 6.66 10 3 E
sMrab;kMralxNBIrCab;Ka K t = 2 6.66 10 3 E = 13.32 10 3 E

6> KNnaPaBrwgRkajssrsmmUl/ K ec
525
NPIC
T.Chhay
1
1
1
1
1
=
+
=
+
K ec K c K t 0.0139 E 13.32 10 3 E
K ec = 6.8 10 3 E
7> emKuNEbgEckm:Um:g; (D.F)

- sMrab;tMNxageRkA
Ks
4.27 10 3
=
= 0.386
K s + K ec 4.27 10 3 + 6.8 10 3
K
D.F (columns) = ec = 0.614
K
D.F (slab) =
ssrxagelI nigssrxageRkamkMralxNmanPaBrwgRkajdUcKa dUcenH emKuNEbgEck

0.614 RtUv)anEckesIKarvagssrTaMgBIr EdlmYyTTYl)an D.F= 0.614 / 2 = 0.307 .
- sMrab;tMNxagkg
Ks
4.27 10 3
D.F (slab) =
=
= 0.278
K s + K ec 2 4.27 10 3 + 6.8 10 3
K
6.8 10 3
= 0.444
D.F (columns) = ec =
K 2 4.27 10 3 + 6.8 10 3
ssrmYyman D.F= 0.444 / 2 = 0.222 .

8> m:Um:g;cugbgb; edaysar L.L / D.L tUcCag 0.75 m:Um:g;emKuNTaMgmUlRtUv)ansnt;faman
GMeBIelIElVgTaMgGs;.
Fixed end moment = k"wu l 2(L1 ) 2
emKuN k" GacRtUv)ankMNt;eday column analogy method sMrab;bnkkta w = 1kN / m

enAelIbeNayElVg 7.5m daRkamm:Um:g;Bt;samBaRtUv)anbgajenAkgrUbTI 17>38 b .
RkLapnm:Um:g;Bt; edayBicarNabMErbMrYlm:Um:g;niclPaBtambeNayElVgKW
RkLapsrub ( Am ) = A1 + A2 + 2A3
=
emKuNm:Um:;g;bgb;cug =
2
1
7(7 0.91) + 7 0.91 + 2 0.25 0.910.84 = 34.98

3
2
Am
Aa l12
Edl Aa sMrab;kMralxNKW 7.42 dUcEdl)anKNnaenAkgCMhanTI 3.

k" =
34.98
7.42 7.5 2
= 0.0838
526
T.Chhay
NPIC
eyIgeXIjfaemKuNm:Um:g;bgb;cug k"= 0.0838 mantMlEk,rnwgemKuN 1 / 12 = 0.833 Edl

eRbICaTUeTAedIm,IKNnam:Um:g;bgb;rbs;Fwm. eK)anrMBwgTuknUvlTplenH edaysarEpknElVg
manm:Um:g;niclPaBERbRbYltUcenAkg flat plate EdlKan column capital b drop panel. enAkg
flat plate EdlmanpleFobElVgelITTwgssrFMCag 20 enaHeKGacykemKuNm:Um:g;bgb;cug
0.0833 mkeRbIedIm,IKNnam:Um:g;cugRbhak;RbEhl. m:Um:g;bgb;cug EdlbNalBI
wu = 13.28kN / m 2 = 0.0838 13.28 6 7.5 2 = 375.6kN.m
9> karEbgEckm:Um:g;GaceFVIeTA)ansMrab;Bak;kNaleRKag edaysarvamanlkNsIuemRTI. enA
eBlEdlm:Um:g;cugGviCmanRtUv)ankMNt;
m:Um:g;viCmanenAkNalElVgGacTTYl)anedaydktMlmFmnm:Um:g;cugGviCmanBIm:Um:g;viCmanFwmTMrsamBa. karEbgEckm:Um:g;RtUv)anbgajenAkgrUbTI 17>39. m:Um:g;Bt; nigkMlaMg
kat;TTwgcugeRkayRtUv)anbgajenAkgrUbTI 17>40.
10> kMralxNCagRtUv)anKNnasMrab;m:Um:g;GviCmanenARtg;pssrdUcbgajenAkgrUbTI 17>40.
527
T.Chhay
NPIC
]TahrN_TI17>14
edayeRbIviFI direct design method edIm,IKNnakMral flate slab xagkgEdlman drop panel edIm,IRT
bnkefr 8.6kN / m 2 nigbnkGefr11kN / m 2 . RbBnkMralpSMeLIgedaykMralcMnYn ^ kgTisnImYy
EdlkMralmYymanTMhM 6 5.4m . RKb;kMralTaMgGs;RtUv)anRTeday ssrEdlmanGgt;pit 0.4m
ehIy column capital manGgt;pit 1.0m . kMBs;Can;KW 3.0m . eKeGay f 'c = 28MPa nig
f y = 400MPa
528
T.Chhay
NPIC
dMeNaHRsay
1> RKb;karkMNt;rbs; ACI edIm,IeRbI direct design method RtUv)anbMeBj. kMNt;kMras;kMral

Gb,brma hs edayeRbIsmIkar !&>! nig !&>@. Ggt;pitrbs; column capital esInwg 1.0m .
529
NPIC
T.Chhay
muxkat;ssrkaersmmUlEdlmanRkLapesIKamanRCugesInwg
= 885mm b 900mm .
r 2 = (500)2
clear span (long direction) = 6.0 0.9 = 5.1m

clear span (short direction) = 5.4 0.9 = 4.5m
edaysarFwmminRtUv)aneRbI fm = 0 / s = 1.0 nig = 6 / 5.4 = 1.11 BItarag !&>!/

kMras;Gb,brma hs = ln / 33 = 5.1 / 33 = 155mm b:uEnedaysarman drop panel hs Gac
RtUv)ankat;bny 10% RbsinebI drop panel latsnwgcMgayy:agtic l / 6 kgTisnImYyBI
GkSrbs;TMr nigTMlak;cuHBIeRkamkMraly:agtic hs / 4 . dUcenH eRbIkMras;kMral hs = 0.9 155
= 140mm ehIyRbEvgbeNay nigTTwgrbs; drop panel KW
l1 6.0
=
= 2m
3
3
l
5 .4
Short direction = 2 =
= 1 .8 m
3
3
Long direction =
kMras;rbs; drop panel KW 1.25hs = 1.25 140 = 175mm . begInkMras;rbs; drop panel dl;
220mm edIm,Ipl;nUvkMras;RKb;RKan;sMrab;kMlaMgkat;pug nigedIm,IecosvagnUvkareRbInUvPaKry
EdkFM. TMhMTaMgGs;RtUv)anbgajenAkgrUbTI 17>41.
2> KNnabnkemKuN
wu = 1.2 8.6 + 1.6 11 = 28kN / m 2
3> RtYtBinitkMlaMgkat;BIrTis. dMbUgenAkg drop panel muxkat;eRKaHfak;enAcMgay d / 2 CMuvij

column capital. yk d = 220 30 = 190mm . Ggt;pitrbs;muxkat;rgkMlaMgkat;KW
1 + 0.19 = 1.19m
Vu = 286 5.4 1.19 2 = 876kN

4
1.19
bo = 2
= 3.74m
2
0.75 0.33
Vc = 0.33 f 'c bo d =
28 3740 190 = 930kN > Vu
1000
bnab;mkeTotepgpat;kMlaMgkat;BIrTisenAkgkMralxN. muxkat;eRKaHfak;KWsitenAcMgay
d / 2 BIeRkA drop panel
d (slab ) = 140 30 = 110mm
530
NPIC
T.Chhay
RkLapeRKaHfak; = (2 + 0.11)(1.8 + 0.11) = 4.03m 2

bo = 2(2.11 + 1.91) = 8.04m
Vu = 28(6 5.4 4.03) = 794kN
0.75 0.33
Vc =
28 8040 110 = 1158kN > Vu
1000
kMlaMgkat;mYyTismineRKaHfak;eT.
wu
28
l 2 l n21 =
5.4 5.12 = 491.6kN .m
8
8
w
28
= u l1l n22 =
6 4.5 2 = 425.2kN .m
8
8
M ol =
M os
edaysar l2 < l1 TTwgrbs;cMerokelIssrkgTisedAEvgKW 2(0.25 5.4) = 2.7m . TTwgcM

erokelIssrkgTisedAxIKW 2.7m . edaysnt;Ggt;pitEdk 12mm ehIyEdkkgTisedAxI
sitenABIelIEdkkgTisedAEvg enaHkMBs;RbsiTPaBkgTisedAxIKWtUcCagkMBs;RbsiTPaBkg
TisedAEvgRbEhl 10mm . tMlrbs; d nigdMeNIrkarKNnaRtUv)anbgajenAkgtarag
17>14. RbEvgGb,brmarbs;EdkEdl)aneRCIserIsRtUveKarBtamRbEvgtMrUvkarrbs; ACI
Code Edl)anbgajenAkgrUbTI 17>16. cMNaMfaPaKryEdkTaMgGs;tUcCag max .
dUcenH = 0.9 .
5> PaBrwgRkajrbs;ssrKW
l1
D.L 8.6
ratio
=
= 0.782
ehI
y
= 1.11
l
L.L 11
2
kMNt; min
viFIRbhak;RbEhlRtUv)aneRbIenATIenHedIm,IkMNt;PaBrwg Rkajrbs;ssrCamYynwg capital
rbs;va.
140 3
= 1372 10 6 mm 4
I s m:Um:g;niclPaBrbs;kMralkgTisxI = 6000
12
1
=
= 1.15
0.782 1.11
Ks =
Ic
4 Ec I s 4 E c 1372 10 6
=
= 1016 10 3 E c
l2
5400
sMrab;ssrmUlEdlmanGgt;pit 400mm =
Kc =
D 4
64
64
(400) 4
= 1257 10 6 mm 4
4 E c I c 4 Ec 1257 10
=
= 1676 10 3 E c
lc
3000
531
NPIC
T.Chhay
tarag 17>14 karKNnankMral flat plate xagkgEdlman drop panel

TisEvg
M o = 491.6 kN .m
M n = 0.65M o = 319.5kN .m
M p = +0.35 M o = +172.1kN .m
cMerokelIssr
cMerokkNal
emKuNm:Um:g;
0.75 M n
0.60 M p
0.25M n
0.40 M p
M u (kN .m)
-239.6
103.3
-79.9
68.8
190
110
110
110
2.7
2.7
2.7
2.7
( MPa)
2.46
3.16
2.44
2.10
PaKryEdk (%)
0.71
0.93
0.7
0.6
As = bd (mm 2 )
3642
2762
2079
1782
As (min) = 0.0018bhs (mm 2 )
1070
680
680
680
18DB16
14DB16
20DB12
16DB12
150
193
135
170
TTwgcMerok b(mm)
Ru =
Mu
bd 2
KMlat (mm)
M o = 425.2kN .m
M n = 0.65M o = 276.4kN .m
M p = 0.35M o = +148.8kN .m
TisxI
cMerokelIssr
cMerokkNal
emKuNm:Um:g;
0.75M n
0.60 M p
0.25M n
0.40 M p
M u (kN .m)
-207.3
89.3
-69.1
59.5
TTwgcMerok b(mm)
180
100
100
100
2.7
2.7
3.3
3.3
( MPa)
2.37
3.30
2.10
1.80
PaKryEdk (%)
0.69
1.00
0.60
0.50
As = bd (mm 2 )
3353
2700
1980
1650
As (min) = 0.0018bhs (mm 2 )
1070
680
680
680
18DB16
14DB16
18DB12
16DB12
150
195
185
205
Ru =
Mu
bd 2
KMlat (mm)
532
NPIC
T.Chhay
pleFobrvagPaBrwgRkajrbs;ssrnigPaBrwgRkajrbs;kMral
=
K c 1676 10 3
=
= 1.65
K s 1016 10 3
EdlFMCag min = 1.15 . RbsinebI I s kgTisEvgRtUv)aneRbI pleFobnPaBrwgRkajssr

elIPaBrwgRkajkMralEdl)anKNnanwgFMCag 1.65 . dUcenHssrKWRKb;RKan;.
6> kMNt; balanced moment enAkgssr nigRtYtBinitkugRtaMgkMlaMgkat;enAkgkMral dUc
Edl)anBnl;enAkg]TahrN_TI 17>8 nig 17>9.
533

Reinforced Concrete Khmer

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Reinforced Concrete Khmer

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NPIC

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kMralxNBIrTisenAelIFwm (two-way slab on beam) krNIenHekItmanenAeBlEdlkMral

kMralxNRbePTenHkRtUv)aneKeGayeQaHfa two-way ribbed slab system b hollowblock two-way ribbed system .

Choice of Concrete Floor Systems

RbBnkMralxNCaeRcInRbePTRtUv)aneRbIsMrab;GKarTUeTA dUcCa eKhdan kariyaly nigGKar

4> eKalKMnitkgkarKNna Design Concept

- karviPaK nonlinear analysis KitlkNbMlas;TIeRkambnkBitnkMralxNebtugGarem: enA

tamryrUbTI 17>5 a eyIgeXIjfacMerokkNalRtUv)anRTedaycMerokelIssr EdlbBan

TMhMncMerokelIssr nigcMerokkNslnImYyenAkgbnHkMralRtUv)ankMNt;eday ACI Code,

ssr esInwgmYyPaKbYnnTMhMbnHkMral l1 nig l2 mYyNaEdltUcCageK rYmbBalTaMgFwmRbsinebI

Minimum Slab Thickness to

tarag 17>1 kMras;kMralxNGb,brmaedayKanFwmxagkg

edayKan Drop Panel**

RbsinebIFwmminRtUv)aneRbI dUckgkrNI flat plate enaH f = 0 nig fm = 0 . smIkar ACI

Edk f y nigPaBrwgRkajTb;karBt;rbs;Fwm. enAeBlFwmEdlmanlkNrwgxaMgRtUv)aneRbI smIkar !&>!

RbsinebI drop panel RtUv)aneRbIenAkg flat slab kMras;kMralxNGb,brmaRtUv)anbnyeday

l n1 = 7500 500 = 7000mm

RbsinebIRKb;bnHkMralxNTaMgGs;eRbIkMras;dUcKa enaHeKGacyk hmin = 250mm .

]TahrN_17>2 RbBnkMralxNdUcbgajenAkgrUbTI 17>7 EdlpSMeLIgedaykMraltan; nigFwmenA

elITaMgBIrTisEdlRTedayssrkaerEdlmanRCug 500mm . edayeRbIsmIkar ACI Code kMNt;kMras;

1> edIm,IeRbIsmIkar !&>! fm RtUv)anKNnamun. dUcenH eKcaM)ac;kMNt; I b / I s nig f sMrab;

GkSr T RtUv)anbgajenAkgrUbTI 17>7 c . kMNt;TIRbCMuTMgn;rbs;muxkat;edayKitm:Um:g;eFob

b:uEn tMlenHminRtUvtUcCag h EdleGayedaysmIkar !&>@ fm > 2.0

ma:geTot hmin = 90cm .

Two-Way Slabs Supported on Beams

muxkat;eRKaHfak;rbs;kMralxNBIrTisEdlRTedayFwmKWsitenAcMgay d BIpnFwmTMr ehIy

edaybnat; 45o EdlKUsecjBIRCugEkg dUcbgajenAkgrUbTI 17>8. bnkenAelIpctuekaNBaynwg

kMlaMgkat;TTwgkgmYyktaTTwgrbs;kMralmantMlx<s;bMputenAcenaH E nig F tamTis

Edl Vud = wu l22 d

Two-Way Slabs Without Beams

nig flat slab KanFwmeT dUcenHkMralxNRtUv)anRTedayssredaypal;. sMrab;kM

. lTPaBTb;kMlaMgkat;TTwgnmuxkat;ebtugKW Vc = f 'c bd / 6 . RbePTTIBIrn

Edl s esI 40 sMrab;ssrxagkg/ esI 30 sMrab;;ssrxag nigesI 20 sMrab;ssrkac;RCug.

Two-Way Slabs Without Beams

enAkgRbBnkMralxN flat plate nig flat slab kMras;kMralxNEdl)aneRCIserIsGacnwgmin

!> pleFob v rvagPaBrwgRkaj Es I rbs;d shearhead nigPaBrwgRkajnmuxkat;EdleRbH

ACI Code, Eq. 11.37

kareRbIEdkkMlaMgkat;enAkg flat plate kat;bnykMras;kMralxN nigenAEtrkSaPaBrabesI

Slabs by the Direct Design Method

CaviFIRbhak;RbEhl (approximate method) RtUv)anbegIteLIgeday

Total Factored Static Moment

\LvRbsinebIFwm AB RTbnk W BIkMralxNEdlmanTTwg l2 Ekgnwg l1 enaH W = wu l2

(ACI Code, Eq. 13.3)

enAkgkMralxagkg m:Um:g;saTicsrub M o RtUv)anEbgEckenAkgm:Um:g;BIr m:Um:g;viCman M p enA

nigbnkRbhak;RbEhlesIKa dUcenHtMNxagkgKanmMurgVilFMeT. elIsBIenHeTot m:Um:g;mantMl

eRkACaTmrsamBa dUckgkrNIkMralxNenAelICBaaMg rUbTI 17>13 m:Um:g;kMralenARtg;pCBaaMgesI

sMrab;RbBnkMral-ssr (slab-column floor system) tMNxageRkAmankarTb; (restraint) xH

elIkarsnt;fapleFob ec esInwgGnn. emKuNm:Um:g;enAkgCYrQrTI 3/ TI4 nigTI5 RtUv)anbegIt

taragTI 17>2 karEbgEckm:Um:g;enAkgbnHkMralxagcug

Transverse Distribution of Moment

Edl x nig y CaTTwg nigbeNayrbs;muxkat;ctuekaN. PaKrynm:Um:g;KNnanImYyEdl

17>3 eyIgGacemIleXIjfa enAeBlFwmminRtUv)aneRbI dUckgkrNI flat plate nig flat slab

tarag 17>3 PaKrynm:Um:g;tambeNayenAkgcMerokelIssr sMrab;bnHkMralxagkg (ACI

tarag 17>4 PaKrynm:Um:g;enAkgkMralxNxagkgBIrTisEdlKanFwm (

0.75( 0.65M o ) = 0.49 M o

0.25( 0.65M o ) = 0.16 M o

tarag 17>5> PaKrynm:Um:g;tambeNayenAkgcMerokelIssr sMrab;bnHkMralxageRkA (ACI

tarag 17>6> PaKrynm:Um:g;tambeNayenAkgcMerokelIssr nigcMerokkNal sMrab;pleFob

BItarag 17>6 eyIgeXIjfaenAeBlEdlFwmxagminRtUv)aneRbIsMrab;kMralxageRkA t = 0

8>5> karpl;rbs; ACI sMrab;\TiBlrbs;KMrUnkardak;bnk ACI Provisions for Effects

enAkgrcnasm<nCab; m:Um:g;Bt;FGtibrma nigGb,brmaenARtg;muxkat;eRKaHfak;RtUv)anTTYl

TaMgGs; nwgminbegItm:Um:g;Bt;viCman bm:Um:g;Bt;viCmanGtibrmaeT.m:Um:g;Gtibrma nigGb,brma