Line Protection

Protection Coordination
Serge Beauzile
Chair IEEE FWCS
Ch i P & E S i t Chair Power & Energy Society
serge.beauzile@ieee.org
June 10 2014 June, 10, 2014
8:30 -12:30
Florida Electric Cooperatives Association Florida Electric Cooperatives Association
Clearwater, Florida
Seminar Objective
Distribution Circuit Protection
Fuse to Fuse Coordination
Recloser to Fuse Coordination
Breaker to Recloser Coordination
Transmission Line Protection
Distance Protection Distance Protection
Pilot Protection Schemes
Current Differential Protection Current Differential Protection
2
IEEE/ FECA Protection Coordination June 2014 Serge Beauzile
Art & Science of System Protection
Not an exact science, coordination
schemes will vary based on: schemes will vary based on:
Company Philosophy Company Philosophy
Protection engineer preference
System requirements
3
C di ti D i Coordinating Devices
Basic concept: All protective devices are able to Basic concept: All protective devices are able to
detect a fault do so at the same instant.
If h d i th t d f lt t d If each device that sensed a fault operated
simultaneously, large portions of the system
would be de-energized every time a fault needed g y
to be cleared. This is unacceptable.
A properly designed scheme will incorporate time A properly designed scheme will incorporate time
delays into the protection system, allowing
certain devices to operate before others.
4
Timing of device operation is verified using time Timing of device operation is verified using time-
current characteristics or TCCs device
response curves plotted on log-log graph paper.
Devices have inverse TCCs. They operate quickly for
large magnitude overcurrents, and more slowly g g , y
for lower-magnitude overcurrents.
Operating time is plotted on the vertical axis and Operating time is plotted on the vertical axis, and
current magnitude is plotted on the horizontal
scale.
5
100
Four different TCCs
h th
10
are shown on the
left. Device D is
the fastest to
1
T
i
m
e

i
n

S
e
c
o
n
d
s
operate, and device
A is the slowest.
25
0.1
A
B
C
D
For a given current
value, the operating
ti b f d
.25 sec
1
0
,
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
1
0
1
0
0
0.01
1
0
0
,
0
0
0
D
time can be found.
3 kA
Current in Amperes
6
Coordinating Devices g
In this example,
A l l
100
Device A is clearly
faster than Device B
for low (400-700 A)
10
Uncertain
Coordination
( )
fault currents.
Device B is clearly
T
i
m
e

i
n

S
e
c
o
n
d
s
1
Device B is clearly
faster for high
(>1000 A) fault
t b t i th
0.1
A
currents, but in the
700-1000 A region,
timing is uncertain.
1
0
0
1
0
0.01
1
0
0
,
0
0
0
1
0
,
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
B
g
1
Current in Amperes
7
Coordinating Devices
Expulsion Fuse to Expulsion Fuse Expulsion Fuse to Expulsion Fuse
100
Minimum Melt
10
Average Melt + tolerance
1
T
i
m
e

i
n

S
e
c
o
n
d
s
Total Clear
0.1
Average Melt + tolerance
+ arcing time
Curves are developed at 25C
1
0
0
1
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
,
0
0
0
0
,
0
0
0
0.01
Curves are developed at 25C
With no preloading
1
0 1
Current in Amperes
8
100
In this example, the red
10
TCCs represent the
downstream (protecting)
fuse, and the blue TCCs
1
T
i
m
e

i
n

S
e
c
o
n
d
s
represent the upstream
(protected) fuse.
0.1
The protected fuse
should not be damaged
by a fault in the
1
0
0
1
0
1
0
0
0
,
0
0
0
,
0
0
0
0.01
y
protecting fuses zone of
protection.
1
1
0
0
,
1
0
,
Current in Amperes
9 IEEE/ FECA Protection Coordination June 2014 Serge Beauzile
100
Four factors need to be
10
considered:
1. Tolerances.
1
T
i
m
e

i
n

S
e
c
o
n
d
s
2. Ambient
temperature.
0.1
p
3. Preloading effects.
1
0
0
1
0
1
0
0
0
0
,
0
0
0
0
,
0
0
0
0.01
4. Predamage effects.
1
1
0
0
1
0
Current in Amperes
10
100
Consideration of these
10
four factors can be
quite involved.
1
T
i
m
e

i
n

S
e
c
o
n
d
s
Practically, the 75%
Method can be used:
the maximum clearing
0.1
g
time of the protecting
link shall be no more
than 75% of the
1
0
0
1
0
1
0
0
0
,
0
0
0
,
0
0
0
0.01
minimum melting time
of the protected link.
1
1
0
0
1
0
Current in Amperes
11
100
Minimum melting time of
10
protected link at 5 kA is
0.3 seconds.
1
T
i
m
e

i
n

S
e
c
o
n
d
s
Total clearing time of the
protecting link at 5 kA is
0.22 seconds.
0.1
0.22 < 0.3 75% = 0.225,
so coordination is
1
0
0
1
0
1
0
0
0
0
,
0
0
0
0
,
0
0
0
0.01
assured for current
magnitudes 5 kA.
1
0
0
1
0
Current in Amperes
12
Utility Distribution Feeders y
Multiple Feeder Segments
Segments are defined as sectionalizable pieces of a
feeder that can be automatically or manually
separated from the rest of the feeder separated from the rest of the feeder.
Segments are delineated by reclosers, fuses,
sectionalizers or switches sectionalizers or switches.
Two primary concerns: number of customers per
d l segment and time to isolate segment.
13
Utility Distribution Feeders y
Number of Customers per Segment
The number of customers per segment has a major
impact on reliability indices.
As the number of segments per feeder increases,
reliability can also be adversely impacted, and y y p
construction cost will increase.
A ti i t t b ht t d t i th An optimum point must be sought to determine the
best segment size.
14
Utility Distribution Feeders Utility Distribution Feeders
Present and Future Load Requirements
Even the best load forecasts are full of errors.
You must continuously monitor your fuse
coordination due changes in the load. coordination due changes in the load.
It is impossible to predict everything, so versatility is
the key.
15
Coordination Goal
1. Maximum Sensitivity.
2. Maximum Speed.
3. Maximum Security.
4. Maximum Selectivity.
16
Basic Coordination Strategy gy
1. Establish a coordination
pairs.
2. Determine maximum load
of each segment and the
pickup of all delayed
overcurrent devices.
3. Determine the pickup
current of all instantaneous current of all instantaneous
overcurrent devices, based
on short-circuit studies.
4 D t i i i 4. Determine remaining
overcurrent device
characteristics starting
from the load and moving to g
the source.
17
18
19
20
21
22
Fuse Peak Load Capability
IEEE/ FECA Protection Coordination June 2014 Serge Beauzile 23
24
25
26
27
28
Fuse Blow Vs. Fuse Save Fuse Blow Vs. Fuse Save
Fuse Blow
Eliminates Instantaneous trip of the breaker or recloser Eliminates Instantaneous trip of the breaker or recloser
(1st) by having the fuse blow for all permanent and
temporary faults.
Minimizes momentary interruptions and increases SAIDI Minimizes momentary interruptions and increases SAIDI.
Improves power quality but decreases reliability.
Fuse Save Fuse Save
Minimizes customer interruption time by attempting to
open the breaker or recloser faster than it takes to melt the
fuse fuse.
This saves the fuse and allows a simple momentary
interruption.
29
Fuse Blow
FUSE is BLOWN
Lateral experiences Lateral experiences
sustained interruption
30
Fuse Blow Fuse Blow
Used primarily to minimize momentary
interruptions (reduces MAIFI)
Increases interruption duration (SAIDI)
Very successful in high short circuit areas
More suitable for industrial type
customers having very sensitive loads
31
Fuse Save
Entire Feeder trips
Momentary occurs
FUSE is SAVED FUSE is SAVED
32
Fuse Save Fuse Save
Minimize customer interruption time
Reduce SAIDI Reduce SAIDI
Increase MAIFI
May not work in high short circuit areas May not work in high short circuit areas
Work well in most areas
Not suitable for certain industrial Not suitable for certain industrial
customers that cannot tolerate immediate
reclosing
Works best for residential and small
commercial customers
33
Both (Fuse Save & Fuse Blow) ( )
Many utilities use both schemes for a variety of
reasons reasons
Fuse Blow for high short circuit current areas
and Fuse Save where it will work.
Fuse Save on overhead and Fuse Blow on
underground taps.
Fuse Save on rural and Fuse Blow on urban Fuse Save on rural and Fuse Blow on urban
Fuse Save on stormy days and Fuse Blow on nice
days.
F S i it d F Bl Fuse Save on some circuits and Fuse Blow on
others depending on customer desires
34
Fast Bus Trip
IEEE/ FECA Protection Coordination June 2014 Serge Beauzile 35
SEL-351S SEL 351S
Protection and Breaker Control
Relay Relay
36
Modern Microprocessor Relay
Protection and Breaker Control Relay
Extremely versatile, many applications
Most commonly used on distribution feeders
Communicates with EMS system (DNP 3.0 Protocol)
Key element of Substation Integration
Provides many traditional features
Provides new capabilities
37
SEL-351S
Protection Features:
P f t l t 18 diff t t ti f ti Performs at least 18 different protection functions.
=
38
SEL-351S
Protection Features:
B U d lt (27) Bus Undervoltage (27)
Phase Overvoltage (59P)
G d O lt (59G) Ground Overvoltage (59G)
Sequence Overvoltage (59Q)
O f (81O) Overfrequency (81O)
Underfrequency (81U)
39
Modern Microprocessor Relay
Protection Features (continued):
Ph Di ti l O t (67P) Phase Directional Overcurrent (67P)
Ground Directional Overcurrent (67G)
S Di ti l O t (67Q) Sequence Directional Overcurrent (67Q)
Instantaneous Phase Overcurrent (50P)
I t t G d O t (50G) Instantaneous Ground Overcurrent (50G)
Instantaneous Sequence Overcurrent
(50Q) (50Q)
40
SEL-351S
Protection Features (continued):
Ti Ph O t (51P) Time Phase Overcurrent (51P)
Time Ground Overcurrent (51G)
Ti S O t (51Q) Time Sequence Overcurrent (51Q)
Directional Neutral Overcurrent (67N)
I t t N t l O t (50N) Instantaneous Neutral Overcurrent (50N)
Time Neutral Overcurrent (51N)
41
SEL-351S
Breaker Control Features:
S h i Ch k (25) Synchronism Check (25)
Automatic Circuit Reclosing (79)
TRIP/CLOSE Pushbuttons
Enable/Disable Reclosing Enable/Disable Reclosing
Enable/Disable Supervisory Control
42
SEL-351S
Other Features:
E t R ti d R di Event Reporting and Recording
Breaker Wear Monitor
St ti B tt M it Station Battery Monitor
High-Accuracy Metering
F lt L t Fault Locator
43
SEL-351S
44
Advantages of microprocessor relays Advantages of microprocessor relays
Extremely flexible
Have many different elements (UF, UV, Directionality, etc)
One relay can protect on zone of protection One relay can protect on zone of protection
Inexpensive and require much less maintenance
Alarm if they fails and dont need calibration
Provide fault information
Provide oscillography and SER data
Can provide analog data to SCADA
Disadvantages of microprocessor relays
Can be very complex to program due to given flexibility
R i t i i t R l T h i i Require more training to Relay Technicians
Require more training to Relay Engineers
45
Relays Relays
Basic relay settings:
Phase overcurrent elements must be set above maximum Phase overcurrent elements must be set above maximum
possible loads
Ground overcurrent elements must be set above maximum
anticipated unbalanced loads p
Must be coordinated with downstream protective devices
Under Frequency elements must be set according to the
predetermined set point
TAGGING
NORMAL mode 2 reclosing attempts g p
WORK mode HOT LINE TAG
COLD mode
46
Relay Curves Relay Curves
100
10
1
S
e
c
o
n
d
Moderately Inverse
Inverse
Very Inverse
0.1
d
s
Very Inverse
Extremely Inverse
0.01
0.1 1 10 100
Multiple of Pick Up Multiple of Pick Up
47
Very Inverse Curve Time Dial Very Inverse Curve Time Dial
100
0.29s
In this example
10
p
Multiple of Pickup = 3.
TD = 0 5 Time = 0 3s
1
S
E
C
O
N
D
S
TD=0.5
TD=2
TD=6
TD = 0.5 Time = 0.3s
TD = 2 Time = 1.1s
TD = 6 Time = 3.4s
TD = 15 Time = 7.0s
0.1
TD 6
TD=15
0.01
0.1 1 10 100
Multiples Of Pick Up Multiples Of Pick Up
48
Very Inverse Curve Time Dial Very Inverse Curve Time Dial
100
0.29s In this example,
Pi k 600 A
10
Pickup = 600 A.
Fault Current = 1800 A.
TD = 0.5 Time = 0.29s
1
S
E
C
O
N
D
S
TD=0.5
TD=2
TD=6
T 0.5 Time 0. 9s
TD = 2 Time = 1.16s
TD = 6 Time = 3.48s
TD = 15 Time = 8.72s
0.1
TD 6
TD=15
Pickup = 900 A.
Fault Current = 1800 A.
0.01
0.1 1 10 100
Multiples Of Pick Up
TD = 0.5 Time = 0.69s
TD = 2 Time = 2.78s
TD = 6 Time = 8.33s
TD = 15 Time = 20 8s
Multiples Of Pick Up
TD = 15 Time = 20.8s
49
Pickup Current of Delayed Ground OC Devices p y
Source Side Load Side
Single Phase to Ground Fault
Primary
Backup
IMU<IPU<I MIN Fault
g
IMU = Maximum Unbalance
50
Pickup Current of Delayed Phase OC Devices p y
Source Side Load Side
IML<IPU<Imin Fault Phase to Phase Fault
IML = Maximum Load
51
Typical Pickup Setting
TB > TR + CTI CTI = Coordination Time Interval (Typically 0.2-0.5sec)
Recloser Ct ratio 600:1 Breaker Ct ratio 240:1
IPU = 1 A IPU = 3.75 A
IPU Primary= 600 A
IPU Primary= 900 A
52
53
Trip Logic
TR OC + PB9 + 51P1T + 51G1T * (LT6 + LT7) + (50P3 + 50G3) * LT7 + (50P2 + 50G2) * SH1 TR = OC + PB9 + 51P1T + 51G1T * (LT6 + LT7) + (50P3 + 50G3) * LT7 + (50P2 + 50G2) * SH1
OC: OPEN COMMAND (SCADA TRIP)
PB9: FRONT PUSH BUTTON
51P1T: PHASE TIME OC ELEMENT
51G1T: GROUND TIME OC ELEMENT
LT6: TAGGING IS IN NORMAL MODE
LT7: TAGGING IS IN WORK MODE
50P2/50P3: PHASE INSTANTANEOUS OC ELEMENT
50G2/50G3: GROUND INSTANTANEOUS OC ELEMENT
SH1: RECLOSING SHOT #1 (FIRST RECLOSE ATTEMPT)
CTR = 600.0
INSTANTANEOUS ENABLED ONLY AFTER FIRST RECLOSE ATTEMPT
50P2P = 2.5 (1500 AMPS PRIMARY)
50G2P = 1 6 (960 AMPS PRIMARY) 50G2P 1.6 (960 AMPS PRIMARY)
INSTANTANEOUS ENABLED ONLY DURING WORK/HOT LINE TAG
50P3P = 1.35 (810 AMPS PRIMARY)
50G3P = 0 50 (300 AMPS PRIMARY) NORMAL UNBALANCE GROUND CURRENT ~20 TO 30 AMPS 50G3P = 0.50 (300 AMPS PRIMARY) NORMAL UNBALANCE GROUND CURRENT ~20 TO 30 AMPS
54
55
SEL-351S
History Summary (HIS Command)
Sample output:
58
SEL-351S
Sequence of Events Recording (SER) Sequence of Events Recording (SER)
59
SEL-351S
Metering Data (MET Command)
Sample output - Metering Data (MET):
60
SEL-351S
Sample output - Metering Demand (MET D):
61
SEL-351S
Sample output - Metering Energy (MET E):
62
SEL-351S
Sample output - Metering Max/Min (MET M):
63
DifferentialRelays
ProtectionofaDeltaWyeTransformer
I I I I I
A
B
a
b
I
a
52 52
I
b
I
a
I
b
I
a
I
a
I
a
I
b
I
b
I
c
I
a
I
b
I
b
I
c
I
a
B
C
b
c
52 52
I
c
I
b
I
c
I
c
I
a
I
b
I
c
I
b
I
c
I
c
I
a
I
c
I
a
I
b
I
c
I
a
I
b
I
a
I
b
R R
OP
OP
I
a
I
b
I I
I
c
I
a
I
b
I
c
R
R
R
R
OP
OP
I
c
I
a
I
b
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c
I
b
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c
I
c
I
a
Power System Protection -64- Ralph Fehr, Ph.D., P.E. October 28, 2013
R R
DistanceRelays y
ProtectionFeatures
Fourzonesof distanceprotection
Pilotschemes
Phase/Neutral/GroundTOCs
Phase/Neutral/Ground IOCs
Phase/Neutral/GroundIOCs
DistanceRelays y
ProtectionFeatures continued
NegativesequenceTOC
NegativesequenceIOC
PhasedirectionalOCs
NeutraldirectionalOC
NegativesequencedirectionalOC
Phaseunder andovervoltage
Powerswingblocking
Outofsteptripping
DistanceRelays
Control Features ControlFeatures
B k F il ( h / t l ) BreakerFailure(phase/neutralamps)
Synchrocheck
Autoreclosing
DistanceRelays
Metering Features MeteringFeatures
F lt L t FaultLocator
Oscillography
EventRecorder
DataLogger
Phasors/trueRMS/active,reactive
and apparent power, power factor andapparentpower,powerfactor
DistanceRelays
ZonesofProtection
Zone 2
X
Line Impedance (Line A)
Zone1
Zone2
1 2
3
LineImpedance(LineA)
Zone2
Z 3
1 2
3 1
LineA
A1 A2
Zone1
Zone3
3
4
1
2
Bus1 Bus2
Normal Load
DistanceRelay
atBus1
R
Zone1 fastest(80%ofline)
2
NormalLoad
toprotectLineA
Zone3
Zone2 slower(120%ofline)
Zone3(backwardsUseinPilot
Protectionforcurrent
4
Reversallogic)
Zone 3
Zone 2
Zone 2
Zone of Protection
t
Zone 1
Zone 1
Zone 2
t
t
t
1
2
4
3
Zone 1
Zone 1
Zone 1
Zone 3
Zone 2
Zone 2
Zone 3
Zone 1: Under reaches the remote line end Typically 0.7 Z1L to 0.9 Z1L
With no intentional time delay.
Z 2 O h th t li d T i ll 1 2 Z Zone 2: Over reaches the remote line end Typically 1.2 Z1L
with definite time delay.
Zone 3: Over reaches the longest adjacent line
i h d fi i i d l h Z 2 with definite time delay greater than Zone2.
70
Unconventional Zone 2 & Zone 3 Settings
Zone 2
Zone 1
Zone 2
t
Long Line
Short Line
Be Mindful when Applying General Rules
71
Step Distance Relay Coordination Exercise
Setting the relay at breaker 3 protecting Circuit 2.
Set the Zones of Protection.
The maximum expected load is about 600A.
CTR = 1200:5 or 240:1
PTR = 600:1
CTR 1200:5 or 240:1
PTR 600:1
72
Distance Relay Coordination Exercise
Circuit 2 & Circuit 5 Impedances Circuit 3 & Circuit 6 Impedances
Z1 = 35.11 83.97 primary
Z0 = 111.58 81.46 primary
Z1 = 17.56 83.72 primary
Z0 = 53.89 81.56 primary
Circuit 1& Circuit 4 Impedances
Z1 = 35.21 83.72 primary
Z0 = 187.80 81.56 primary
73
Distance Relay Coordination Exercise
Zone 1 Reach = 0.8 * (35.11 83.97) primary Zone 1 Reach = 28.09 83.97) primary
Z 2 R h 1 2 * (35 11 83 97) i Z 2 R h 42 13 83 97) i Zone 2 Reach = 1.2 * (35.11 83.97) primary
Check Zone 2 reach does not overreach = Circuit 2 Impedance + (Zone 1 of Circuit 3) or (Zone 1of Circuit 6).
General rule = protected Circuit Impedance + Zone 1 of the Shortest Circuit past the protected circuit.
Zone 2 Reach = 42.13 83.97) primary
p p p p
Check for Zone 2 Overreach = 35.11. + (0.8 * 17.56) = 49.16 primary
Zone 2 Reach = 42.13 < 49.16 no overreach
Zone 4 Reach = 52.55 83.35) primary Zone 4 Reach = (35.11 83.97) + (17.56 83.72) ( primary)
74
Primary / Secondary Impedance
Relay Input
75
Relay Input
Zone 1 Reach = 28.09 x 240 = 11.24 secondary
600
600
600
76
Overcurrent Supervision Setting Criteria
1) Find the lowest fault seen by relay 3
for a remote end bus (4 10 5 11)
Set above (maximum load) and 60% of min fault.
Zone 1 Phase Fault detector:
for a remote end bus (4, 10, 5, 11).
Zone 2 Phase Fault detector:
Set above (maximum load) and 60% of min fault.
1) Find the lowest fault seen by relay 3
for a remote end bus (6, 12). ( , )
Zone 4 Fault detector same as Zone 2
Repeat same process for Ground Fault detector.
77
Current Infeed
IL =0.5 A
ZL =2
IR =1 A
ZR =1
IT =0.5 A
ZT =1
Actual Impedance from L to the Fault is 3
Apparent Impedance = EL
I L
Apparent Impedance = ( IL x ZL) + (IR x ZR)
IL
Apparent Impedance = 4
78
Thank You Thank You
79

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