ACI - Rectangular Tanks 2010

UWU/Civil&EnvironmentalEngineeringCVNG3016DesignofEnvironmentalEngineeringSystems 2010
1

CVNG 3016 DESIGN OF ENVIRONMENTAL SYSTEMS

TOPIC: Design of Reinforced Concrete Liquid Retaining Structures
LECTURER: Dr.WilliamWilson
DESIGNOFREINFORCEDCONCRETETANKS(ACI318/ACI350)

Recommended Reading:
A. Codes
1. ASCE7-05 - Minimum Design Loads for Buildings and other Structures
2. ACI 318-06 Building Code requirements for Reinforced Concrete
3. ACI 350R 06 Environmental Engineering Concrete Structures.

B. Technical Literature
1. Munshi, Javeed A. Rectangular Concrete Tanks (Rev. 5
th
Ed.), Portland Cement
Association, 1998.
2. Portland Cement Association, 1992. Underground Concrete Tanks
3. Portland Cement Association, 1993. Circular Concrete Tanks without prestressing
RECTANGULARTANKS
DesignConsiderations
Flexure bendinginwallsandbase

Shear - wall-to-base, wall-to-wall junctions

Tension - horizontal tension in walls, base

Deflection vertical/ horizontal deflections of wall

Cracking - thermal, flexural, tension cracks

Flotation - when base is located below water table level

Base Fixity - (i) Fixed (ii) Pinned
LoadingConditions
Condition 1 - Internal Water Pressure only (before backfilling, i.e. leakage test)
Condition 2 - External Earth Pressure only (before filling tank)
Condition 3 - Tank full and Soil backfilled (resistance provided by soil is ignored)

in reality neither of these
conditions may actually exist
Both may need to be investigated

2

M (-)
M
M M (-)
F
t
F
t
F
t

F
t
F
v
F
v
F
v
F
v
(shear)
+
-
(b) Vertical Forces
(a) Liquid pressure in Tank
(c) Horizontal Forces
F
v
F
v
F
v
F
v
M (+)
Moments
pinned base
fixed base
FIGURE 1 FORCES IN RECTANGULAR TANK WALLS

3

STRENGTHDESIGNMETHOD

Basic Requirement:

Design Strength Required Strength

(Nominal Strength) U

n
R U

(ACI 318 Sect. 9.2) U = 1.4 (D + F) (2.1)

(ACI 350 cl. 2.6.5) U = 1.7 (D + F) (2.2)

D = dead load
F = liquid pressure

Sanitary Durability Factors - ACI 350 applies sanitary durability factors (based on crack width
calculations) to obtain the Required Strength

Required Strength = Sanitary Coefficient x U

U
r
= C
s
x U (2.3)

Sanitary Coefficients are:
C
s
= 1.3 (bending)
C
s
= 1.65 (direct tension / hoop tension)
C
s
= 1.3 (shear beyond shear capacity of concrete stirrup design)
C
s
= 1.0 (concrete shear)

Strength Design Requirements
(a) Flexural Reinforcement

Design Strength 1.3U

M
n
1.3(1.4M
D
+ 1.7 M
L
+1.7 M
F
) (2.4)

(b) Direct Tension Reinforcement

Design Strength 1.65U

N
n
1.65(1.4N
D
+ 1.7N
L
+1.7N
F
) (2.6)


4

(c) Stirrup Shear Reinforcement

Design Strength 1.3 (V
c
- V
c
)

V
s
1.3 (V
u
- V
c
) (2.7)

(d) Concrete Shear and Compression Reinforcement

Design Strength 1.0 U

V
n
1.0V
u
(2.8)

(e) Minimum reinforcement (ACI 318-05 cl. 10.5)

3
c
w
s, min w
y y
f
b d
A b d 200
f f
=

(2.9)

(f) Minimum cover = 2 in.

(g) Minimum thickness for walls over 10 ft. high = 12 ins.

Serviceability for Normal Sanitary Exposure (ACI 350, cl. 2.6.6)

Crack Control

Maximum Design crack width
Severe exposure = 0.010 in.
Aesthetics = 0.008 in.

Crack width calculation is based on the following equation:

3
s c
z=f d A

(2.10)

Where,

Z is a quantity limiting distribution of flexural reinforcement
(ACI 350 limits)
z 115 kips/in (crack width = 0.010 in)
z 95 kips/in (crack width = 0.008 in)

Concrete sections with t 24 use
minimum temperature and
shrinkage reinforcement at each
face based on 12 thickness.
Size of rebar #11
Max. spacing of rebar 12
Minimum cover in tank walls = 2

5

f
s
= calculated stress in reinforcement at service loads, ksi
d
c
= concrete cover to centroid of closest rebar
A = effective area of concrete surrounding flexural reinforcement with same
centroid divided by the number of bars, in
2
.

The maximum spacing it given by,
3
w 2 3
c s
Z
b
2d f
=

(2.11)

t
b
w
d
c
A= 2d
c
b
w
Fig. 1.0 - Calculation of A

6

EXAMPLE 1 RectangularTank

Design Data

Weight of Liquid, w = 70 lbs/ft
3

Weight of Soil,
s
= 100 lbs/ft
3

k
a
= 0.3
'
c
f = 4000 psi
f
y
= 60,000 psi
Wall thickness, t = 18 in.
Base slab projection beyond wall = 2.5 ft.
Water pressure at base, p = wa = 70 x 10 = 700 lbs/ft
2

Longitudinal Section
Cross Section
Plan
30'-0
2
0
'
-
0

20'-0
1
0
'
-
0

3
5
0
2.5'
Fig. E1 Plan and sections of Tank
30'-0

7

DesignforVerticalBendingMoments

Wall considered fixed at base and free at top

Using PCA Charts to calculate moments (Table 3-29: case 3 Long side)
Ratio of length/height = b/a = 30/10 = 3.0 (long side)
Ratio of width/height = c/a = 20/10 = 2.0 (short side)

M
x
= C
Mx
x pa
2
/1000
= C
Mx
x 700 x 10
2
/ 1000
= C
Mx
x 70 ft-lbs
= C
Mx
x 0.84 in-kips

For sanitary structures - M
u
= Sanitary coef x 1.7 x M

M
ux
= 1.3 x 1.7 x M
x
M
ux
= 1.3 x 1.7 x C
Mx
x 0.84 in-kips
= 1.86 x C
Mx

Maximum positive moment at 0.7 a (C
Mx
= +10) M
ux
= +18.6 kips-in
Maximum negative moment at bottom (C
Mx
= -129) M
ux
= -239.9 kips-in

Assuming No. 5 bars at 12in. c/c
Cover = 2 in.
Wall thickness = 18 in.

d = 18 2 5/16 = 15.7 in. (d
b
= 5/8 in.)
M = + 18.6 kips-in
M = - 239.9 kips-in
Fig E2 Vertical Moments at mid-length
a = 10'
V = 3500 lbs

8

(From Appendix A) = 0.023

'
2 c
s
y
f 4
A =bd 0.023x12x15.7x 0.29in
f 60
= =

Checkminimumsteel (ACI 318-05 cl. 10.5)

'
3 3
c 2
smin w
y
f
4000
A = b d= x12x15.7=0.595in
f 60000

200 b
w
d/f
y

2 w
y
200b d 200x12x15.7
= = =0.628in
f 60,000
(governs)

(ACI 318 -05 cl. 10.5.3) Use 4/3 of A
s
required by analysis

A
s
= 4/3 x 0.29 = 0.39in
2

Provide No. 5 @ 9 in c/c on inside face (A
s
=0.41 in
2
)

DesignforHorizontalBendingMoments

Fig. E3- Horizontal Forces (un-factored) at mid-height of tank)
NB: Shear Forces calculations on Page 9 below
+35.93 in-kip
+35.93
1890 lbs
1890 lbs
-65.6 in-kip
-65.6 -65.6
-65.6
2590 lbs
2590
1890 1890

1890
2590
2590
2
5
9
0

2
5
9
0

1890
( )
2
2
c
M 239.9
=0.0225
f bd 0.9x4x12x 15.7

=

9

(a) At Corner - Horizontal Moment Steel

M
uy
= 1.3 x 1.7 x 65.66

M
uy
= 145.1 in-kips

u
1 2 2
c
M 145.1
= =0.0136
f bd 0.9x4x12x15.7

(From Appendix A)

= 0.014

'
2 c
s
y
f 4
A =bd =0.014x12x15.7x =0.18in
f 60

(b) Steel required for Direct Tension in Long Wall

Factored tension N
u
= 1.65 x 3213 = 5301 lbs/ft width

2 u
s
y
N 5301
A = = =0.1in
0.9f 0.9x60,000

Direct tension steel is equally distributed on inside and outside faces of wall.

Total steel required on inside face =
2
0.1
0.18+ =0.23in
2

2 w
s,min
y
200b d
A = =0.625in
f
(governs)

4/3 of A
s
required by analysis = 4/3 x 0.23 = 0.31 in
2

Provide No.5 @ 12 in (A
s
= 0.31 in
2
) horizontal steel on inside face of long walls.


10

(c) Horizontal steel near centre of outside face of wall

Design for M = 40.91 in-kips

(d) CrackControl - Check Maximum Spacing of bars

Maximum un-factored moment
( )
239.9
M= =108.6in-kips
1.7x1.3

Stress in steel reinforcement

s
s
M
f =
A jd

A
s
= 0.41 in
2
/ft d = 15.7 in

( )
29,000
n= = 8
57 4000

( )
0.41
0.00218
12 x 15.7
= =
( )
2
2 0.17 k n n n = + =

j = 1 k/3 = 0.94

s
108.6
f = =17.95ksi
0.41x0.94x15.7

( )
3
max
2 3
c s
z
s =
2xd xf

d
c
= cover + 2 0.313=2.313in
2
= +
z = 115 kips/in

f
s
= 17.95 ksi

3
max
2 3
115
s = =24.6in>9in
2x2.313 x17.95
OK


11

DesignforShearForces

Using PCA Charts to calculate moments (Table 2-17: CASE 3 Long side)
Ratio of length/height = b/a = 30/10 = 3.0 (long side)
Ratio of width/height = c/a = 20/10 = 2.0 (short side)

Shear, V = C
s
x p x a

(a) Check Shear at bottom of Wall

Maximum shear at bottom of long wall,

V = 0.50 x 700 x 10 = 3500 lbs

u
V =1.7x3500=5950 lbs

Since tensile force from adjacent wall is small

'
c c
V =2 f bd
=2 4000x12x15.7 = 23,831 lbs

V 0.85 x 23,831= 20,256lbs > 5950 lbs

c
=

OK
(b) Check Shear at side edge of long wall

V = 0.37 x 700 x 10 = 2590 lbs
V
u
= 1.7 V = 1.7 x 2590 = 4403 lbs

Wall subjected to simultaneous tensile force due to shear in short side wall;
(ACI 318 cl.11.3.2.3) gives allowable shear as:

' u
c c
g
N
V =2 1+ f bd
500A

N
u
= tension in long wall due to shear in short wall.

Shear in short side wall V = 0.27 x 700 x 10 = 1890 lbs.

12

N
u
= -1.7 x 1890 = -3213 lbs

A
g
= 18 x 12 = 216 in
2

1
c c
-3213
V =2 1+ f bd
500x216
=1.94 4000x12x15.7 = 23,116 lbs

c
V 0.85 x 23,116 = 19,649 lbs > 4403 lbs =

OK

(e) ShrinkageandTemperatureReinforcement

Assuming the walls will be in one pour of 30 ft long.

Minimum Temperature and Shrinkage reinforcement

(Fig 1-2)
st
A
=0.0033
bh

2
st
1
A = x12x18=0.356in
2
(No. 5 @ 10)
< 0.41 in
2
(No. 5 @ 9) OK

SummaryofReinforcement

Inside face vertical No. 5 @ 9 in
Outside face vertical No. 5 @ 10 in (Use No. 5 @ 9 in for consistency)
Inside face horizontal No. 5 @ 12 in
Outside face horizontal No. 5 @ 12 in


13

BASESLABDESIGN

Design as a 2-way spanning slab, simply supported at edges.

Assume that the pressure beneath the slab is uniform and is generated by the weight
of the walls spread over entire area.

Unit weight of concrete = 150 lbs/ft
3

30'
1
2

1
0
'

P
3500 lbs
k
3500 lbs
2500 lbs
2500 lbs M
ls
= 8497 ft-lb
M
ss
= 15,413 ft-lb
Vls
V
s
=

4150 lbs
Fig E4 Forces on Base Slab

14

( ) ( ) ( )
( )
2
Wall Dead load 150 2 x 1.5 x 10 x 30 + 0.75 + 20+0.75 = 231,750 lbs
Factored DL = 1.4(231,750) = 324,450 lbs
324,450
= 509 lbs/ft
30.75 x 20.75
p
=
=

Using PCA Tables
M
ss
(short span) = 78 x 509 x 20
2
/1000 = 15,881 ft-lb = 191 in-k
M
ls
(long span) = 43 x 509 x 20
2
/ 1000 = 8755 ft-lb = 105in-k
V
ss
= 0.24 x 509 x 20 = 2443 lbs = 2.4 k
V
ls
= 0.42 x 509 x 20 = 4276 lbs = 4.3 k
F
t
(long span) = 0.4 x 700 x 10 = 2800 lbs

Design of Short Span

Assume slab thickness, h = 12 ins.
For #6 bars and 2 cover
d = 12 2 0.75/2 = 9.625 ins.

Short Span

(a) Mid-span Moment Steel
(NB: ACI 350 is silent on use of sanitary coefficient for slabs, but we will apply
same here)

M
uy
= 1.3 x 191

M
uy
= 248.3 in-kips

u
' 2 2
c
M 248.3
= = 0.062
f bd 0.9 x 4 x 12 (9.625)

(From Appendix A)

3.5 k
191 in-k
2.4k
1
2


15

= 0.064

'
2 c
s
y
f 4
A =bd =0.064 x 12 x 9.7x = 0.49in
f 60

(b) Steel required for Direct Tension in short span

Factored tension N
u
= 1.65 x 3500 = 5775 lbs/ft width

2 u
s
y
N 5775
A = = =0.11in
0.9f 0.9x60,000

Direct tension steel is equally distributed on inside and outside faces of slab.

Total steel required on top face =
2
0.11
0.49+ =0.55 in
2

( )
2 w
s,min
y
200 12 x 9.7
200b d
A = = = 0.39 in
f 60000

4/3 of A
s
2

Provide No.6 @ 7 in crs. (A
s
= 0.75 in
2
) steel on top face of slab in short
direction.

(c) Long Span
M
uy
= 1.3 x 105 in-kips

M
uy
= 136.5 in-kips

d = 12 -2 -0.625- 0.625/2 = 9.0625

u
1 2 2
c
M 136.5
= = 0.0385
f bd 0.9 x 4 x 12 x 9.0625

(From Appendix A)

= 0.039


16

'
2 c
s
y
f 4
A =bd =0.039 x 12 x 9.0625x = 0.283 in
f 60

Steel required for Direct Tension in long span

Factored tension N
u
= 1.65 x 2800 = 4620 lbs/ft width

2 u
s
y
N 4620
A = = =0.085in
0.9f 0.9x60,000

Direct tension steel is equally distributed on inside and outside faces of slab.

Total steel required on top face =
2
0.085
0.283+ =0.326 in
2

( )
2 w
s,min
y
200 12 x 9.7
200b d
A = = = 0.39 in
f 60000
(governs)
4/3 of A
s
2

Provide No.5 @ 8 in crs

(b) Check Shear at side edge of long span

V = 4276 lbs
V
u
= 1.0 V = 4276 lbs

Wall subjected to simultaneous tensile force (ACI 318 cl.11.3.2.3) gives allowable
shear as:

' u
c c
g
N
V =2 1+ f bd
500A

N
u
= 3500 lbs

A
g
= 12 x 12 = 144 in
2


17

'
c c
-3500
V =2 1+ f bd
500 x 144
=1.90 4000x12 x 9.7= 14,008 lbs

c
V 0.85 x 14,008 = 11,907 lbs > 4276 lbs =

OK

(e) ShrinkageandTemperatureReinforcement

Assuming the walls will be in one pour of 30 ft long.

Minimum Temperature and Shrinkage reinforcement

(Fig 1-2)
st
A
=0.0033
bh

2
st
1
A = x 0.0033x12x12=0.238 in
2
< 0.73 in
2

OK

Summary of Reinforcement

Top face short direction (mid-span) No. 6 @ 7 in crs
Top face short direction (edges) No. 5 @ 7 in crs (for consistency)
Top face - long direction (mid-span) No. 5 @ 7 in (for consistency)
Bottom face - both direction (edges) No. 5 @ 7 in
Bottom face both direction (mid-span) No. 5 @ 12 in


18

RectangularTank

Dr. William Wilson
17 March 2010

No. 5 @ 12 in. c/c
No. 5 @ 9 in. c/c
No. 5 @ 10 in c/c
No. 5 @ 10 in c/c
Section showing Reinforcement Details for Rectangular Tank
No. 5 @ 12 in. c/c
No. 6 @ 7 in. c/c
No. 5 @ 7 in. c/c
No. 5 @ 7 in. c/c both ways
Water stop
Water
stop

ACI - Rectangular Tanks 2010

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UWU/Civil&EnvironmentalEngineeringCVNG3016DesignofEnvironmentalEngineeringSystems 2010

V 0.85 x 23,831= 20,256lbs > 5950 lbs

(b) Check Shear at side edge of long wall

(b) Check Shear at side edge of long span

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