Sybase Session 1 Document

SYBASE SESSION – 1 DOCUMENT
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Introduction
 DATABASE
 DBMS Vs RDBMS
 TYPES OF RDBMS
 COMPARISION WITH OTHER DATABASE
 TOOLS IN SYBASE
 GETTING STARTED WITH SYBASE
 FEATURES OF SYBASE
 Basic Commands in Sybase
 Data Types
 Constraints
 Indexes
 Queries
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Database
 Collection of data
 It a structure for storing information.
 They are typically organized into tables, having collections of records
 You may think of a table as a collection of columns and rows.
 For example, a table named Employee might contain the EmpID, Empname,
Empsalary, Emp desigination and other information about that employee.
 Each row is called a data record and each column is called a record field.
Relational Database
 A relational database is a database that conforms to the relational
model, and refers to a database's data and schema (the database's
structure of how that data is arranged).
DBMS stands for Database Management System.

 It is a collection of interrelated data and a set of program to access the
data.
 The main objective is to provide a convenient environment to retrieve
and store the data from the database.
RDBMS stands for Relational Database Management System.
 It is a software program used to create the database and it allows you to
enter, manipulate, and retrieve data
 RDBMS also structured in database tables, fields and records.
 Most RDBMS use SQL as database query language.
Difference between DBMS and RDBMS

 Both are used to organize data and provide retrieval of data.
 DBMS permits only one person to access the database at a given time, on
the other hand RDMS allows many users simultaneous access to the
database.
 RDBMS leads DBMS
 Security wise
 Used in large organizations to store large amount of data.
 It has quick retrieval mechanisms.
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What is SYBASE?
 It is database server developed by Sybase Corp. Which was Architect by
Dr.Robert Epstein and Tom Haggin.

 Sybase support RDBMS (it is database management system that is based on
the relational model gives data model based on predicate logic and set
theory) and T-SQL
What is T-SQL ?
 To communicate with the sql server and to manipulate objects stored in sql
server, client programs and SP use a variety of Structured Query language
is called T-SQL
 T-sql extends sql by adding program flow-control constructs, local variables
and other capability to allow the DBA to build code-based objects in SP and
Trigger.
What are the Versions we have till now ?
 Basically created for Unix platform. Microsoft and Sybase made an

agreement and released sql server 1.0 but their agreement soon came to
an end on 1993 .1995 Sybase released Sybase sql server 11.0 (has a single
process,multi-thread database engine and includes a query optimizer).
Latest releases server 15.0
The following is a list of the versions of ASE released over the years:
 Sybase SQL Server 3.0 – the first publicly released version of the product
released in 1988. Sybase SQL Server 4.0 – released in 1990.
 Sybase SQL Server 4.2 – released in 1991.
 Sybase SQL Server 4.9 – also released in 1992, along with version 4.9.1;
version 4.9.2 was released in 1993.
 Sybase System X, aka Sybase SQL Server 10.0 – released in 1993.
 Adaptive Server Enterprise 11.5 – released in 1997. --> (The version which
we are using right now)
 Adaptive Server Enterprise 11.9 – released in 1998. It does not appear that
version 11.9.0 was ever publicly released; instead 11.9.2 was the released
version, and 11.9.3 was the first 64 bit version made available.
 Adaptive Server Enterprise 12.0 – released in 1999.
 Adaptive Server Enterprise 12.5 – released in 2001.
 Adaptive Server Enterprise 12.5.0.1 – released in 2002, along with version
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12.5.0.2.
 Adaptive Server Enterprise 12.5.0.3 – released in 2003, along with version
12.5.1.
 Adaptive Server Enterprise 12.5.2 – released in 2004, along with version
12.5.3.
 Adaptive Server Enterprise 12.5.3a – released in 2004/2005.
 Adaptive Server Enterprise 12.5.4 – released in 2006.
 Adaptive Server Enterprise 15.0 – released in 2005, along with version
12.5.3.
 Adaptive Server Enterprise 15.0.1 – released in 2006.
 Adaptive Server Enterprise 15.0.2 – due for release in 2007.
Types of RDBMS:
 SYBASE.
 MS SQL SERVER.
 MYSQL.
 Microsoft ACCESS.
 DB2.
 TERADATA
Sybase Vs Oracle
A Sybase server consists of:
 Two processes, data server and backup server.
 Devices which house the databases; one database (master) contains

system and configuration data.
 A configuration file which contains the server attributes.
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An Oracle instance consists of:
 Six processes: PMON Process Monitor, SMON System Monitor, DBWn

Database Writer, LGWR Log Writer, ARCn Archiver, and CKPT Checkpoint.
 Data files which contain the tables and other data objects, control files
which contain configuration information, redo log files for transaction
processing, and archive files for recovery purposes.
 Configuration files which contains the instance attributes, and external

security information.
Memory Model
Sybase:
 The program area, which is where the dataserver executable is stored.
 The data cache, stores recently fetched pages from the database device.
 The stored procedure cache, which contains optimized sql calls.
Oracle:
 The SGA, which contains executable program code.
 The shared pool, which is split between the library cache and data
dictionary cache, optimized queries are stored here.
 The redo log buffer, which is where transactions are stored before they are
written to the redo logs.
Transaction Processing
Sybase:
 Transactions are written to the data cache, where they advance to the
transaction log, and database device. When a rollback occurs, pages are
discarded from the datacache. The transaction logs are used to restore data
in event of a hardware failure. A checkpoint operation flushes all updated
(committed) memory pages to their respective tables.
 Transaction logging is required for all databases; only image (blob) fields
may be exempt.
 During an update transaction, the data page(s) containing the row(s) are
locked. This will cause contention if the transaction is not efficiently written.
Record locking can be turned on in certain cases, but this requires sizing the
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table structure with respect to the page size. The locking mechanism can be
bypassed by setting the isolation level, to allow data to be read from
uncommitted transactions.
Oracle
 Transactions are written to the redo log buffer, where they advance to the
redo logs, data file buffer, and data files. When a rollback occurs, block
images are discarded from the redo log buffer; as the previous block data is
held in the rollback segment blocks. Committed transactions are promoted
to the archive logs. Archive logs are used to restore the data in the event of
a hardware failure. A checkpoint operation flushes all updated (committed)
memory blocks from the log buffer and database buffer pool.
 During an update transaction, record locking provides prevents data block
collisions from occurring. Access to the "before" image of the record(s) is
made available during this time, which reduces contention. This is a
patented record locking mechanism.
Backup Procedures
Sybase:
 A "dump database" operation can be performed when the database is on-

line or offline.Subsequent "dump transaction" commands need to be issued
during the day, to ensure acceptable recovery windows. A new ASE 12.5
feature allows database dump files to be "mined" for a single table. Thus an
entire database loaded is not required when only a single table restore is
needed.
Oracle:
 Previous to Oracle 8, the only way to back up the database was through a
"cold" backup. This involved shutting down the Oracle instance, backing up
the data files, and restarting upon completion.
Recovery Procedures
Sybase:
 A "load database" command loads the designated database with the named
dump file.Subsequent "load transaction" commands can then be issued to
load multiple transaction dump files.
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Oracle:
 Recovery is achieved by restoring the data files, and verifying the

control files are synchronized properly. When RMAN is used (it is now
the standard in most production databases) recovery is accomplished via an
automated set of processes.
Security and Account Setup

Sybase:
 The initial login shipped with Sybase is "sa" (system administrator). This
login has the role "sa_role" which is the super-user, in Sybase terms. User
logins are added at the server level, and then granted access to each
database, as needed. Within each database, access to tables can be
granted per application requirements. A user can also be aliased as "dbo",
which automatically grants them all rights within a database.
Oracle:
 Oracle is shipped with several built-in accounts: system, internal, and sys.
Operating system authentication is required in order for a login to be
created with similar privileges. After a login is created, access is then
granted to the tables within schemas as needed.
Database Creation
Sybase:
 Databases are initialized with the "create database" command. It is not

unusual for a Sybase server to contain many different databases. Tables are
created within each database; users refer to tables by using
ownername.tablename nomenclature. “Aliasing” users with the database
eliminate the need for the prefix. Typically, a user will be aliased as "dbo"
(database owner), which also gives the same result.
Oracle:
 Databases are initialized with the "create database" command. In most

(99.9%) cases the database name is the same as the instance name, and
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there is only one database per instance. Within an Oracle instance, schemas
are created which contain the tables for an application. Tables are
referenced by schema_name.tablename. Each user is assigned a default
schema upon creation; this schema name is the same as the user name.
Storage Concepts
Sybase:
 Tables are stored in segments; a segment is an area within a device, with a

name and a size, which is allocated for a database. The transaction log is
stored in its own segment, usually on a separate device.
Oracle:
 Tables are stored in tablespaces; a tablespace is made up of one or more

data files.Although it is possible to use raw devices within Oracle, it is not
recommended. Control files, rollback segments, and redo logs are all stored
in separate files within the operating system. Note that Oracle 10g RAC
features a special OFS (Oracle File System), which allows the database to
get better i/o performance over conventional file systems.
Partitioning
Sybase:
 Semantic "smart" partitioning is new in ASE 15. Tables can be partitioned by

range, value, or round-robin. By default, all tables in ASE 15 are partitioned,
round-robin.
Oracle:
 Oracle 9i,10g does support semantic partitioning, by list, range, hash, hash
range, and composite.
Transact-SQL
Sybase:
 Transact-SQL is a robust programming language in which stored procedures

can be written. The procedures are stored in a compiled format, which
allows for faster execution of code. Cursors are supported for row by row
processing. Temporary tables are supported, which allows customized,
private work tables to be created for complex processes.
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Oracle:
 PL-SQL is a robust programming language in which stored procedures can

be written. The procedures are stored in a compiled format, which allows for
faster execution of code. Cursors are supported for row by row processing.
Since PL-SQL procedures cannot return a result set, returning rows to a
calling application requires implementing arrays as "out" variables. One
powerful feature of PL-SQL is the ability to create custom functions which
can be used within SQL statements.
Triggers
Sybase:
 Sybase ASE supports insert, update, and delete triggers. Triggers are fired
after the transaction starts, and have the capability to roll back if required.
Images of the 'before' and 'after' records are visible within the trigger.
Oracle:
 Oracle supports select, insert, update, and delete triggers. Triggers can be
set to fire 'before' or 'after' a transaction. NEW and OLD aliases are used to
refer to the before and after images of the data. Oracle also supports DDL
Event Triggers.
Analytic Functions, OLAP

Sybase:
 Sybase ASE does not support analytic functions (median, n-tile, lead/lag,
over partitions) at the moment; Sybase IQ, the data warehouse product,
does support most analytic functions.
Oracle:
 Oracle 10 does support analytic functions like median, n-tile, and lead/lag,
over partitions.
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Flat File Processing
Sybase:
 Sybase ASE includes the BCP utility (Bulk-Copy) which can import or export
data via flat files. "Fast" mode imports are achieved by simply removing the
indexes (and triggers) from the target table.
Oracle:
 Oracle includes the SQLLDR utility (SQL Loader) which can import via flat
files.” Direct" mode imports are achieved by simply removing indexes (and
triggers)from the target table, and specifying direct=yes at command line.
There is no Oracle utility for exporting data to a flat file; sqlplus must be
used to spool the data to a file.
Performance and scalability

Sybase:
 On a regular basis, Sybase Adaptive Server Enterprise on Sun captures the

#1 TPC benchmark for SMP performance, check sybase.com for the latest
results.
 Scalability: Sybase 15 scales from handheld devices to enterprise level
servers.
Oracle:
 Oracle has always been known for its speed and performance. Oracle 10
supports over 15,000 active user connections. The patented record locking
scheme made it an attractive candidate for scanned applications marketed
by PeopleSoft and the like. The ability to turn transaction logging on and off
at will allows Oracle squeak by competitors during benchmark analysis runs.
Price
Sybase:
 Price per seat is average, compared to other vendors; Sybase ASE is the
leader in lowest transaction cost, with the best performance, among the
leading enterprise database vendors.
Oracle:
 Price per seat is relatively high, compared to other vendors.

 Support is achieved by opening "TAR" cases with the support team.
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Management and Development Tools (for Windows)
Sybase:
 ISQL is the interactive query tool used with Sybase.t is useful for entering
queries and stored procedures.
 Sybase Central is shipped with Sybase ASE. It offers a good interface for
performing basic database tasks. The "best of breed"product in this
category is DB-Artisan by Embarcadero Technologies. Sybase recently
released Workspace, an Eclipse based SQL development environment,
which features a stored procedure debugger and graphical SQL creator. For
development, Sybase Inc. offers Workspace Powerbuilder,Powerdesigner,
Power J and its "Studio" line products. Powerbuilder remains the most
robust, straightforward, and practical choice for windows development,
supporting many other RDBMs in addition to Sybase ASE.
Oracle:
 SQL-Plus is the interactive query tool used with Oracle; it is useful for
entering queries and stored procedures. Complex reporting capabilities are
available for those willing to learn SQL-Plus extensions.
 Oracle Enterprise ships with Enterprise Manager, a full featured front end to
the intricacies of Oracle. The main areas of the system (security, storage,
schemas) are managed by totally separate applications, which is
cumbersome at times.
SYSTEM DATABASES:
There are 4 types of system databases

 Master Database
 Model Database
 Sybsystemprocs
 Temporary Database
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Master Database
 Controls the user databases and the operation of SQL Server as a

whole. Known as master, it keeps track of such things as user
accounts, ongoing processes, and system error messages.
 If the master database fails or repaired than server will became

unavailable until you repair
Model database
 A template for new user databases. The build master program and
the install model script create model when SQL Server is installed.
Each time the create database command is issued; SQL Server
makes a copy of model and extends it to the size requested, if
necessary.
 It is house for those items you want available across all databases
(rules, defaults, user defined data types)
SYBSYSTEMPROCS
In server 4.21 version we had 3 sys databases
 It is a modular program keep it all SP in it database, If

Sybsystemprocs exists it will check to see whether you execute
system SP.
There are two types of Sybsystemprocs
 Stored Procedure
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 System procedure
Stored procedure:
 A collection of SQL statements and optional control-of-flow statements

stored under a name. SQL Server-supplied stored procedures are
called system procedures.
System procedures:
 Stored procedures that SQL Server supplies for use in system

administration. These procedures are provided as shortcuts for
retrieving information from the system tables, or mechanisms for
accomplishing database administration and other tasks that involve
updating system tables.
 Sp_help, Sp_helptext, Sp_dboption, Sp_lock etc.
Temporary database
 The temporary database in SQL Server, tempdb, that provides a

storage area for temporary tables and other temporary working
storage needs (for example, intermediate results of group by and
order by).
P-T-T: This table exists in the tempdb until server gets restart or
shutdown
T-T-T: This table exists in the tempdb only for the session or Sp in which
they created, all sever go for T-T-T creation
System tables
 One of the data dictionary tables. The system tables keep track of
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information about the SQL Server as a whole and about each user
database. The Master Database contains some system tables that are
not in user databases.
Database –level sy tb System

level sy tb
Syscomments syslogins
Sysindexes sysdatabases
Sysobjects sysservers
SYBASE TOOLS:
There are three major tools provided by sybase for administering
maintaining, and accessing the sql server.
They are
 Bcp
 Isql
 defncopy
SQL
 It is std interface provided by Sybase, which used for batch program

execution (like a editor)
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BCP
 It is used to import or export data from database to os files and os

files to database
DEFNCOPY
 It is used to import or export creation text of the objects (SP, Trigger,

rules, view, defaults) from database to os files and os files to
databases.
 The other sybase tools we have is DBA Tools
Sybase DBA Tools:
 The Sybase Database Administration (DBA) Tools provide users with

the tools to administer, manage and monitor all aspects of a Sybase
database. The tools may be accessed from the application DBA Tools
menu or from the schema browsers context sensitive popup menu.
Instance Manager: Provides manageability of sybase instance allowing

the user to modify and view the server parameters and viewing server
version information.
Storage manager: Provides manageability of sybase databases, database

devices, dump devices and caches, allowing a user to visualize and
maintain storage.
Security Manager: Provides manageability of logins, server roles, users

and roles allowing the user to manage permissions, roles and security of the
sybase database.
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Session Manager :Provides manageability of database sessions including
user lock which allow the user to monitor and kill sessions.
What to study in Sybase
 Performance tunings
 Versions
 sample interview qstns
 Exercises on query
 session split+
Features of Sybase Version 11.5 :

 Among all the versions the version 11.5 supports all the concepts
like
 It has a single process, multi-thread database engine & includes a

Query optimizer.
 It has a New roll back records, optimizer changes & trace flag 326.
 It has changes to locking, changes to error locking
How to get in to Sybase ?

1.Applications->system tools->terminal
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2. Getting started with the sybase server.
Type the IP (ssh -X root@192.168.2.236)followed by password
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3.After that we have to type the path followed by user
name and password
Path:cd /opt/sybase
source SYBASE.sh
isql -Usa -SLOCALHOST
This is how we have to get in to the sybase database.
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Basic Commands:
We have few very basic commands. The commands are follows
a) Create :
It is used to create a table for inserting the records. The syntax is follows
CREATE TABLE skill (skill_id INTEGER NOT NULL,skill_name

CHAR( 20 ) NOT NULL,
skill_type CHAR( 20 ) NOT NULL)
b)Insert :
It is used to insert a row in the table. The syntax is follows
INSERT [ INTO ][ owner.] table_name[ (column_name, ...) ]..VALUES

(expression...)
c) Update:
It is used to modify (add or modify) rows in the table. The syntax is follows
Update tablename set column name = value where some condition.
d)Alter :
It is used to add or delete a column in the table. The syntax is follows
Alter table tablename add(new column) int null.
e)Delete :
It is used to delete the table. The syntax is follows
Delete tablename where some condition.
f) Views :
It is a logical way of looking at the physical data located in the tables. The syntax
is follows.
Create view view_name as select column name from tablename.
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g) Rules:
It is used to assign a rule for the column.
Create rule rulename as some condition (like @mark >50)
Next we have to bind the rule to the table: sp_bindrule
rulename,'tablename.columnname'
h) Stored Procedures:
It is a database object that exists independently of the tables. The command to
declare a stored procedure is
create proc {procedure name}
as
{statement or block of statements}
For eg:
create proc myproc as
begin
select au_id, au_lname
from authors where state="CA"
select title_id, price
from titles where price > $20.00
return 0
end
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i)Triggers :
It is an integral part of statement that fires when you do insert ,update and
delete operation. The syntax is follows
Create trigger triggername on tablename
for {insert | update | delete} [,..]
as
sql statements
[return]
j)Cursors :
It is a pointer that identifies a specific working row within a set. The syntax
of the declare cursor statement is :
declare cursor_name cursor

for select_statement
[for {read only | update [of column_name_list]}]
For eg:
declare authors_crsr cursor

for select au_id, au_lname, au_fname
from authors
where state != "CA"
for update
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1.Create table win_ratio with 4 columns team,matches_win,match_played
a)insert values to the above table as mentioned teams(axn, ibn, ifm,

abv), matches_played(5, 10,7, 5), matches_won(2, 4, 2, 6)
b)Obtain the teams who won either 2 or 6times.
2. Give the difference between the following.
 Order by and group by
 Count and count (*)
 Truncate and Delete.
3. Update the above table as given:
 Modify the table 2 with 4 in matches_won column.
 Delete the teams who won more than 4times.
4. While ascending and descending orders in the same query for different
columns, in what order does the result set appears?
5. Explain the following with syntax(if any)
 view as security
 temporary and permanent temporary tables
 check constraints
6. What are the limitations of
 Default
 View
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 Rule
7. What are the types of index? Explain the leaf structure of the index.
8. Give the difference between the following
 Binary and var binary
 Char and var char
 Rule and Default.
9. Explain views with check option with some examples?
DATABASE SCHEMA
The database scheme consists of four relations:

Product(maker,model,type)
PC(code,model,speed,ram,hd,cd,price)
Laptop(code,model,speed,ram,hd,screen,price)
Printer(code,model,color,type,price)
The relation "Product" shows the maker, model number, and type (pc, laptop, or
printer). It is assumed that model numbers are unique for all the makers and
product types. Each model number specifying pc in the relation "PC" is
characterized by speed (of the processor in MHz), total amount of RAM (in Mb),
hard disk drive capacity (in Gb), CD ROM speed (for example, '4x'), and the price.
The relation "Laptop" is similar to that one of PCs except for the CD ROM speed,
which is replaced by the screen size (in inches). For each printer model in the
relation "Printer" it is told whether the printer is color or not (color attribute is 'y'
for color printers; otherwise it is 'n'), printer type (laser, jet, or matrix), and the
price.
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Answer the following queries depending on the above database scheme.
1. Find the model number, speed and hard drive capacity for all the PCs with
prices below $500.
Result set: model, speed, hd.
2. Point out the maker and speed of the laptops having hard drive capacity more
or equal to 10 Gb.
3. Find the model number, speed and hard drive capacity of the PCs having 12x
CD and prices less than $600 or having 24x CD and prices less than $600.
4. Find the model number, RAM and screen size of the laptops with prices over
$1000.
5. Find out the makers that sale PCs but not laptops.
6.Find out the models and prices for all the products (of any type) produced by
maker B.
Book For Reference:
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Book: Sybase SQL Server 11
by
Ray Rankins
Jeffrey R. Garbus
David Solomon
Bennett Wm.McEwan
___________________________________________________________________________________________________

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SYBASE SESSION – 1 DOCUMENT

 COMPARISION WITH OTHER DATABASE

 GETTING STARTED WITH SYBASE

 Basic Commands in Sybase

DBMS stands for Database Management System.

Difference between DBMS and RDBMS

Dr.Robert Epstein and Tom Haggin.

 Basically created for Unix platform. Microsoft and Sybase made an

A Sybase server consists of:

 Two processes, data server and backup server.

 Devices which house the databases; one database (master) contains

 Six processes: PMON Process Monitor, SMON System Monitor, DBWn

 Configuration files which contains the instance attributes, and external

 The SGA, which contains executable program code.

 A "dump database" operation can be performed when the database is on-

 Recovery is achieved by restoring the data files, and verifying the

Security and Account Setup

 Databases are initialized with the "create database" command. It is not

 Databases are initialized with the "create database" command. In most

 Tables are stored in segments; a segment is an area within a device, with a

 Tables are stored in tablespaces; a tablespace is made up of one or more

 Semantic "smart" partitioning is new in ASE 15. Tables can be partitioned by

 Transact-SQL is a robust programming language in which stored procedures

 PL-SQL is a robust programming language in which stored procedures can

Analytic Functions, OLAP

Performance and scalability

 On a regular basis, Sybase Adaptive Server Enterprise on Sun captures the

 Price per seat is relatively high, compared to other vendors.

There are 4 types of system databases

 Controls the user databases and the operation of SQL Server as a

 If the master database fails or repaired than server will became

In server 4.21 version we had 3 sys databases

 It is a modular program keep it all SP in it database, If

There are two types of Sybsystemprocs

 A collection of SQL statements and optional control-of-flow statements

 Stored procedures that SQL Server supplies for use in system

 Sp_help, Sp_helptext, Sp_dboption, Sp_lock etc.

 The temporary database in SQL Server, tempdb, that provides a

Database –level sy tb System

 It is std interface provided by Sybase, which used for batch program

 It is used to import or export data from database to os files and os

 It is used to import or export creation text of the objects (SP, Trigger,

 The other sybase tools we have is DBA Tools

Sybase DBA Tools:

 The Sybase Database Administration (DBA) Tools provide users with

Instance Manager: Provides manageability of sybase instance allowing

Storage manager: Provides manageability of sybase databases, database

Security Manager: Provides manageability of logins, server roles, users

What to study in Sybase

Features of Sybase Version 11.5 :

 It has a single process, multi-thread database engine & includes a

 It has changes to locking, changes to error locking

How to get in to Sybase ?

Type the IP (ssh -X root@192.168.2.236)followed by password

isql -Usa -SLOCALHOST

This is how we have to get in to the sybase database.

CREATE TABLE skill (skill_id INTEGER NOT NULL,skill_name

It is used to insert a row in the table. The syntax is follows

INSERT [ INTO ][ owner.] table_name[ (column_name, ...) ]..VALUES

Update tablename set column name = value where some condition.

It is used to add or delete a column in the table. The syntax is follows

Alter table tablename add(new column) int null.