SYBASE SESSION 4-DOCUMENT

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TRANSACT-SQL PROGRAM STRUCTURES &
TRANSACTION MANAGEMENT

Chapter Includes:

Triggers

Magic Tables

Nested Triggers

Stored Procedures

Optimizing Stored procedures

Remote Stored procedures

Transaction Mechanism

Transaction Control

Transaction Programming

Transactions and Locking

Transactions and Triggers

Transactions and Stored Procedures

Chained Transactions

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Triggers:
Triggers are database objects that are bound directly to tables to enforce the
referential integrity. Triggers are bound to the table for various purposes such as
insertion, updating and deletion.

Types of Trigger:

There are 3 types of Triggers

Insert Trigger
Update Trigger and
Delete Trigger

Insert Trigger:

A trigger is created on insert statements and when ever a statement is created,

then the trigger will be fired. That means unless the trigger fires, the statement is
not completed.

Update Trigger:

A Trigger is created on update statement and when ever a statement is updated,

and then the trigger will be fired. That means unless the trigger fires, the
statement is not updated.

Delete Trigger:

A Trigger is created on delete statement and when ever a statement is deleted,

and then the trigger will be fired. That means unless the trigger fires, the
statement is not deleted.

Syntax for creating a Trigger:

create trigger trigger_name on table_name for {insert:update:delete} as

sql statement.

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 Example : create trigger titles_trigger on titles for insert as print “title inserted”

Magical Tables:
Whenever a trigger is updated, internally two tables will be formed. First table is
for the previous (statement before update) statement and second table filled with
the modified statement. So by going through the first table we can identify the
number of tables that are updated. As these two tables are formed automatically
for every update trigger, they are called Magic tables.

Nested Triggers:

If a trigger performs an insert, update or delete on another table that has trigger
defined for that action, by default that trigger will also fire. This is called nested
trigger. Triggers are limited to 16levels of nesting.
Check @@nestlevel to avoid exceeding limits.

Stored Procedures:
A stored procedure is a database object that exists independently of a table. It can
be called from client, parameters may be passed and returned, and error codes
may be checked.

Advantages of Stored Procedure:

Faster execution

Reduced Network Traffic

Modular Programming

Restricted Function Based access to Tables

Reduced Operator error

Enforced consistency

Automated complex or sensitive transactions.

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Syntax for creating a stored procedure:

create proc procedure_name as sql statement

Example:

create proc pub_titles as select t.title, p.pubname from publisher p, titles t

where p.pb_id = t.pub_id

Optimizing Stored Procedures:

 The SQL server optimizer generates a query plan for a stored procedure
based on the parameters passed in the first time it is executed. This query
plan is then run from cache for subsequent executions. To force a new query
plan we use recompile option.

Remote Stored Procedures:

 Remote procedures are procedures residing on the other servers. Fully

qualify the stored procedure name with the server name to execute
procedures on other servers.

Syntax: [exec[ute]] server_name.db_name.owner.proc_name

Transaction Mechanism:

There are four aspects of transaction processing

SQL Server maintains a transaction log

 SQL server locks table pages during transactions so other users cannot

access the changing data.

 SQL Server performs automatic recovery upon restart.

 Transaction control statements in transact-SQL determine when a

transaction begins and commits or rolls back.

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Transaction Control:
All SQL statements are said to be transactions. They can be controlled by

transaction control syntax to group sets of SQL statements to single logical work

units.

There are three types of transaction control process are there.

BEGIN TRANSACTION : it starts a unit of work.

COMMIT TRANSACTION: it completes a unit of work.

ROLL BACK TRANSACTION: it cancels a unit of work.

Transaction Programming:

The programming issues associated with writing transactional SQL are fairly

straightforward. Once you issue a Begin tran statement. The server performs all

the subsequent work without formally writing a final record of the work.

Transaction and Locking:

In order to ensure data integrity, SQL Server places exclusive locks on data

pages involved in a transaction. As SQL Server progress through the query, locks

are acquired on each table modified by a statement and are then held until SQL

Server reaches a commit tran that sets @@trancount to 0.

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Transaction and Triggers:

Triggers are considered to be an integral part of the transaction in which a data

modification is executed.
Example:

begin tran

update titles

set price =$99

where title_id = 'bu1234'

commit tran

Rollback Transaction in a Trigger:

Rollback transaction inside a trigger - in addition to reversing the effect of

current data modification statement, immediately return from the trigger and

abort the batch, returning to no automatic error message.

Rollback Trigger:

It provides a method with in a trigger for rolling back a single statement in a

transaction without affecting the rest of the transaction.

The effect of the rollback trigger is to rollback entire transaction and abort

processing of that batch immediately.

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Transactions in Stored Procedures:
The stored procedures and the batches that call those procedures need to be
consistent with each other to provide with proper data integrity control. One must
establish coding standards for that enable transactional control to work whether
the transaction commits successfully or the transaction is rolled back.

There are several methods of coding stored procedures with transactions to

ensure that the procedure works properly as a standalone transaction or as a part
of larger, nested transaction.

Chained Transactions:

Chained transactions are alternative transaction processing capabilities to provide

a better compatibility with other front ends in the area of transaction processing.
Chained mode eliminates nesting. Here every SQL data retrieval or data
modification statement initiates a transaction that needs subsequently to be
closed with a commit statement or canceled with a rollback.
'Set chained on' is used to turn on chained mode.

1) How the transaction control statements affect @@trancount

Statement value of @@trancount

1.Begin tran -----
2.Commit tran -----
3.Save tran -----
4.Rollback trigger -----
5.Rollback tran -----
6.Rollback tran save item -----

2) What is difference between chained and unchained mode in transaction? In

which transaction non-repeatable reads are eliminated?

3) What are the limitations on?

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 Trigger
Stored procedures

4) Explain the characteristic features of the Transaction

5) Give the meanings for the following status codes

-5,-4,-2,-9

6) Explain about the Cursors in a Stored procedure? How do you replace a cursor
in a stored procedure?

7) State true or false

1) SQL Server notes the transaction nesting level before calling a stored
procedure
2) A Stored procedure may not create view, default, rule and trigger
3) SQL server optimizer generates a query plan for a stored procedure based
on the parameters passed in the first time it is executed.

DATABASE SCHEMA

Under consideration is the database of naval ships that took part in World War II.
The database has the following relations:

Classes(class,type,country,numGuns,bore,displacement)
Ships(name,class,launched)
Battles(name,date)
Outcomes(ship,battle,result)

Ships in classes are arranged to a single project. A class is normally assigned the
name of the first ship in the class under consideration (head ship); otherwise,
class name does not coincide with any ship name in the database).
The relation Classes includes the class name, type (bb for a battle ship, or bc for
a battle cruiser), country the ship was built, number of main guns, gun caliber
(diameter of the gun barrel, in inches), and displacement (weight in tons). The
relation Ships includes the ship's name, its class name, and launch year. The
relation Battles covers the name and date of the battle the ships participated;
while the result of their participation in the battle (sunk, damaged, or unharmed -
OK) is in the relation Outcomes. Note: the relation Outcomes may include the
ships not included in the relation Ships.

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 Based On the above Database schema solve the Following queries

1)Modify data in Classes table so that gun calibers are measured in

centimeters (1 inch = 2.5cm), and the displacement - in metric tons (1 metric ton
= 1.1 tons). Calculate displacement to within integer.

2)Delete from Ships table all the ships that belong to USA.

3)Find the names of ship in the ships sunk in battles and the names of
corresponding battles.

4)Determine names of all the ships in Ships table that meet a combination of
at least four criteria from the following list:
numGuns = 8
bore = 15
displacement = 32000
type = bb
launched = 1915
class = Kongo
country = USA

List the names of head ships in the database (taking into account Outcomes
table).

Topics Covered:

Transact-SQL Program Structures -(171)

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Transaction Management -(201)

Book for Reference:

Sybase SQL Server 11

by

Ray Rankins

Jeffrey R. Garbus

David Solomon

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