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The document describes using ANSYS to model and simulate the impedance response of a PZT patch bonded to an aluminum beam. Key steps include:
1. Modeling the PZT patch and aluminum beam with different elements in ANSYS that can model both mechanical and electrical behavior.
2. Applying boundary conditions and a load to simulate the free edges and vertical force on the experimental specimen.
3. Meshing the model, solving for the response, and extracting displacement results using parameters to compare with experimental data.
The document describes using ANSYS to model and simulate the impedance response of a PZT patch bonded to an aluminum beam. Key steps include:
1. Modeling the PZT patch and aluminum beam with different elements in ANSYS that can model both mechanical and electrical behavior.
2. Applying boundary conditions and a load to simulate the free edges and vertical force on the experimental specimen.
3. Meshing the model, solving for the response, and extracting displacement results using parameters to compare with experimental data.
The document describes using ANSYS to model and simulate the impedance response of a PZT patch bonded to an aluminum beam. Key steps include:
1. Modeling the PZT patch and aluminum beam with different elements in ANSYS that can model both mechanical and electrical behavior.
2. Applying boundary conditions and a load to simulate the free edges and vertical force on the experimental specimen.
3. Meshing the model, solving for the response, and extracting displacement results using parameters to compare with experimental data.
The commercially available FE package, ANSYS (ANSYS 2005), is utilized
to simulate the impedance response. In FE modeling the PZT patch is
modeled by the coupled field element Solid 5 which could deal with both mechanical and electrical fields. The aluminum beam is discretized by the 3D structural brick element Solid 185. To compare the numerical result with the experimental result, the FE model should be in accordance with the experiment specimen test described previously. Therefore, the sizes of the beam and PZT patch are selected as 1000 mm20 mm2 mm and 40 mm 12 mm0.3 mm, respectively. The PZT patch is bonded on the surface of the beam from its left end. Four very flexible spring elements (Combin14) are added at the four corners of the beam to approximately simulate the free boundary condition. The properties of aluminum and PZT specified in the FE model are listed in tables 1and 2, respectively. The mesh size should be fine enough to ensure the accuracy, and it is specified as 1.5 mm in the FE model. The constant damping ratio, =0.001 25, and mass matrix multiplier damping ratio =40 are input into the FE model.
the use of multiple elements in ANSYS elements COMBIN7 (Joints) and COMBIN14 (Springs) obtaining/storing scalar information and store them as parameters. A 1000N vertical load will be applied to a catapult as shown in the figure below. The catapult is built from steel tubing with an outer diameter of 40 mm, a wall thickness of 10, and a modulus of elasticity of 200GPa. The springs have a stiffness of 5 N/mm.
Preprocessing: Defining the Problem 1. Open preprocessor menu /PREP7 2. Give example a Title Utility Menu > File > Change Title ... /title,Catapult 3. Define Element Types For this problem, 3 types of elements are used: PIPE16, COMBIN7 (Revolute Joint), COMBIN14 (Spring-Damper) . It is therefore required that the types of elements are defined prior to creating the elements. This element has 6 degrees of freedom (translation along the X, Y and Z axis, and rotation about the X,Y and Z axis). a. Define PIPE16 With 6 degrees of freedom, the PIPE16 element can be used to create the 3D structure. Preprocessor > Element Type > Add/Edit/Delete... > click 'Add' Select 'Pipe', 'Elast straight 16' Click on 'Apply' You should see 'Type 1 PIPE16' in the 'Element Types' window. b. Define COMBIN7 COMBIN7 (Revolute Joint) will allow the catapult to rotate about nodes 1 and 2. Select 'Combination', 'Revolute Joint 7' Click 'Apply'. c. Define COMBIN14 Now we will define the spring elements. Select 'Combination', 'Spring damper 14' Click on 'OK' In the 'Element Types' window, there should now be three types of elements defined. 4. Define Real Constants Real Constants must be defined for each of the 3 element types. a. PIPE16 Preprocessor > Real Constants > Add/Edit/Delete... > click 'Add' Select Type 1 PIPE16 and click 'OK' Enter the following properties, then click 'OK' OD = 40 TKWALL = 10 b. 'Set 1' will now appear in the dialog box c. COMBIN7 (Joint) Five of the degrees of freedom (UX, UY, UZ, ROTX, and ROTY) can be constrained with different levels of flexibility. These can be defined by the 3 real constants: K1 (UX, UY), K2 (UZ) and K3 (ROTX, ROTY). For this example, we will use high values for K1 through K3 since we only expect the model to rotate about the Z axis. Click 'Add' Select 'Type 2 COMBIN7'. Click 'OK'. In the 'Real Constants for COMBIN7' window, enter the following geometric properties (then click 'OK'): X-Y transnational stiffness K1: 1e9 Z directional stiffness K2: 1e9 Rotational stiffness K3: 1e9 'Set 2' will now appear in the dialog box. Note: The constants that we define in this problem refer to the relationship between the coincident nodes. By having high values for the stiffness in the X-Y plane and along the Z axis, we are essentially constraining the two coincident nodes to each other. d. COMBIN14 (Spring) Click 'Add' Select 'Type 3 COMBIN14'. Click 'OK'. Enter the following geometric properties: Spring constant K: 5 e. In the 'Element Types' window, there should now be three types of elements defined. 5. Define Element Material Properties 1. Preprocessor > Material Props > Material Models 2. In the 'Define Material Model Behavior' Window, ensure that Material Model Number 1 is selected 3. Select Structural > Linear > Elastic > Isotropic 4. In the window that appears, enter the give the properties of Steel then click 'OK'. Young's modulus EX: 200000 Poisson's Ratio PRXY: 0.33 6. Define Nodes Preprocessor > (-Modeling-) Create > Nodes > In Active CS... N,#,x,y,z We are going to define 13 Nodes for this structure as given in the following table (as depicted by the circled numbers in the figure above): Node Coordinates (x,y,z) 1 (0,0,0) 2 (0,0,1000) 3 (1000,0,1000) 4 (1000,0,0) 5 (0,1000,1000) 6 (0,1000,0) 7 (700,700,500) 8 (400,400,500) 9 (0,0,0) 10 (0,0,1000) 11 (0,0,500) 12 (0,0,1500) 13 (0,0,-500) 7. Create PIPE16 elements . Define element type Preprocessor > (-Modeling-) Create > Elements > Elem Attributes ... The following window will appear. Ensure that the 'Element type number' is set to 1 PIPE16, 'Material number' is set to 1, and 'Real constant set number' is set to 1. Then click 'OK'.
a. Create elements Preprocessor > (-Modeling-) Create > Elements > (-Auto Numbered-) Thru Nodes E, node a, node b Create the following elements joining Nodes 'a' and Nodes 'b'. Note: because it is difficult to graphically select the nodes you may wish to use the command line (for example, the first entry would be: E,1,6). Node a Node b 1 6 2 5 1 4 2 3 3 4 10 8 9 8 7 8 12 5 13 6 12 13 5 3 6 4 You should obtain the following geometry (Oblique view)
8. Create COMBIN7 (Joint) elements . Define element type Preprocessor > (-Modeling-) Create > Elements > Elem Attributes Ensure that the 'Element type number' is set to 2 COMBIN7 and that 'Real constant set number' is set to 2. Then click 'OK' a. Create elements When defining a joint, three nodes are required. Two nodes are coincident at the point of rotation. The elements that connect to the joint must reference each of the coincident points. The other node for the joint defines the axis of rotation. The axis would be the line from the coincident nodes to the other node. Preprocessor > (-Modeling-) Create > Elements > (-Auto Numbered-) Thru Nodes E,node a, node b, node c Create the following lines joining Node 'a' and Node 'b' Node a Node b Node c 1 9 11 2 10 11 9. Create COMBIN14 (Spring) elements . Define element type Preprocessor > (-Modeling-) Create > Elements > Elem Attributes Ensure that the 'Element type number' is set to 3 COMBIN7 and that 'Real constant set number' is set to 3. Then click 'OK' a. Create elements Preprocessor > (-Modeling-) Create > Elements > (-Auto Numbered-) Thru Nodes E,node a, node b Create the following lines joining Node 'a' and Node 'b' Node a Node b 5 8 8 6 10. NOTE: To ensure that the correct nodes were used to make the correct element in the above table, you can list all the elements defined in the model. To do this, select Utilities Menu > List > Elements > Nodes + Attributes. 11. Meshing Because we have defined our model using nodes and elements, we do not need to mesh our model. If we initially defined our model using keypoints and lines, we would have had to create elements in our model by meshing the lines. It is the elements that ANSYS uses to solve the model. 12. Plot Elements Utility Menu > Plot > Elements You may also wish to turn on element numbering and turn off keypoint numbering Utility Menu > PlotCtrls > Numbering ...
Solution Phase: Assigning Loads and Solving 1. Define Analysis Type Solution > New Analysis > Static ANTYPE,0 2. Allow Large Deflection Solution > Sol'n Controls > basic NLGEOM, ON Because the model is expected to deform considerably, we need to include the effects of large deformation. 3. Apply Constraints Solution > (-Loads-) Apply > (-Structural-) > Displacement > On Nodes o Fix Nodes 3, 4, 12, and 13. (ie - all degrees of freedom are constrained). 4. Apply Loads Solution > (-Loads-) Apply > (-Structural-) > Force/Moment > On Nodes o Apply a vertical point load of 1000N at node #7. The applied loads and constraints should now appear as shown in the figure below. Note: To have the constraints and loads appear each time you select 'Replot' in ANSYS, you must change some settings under Utility Menu > Plot Ctrls > Symbols.... In the window that appears check the box beside 'All Applied BC's' in the 'Boundary Condition Symbol' section.
5. Solve the System Solution > (-Solve-) Current LS SOLVE Note: During the solution, you will see a yellow warning window which states that the "Coefficient ratio exceeds 1.0e8". This warning indicates that the solution has relatively large displacements. This is due to the rotation about the joints.
Postprocessing: Viewing the Results 1. Plot Deformed Shape General Postproc > Plot Results > Deformed Shape PLDISP.2
2. Extracting Information as Parameters In this problem, we would like to find the vertical displacement of node #7. We will do this using the GET command. a. Select Utility Menu > Parameters > Get Scalar Data... b. The following window will appear. Select 'Results data' and 'Nodal results' as shown then click 'OK'
c. Fill in the 'Get Nodal Results Data' window as shown below:
d. To view the defined parameter select Utility Menu > Parameters > Scalar Parameters...
Therefore the vertical displacement of Node 7 is 323.78 mm. This can be repeated for any of the other nodes you are interested in.
Command File Mode of Solution The above example was solved using a mixture of the Graphical User Interface (or GUI) and the command language interface of ANSYS. This problem has also been solved using the ANSYS command language interface that you may want to browse. Open the .HTML version, copy and paste the code into Notepad or a similar text editor and save it to your computer. Now go to'File > Read input from...' and select the file. A .PDF version is also available for printing.
Substructuring
Introduction This tutorial was completed using ANSYS 7.0 The purpose of the tutorial is to show the how to use substructuring in ANSYS. Substructuring is a procedure that condenses a group of finite elements into one super-element. This reduces the required computation time and also allows the solution of very large problems. A simple example will be demonstrated to explain the steps required, however, please note that this model is not one which requires the use of substructuring. The example involves a block of wood (E =10 GPa v =0.29) connected to a block of silicone (E = 2.5 MPa, v = 0.41) which is rigidly attached to the ground. A force will be applied to the structure as shown in the following figure. For this example, substructuring will be used for the wood block.
The use of substructuring in ANSYS is a three stage process: 1. Generation Pass Generate the super-element by condensing several elements together. Select the degrees of freedom to save (master DOFs) and to discard (slave DOFs). Apply loads to the super-element 2. Use Pass Create the full model including the super-element created in the generation pass. Apply remaining loads to the model. The solution will consist of the reduced solution tor the super-element and the complete solution for the non-superelements. 3. Expansion Pass Expand the reduced solution to obtain the solution at all DOFs for the super-element. Note that a this method is a bottom-up substructuring (each super-element is created separately and then assembled in the Use Pass). Top-down substructuring is also possible in ANSYS (the entire model is built, then super-element are created by selecting the appropriate elements). This method is suitable for smaller models and has the advantage that the results for multiple super-elements can be assembled in postprocessing.
Expansion Pass: Creating the Super-element Preprocessing: Defining the Problem 1. Give Generation Pass a Jobname Utility Menu > File > Change Jobname ... Enter 'GEN' for the jobname 2. Open preprocessor menu ANSYS Main Menu > Preprocessor /PREP7 3. Create geometry of the super-element Preprocessor > Modeling > Create > Areas > Rectangle > By 2 Corners BLC4,XCORNER,YCORNER,WIDTH,HEIGHT Create a rectangle with the dimensions (all units in mm): XCORNER (WP X) = 0 YCORNER (WP Y) = 40 Width = 100 Height = 100 4. Define the Type of Element Preprocessor > Element Type > Add/Edit/Delete... For this problem we will use PLANE42 (2D structural solid). This element has 4 nodes, each with 2 degrees of freedom (translation along the X and Y axes). 5. Define Element Material Properties Preprocessor > Material Props > Material Models > Structural > Linear > Elastic > Isotropic In the window that appears, enter the following geometric properties for wood: i. Young's modulus EX: 10000 (MPa) ii. Poisson's Ratio PRXY: 0.29 6. Define Mesh Size Preprocessor > Meshing > Size Cntrls > Manual Size > Areas > All Areas ... For this example we will use an element edge length of 10mm. 7. Mesh the block Preprocessor > Meshing > Mesh > Areas > Free > click 'Pick All' AMESH,1 Solution Phase: Assigning Loads and Solving 1. Define Analysis Type Solution > Analysis Type > New Analysis > Substructuring ANTYPE,SUBST 2. Select Substructuring Analysis Options It is necessary to define the substructuring analysis options o Select Solution > Analysis Type > Analysis Options o The following window will appear. Ensure that the options are filled in as shown.
Sename (the name of the super-element matrix file) will default to the jobname. In this case, the stiffness matrix is to be generated. With the option SEPR, the stiffness matrix or load matrix can be printed to the output window if desired. 3. Select Master Degrees of Freedom Master DOFs must be defined at the interface between the super-element and other elements in addition to points where loads/constraints are applied. o Select Solution > Master DOFs > User Selected > Define o Select the Master DOF as shown in the following figure.
o In the window that appears, set the 1st degree of freedom to All DOF
4. Apply Loads Solution > Define Loads > Apply > Structural > Force/Moment > On Nodes Place a load of 5N in the x direction on the top left hand node The model should now appear as shown in the figure below.
5. Save the database Utility Menu > File > Save as Jobname.db SAVE Save the database to be used again in the expansion pass 6. Solve the System Solution > Solve > Current LS SOLVE
Use Pass: Using the Super-element The Use Pass is where we model the entire model, including the super-elements from the Generation Pass. Preprocessing: Defining the Problem 1. Clear the existing database Utility Menu > File > Clear & Start New 2. Give Use Pass a Jobname Utility Menu > File > Change Jobname ... FILNAME, USE Enter 'USE' for the jobname 3. Open preprocessor menu ANSYS Main Menu > Preprocessor /PREP7 Now we need to bring the Super-element into the model 4. Define the Super-element Type Preprocessor > Element Type > Add/Edit/Delete... Select 'Super-element' (MATRIX50) 5. Create geometry of the non-superelement (Silicone) Preprocessor > Modeling > Create > Areas > Rectangle > By 2 Corners BLC4,XCORNER,YCORNER,WIDTH,HEIGHT Create a rectangle with the dimensions (all units in mm): XCORNER (WP X) = 0 YCORNER (WP Y) = 0 Width = 100 Height = 40 6. Define the Non-Superelement Type Preprocessor > Element Type > Add/Edit/Delete... We will again use PLANE42 (2D structural solid). 7. Define Element Material Properties Preprocessor > Material Props > Material Models > Structural > Linear > Elastic > Isotropic In the window that appears, enter the following geometric properties for silicone: i. Young's modulus EX: 2.5 (MPa) ii. Poisson's Ratio PRXY: 0.41 8. Define Mesh Size Preprocessor > Meshing > Size Cntrls > Manual Size > Areas > All Areas ... For this block we will again use an element edge length of 10mm. Note that is is imperative that the nodes of the non-superelement match up with the super-element MDOFs. 9. Mesh the block Preprocessor > Meshing > Mesh > Areas > Free > click 'Pick All' AMESH,1 10. Offset Node Numbering Since both the super-element and the non-superelement were created independently, they contain similarly numbered nodes (ie both objects will have node #1 etc.). If we bring in the super-element with similar node numbers, the nodes will overwrite existing nodes from the non- superelements. Therefore, we need to offset the super-element nodes Determine the number of nodes in the existing model o Select Utility Menu > Parameters > Get Scalar Data ... o The following window will appear. Select Model Data, For Selected set as shown.
o Fill in the following window as shown to set MaxNode = the highest node number
Offset the node numbering o Select Preprocessor > Modeling > Create > Elements > Super-elements > BY CS Transfer o Fill in the following window as shown to offset the node numbers and save the file as GEN2
Read in the super-element matrix o Select Preprocessor > Modeling > Create > Elements > Super-elements > From .SUB File... o Enter 'GEN2' as the Jobname of the matrix file in the window (shown below)
o Utility Menu > Plot > Replot 11. Couple Node Pairs at Interface of Super-element and Non- Superelements Select the nodes at the interface o Select Utility Menu > Select > Entities ... o The following window will appear. Select Nodes, By Location, Y coordinates, 40 as shown.
Couple the pair nodes at the interface o Select Preprocessor > Coupling / Ceqn > Coincident Nodes Re-select all of the nodes o Select Utility Menu > Select > Entities ... o In the window that appears, click 'Nodes > By Num/Pick > From Full > Sele All' Solution Phase: Assigning Loads and Solving 1. Define Analysis Type Solution > New Analysis > Static ANTYPE,0 2. Apply Constraints Solution > Define Loads > Apply > Structural > Displacement > On Lines Fix the bottom line (ie all DOF constrained) 3. Apply super-element load vectors o Determine the element number of the super-element (Select Utility Menu > PlotCtrls > Numbering...) You should find that the super-element is element 41 o Select Solution > Define Loads > Apply > Load Vector > For Super-element o The following window will appear. Fill it in as shown to apply the super-element load vector.
4. Save the database Utility Menu > File > Save as Jobname.db SAVE Save the database to be used again in the expansion pass 5. Solve the System Solution > Solve > Current LS SOLVE General Postprocessing: Viewing the Results 1. Show the Displacement Contour Plot General Postproc > Plot Results > Contour Plot > Nodal Solution ... > DOF solution, Translation USUM PLNSOL,U,SUM,0,1
Note that only the deformation for the non-superelements is plotted. This results agree with what was found without using substructuring (see figure below).
Expansion Pass: Expanding the Results within the Super- element To obtain the solution for all elements within the super-element you will need to perform an expansion pass. Preprocessing: Defining the Problem 1. Clear the existing database Utility Menu > File > Clear & Start New 2. Change the Jobname back to Generation pass Jobname Utility Menu > File > Change Jobname ... FILNAME, GEN Enter 'GEN' for the jobname 3. Resume Generation Pass Database Utility Menu > File > Resume Jobname.db ... RESUME Solution Phase: Assigning Loads and Solving 1. Activate Expansion Pass o Enter the Solution mode by selecting Main Menu > Solution or by typing /SOLU into the command line. o Type 'EXPASS,ON' into the command line to initiate the expansion pass. 2. Enter the Super-element name to be Expanded o Select Solution > Load STEP OPTS > ExpansionPass > Single Expand >Expand Superelem ... o The following window will appear. Fill it in as shown to select the super-element.
3. Enter the Super-element name to be Expanded o Select Solution > Load Step Opts > ExpansionPass > Single Expand > By Load Step... o The following window will appear. Fill it in as shown to expand the solution.
4. Solve the System Solution > Solve > Current LS SOLVE General Postprocessing: Viewing the Results 1. Show the Displacement Contour Plot General Postproc > Plot Results > (-Contour Plot-) Nodal Solution ... > DOF solution, Translation USUM PLNSOL,U,SUM,0,1
Note that only the deformation for the super-elements is plotted (and that the contour intervals have been modified to begin at 0). This results agree with what was found without using substructuring (see figure below).
Command File Mode of Solution The above example was solved using a mixture of the Graphical User Interface (or GUI) and the command language interface of ANSYS. This problem has also been solved using the ANSYS command language interface that you may want to browse. Open the .HTML version, copy and paste the code into Notepad or a similar text editor and save it to your computer. Now go to'File > Read input from...' and select the file. A .PDF version is also available for printing.