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Capitalize
We saw a movie last night. It was very good.
I met George Adams yesterday.
I saw Doctor (Dr.) Smith.
Do you know Professor (Prof.) Alston?
I was born in April.
Bob arrived last Monday.
It snowed on Thanksgiving Day.
City He lives in Chicago.
State/province She was born in California.
Country They are from Mexico.
Continent Tibet is in Asia.
Ocean They crossed the Atlantic Ocean.
Lake Chicago is on Lake Michigan.
River The Nile River flows north.
Desert The Sahara Desert is in Africa.
Mountain We visited the Rocky Mountains.
School I go to the University of Florida.
Business I work for the General Electric Company.
Street He lives on Grand Avenue.
Building We have class in Ritter Hall.
Park, zoo I went jogging in Forest Park.
I'm taking Chemistry 101 this term.
She speaks Spanish.
We discussed Japanese customs.
Buddism, Christianity, Hinduism, Islam
and Judaism are major religions in the world.
Talal is a Moslem.
Yesterday I fell off my bycycle.
7. The names of languages and nationalities
8. The names of religions.
9. The pronoun " I "
Capitalize = use a big letter, not a small letter.
1. The first word of a sentence.
2. The names of people.
3. Titles used with the names of people.
4. Months, days, holidays.
5. The names of places
6. The name of courses.
We saw a movie last night. It was very good.
I met George Adams yesterday.
I saw Doctor (Dr.) Smith. I saw a doctor.
Do you know Professor (Prof.) Alston? I saw Doctor Wilson.
Seasons are not capitalized.
Bob arrived last Monday. spring, summer, fall/autumn, winter.
It snowed on Thanksgiving Day.
She lives in a city.
She was born in California. She lives in New York City.
They crossed the Atlantic Ocean. They crossed a river.
Chicago is on Lake Michigan. They crossed the Yellow River.
The Nile River flows north.
The Sahara Desert is in Africa.
We visited the Rocky Mountains.
I go to the University of Florida. I go to a university.
I work for the General Electric Company. I go to the University of Texas.
He lives on Grand Avenue. We went to a park.
We have class in Ritter Hall. We went to Central Park.
I went jogging in Forest Park.
I'm taking Chemistry 101 this term. I'm reading a book about psychology.
I'm taking Psychology 101 this term.
We discussed Japanese customs.
Buddism, Christianity, Hinduism, Islam Words that refer to the names of religions
and Judaism are major religions in the world. are always capitalized.
Yesterday I fell off my bycycle. The pronoun " I " is always capitalized.
Words that refer to the names of nations, nationalities and
languages are always capitalized.
Words that refer to the names of nations, nationalities and
languages are always capitalized.
Pronouns
1 person I Me
2 person You Singular You
3 person She, he, it Her, him, it
1 person We Us
2 person You Plural You
3 person They Them
I sat by myself on the park bench
Greg lives by himself
I enjoyed myself at the fair
You (one person) saw yourself
She saw herself
He saw himself
Do you know Greg Smith? He is a friend of mine
We ate dinner with a friend of Bill's
The Smiths are friends of mine
REFLEXIVE PRONOUNS
I saw myself in the mirror
A FRIEND OF POSSESIVE
A friend of + a possesive noun/pronoun is a special or idiomatic expression.
It is used to identify another person as one friend among many friends.
The students are in class. They are taking a test.
Kate and Tom are married. They have two children.
Kate is my friend. I know her well.
Mike has a new blue bicycle. He bought it yesterday.
Ann walked between Eric and me
Mike is in class. He is taking a test.
SUBJECT PRONOUNS OBJECT PRONOUNS
PERSONAL PRONOUNS
A pronoun refers to a noun. It is used in place of a noun.
It can refer to a single noun or a noun phrase.
Kate is married. She has two children.
Ann met Eric and me at the museum.
Eric and I are good friends.
Believe in yourself
Blame yourself
Cut yourself
Enjoy yourself
Feel sorry for yourself
Help yourself
They saw themselves
Reflexive pronouns are used when the
subject and the object are the same
person.
It (e.g, the kitten) saw itself
We saw ourselves
You (plural) saw yourselves
I have a book. Its cover is black.
I sat by myself on the park bench
Greg lives by himself
I enjoyed myself at the fair
A possesive pronoun is
used alone, without a noun
following it.
A possesive adjective is used
only with a noun following it.
They have theirs
I have my pen
POSSESIVE PRONOUNS POSSESIVE ADJECTIVES
They have their pens
You have your pens
We have our pens
He has his pen
She has her pen
You have your pen
You have yours
POSSESIVE PRONOUNS AND ADJECTIVES
I have mine
You have yours
She has hers
He has his
We have ours
Hurt yourself Take care of yourself
Give yourself (something) Talk to yourself
Introduce yourself Teach yourself
Kill yourself Tell yourself
Pinch yourself Work for yourself
Be proud of yourself Wish yourself (luck)
Nouns and adjectives
Nouns
Singular Plural
One bird Two birds
One street Two streets
One rose Two roses
One dish Two dishes
One match Two matches
One class Two classes
One box Two boxes
One baby Two babies
One city Two cities
One knife Two knives
One shelf Two shelves
One tomato Two tomatoes
One zoo Two zoos
One zero Two zeroes/zeros
One child Two children
One foot Two feet
One goose Two geese
One man Two men
One mouse Two mice
One tooth Two teeth
One woman Two women
Two people
One deer Two deer
One fish Two fish
One sheep Two sheep
One offspring Two offspring
PLURAL FORMS OF NOUNS
One species Two species
One bacterium Two bacteria
One cactus Two cacti
One crisis Two crises
One phenomenon Two phenomena
subject verb
The sun shines
(noun) (verb)
subject verb
Plants grow
(noun) (verb)
Subject Verb Object
Plants need water
(noun) (verb) (noun)
Subject Verb Object
Bob is reading a book
(noun) (verb) (noun)
Subject verb Object
Ann puts her books
Subject verb Preposition
A leaf fell to
Many English sentences have prepositional phrases
A prepositional phrase consists of a preposition and an object of a preposition.
The object of a preposition is a noun.
Bob is reading a good book
Adjective Noun
OBJECTS OF PREPOSITIONS
USING ADJECTIVES TO DESCRIBE NOUNS
SUBJECTS, VERBS AND OBJECTS
The tall woman wore a new dress
Roses are beautiful flowers
Roses are beautifuls flowers
A flowers garden
The shoes store
Sometimes words that are usually used as nouns are used as adjectives.
When a noun is used as an adjective, it is singular in form, NOT plural.
Flower garden
Adjective Noun
SINGULAR
PLURAL
ANOTHER
One apple Another apple Another apple
THE OTHER
The short woman wore an old dress
The young woman wore a short dress
Mary is eating one apple. If she is still hungry after that, she can eat another apple.
USING NOUNS AS ADJECTIVES
I have a flower garden
The shoe store also sells socks
POSSESSIVE NOUNS
I know the student's name
I know the students' names
Another means "one more out of a group of similar items, one in addition to the one(s) I've already talked about.
Another is a combination of an + other, written as one word.
I know the childrens names
SINGULAR FORMS OF OTHER; ANOTHER vs THE OTHER
The girl is eating one apple. The boy is eating the other (apple)
Paul ate one apple. Then he ate another apple
another one
another
Paul ate one apple. Sara ate the other apple
the other one
the other
Adjective Pronoun
Singular another apple another
Plural other apples others
Singular the other apple the other
Plural the other apples the others
Singular Plural
Count noun
a chair
chairs
one chair two chairs
three chairs
some chairs
several chairs
an apple a lot of chairs
many chairs
a few chairs
Noncount noun furniture
some furniture
a lot of furniture
COUNT/ NONCOUNT NOUNS
The other means "the last one in a specific group, the only one that remains from a
given number of similar items".
Another and the other can be used as an adjective in front of a noun (e.g., apple, one)
Another and the other can also be used alone as a pronoun (Then he ate another).
much furniture
a little furniture
A clothing B Homework
equipment Housework
food Work
fruit
furniture C Advice
garbage information
hardware news
jewelry
machinery D history
mail literature
makeup music
money poetry
cash
change E English
postage Arabic
scenery Chinese, etc
stuff
traffic
Liquids
beer milk bread
blood oil butter
coffee shampoo cheese
cream soup ice
gasoline tea ice cream
honey water lettuce
juice wine toast
Gases Natural phenomena
air weather
fog rain
oxygen snow
pollution lightning
smog thunder
smoke humidity
steam darkness
Abstractions
SOME COMMON NONCOUNT NOUNS: WHOLE GROUPS
MADE UP OF INDIVIDUAL PARTS
Solids and semisolids