Scia Engineer

Concrete for Starters

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Copyright !"# Nemetsche$ Scia nv in cooperation with %oren Severy and &oshi
'emeiren. All rights reserved.

(able of contents

Starting a project ................................................................................................................. )
*efining the construction .................................................................................................... +
Applying the loads .............................................................................................................."!
,aterials library ................................................................................................................."-
.inear calculation ..............................................................................................................."/
0esults ................................................................................................................................."1
Concrete 2 general ..............................................................................................................#
Concrete 2 theoretical reinforcement .................................................................................+
Concrete 2 A,0* .............................................................................................................../
Concrete 2 chec$s ................................................................................................................#"
Concrete 2 3ill of reinforcement .........................................................................................#-
*ocument ............................................................................................................................#/










Note4 this manual is created with version type !".!.""- of Scia 5ngineer.


)
"* 3eam
Starting a project Starting a project Starting a project Starting a project

Starting a new project
(o start a new project, one has to clic$ on New New New New , which can be found in the
toolbar. A new project will open in a new screen, namely Select New 6roject Select New 6roject Select New 6roject Select New 6roject.
3ecause calculations will have to be made, choose for the option Analysis Analysis Analysis Analysis.

Ne7t the dialog bo7 6roject data 6roject data 6roject data 6roject data will appear.
5ntering the project data

8n this dialog bo7, the general data of the project has to be entered 9e.g. name,
author, etc.:. As construction type, choose for the option ;rame <= ;rame <= ;rame <= ;rame <=, this leads to a

+
structure of which all nodes are fi7ed. Conse>uently, the user will be able to
introduce forces on the elements themselves 9(russ <= (russ <= (russ <= (russ <= implies structures with
hinged nodes, where forces can only be applied in these nodes:.
Additionally, the user can further specify the used materials. 8n this e7ample is
opted for Concrete C+/#! Concrete C+/#! Concrete C+/#! Concrete C+/#! and 0einforcement steel, type 3 +!!A 0einforcement steel, type 3 +!!A 0einforcement steel, type 3 +!!A 0einforcement steel, type 3 +!!A.
;inally, the calculations will be e7ecuted according to N3N N3N N3N N3N? ?? ?5N NA 5N NA 5N NA 5N NA. Clic$ on the
@A @A @A @A button button button button to confirm the project data.
*efining the construction *efining the construction *efining the construction *efining the construction

(he "*?beam
(o determine the geometry of the structure, double?clic$ on Structure Structure Structure Structure in the ,ain ,ain ,ain ,ain
menu menu menu menu option.

(he selected menu will open. 8n this project, there is chosen for a "* beam. (his
can be done through the submenu "* member B 3eam "* member B 3eam "* member B 3eam "* member B 3eam.

3ecause there is no section that has been defined yet, the window New cross New cross New cross New cross? ?? ?
section section section section will open up automatically. (he beam in this project has a rectangular
cross?section. (o create this cross?section, one has to select 0ectangle 0ectangle 0ectangle 0ectangle and clic$ the
Add Add Add Add button button button button.

-

Now the dimensions of this cross?section have to be entered. Choose the following
input parameters4

After entering the data, clic$ on the @A @A @A @A button button button button. As a result, this cross?section will
become available for the user in the Cross Cross Cross Cross? ?? ?section section section section window window window window.

/

(hen clic$ Close Close Close Close.
Now it is possible to adjust the specifications of the beam. 8n this case, one has to
choose for a length of "! meters "! meters "! meters "! meters.

Confirm the input by clic$ing the @A @A @A @A button button button button. 8n the command line appears New New New New
beam beam beam beam 2 22 2 5nter point 5nter point 5nter point 5nter point. (he insertion point here, should be the origin of the CCS
9Clobal Coordinate System:, this can be done by entering the 7,D?coordinates as
follows4

(he coordinates can also be entered, separated by a semicolon 9 E :. (o complete the
input, clic$ the 5sc 5sc 5sc 5sc $ey $ey $ey $ey. ;inally, to deselect the beam, clic$ the 5sc 5sc 5sc 5sc $ey $ey $ey $ey again.

F
(he beam will be displayed as follows4

0emar$4 through the button, other cross sections can be defined.
Adding the supports
Now the supports of the structure have to be added. (his is done by using the
option ,odel data ,odel data ,odel data ,odel data B Support Support Support Support 2 22 2 in node in node in node in node in the Structure Structure Structure Structure menu menu menu menu that is already
active.

8n the dialog bo7 Support in node Support in node Support in node Support in node, one can adjust the details of the supports. At the
leftmost point of the beam, the beam is supported by a hinge, so the following entry
must be confirmed with the @A @A @A @A button button button button.


1
Select the appropriate node to add the previously defined support. (hen deselect by
double?clic$ing the 5sc $ey twice. (o add a sliding support at the right most point
of the beam, use the same method 9use other parameters: or clic$ on the icon
S SS Sliding support liding support liding support liding support.

;inally, the following output will we obtained4

0emar$4 Gith the buttons, located above the Command line Command line Command line Command line, the representation of
the structure can be adjusted.

Chec$ing the construction
8n order to chec$ the construction, one can use the Chec$ structure data Chec$ structure data Chec$ structure data Chec$ structure data button button button button
. 3y clic$ing the Chec$ button Chec$ button Chec$ button Chec$ button in the dialog bo7 Chec$ of structure data Chec$ of structure data Chec$ of structure data Chec$ of structure data, the
construction chec$ will be e7ecuted. Ghen there are no problems to be found, the
following output will appear4

(he structure chec$ can be closed, through the @A @A @A @A button button button button. Ne7t clic$ the Close Close Close Close
button button button button in the submenu Construction to return to the ,ain menu. 8t is also possible
to use the following icon .

"!
Applying the loads Applying the loads Applying the loads Applying the loads

Creating the load cases
(he loads can always be divided into permanent and imposed loads. 8n this project
there are # permanent loads and " imposed load, these are4
6ermanent loads
Self weight of the beam
Geight of the slab, located on the beam
Geight of the finishing layer
8mposed load
Category 3 9offices:
(o apply the loads, double?clic$ the option .oad cases, Combinati .oad cases, Combinati .oad cases, Combinati .oad cases, Combinations ons ons ons in the ,ain
menu. 3ecause there are no loads yet defined, the dialog bo7 .oad cases .oad cases .oad cases .oad cases will open
automatically. Here, the user can define the characteristics of the loads. ;irst enter
the self weight of the beam as follows4

3y clic$ing the New New New New button button button button, the remaining permanent loads can be entered as well.
3e sure to select Standard Standard Standard Standard as .oad type .oad type .oad type .oad type, when creating the permanent loads, other
than the self weight. ;inally, to add the variable load, insert following parameters.

""

(his e7ample concerns an office 9category 3:, therefore it is necessary to change the
load type by clic$ing . Choose for the option Cat 34 @ffices Cat 34 @ffices Cat 34 @ffices Cat 34 @ffices.

Clic$ the @A @A @A @A button button button button to return to the dialog bo7 .oad cases .oad cases .oad cases .oad cases. 8f the necessary loads
are created, one closes the entry by using the Close Close Close Close button button button button.
0emar$4 .oad groups .oad groups .oad groups .oad groups determine the way the individual loads will be combined
with each other, when ma$ing load combinations.







"
0emar$4 .oad cases can be adjusted through the option .oad cases, Combinations .oad cases, Combinations .oad cases, Combinations .oad cases, Combinations
I II I .oad Cases. .oad Cases. .oad Cases. .oad Cases.

Applying the loads
(he submenu .oad .oad .oad .oad will open automatically. Githin this menu, all the different
loads can be applied. 3y clic$ing , the user can choose the proper load case. Scia
5ngineer will automatically calculate the self weight of the structure, therefore no
further attention needs to be spend on this load case. (he weight of the slab 9.C 9.C 9.C 9.C 2 22 2
Slab: Slab: Slab: Slab: on the beam can be represented as a .ine force .ine force .ine force .ine force of "+ $N/m. (his can be done
by double?clic$ing .ine force .ine force .ine force .ine force 2 22 2 on beam on beam on beam on beam.







"#
8n the dialog bo7 .ine force on beam .ine force on beam .ine force on beam .ine force on beam, the following parameters have to be entered4

Note that the value of the load is negative, this is because the load disposes of a
negative sense in the =?direction. (he System System System System is set to .CS .CS .CS .CS 9.ocal Coordinate
System:, this means that all parameters are related to the coordinate system of the
structure. Choose 0ela 0ela 0ela 0ela as Coord. definition Coord. definition Coord. definition Coord. definition, hereby the values of 6osition 7" 6osition 7" 6osition 7" 6osition 7" and
6osition 7 6osition 7 6osition 7 6osition 7 will be applied, relative to the beam. (he value !,!!! for 6osition 7" 6osition 7" 6osition 7" 6osition 7"
will therefore propose the starting point of the beam, the value ",!!! for 6osition 6osition 6osition 6osition
7 7 7 7 the endpoint.
After clic$ing the @A @A @A @A button button button button, one obtains a graphical representation of the applied
load.

8n this e7ample, only .ine forces .ine forces .ine forces .ine forces occur. (his means all loads can be applied as
described above. .C# .C# .C# .C# 2 22 2 ;inishing layer ;inishing layer ;inishing layer ;inishing layer has a value of ? ?? ?-,1 $N/m -,1 $N/m -,1 $N/m -,1 $N/m and .C) .C) .C) .C) 2 22 2
'ariable load 'ariable load 'ariable load 'ariable load a value of ? ?? ?1 $N/m. 1 $N/m. 1 $N/m. 1 $N/m.








")
Creating the load combinations
(he load combinations can be created with the option .oad cases, Combinations B .oad cases, Combinations B .oad cases, Combinations B .oad cases, Combinations B
Combinations Combinations Combinations Combinations, these will be generated according to the national anne7 N3N?5N
NA.

;irst, one has to create the combinations in the Jltimate .imit State 9J.S: as
follows4



"+
(his J.S?combination contains all created loads, one can add this to Contents of Contents of Contents of Contents of
combination combination combination combination through the Add All Add All Add All Add All button button button button. (he user also has the possibility to add an
additional *escription *escription *escription *escription. Choose the type 5N type 5N type 5N type 5N? ?? ?J.S 9S(0/C5@: Set 3, J.S 9S(0/C5@: Set 3, J.S 9S(0/C5@: Set 3, J.S 9S(0/C5@: Set 3, as this is the
permanent situation without any geotechnical effects. Confirm with the @A @A @A @A button button button button.
Ne7t, a combination for the Serviceability .imit State 9S.S: has to be created. (his
can be done by clic$ing the New New New New button button button button en choosing the type 5N type 5N type 5N type 5N? ?? ?S.S Kuasi S.S Kuasi S.S Kuasi S.S Kuasi? ?? ?
permanent permanent permanent permanent.

(he created combinations can always be consulted in the dialog bo7 Combinations Combinations Combinations Combinations.

Clic$ the Close Close Close Close button button button button to close this window.

"-
0emar$4 through the behind 57plode to linear 57plode to linear 57plode to linear 57plode to linear in the dialog bo7
Combinations Combinations Combinations Combinations, all possible linear combinations will be generated from the selected
combination, in order to perform any chec$ups.
,aterials library ,aterials library ,aterials library ,aterials library

(he characteristics of the used materials can be consulted and modified in the
materials library. (his option is located in the menu bar.

(he dialog bo7 ,aterials ,aterials ,aterials ,aterials will open. All materials are listed on the left and the
specific characteristic on the right.


"/
Any further calculations will be performed according to a parabola parabola parabola parabola? ?? ?rectangle rectangle rectangle rectangle
stress stress stress stress? ?? ?strain diagram strain diagram strain diagram strain diagram as (ype of diagram (ype of diagram (ype of diagram (ype of diagram for the material C+/#!. C+/#!. C+/#!. C+/#!.
Choose also for a 3i 3i 3i 3i? ?? ?linear linear linear linear without an inclined top branch without an inclined top branch without an inclined top branch without an inclined top branch for steel 3 +!!A 3 +!!A 3 +!!A 3 +!!A. (o
obtain a graphical representation, clic$ after 6icture of Stress 6icture of Stress 6icture of Stress 6icture of Stress? ?? ?strain strain strain strain diagram diagram diagram diagram.











.inear calculation .inear calculation .inear calculation .inear calculation

After creating and applying the loads, the construction needs to be calculated. (his
is done through . A new dialog bo7, ;5 analysis ;5 analysis ;5 analysis ;5 analysis, will appear. 6erform a linear
calculation by clic$ing the @A @A @A @A button button button button.


"F
After performing this linear calculation, Scia 5ngineer reports the end of the
calculation4

Clic$ the @A @A @A @A button button button button to close this window.


"1
0esults 0esults 0esults 0esults

After completing the calculation, the user gains access to the 0esults 0esults 0esults 0esults menu. menu. menu. menu.

0eaction forces
(hrough 0esults B 0esults B 0esults B 0esults B Supports B 0eactions Supports B 0eactions Supports B 0eactions Supports B 0eactions, the reaction forces at the supports can be
determined.

8n the 6roperties 6roperties 6roperties 6roperties window window window window, the user can adjust any settings. (o display the reaction
forces in the =?direction, choose as 'alues 'alues 'alues 'alues for 0D 0D 0D 0D. 3e sure Combinations Combinations Combinations Combinations are set to
J.S J.S J.S J.S? ?? ?6erma 6erma 6erma 6ermanent nent nent nent.

!

Ne7t, to visualiDe the reaction forces, according to the chosen properties, clic$
, located behind 0efresh 0efresh 0efresh 0efresh.

(he result will be shown as follows4

(he results in S.S S.S S.S S.S, following result will be obtained4






"
8nternal forces
(hrough 0esults B 0esults B 0esults B 0esults B 3eams B 8nternal forces on beam 3eams B 8nternal forces on beam 3eams B 8nternal forces on beam 3eams B 8nternal forces on beam, the internal forces can be
re>uested.

8n the 6roperties, 6roperties, 6roperties, 6roperties, the user has to select the appropriate properties4











(he results will be visible after clic$ing , behind 0efresh 0efresh 0efresh 0efresh. ;ollowing internal
forces will be given, in case of the J.S J.S J.S J.S4

And for the S.S S.S S.S S.S4





#
Concrete Concrete Concrete Concrete 2 22 2 general general general general

(hrough the Concrete Concrete Concrete Concrete menu menu menu menu in ,ain menu, the user has the ability to perform
specific concrete related chec$ups.

(o adjust the properties of a concrete element, consult the option "* member "* member "* member "* member B B B B
,ember data ,ember data ,ember data ,ember data.

(he concrete element, of which the properties need to be changed, has to be
selected. (his is indicated in the command line.





)
(he dialog bo7 Concrete "* data Concrete "* data Concrete "* data Concrete "* data will open. After tic$ing the Advanced mode Advanced mode Advanced mode Advanced mode, the
user can perform several adjustments concerning the characteristics of the selected
element. (hese adjustments need to be done as follows4

After clic$ing the @A @A @A @A button button button button, a label will appear ne7t to the concrete member. 3y
selecting this label, the properties can be consulted or changed.

0emar$4 the user is also able to change the overall settings of all the different
elements through the *esign defaults *esign defaults *esign defaults *esign defaults. However these changes will not affect the
elements that have been provided with member data.


+
Concrete Concrete Concrete Concrete 2 22 2 theoretical reinforc theoretical reinforc theoretical reinforc theoretical reinforcement ement ement ement

(hrough the option "* member B ,ember design "* member B ,ember design "* member B ,ember design "* member B ,ember design 2 22 2 *esign *esign *esign *esign, several aspects of the
theoretical reinforcements can be calculated.

Choose the following options in the properties window4








-
3y choosing As total re>. As total re>. As total re>. As total re>. and clic$ing , Scia 5ngineer will calculate the
reinforcement that is needed to resist the internal forces LmmMN.

3y clic$ing behind 6review 6review 6review 6review, more details will be shown in a table.

0emar$4 by tic$ing 6rint e7planation of errors 6rint e7planation of errors 6rint e7planation of errors 6rint e7planation of errors, any errors 95: or warning 9G: will
be e7plained.
0emar$4 by selecting As user defined As user defined As user defined As user defined or As As As As add. re>. add. re>. add. re>. add. re>., respectively the
reinforcement added by the user and the e7tra reinforcement that is needed will be
given.


/
Concrete Concrete Concrete Concrete 2 22 2 A,0* A,0* A,0* A,0*

(he user is also able to calculate and apply automatically the practical
reinforcement.
,ember data
Githin "* member "* member "* member "* member I Automatic member reinforcement design I ,ember data I Automatic member reinforcement design I ,ember data I Automatic member reinforcement design I ,ember data I Automatic member reinforcement design I ,ember data, the
user is able to determine the ,a7imal numbers of bigger diameters than ,a7imal numbers of bigger diameters than ,a7imal numbers of bigger diameters than ,a7imal numbers of bigger diameters than the the the the
default diameter default diameter default diameter default diameter 8n this e7ample, the value for this option is e>ual to . 3ecause
there is already chosen for a diameter of +,! mm, Scia 5ngineer will try to
implement reinforcement bars with diameters varying from +,!, F,! and #,!
mm.





F
After confirming the properties, the selected element will obtain another label.

0einforcement design
(hrough "* member "* member "* member "* member I Automatic member reinforcement design I 0einforcement I Automatic member reinforcement design I 0einforcement I Automatic member reinforcement design I 0einforcement I Automatic member reinforcement design I 0einforcement
design design design design, one can calculate the actual reinforcement, after entering the correct
parameters and confirming these by clic$ing the 0efresh 0efresh 0efresh 0efresh button. button. button. button.


(he following output will be displayed4

1


0emar$4 8t is possible to display the reinforcement bars in a more realistic manner
by changing the properties in the Set view parameters for all Set view parameters for all Set view parameters for all Set view parameters for all option.

,ore specifically by changing the settings in the Concrete Concrete Concrete Concrete 2 22 2 tab tab tab tab as follows4

#!

5ventually, the reinforcement bars will be displayed li$e this4

0emar$4 by using the following buttons , the user is
able to change the view or to Doom in and out.

#"
Concrete Concrete Concrete Concrete 2 22 2 chec$s chec$s chec$s chec$s

Capacity chec$ 9J.S:
(he capacity chec$ is performed in order to chec$ whether the interaction between
the normal force N and the bending moments ,y and ,D is located within the fi7ed
boundaries. (his chec$ determines the efficiency of the added reinforcement and is
e7ecuted through the option "* m "* m "* m "* member ember ember ember I ,ember chec$ I Chec$ of non I ,ember chec$ I Chec$ of non I ,ember chec$ I Chec$ of non I ,ember chec$ I Chec$ of non? ?? ?
prestressed concrete prestressed concrete prestressed concrete prestressed concrete I II I Chec$ Chec$ Chec$ Chec$ c cc capacity apacity apacity apacity.

Choose for the properties as shown below4


#
After refreshing, the output will be as follows4

0emar$4 the output will be the ma7imum value, which has to be smaller than " in
order to be correct. A correct output will be displayed in green.
(he results of each cross section can be observed by clic$ing , behind Single Single Single Single
Chec$ Chec$ Chec$ Chec$. (he command line will as$ the user to select the member of which the cross
section will be analyDed.

0emar$4 it is necessary to clic$ Calculation Calculation Calculation Calculation, in order to obtain the output as shown
above. (he user is also able to choose the e7act position of the cross section, as well
as to scroll through the results by using the tabs.





##
0esponse chec$ 9J.S:
(his chec$ is e7ecuted in order to ma$e sure the stresses, in both concrete and
reinforcement steel, do not e7cess their limit values. (he chec$ can be performed
through "* member "* member "* member "* member I ,ember I ,ember I ,ember I ,ember chec$ I Chec$ of non chec$ I Chec$ of non chec$ I Chec$ of non chec$ I Chec$ of non? ?? ?prestressed concrete I Chec$ prestressed concrete I Chec$ prestressed concrete I Chec$ prestressed concrete I Chec$
response response response response.

Select the following settings in the properties window4




#)
After clic$ing the 0efresh 0efresh 0efresh 0efresh button button button button, the following output will be obtained4

(he user is also able to re>uest a 6review 6review 6review 6review and to perform a Single Chec$ Single Chec$ Single Chec$ Single Chec$.

Crac$ control 9S.S:
Scia 5ngineer also offers the opportunity to chec$ the construction for possible
crac$s. (his is done with the option "* member "* member "* member "* member I ,ember chec$ I Chec$ of non I ,ember chec$ I Chec$ of non I ,ember chec$ I Chec$ of non I ,ember chec$ I Chec$ of non? ?? ?
prestressed concrete I Crac$ control prestressed concrete I Crac$ control prestressed concrete I Crac$ control prestressed concrete I Crac$ control.







#+
(he properties should be changed as shown below4

,a$e sure to choose the option Asuser Asuser Asuser Asuser, this value is e>ual to the previously added
reinforcement during the A,0*. After clic$ing the 0efresh button, the output will
be as follows4

(he user is also able to re>uest a 6re 6re 6re 6review view view view and to perform a Single Chec$ Single Chec$ Single Chec$ Single Chec$.


#-
Concrete Concrete Concrete Concrete 2 22 2 3ill of reinforcement 3ill of reinforcement 3ill of reinforcement 3ill of reinforcement

(he length and mass of the added reinforcement can be re>uested through the
option "* member "* member "* member "* member I Sa(O*etails I 3ill of reinforcement I Sa(O*etails I 3ill of reinforcement I Sa(O*etails I 3ill of reinforcement I Sa(O*etails I 3ill of reinforcement.

After refreshing the following properties, the user will be able to view the output4


#/

*ocument *ocument *ocument *ocument

All re>uired results can be put together in one document. (his function can be
activated in the ,ain menu.

3y clic$ing , the re>uired results can be selected. (hese will be included in
the *ocument. 8n the dialog bo7 New document item New document item New document item New document item, all items are summed up.
(hese can be added by the user by clic$ing . 3y adding for e7ample
0esults I 8nternal forces on member 0esults I 8nternal forces on member 0esults I 8nternal forces on member 0esults I 8nternal forces on member, the following output will be obtained4

#F

0emar$4 in order to gain more insight, it is useful to add the Combination $ey Combination $ey Combination $ey Combination $ey.