Chapter 1 WCDMA System Overview

Basic Principles of WCDMA System WCDMA System Overview
Chapter 1 WCDMA System Overview

1.1 Development of Mobile Communications
Up till now te mo!ern mobile communication as e"perience! two #enerations an!
evolve! into te tir! #eneration tat is on#oin# wit pre$commerciali%ation. Many
manufacturers ave alrea!y carrie! out teir commercial trials in &urope an! Asia.
'e first #eneration is te analo# cellular mobile communication networ( in te time
perio! from te mi!!le of 1)*+s to te mi!!le of 1),+s. 'e most important
brea(trou# in tis perio! is te concept of cellular networ(s put forwar! by te Bell
-abs in te 1)*+s. as compare! to te former mobile communication systems. 'e
cellular networ( system is base! on cells to implement fre/uency reuse an! tus
#reatly enances te system capacity.
'e typical e"amples of te first #eneration mobile communication systems are te
AMPS system an! te later enance! 'ACS of USA. te 0M' an! te 0''. 'e
AMPS 1A!vance! Mobile Pone System2 uses te ,++ M3% ban! of te analo#
cellular transmission system an! it is wi!ely applie! in 0ort America. Sout America
an! some Circum$Pacific countries. 'e 'ACS 1'otal Access Communication System2
uses te )++ M3% ban! an! inclu!es two versions4 &'ACS 1&nance! 'ACS2 in
&urope an! 0'ACS 10arrowban! 'ACS2 in 5apan. 6t is wi!ely applie! in Britain.
5apan an! some Asian countries.
'e main feature of te first #eneration mobile communication systems is tat tey
use te fre/uency reuse tecnolo#y. a!opt analo# mo!ulation for voice si#nals an!
provi!e an analo# subscriber cannel every oter 7+ (3%89: (3%. 3owever. teir
!efects are also obvious4
12 -ow utili%ation of te fre/uency spectrum
92 -imite! types of services
72 0o i#$spee! !ata services
;2 Poor confi!entiality an! i# vulnerability to interception an! number
embe%%lement
:2 3i# e/uipment cost
<2 -ar#e volume an! bi# wei#t
'o solve tese fun!amental tecnical !efects of te analo# systems. te !i#ital mobile
communication tecnolo#ies emer#e! an! te secon! #eneration mobile
communication systems represente! by =SM an! 6S$): came into bein# in te
mi!!le of 1),+s. 'e typical e"amples of te secon! #eneration cellular mobile
communication systems are te DAMPS of USA. te 6S$): an! te &uropean =SM
system.
'e =SM 1=lobal System for Mobile Communications2 is ori#inate! from &urope.
Desi#ne! as te 'DMA stan!ar! for mobile !i#ital cellular communications. it
supports te <; (bps !ata rate an! can interconnect wit te 6SD0. 6t uses te )++
M3% ban! wile te DCS1,++ system uses te 1,++ M3% ban!. 'e =SM system
uses te >DD an! 'DMA mo!es an! eac carrier supports ei#t cannels wit te
si#nal ban!wi!t of 9++ (3%.
'e DAMPS 1Di#ital A!vance! Mobile Pone System2 is also calle! te 6S$:; 10ort
America Di#ital Cellular System2. Usin# te ,++ M3% ban!wi!t. it is te earlier of te
two 0ort America !i#ital cellular stan!ar!s an! specifies te use of te 'DMA mo!e.
9++;$+,$1) Confi!ential 6nformation of 3uawei. 0o
Sprea!in# witout Permission
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'e 6S$): stan!ar! is anoter !i#ital cellular stan!ar! of 0ort America. Usin# te
,++ M3% or 1)++ M3% ban!. it specifies te use of te CDMA mo!e an! as alrea!y
become te first coice amon# te tecnolo#ies of American PCS 1Personal
Communication System2 networ(s.
Since te 9= mobile communication systems focus on te transmission of voice an!
low$spee! !ata services. te 9.:= mobile communication systems emer#e! in 1))<
to a!!ress te me!ium$rate !ata transmission nee!s. 'ese systems inclu!e =P?S
an! 6S$):B.
'e CDMA system as a very lar#e capacity tat is e/uivalent to ten or even twenty
times tat of te analo# systems. 6t also as #oo! compatibility wit te analo#
systems. Currently some countries an! re#ions suc as USA. @orea an! 3on# @on#
ave put te CDMA system into operation to provi!e services for subscribers. As te
narrowban! CDMA tecnolo#ies come into maturity at a time later tan te =SM
tecnolo#ies. teir application far la#s bein! te =SM ones an! currently tey ave
only foun! lar#e$scale commercial applications in 0ort America. @orea an! Cina.
'e maAor services of mobile communications are currently still voice services an!
low$spee! !ata services. Wit te !evelopment of networ(s. !ata an! multime!ia
communications ave also witnesse! rapi! !evelopmentB terefore. te tar#et of te
7= mobile communication is to implement broa!ban! multime!ia communication.
'e 7= mobile communication systems are a (in! of communication system tat can
provi!e multiple (in!s of i# /uality multime!ia services an! implement #lobal
seamless covera#e an! #lobal roamin#. 'ey are compatible wit te fi"e! networ(s
an! can implement any (in! of communication at any time an! any place wit
portable terminals.
Put forwar! in 1),: by te 6'U 16nternational 'elecommunication Union2. te 7=
mobile communication system was calle! te >P-M'S 1>uture Public -an! Mobile
'elecommunication System2 an! was later rename! as 6M'$9+++ 16nternational
Mobile 'elecommunication$9+++2. 'e maAor systems inclu!e WCDMA. c!ma9+++
an! UWC$17<. On 0ovember :. 1))). te 1,
t
conference of 6'U$? '=,81 passe!
te ?ecommen!e! Specification of ?a!io 6nterfaces of 6M'$9+++ an! te 'D$SCDMA
tecnolo#ies put forwar! by Cina were incorporate! into te 6M'$9+++ CDMA 'DD
part of te tecnical specification. 'is sowe! tat te wor( of te '=,81 in
formulatin# te tecnical specifications of ra!io interfaces in 7= mobile
communication systems a! basically come into an en! an! te !evelopment an!
application of te 7= mobile communication systems woul! enter a new an! essential
pase.
1.1.1 Stan!ar!i%ation Or#ani%ations
'e stan!ar!i%ation of 7= mobile communication systems are in fact puse! forwar!
an! implemente! by two stan!ar!i%ation or#ani%ations4 7=PP 17r! =eneration
Partner ProAect2 an! 7=PP9.
&stablise! in December 1)),. te 7=PP is compose! of te &uropean &'S6. te
5apanese A?6B. te @orean ''A an! te American '1. 6t a!opts te WCDMA
tecnolo#ies of &urope an! 5apan to construct a new ra!io access networ( an!
smootly evolves a core switcin# networ( from te e"istin# =SM mobile switcin#
networ( to provi!e more !iversifie! services. 'e U'?A 1Universal 'errestrial ?a!io
Access2 is use! as te ra!io interface stan!ar!.
6n 5anuary 1))). te 7=PP9 compose! of te American '6A. te 5apanese A?6B an!
te @orean ''A also formally came into bein#. 'e c!ma9+++ an! UWC$17<
tecnolo#ies are applie! for ra!io access an! te c!ma9+++ tecnolo#ies a!opt te
Cualcomm patents to a lar#e e"tent. A0S686S$;1 is use! for te core networ(.
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One formal member of te above two stan!ar!i%ation or#ani%ations is te Cina
Wireless 'elecommunications Stan!ar! =roup 1CW'S2 an! two Cinese companies
13uawei an! Datan#2 are two in!epen!ent members of te 7=PP or#ani%ation.
1.1.9 7= &volution Policies
6n #eneral. te evolution policies formulate! by 7=PP an! 7=PP9 are pro#ressive.
'is as te followin# benefits4
=uaranteein# te e"istin# investment an! operatorsD benefits
>acilitatin# te smoot transition of te e"istin# tecnolo#ies
>rom te perspective of !evelopment. te process of evolution from te e"istin# 9=
mobile communication systems to te 6M'$9+++ is a vital issue. 6t relates to te reuse
of te e"istin# networ(s 1te construction of new networ(s soul! not be te optimal
solution2 an! te !evelopment of multiple 9= !i#ital networ( systems towar!s te
same stan!ar!.
1. Policies of evolution from =SM to WCDMA
'e policies of evolution from =SM to WCDMA soul! be as follows4 'e present
=SM E 3SCSD 13i# Spee! Circuit Switce! Data at te rates from 1;.; (bps to <;
(bps2 E =P?S 1=eneral Pac(et ?a!io Service at te rate of 1;; (bps2 E Smoot
seamless evolution from te networ( service covera#e ultimately to 6M'$9+++
WCDMA 1DS2.
12 3SCSD4 3i# Spee! Circuit Switce! Data
3SCSD is a feature to allocate multiple full$rate voice cannels to te 3SCSD
structure. 6ts purpose is to provi!e te mi"ture of multiple services at !ifferent air
interface subscriber rates wit te sin#le pysical layer structure. 6ts benefits lie in te
i#er !ata rates 1up to <; (bpsB te ma"imum !ata rate !epen!s on te
manufacturers2 an! te use of te e"istin# =SM !ata tecnolo#ies by sli#tly
mo!ifyin# te =SM system.
92 =P?S4 =eneral Pac(et ?a!io Service
'e maAor benefits of =P?S are as follows4
Stan!ar! ra!io pac(et switcin# 6nternet86ntranet access applicable to all te
places of =SM covera#e
Fariable pea( !ata rate tat ran#es from several bits per secon! to 1*1.9 (bps
1te ma"imum !ata rate !epen!s on te manufacturers2
Car#in# by te actual !ata volume4 'is car#in# meto! enables te
subscribers to pay te cost of te actual !ata volume transmitte! wile remainin#
online all te !ays
Support for te e"istin# services an! new application services
Pac(eti%ation over te ra!io interfaces to optimi%e te sarin# of ra!io resources
Pac(et switcin# tecnolo#y to optimi%e te sarin# of networ( resources
Capability of e"tension to te future ra!io protocols
Base! on te e"istin# =SM part. te pac(et switcin# =P?S networ( arcitecture as
te new networ( function part4
72 WCDMA4 Wi!eban! Co!e Division Multi Access
'e WCDMA as become a new mature tecnolo#y aimin# at te UM'S86M'$9+++. 6t
can satisfy all te re/uirements liste! by te 6'U to provi!e very effective i#$spee!
!ata services an! i# /uality voice an! ima#e services. 6n te process of evolution
from =SM to WCDMA. only te core networ( part is smootly evolve!. As te can#e
of te air interface is revolutionary. so is te evolution of te ra!io access networ(
part.
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9. Policies of evolution from 6S$): to c!ma9+++
After te 6S$):A 1at te rates of ).<81;.; (bps2 is evolve! to te 6S$):B 1at te rate of
11:.9 (bps2 an! ultimately to c!ma9+++ 1G. te system can provi!e i#er capacity
an! a i#er !ata rate 11;;(bps2 an! can support te burst mo!e as well as a!!in#
new supplemental cannels. 'e c!ma9+++ 1G &F wit enance! tecnolo#ies can
provi!e i#er performances.
'e 6S$):B is !ifferent from te 6S$):A in tat multiple cannels can be boun! in te
6S$):B system. 'ese two are basically te same in essence can tey can coe"ist in
te same carrier. 6n contrast. te c!ma9+++ 1G as #reater improvements an! its
system e/uipment can support 1G terminals an! 6S$):A8B terminals simultaneously.
'erefore. tese tree systems 16S$):A86S$):B81G2 can coe"ist in te same carrier.
>or te c!ma9+++ system. te #ra!ual replacement meto! can be applie! in te
transition from 9= systems to 7= systems. 6n oter wor!s. one carrier of te 9=
systems can be compresse! to become a 7= carrier to provi!e te services of
me!ium an! i#er rates to te subscribers. As te 7= systems ave more an! more
subscribers. te number of carriers use! in te 9= systems can be #ra!ually re!uce!
wile more carriers can be a!!e! to te 7= systems. 'rou# tis (in! of smoot
up#ra!in#. te networ( operators can not only provi!e various latest serves to te
subscribers but also well protect te investment of te e"istin# e/uipment.
6n te process of evolution to te 7= systems. te evolution of suc wireless
e/uipment as B'S an! BSC !eserves special attention. 'e protection of operatorsD
investment as been fully ta(en into account in te formulation of te c!ma9+++
stan!ar! an! many ra!io in!ices of te 7= systems are te same as in te 9=
systems. >rom te point of view of te B'S. te ra!io parts suc as antenna. ?>
filters an! power amplifiers are all reusable wile te baseban! si#nal processin# part
nee!s to be replace!.
'ere are currently two brances in te evolution to te c!ma9+++ 1G &F4 12 'e
c!ma9+++ 1G &F$DO tat only supports !ata servicesB an! 92 te c!ma9+++ 1G &F$
DF tat supports bot !ata services an! voice services. >or te c!ma9+++ 1G &F$DO
tat only supports !ata services. te 3D? put forwar! by Cualcomm as been
!etermine!B wile for te c!ma9+++ 1G &F$DF tat supports bot !ata services an!
voice services. tere are several proposals at present 1one of tem is te -AS$CDMA
tecnolo#y submitte! by Cina2 an! tese are presently in te process of review.
7. Policies of evolution from DAMPS to UWC$17<
'e first step of evolution from 6S$17< 1DAMPS2 to UWC$17< is to implement te
=P?S$17< an! te secon! step is to implement UWC$17< 1Universal Wireless
Communications2. 'e &D=&$base! tecnolo#ies ave been !eci!e! for UWCC an!
'6A '?$;:.7. tis means tat te =P?S networ( arcitecture will be use! to support
te 17<H i#$spee! !ata transmission. 'e =P?S$17< is te official name of te
17<H pac(et switce! !ata service an! its i#$layer protocols 1-7 protocols an!
above2 are fully te same as tose of te =P?S system. consi!erin# te economical
aspect of te implementation. 6t provi!es te same capacity as te =P?S of =SM
an! its subscribers can ave access to two forms of !ata networ(s4 6P an! G.9:. 6ts
maAor purpose is to re!uce te tecnical !ifference between '6A8&6A$17< an! =SM
=P?S so tat te subscribers can roam between =P?S$17< an! =SM =P?S
networ(s. One of te policies for te American '6A to !evelop te 7= systems is to
implement conver#ence of te 7= systems wit te =SM system tat also uses te
'DMA access mo!e. 'is is /uite beneficial for te economics of #lobal roamin# an!
pro!ucts an! it also implements te coor!ination protocol between UWCC an! &'S6.
WatDs more important. it enables te 'DMA to player a more important role in te 7=
systems.
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1.9 'ypes an! Differences of 7= Systems
1.9.1 Ori#in of te Multiple Systems
Currently te 7= researc wor( of 6'U is mainly un!erta(en by 7=PP an! 7=PP9.
'e #oal of 6'U in terms of 7= is to establis te 6'M$9+++ family an! implement
#lobal roamin# between !ifferent 7= systems.
>amily concept
12 0etwor( part
6n one interme!iate meetin# of 6'U$' S=11 in Marc 1))*. te 6'M$9+++ >amily
Concept put forwar! in &urope was passe!. 'is concept was base! on te e"istin#
networ(s an! involve! at least two maAor stan!ar!s4 =SM MAP an! 6S$;1.
92 ?a!io interface part
6n te 6'U$? '=,81 meetin# in September 1))*. te !iscussion on te ra!io interface
family concept starte!. 6n a special meetin# of '=,81 in 5anuary 1)),. te concept of
suite was put forwar! an! applie! an! tis put te family concept out of use. 'is
means tat tere may be more tan one ra!io interface stan!ar! but te concept of
more tan one stan!ar! is not yet accepte!. rater. tese !ifferent stan!ar!s are
e"pecte! to ultimately form a unifie! stan!ar!.
'e followin# two factors ave cause! various tecnical !ifferences4
12 ?elationsip wit 9=
'e networ( part must be compatible wit 9=. tat is. te 7= networ(s are #ra!ually
evolve! from te 9= networ(s. 'ere are two maAor 9= core networ(s4 =SM MAP
an! 6S$;1.
?a!io interfaces4 'e American 6S$): CDMA an! 6S$17< 'DMA operators empasi%e
on te bac(war! compatibility 1evolutional2 wile te &uropean =SM an! 5apanese
PDC operators empasi%e on te bac(war! incompatibility of te ra!io interface
1revolutionary2.
'e correspon!ence between te core networ(s an! te ra!io interfaces is sown in
>i#ure 1$1 below4
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IS-41 core network
IS-136
UWC-136
IS-95 CDMA
cdma2000
PDC core network
PDC
Core networks 2!3 access networks
SM core network
SM
W-CDMA
"D-SCDMA
#$%&re 2'1 Corres(ondence )etween t*e core network and t*e rad$o access network $nter+ace
72 'e important role of fre/uency spectrum on tecnical selection
6n terms of fre/uency spectrum. te (ey issue is tat te 6'M$9+++ fre/uencies
allocate! by 6'U ave alrea!y been applie! to te PCS service in USA. Because te
USA re/uires te sarin# of fre/uency spectrum wit 9= systems. te bac(war!
compatibility of te ra!io interfaces is especially empasi%e! an! tecnically te USA
re/uires #ra!ual evolution. 6n contrast. most of te oter countries ave new 6M'$
9+++ fre/uency ban!s tat feature very lar#e fle"ibility. WatDs more. te intellectual
property ri#ts play a very si#nificant role. for e"ample. Cualcomm as its own patent
!eclaration. Competition is also a maAor factor to contribute to te tecnical
!ifferences.
1.9.9 ?'' 'ecnical Proposal
'e ei#t researc #roup of 6'U$?. i.e. te '=,81 'as( =roup is responsible for
promotin# te assessment an! mer#e of 6M'$9+++ ?a!io 'ransmission 'ecnolo#y
1?''2. Up till September 1)),. tere ave been up to 1< ?'' proposals inclu!in# te
MSS 1Mobile Satellite Service2. 'ey all come from 1< ?'' assessment #roups of
6M'$9+++ an! are liste! as follows4
12 U'?A WCDMA 1&urope2
92 D&C' 1&urope2
72 c!ma9+++ 1USA2
;2 UWC$17< 1USA2
:2 W6MS WCDMA 1USA2
<2 WCDMA80A 1USA2
*2 WCDMA 15apan2
,2 'D$SCDMA 1Cina2
)2 =lobal CDMA 1Syncronous. @orea2
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1+2 =lobal CDMA 1Asyncronous. @orea2
112 -&O satellite system SA'$CDMA
192 &SA wi!eban! satellite system SW$CDMA
172 CDMA8'DMA ybri! ban!wi!t satellite system SW$C'DMA
1;2 6CO ?''
1:2 60MA?SA' satellite system 3ori%ons
1<2 6ri!ium --C satellite system 60G
Amon# tese proposals. te first ten are ?'' proposals for te 6M'$9+++ terrestrial
system an! te last si" reflect te efforts of incorporatin# te MSS 1Mobile Satellite
Service2 into te 6M'$9+++.
'ese proposals reflect te concern of many countries as to te future mo!e of 6M'$
9+++ an! teir basic wises to e"ercise effective influence. 3owever. as viewe! from
te mar(et basis. bac(war! compatibility an! overall features. te U'?A WCDMA of
&'S6 an! te c!ma9+++ of USA are te most competitiveB terefore. te (ey to te
mer#e of ?'' lies in te pro#ress of effectively mer#in# tese two proposals.
1.9.7 'ecnical Mer#e
6M'$9+++ inclu!es bot te 'errestrial Mobile Service 1'MS2 an! te Mobile Satellite
Service 1MSS2. 'e su##estion of one #lobally uniform an! better$mer#e! 7= mobile
communication stan!ar! is con!ucive to weter operators. manufacturers.
subscribers an! policy plannin# I mana#ement bo!ies. so it is warmly welcome! by
all countries in te worl!.
As far te si"teen ?'' can!i!ate scemes are concerne!. te ultimate result of
mer#in# terrestrial mobile communications will brin# te bi##est competitiveness to
te WCDMA 1DS2 of &'S6 an! te c!ma9+++ of USA '6A in terms of te >DD mo!eB
wile for te 'DD mo!e. te 'D$CDMA put forwar! by &'S6 U'?A an! te D$SCDMA
put forwar! by Cina CA'' will be te maAor obAects of furter inte#ration. At te en!
of Marc 1))). &ricsson an! Cualcomm reace! a series of a#reements on te 6P?
an! tis act cleare! way te obstacles from intellectual property ri#ts for promotin# a
#lobal CDMA stan!ar!. At te en! of May 1))). te Operator 3armoni%ation =roup
1O3=2 compose! of 71 #lobal maAor operators an! 11 maAor manufacturers put
forwar! a mer#e proposal of te 6M'$9+++. 'is proposal playe! a positive role in
promotin# te unification of te maAor parameters 1cip rate. pilot structure. core
networ( protocol base! on =SM$MAP an! A0S6$;12. All te participants unanimously
a#ree! tat te cip rate soul! be 7.,;Mcps for >DD$DS$CDMA an! 7.<,<;Mcps for
>DD$MC$CDMA. wic is also calle! >DD$c!ma9+++$1MC2. 6n 5une 1))). te 1*t
meetin# of '=,81 was el! in BeiAin#. 6n tis meetin#. a framewor( a#reement was
reace! on ?ecommen!ations ?ec. 6M' an! ?SPC of te tecnical specifications of
ra!io interfaces. 7=PP. 7=PP9 an! te Stan!ar!s Development Or#ani%ations
1SDOs2 were encoura#e! to support te above O3= proposal an! '=,81 'as( =roup
was appointe! to carry out more !etaile! wor( of te MSS proposal.
'e 1,t meetin# of 6'U '=,81 was el! in 3elsin(i. >inlan! in 0ovember 1))). an!
te ?ecommen!e! Specification of ?a!io 6nterfaces of 6M'$9+++ was a!opte!. 'is
meant tat te '=,81Js wor( in formulatin# te tecnical specifications of ra!io
interfaces in te 7= mobile communication systems a! basically come to an en!
an! te !evelopment an! application of 7= mobile communication systems woul!
enter te essential pase. 'D$SCDMA. WCDMA an! c!ma9+++ were !etermine! as
te ultimate tree tecnical systems.
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1.9.; Comparison Amon# te 'ree MaAor 'ecnical Systems
1. WCDMA
>ormulate! by te &uropean stan!ar!i%ation or#ani%ation 7=PP. WCDMA is wi!ely
supporte! by te #lobal stan!ar!i%ation or#ani%ations. e/uipment manufacturers.
component suppliers an! operators. 6t will become one of te mainstream future 7=
systems.
'e core networ( evolves on te basis of an! can tus be compatible wit te
e"istin# =SM8=P?S networ(s.
6t can be base! on te 'DM. A'M an! 6P tecnolo#ies to evolve towar!s te all$6P
networ( arcitecture.
-o#ically. te core networ( comprises two parts4 'e circuit !omain an! te pac(et
!omain to complete te circuit$switce! services an! te pac(et$switce! services
respectively.
Base! on te A'M tecnolo#y. te U'?A0 uniformly processes voice an! pac(et
services an! evolves towar!s te 6P networ( arcitecture.
MAP an! =P?S tunnelin# tecnolo#ies are te core of te mobility mana#ement
mecanism in te WCDMA system.
'e air interface a!opts te WCDMA tecnolo#ies wit te si#nal ban!wi!t of : M3%
an! te cip rate of 7.,; Mcps. 6t uses te AM? voice enco!in# sceme an! supports
te syncronous8asyncronous 0o!e B operation mo!e. Besi!es. te followin#
mo!es are applie! in te WCDMA system4 Uplin(8!ownlin( close! loop power control
plus outer loop power controlB open loop 1S''D I 'S'D2 an! close! loop 1>B'D2
transmit !iversityB pilot$assiste! coerent !emo!ulationB convolutional co!in# an!
'urbo co!in#B CPS@ mo!ulation in bot te uplin( an! te !ownlin(.
9. c!ma9+++ system
'e c!ma9+++ system is a 7= stan!ar! put forwar! on te basis of te 6S$):
stan!ar!. 6ts stan!ar!i%ation wor( is currently un!erta(en by 7=PP9.
Circuit Switce! 1CS2 !omain4 A!apte! from te 9= 6S): CDMA networ(. te circuit
!omain as intro!uce! a service platform base! on te W60 infrastructure.
Pac(et Switce! 1PS2 !omain4 A pac(et networ( base! on te Mobile 6P tecnolo#y.
?a!io Access 0etwor( 1?A024 Base! on te A'M switc platform. it provi!es
abun!ant a!aptation layer interfaces.
'e air interface a!opts te c!ma9+++ tecnolo#ies an! is compatible wit te 6S):.
'e si#nal ban!wi!t is 01.9:M3% 10 K 1. 7. <. ). 192 an! te cip rate is
01.99,,Mcps. 6t uses te ,@817@ CC&-P or ,@ &F?C voice co!in# mo!e an! its
B'S nee!s to run in te =PS8=-O0&SS syncronous mo!e. 'e followin# mo!es
are applie! in te c!ma9+++ system4 Uplin(8!ownlin( close! loop power control plus
outer loop power controlB O'D an! S'S transmit !iversion in te forwar! !irection to
improve te anti$fa!in# capacity of cannels an! te si#nal /uality of te forwar!
cannelsB pilot$assiste! coerent mo!ulation in te reverse !irection to improve te
!emo!ulation performanceB convolutional co!in# an! 'urbo co!in#B BPS@ in te
uplin( an! CPS@ in te !ownlin(.
Pa#e,. 'otal19
7. 'D$SCDMA system
'e 'D$SCDMA stan!ar! is put forwar! by te Cinese Wireless 'elecommunication
Stan!ar! 1CW'S2 =roup an! now it as been mer#e! into te specifications relate!
to te WCDMA$'DD of 7=PP.
'e core networ( evolves on te basis of an! can tus be compatible wit te
e"istin# =SM8=P?S networ(s.
6t can be base! on te 'DM. A'M an! 6P tecnolo#ies to evolve towar!s te all$6P
networ( arcitecture.
-o#ically. te core networ( comprises two parts4 'e circuit !omain an! te pac(et
!omain to complete te circuit$switce! services an! te pac(et$switce! services
respectively.
Base! on te A'M tecnolo#y. te U'?A0 uniformly processes voice an! pac(et
services an! evolves towar!s te 6P networ( arcitecture.
MAP an! =P?S tunnelin# tecnolo#ies are te core of te mobility mana#ement
mecanism in te WCDMA system.
'e air interface a!opts te 'D$SCDMA mo!e.
'e 'D$SCDMA features 7S4 Smart antenna. Syncronous CDMA an! Software
ra!io.
'e (ey tecnolo#ies use! in 'D$SCDMA inclu!e 6ntelli#ent Antenna H 5oint
Detection. Multi$slot CDMA H DS$CDMA. Syncronous CDMA. Cannel
Co!in#8Deco!in# an! 6nterleavin# 1te same as in 7=PP2 an! Baton 3an!over.
A comparison of te above tree systems is #iven in te table below.
"a),e 1'1 Com(ar$son amon% t*e t*ree ma-or tec*n$ca, s.stems
S.stem WCDMA cdma2000 "D-SCDMA
Us$n% co&ntr$es /&ro(e and 0a(an USA and 1orea C*$na
In*er$tance +rom SM 2arrow)and CDMA SM
S.nc*rono&s mode As.nc*rono&s!s.nc*rono&s S.nc*rono&s S.nc*rono&s
C*$( rate 3'34Mc(s 241'2233Mc(s 1'23Mc(s
S$%na, )andw$dt* 5M56 241'25M56 1'6M56
A$r $nter+ace WCDMA
cdma2000 com(at$),e w$t* IS-
95
"D-SCDMA
Core network SM MAP A2SI-41 SM MAP
1.7 7= >re/uency Spectrum
6'U as allocate! 97+ M3% fre/uency for te 7= mobile communication system 6M'$
9+++4 1,,: M3% L 9+9:M3% in te uplin( an! 911+vL 99++ M3% in te !ownlin(. Of
tem. te fre/uency ran#e of 1),+ M3% L 9+1+ M3% 1uplin(2 an! tat of 91*+ M3% L
99++ M3% 1!ownlin(2 are use! for mobile satellite services. As te uplin( an! te
!ownlin( ban!s are asymmetrical. te use of !ual$fre/uency >DD mo!e or te sin#le$
fre/uency 'DD mo!e may be consi!ere!. 'is plan was passe! in W?C)9 an! new
a!!itional ban!s were approve! on te basis of te W?C$)9 in te W?C9+++
conference in te year 9+++4 ,+< M3% L )<+ M3%. 1*1+ M3% L 1,,: M3% an! 9:++
M3% L 9<)+ M3%. as sown in >i#ure 1$9 below.
Pa#e). 'otal19
#$%&re 1'1 #re7&enc. s(ectr&m a,,ocat$on o+ W8C-2000
'e &uropean Union 1&U2 also attace! #reat importance to 7= mobile
communication systems an! te &uropean 'elecommunications Stan!ar!s 6nstitute
1&'S62 starte! te researc wor( of 7= mobile communication stan!ar!i%ation as
early as over ten years a#o an! it establise! a UM'S 1Universal Mobile
'elecommunication System2 >orum tat was compose! of operators. e/uipment
manufacturers an! telecommunication mana#ement or#ani%ations. 6n 1)):. te
tecnical proposal for fre/uency spectrum !ivision was submitte! formally to te 6'U.
6n &urope. te allocation of fre/uency spectrum is as follows4 1)++ M3% L 1),+M3%.
9+1+ M3% L 9+9:M3% an! 911+ M3% L 91*+M3%. totalin# 1:: M3%.
'e situation in 0ort America is rater comple". as sown in >i#ure 1$9. 'e 1,:+
M3% L 1))+ M3% ban! amon# te 7= low ban!s as alrea!y allocate! for PCS use
an! it as been !ivi!e! into two 1: M3% an! two : M3% ban!s. Since te PCS
service as alrea!y occupie! te fre/uency spectrum of 6M'$9+++. te uplin( ban! of
te a!Auste! 6M'$9+++ even nee!s to be sare! to#eter wit te !ownlin( ban! of
PCS. 'is (in! of arran#e is not suitable for te i#$transmit an! low$receive
confi#urations of or!inary base stations.
6n 5apan. te fre/uency ban! of 1,)7.: M3% L 1)1).< M3% as alrea!y been
allocate! for P3S use an! te 7= ban!s totalin# 17: M3% 19 M <+ M3% H 1: M3%2
are still available4 1)9+ M3% L 1),+M3%. 911+ M3% L 91*+ M3%. 9+1+ M3% L 9+9:
M3%2. At present. 5apan is en!eavorin# to clear te conflicts wit te fre/uencies for
7= mobile communications.
@orea as te same allocate! fre/uency as in 6'U ?ecommen!ations. i.e.. 1*+ M3%.
'e WCDMA >DD mo!e uses te followin# fre/uency spectrum 1ban!s oter tan
tose specifie! by 7=PP may also be use!24 Uplin( 1)9+ M3% L 1),+ M3% an!
!ownlin( 911+ M3% L 91*+ M3%. &ac carrier fre/uency as te :M ban! an! te
!uple" spacin# is 1)+ M3%. 6n America. te use! fre/uency spectrum is 1,:+ M3% L
1)1+ M3% in te uplin( an! 1)7+ M3% L 1))+ M3% in te !ownlin( an! te !uple"
spacin# is ,+ M3%.
'e fre/uency spectrum use! by te WCDMA 'DD mo!e 1inclu!in# te i# bit rates
an! te low bit rates2 is as follows 1ban!s oter tan tose specifie! by 7=PP may
also be use!24
12 Uplin( 1)++ L 1)9+M3% an! 9+1+ L 9+9:M3%
Pa#e1+. 'otal19
92 America4 Uplin( 1,:+ M3% L 1)1+ M3% an! !ownlin( 1)7+ M3% L 1))+ M3%.
72 America4 1)1+ M3% L 1)7+ M3% in bot te uplin( an! te !ownlin(
6n special cases 1suc as te boun!ary area of two countries2. te 'DD mo!e an! te
>DD mo!e may coe"ist in te same fre/uency ban! an! 7=PP 'S= ?A0 W=; is
currently researcin# tis situation.
'ere is only te >DD mo!e in te c!ma9+++ system an! currently tere are a total
of seven ban! classes. of wic Ban! Class < is te 1)9+ M3% L1),+ M3%8911+
M3% L 91,+ M3% ban! stipulate! in 6M'$9+++.
6n Cina. accor!in# to te present ra!io fre/uency !ivision. mobile services. fi"e!
services an! spatial services are usin# te 1*++ M3% L 97++ M3% ban!. wic is
currently servin# plenty of microwave communication systems an! a certain number
of wireless location !evices. 6n December 1))<. te State ?a!io ?e#ulatory
Committee of P. ?. Cina re$planne! an! a!Auste! some terrestrial ra!io service
fre/uencies of 9 =3% to a!apt to te nee!s of cellular mobile communication
!evelopment an! ra!io access. 3owever. te fre/uency spectrum still conflicts wit
te 7= mobile communication systems. tat is. te 1.) M3% ban! for public cellular
mobile communications an! te ra!io access ban! ave bot ta(en up some of te
6M'$9+++ ban!s.
'erefore. te 7= mobile communication systems ave to sare te limite! fre/uency
resources wit te e"istin# ra!io communication systems. Wit te !evelopment of
tecnolo#ies an! services. te plannin# an! a!Austment of 6M'$9+++ ban!s must be
well !one to stimulate te operators. scientific researc or#ani%ations8institutions.
manufacturers an! oter bo!ies to actively !evelop te 7= mobile communication
systems. so as to meet bot te sort$term an! te lon#$term fre/uency spectrum
nee!s in Cina mobile communication !evelopment.
'e occupation of te 6M'$9+++ fre/uency spectrum in Cina is illustrate! in te
followin# fi#ure.
1850 1900 1950 2000 2050 2100 2150 2200 2250
ITU
1850 1900 1950 2000 2050 2100 2150 2200 2250
1880 MHz 1980 MHz
1885 MHz 2025 MHz
2010 MHz
IMT 2000
210 MHz
IMT 2000
2110 MHz 210 MHz
MSS MSS
Chi!a
MSS MSS MSS "DD "DD
1920 MHz
TDD TDD
1850 1900 1950 2000 2050 2100 2150 2200 2250
ITU
1850 1900 1950 2000 2050 2100 2150 2200 2250
1880 MHz 1980 MHz
1885 MHz 2025 MHz
2010 MHz
IMT 2000
210 MHz
IMT 2000
2110 MHz 210 MHz
MSS MSS
Chi!a
MSS MSS MSS "DD "DD
1920 MHz
TDD TDD
#$%&re 1'2 9cc&(at$on o+ t*e IM"-2000 +re7&enc. s(ectr&m $n C*$na
'e ban!s allocate! for 6M'$9+++ in Cina are liste! below4
12 Basic operatin# ban!s
Pa#e11. 'otal19
>DD mo!e4 1)9+ M3% L 1),+M3%8911+ M3% L 91*+ M3%
'DD mo!e4 1,,+ M3% L 1)9+ M3%89+1+ M3% L 9+9: M3%
92 Supplementary operatin# ban!s
>DD mo!e4 1*:: M3% L 1*,: M3%81,:+ M3% L 1,,+ M3%
'DD mo!e4 97++ M3% L 9;++ M3%. sare! to#eter wit te wireless location
servicesB bot are maAor services an! te sarin# stan!ar! is to be specially
formulate!.
72 Operatin# ban! for satellite mobile communication systems
1),+ M3% L 9+1+ M3%891*+ M3% L 99++ M3%.
Pa#e19. 'otal19

Chapter 1 WCDMA System Overview

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