sp#vES:

INTRODUCTION:In this first lesson, the student will learn

someexpressions of common everyday use. In theseexpressions, the verb
As(to be) is understoodand is not explicitly used.Sanskrit, like other
classical languages, has threegenders- masculine (m), feminine (f) and
neuter (n).These are indicated in the examples given. The studentis
advised to learn these expressions by memory.The prelude to these
tutorial lessons introduced thevowels and consonants of Sanskrit and
also indicatedhow they are to be pronounced. The student is advisedto
refer to this prelude as well to memorize the basicletters.1.1 Here are
some common expressionsin the first person.
mm nam ram:
My Name is Rama (m)
mama nma rma
mm nam sta
My Name is Sita (f)
mama nma st
mm nam SEKr:
My Name is Sekhara (m)
mama nma khara
mm nam uma
My name is Uma (f)
mama nma um
mm dEv: Sv:
My God is Siva (m)
mama dvaha iva
mm dEv pavIt
My Goddess is Parvati (f)
mama dv prvat
mm pO: maDv:
My son is Madhava (m)
mama putra mdhava
mm pO vjya
My daughter is Vijaya (f)
mama putr vijay
mm BtaIvN
My husband is Vishnu (m)
mama bhart viu
mm BayaIpa
My wife is padma (f)
mama bhry padm
mm pta jydEv:
My father is Jayadeva (m)
mama pit jayadva
mm mata sBd#a
My mother is subhadra (f)
mama mt subhadr
mm B#ata vjy:
My brother is Vijay (m)
mama bhrt vijaya
mm vsa mlka
My sister is Mallika (f)
mama svas mallik
mm mO|k]N:
My friend is Krishna (n)
mama mitra ka
mm vahn|taEyaEta

My vehicle is Toyota (n)

mama vhana tyt
Note that the verb "to be" (i.e., the form "is" in English)is not used
in any of the expressions. The explicitform of the verb
As(to be) is always implied inexpressions of this nature and in Sanskrit,
as in mostlanguages, the personal pronoun
mm
has no
gender.------------------------------------------------------------------1.2
Simple expressions involving a question.This subsection deals with
expressions invovinga question, the answers to which are similarto the
expressions in section 1.1.
tv nam k|
What is your name?
tava nma ki
tv dEv: k:
Who is your God?
tava dva ka
tv dEv ka
Who is your Goddess?
tava dv k
tv pO: k:
Who is your son?
tava putra ka
tv pO ka
Who is your daughter?
tava putr k
tv B#ata k:
Who is your brother?
tava bhrt ka
tv vsa ka
Who is your sister?
tava svas k
tv mO|k|
Who is your friend?
tava mitra ki
tv vahn|k|
What is your vehicle?
tava vhana ki
Observe that there are no question marks in anyof the sentences. In
Sanskrit, no punctuation isever used. Generally, the punctuation is
recog-nized from the intonation.Even in the interrogative form, the verb
As(to be) is not explicitly used.Gender becomes apparent in these
sentences ascan be observed with the ending akshara of thewords i.e.,
k:
,
ka
and
k|
.
k:
is the masculine form known as
p|l:
(
pumliga
)
ka

is the feminine form known as

Ol:
(
strliga
)
k|
is the neuter form known as
np|skl:
(
napumsakaliga
)Among the words used in the sentences givenabove, the following words
are masculinein gender.
ram:, SEKr:, dEv:, pO:, Sv:, maDv:, jydEv:, vjy:, pta, B#ata
The following are feminine words
sta, uma, pavIt, vjya, dEv, pO, BayaI, mata, vsa, pa, sBd#a,
mlka
Some examples of nouns in the neuter gender are
mO|, vahnm-, nam, Dnm-, jlm-, kmlm-, AaBrNmIn Sanskrit, gender is not decided by the meaningof the word but is
fixed by other considerationssuch as the form of the word and its
ending.A Note on the word
tv
.The form of address
tv
, it should be noted , ismostly used in circumstances involving
personswho enjoy a close relationship with the personspeaking the
sentence. Often, the form with respect
Bvt:
(m) or
Bvya:
(f) is used.However, it is observed that the form
tv
was inregular use in earlier times and did not mean anydisrespect. In
keeping with modern trends, we arefollowing the practice of using
tv
for the familiarform of address and
Bvt:
/
Bvya:
for the respectfulform. This is similar to the usage of the Germanwords
"dein" and "ihr".Demonstrative pronouns.Masculine
ex:
He (who is nearby)
s:
He (who is farther away)Feminine
exa
She (who is nearby)
sa
She (who is farther away)Neuter
ettThis
ttThat
------------------------------------------------------------------The
use of the demonstrative pronoun willdepend on whether the speaker is
refering to aperson in the immediate vicinity or someoneat a distance.
Essentially, this is equivalent tothe difference between "this" and
"that". InSanskrit this distinction applies for all thethree genders.

ex:
and
s:
(masculine)
a sa
exa
and
sa
(feminine)
s
ettand
tt(neuter)
tat tat
Let us look at some examples.
ex: kak:
This (is a) crow
aha kka
exa mala
This (is a) garland
ml
ex: mm gj:
This (is) my elephant
aha mama gaja
exa mm BayaI
This (is) my wife
mama bhry
ett-kmlmThis (is a) lotus
tat kamalam
ett-tv kmlmThis (is) your lotus
tat tava kamalam
s: k]N:
That (is) Krishna
sa ka
sa k]Na
That is Krishnaa (f)(Krishnaa is a feminine name)
tt-AasnmThat (is a) seat
tat sanam
tt-tv AasnmThat (is) your seat
tat tava sanam
------------------------------------------------------------------1.3
Some common expressions used indaily life.
nmtE
Greeetings
namast
sp#BatmGood Morning
suprabhtam
k[Slm-va
How do you do?
kualam v
Dyvada:
Thank you, Thanks
dhanyavd:

vagtmWelcome
svgatam
DyaEm
I am thankful(I am grateful)
dhanysmi
pnmIlam:
See you again
punarmilma
XytamPlease excuse me
kamyatm
SBmt
Best wishes
ubhamastu
------------------------------------------------------------------Glossary:Words
already seen in the sections.
dEv:
- God
dEv
- Goddess
mOm- friend
pta
- father
mata
- mother
nam
- name
pO:
- son
pO
- daughter
vahnm- vehicle
B#ata
- brother
vsa
- sister
mm
- my
BtaI
- husband
BayaI
- wifeHere are some more (new) words. 1. Masculine gender
nr:
- man
kak:
- crow
myr:
- peacock
vanr:
- monkey
Snk:
- dog
kr:
- hand
gj:
- elephant

Acl:
- mountain
majaIr:
cat
A:
horse2. Feminine gender
mala
garland
kTa
story
dya
mercy
sBa
hall
Baxa
language
k]pa
sympathy
lta
creeper
Sn
female dog
vanr
female monkey
bdva
mare
myr
peahen
majaIr
female cat
nar
woman
Sarda
name of a Goddess
srvt
Goddess of learning3. Neuter gender
Bvnm
house
kmlm
lotus
Aannm
face
Aasnm
seat
jlm
water
Dnm
wealth
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