A problem with one variable: How old is Al?

Many single-variable algebra word problems have

to do with the relations between different people's
ages. For example:

Al's father is 45. He is 15 years older than twice
Al's age. How old is Al?

We can begin by assigning a variable to what we're
asked to find. Here this is Al's age, so let Al's age = x.

We also know from the information given in the
problem that 45 is 15 more than twice Al's age. How
can we translate this from words into mathematical
symbols? What is twice Al's age?

Well, Al's age is x, so twice Al's age is 2x, and 15
more than twice Al's age is 15 + 2x. That equals 45,
right? Now we have an equation in terms of one
variable that we can solve for x: 45 = 15 + 2x.

original statement of the problem: 45 = 15 + 2x
subtract 15 from each side: 30 = 2x
divide both sides by 2: 15 = x

Since x is Al's age and x = 15, this means that Al is 15
years old.

It's always a good idea to check our answer:

twice Al's age is 2 x 15: 30
15 more than 30 is 15 + 30: 45

This should be the age of Al's father, and it is.


Solving a problem using one or two variables: How
old is Karen?
We can solve this problem using either one or two
variables:

Karen is twice as old as Lori. Three years from
now, the sum of their ages will be 42. How old is
Karen?

One-variable solution:

We'll let Lori's age be x. We can set up a chart:

now in 3 years
Karen 2x 2x + 3
Lori x x + 3

The sum of their ages in 3 years will be 42, so we
have:

(2x + 3) + (x + 3) = 42
3x + 6 = 42
3x = 36
x = 12

If Lori is 12, Karen is 24; in three years they will be
15 and 27, and the sum of their ages will be 42.


Two-variable solution:

If we want to use two variables to express the given
information, we will need two equations to solve
for these variables. Here's an example:

Start by assigning variables. We want to find Karen's
age, so let's call that K. But we need a variable for
Lori's age too, so we will call her age L.

We know that Karen is twice as old as Lori. Another
way of saying this is that Karen's age is 2 times Lori's
age. This gives us our first equation: K = 2L.

We also know that:

in three years the sum of Karen's and Lori's ages
will be 42;
in three years, Karen's age will be 3 more than it
is now, or K + 3;
the same is true of Lori's age: in three years; it
will be L + 3.

Since the sum of the girls' ages in three years is 42,
we have our second equation: K + 3 + L + 3 = 42.

simplify by adding the numbers: K + L + 6 = 42
subtract 6 from each side: K + L = 36

Now we have two equations in two variables:

K = 2L
K + L = 36

Since Equation 1 provides an expression for K in
terms of L that needs no simplification, we can plug
the value for K in Equation 1 into the value for K in
Equation 2: 2L + L = 36.

add like terms: 3L = 36
divide both sides by 3: L = 12

Now we know that Lori is 12 years old, which makes
Karen's age easy to find. All we need to do is plug L
= 12 into either Equation 1 or Equation 2 and solve
for K:

Equation 1 Equation 2
K = 2L K + L = 36
K = 2 x 12 K + 12 = 36
K = 24 K = 24

As we can see, Karen is 24 years old. It doesn't
matter which equation we use, since the the value
for Karen's age must be the same in both cases.

Again, it's always a good idea to check our answer.

Karen is supposed to be twice as old as Lori.
Karen is 24; Lori is 12. Is 24 twice 12? Yes.

In three years, the sum of Karen's and Lori's ages
should be 42. In 3 years, Karen will be 24 + 3 = 27
years old. In 3 years, Lori will be 12 + 3 = 15 years
old. Is the sum of 27 and 15 equal to 42? Yes.