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Structure of Human eye

The structure of the mammalian eye can be divided into three main layers or tunics whose names
reflect their basic functions: the fibrous tunic (also called tunica fibrosa oculi), the vascular tunic
(also know as Uvea), and the nervous tunic.
Fibrous tunic:
The fibrous tunic, is the outer layer of the eyeball consisting of the cornea and sclera.
Sclera:
Sclera is a opaue (usually white), fibrous, protective layer containing collagen and elastic
fibers. !n children it is thinner and shows some of the underlying pigment, appearing slightly
blue. !n the old, however, fatty deposits on the sclera can make it appear slightly yellow.
"ornea:
The cornea is the transparent front part of the eye that covers the iris, pupil, and anterior
chamber, providing most of an eye#s optical power.Together with the lens, the cornea refracts
light, and as a result helps the eye to focus. The cornea has unmyelinated nerve endings sensitive
to touch, temperature and chemicals$ a touch of the cornea causes an involuntary refle% to close
the eyelid. &ecause transparency is of prime importance the cornea does not have blood vessels$
it receives nutrients via diffusion from the tear fluid.
The human cornea has five layers.
': Corneal epithelium: a thin epithelial multicellular layer of fast(growing and easily(
regenerated cells, kept moist with tears.
): Bowman's layer (also erroneously known as the anterior limiting membrane, when in fact
it is not a membrane but a condensed layer of collagen): a tough layer that protects the corneal
stroma, consisting of irregularly(arranged collagen fibers.
*: Corneal stroma (also substantia propria): a thick, transparent middle layer, consisting of
regularly(arranged collagen fibers along with sparsely populated keratocytes.
+: Descemet's membrane (also posterior limiting membrane): a thin acellular layer that serves
as the modified basement membrane of the corneal endothelium.
,: Corneal endothelium: a simple suamous or low cuboidal monolayer of mitochondria(rich
cells responsible for regulating fluid and solute transport between the aueous and corneal
stromal compartments. (The term endothelium is a misnomer here. The corneal endothelium is
bathed by aueous humour, not by blood or lymph, and has a very different origin, function, and
appearance from vascular endothelia.)
Vascular tunic:
The vascular tunic, also known as the tunica vasculosa oculi, is the middle vasculari-ed layer
which includes the iris, pupil, ciliary body, and choroid.
Pupil: .upil is a hole that is located in the center of the iris. !t controls the amount of light
that enters the eye. !t appears black because most of the light entering the pupil is absorbed
by the tissues inside the eye.
Iris: The iris consists of pigmented fibrous tissues known as stroma. The stroma connects a
sphincter muscle which contracts the pupil, and a set of dilator muscle which opens it.
From anterior (front) to posterior (back), the layers of the iris are:
/nterior border layer
Stroma of iris
!ris sphincter muscle
!ris dilator muscle
/nterior pigment myoepithelium
.osterior pigment epithelium
Anterior surface features
The Crypts of Fuchs are a series of openings located on either side of the collarette
that allow the stroma and deeper iris tissues to be bathed in aueous humor. "ollagen
trabeculae that surround the border of the crypts can be seen in blue irises.
The pupillary ruff is a series of small ridges at the pupillary margin formed by the
continuation of the pigmented epithelium from the posterior surface.
The Circular contraction folds, also known as contraction furrows, are a series of
circular bands or folds about midway between the collarette and the origin of the iris.
These folds result from changes in the surface of the iris as it dilates.
Crypts at the base of the iris are additional openings that can be observed close to
the outermost part of the ciliary portion of the iris.
Posterior surface features
The Radial contraction folds of chwalbe are a series of very fine radial folds in the
pupillary portion of the iris e%tending from the pupillary margin to the collarette.
They are associated with the scalloped appearance of the pupillary ruff.
The tructural folds of chwalbe are radial folds e%tending the length of the iris that
are much broader and more widely(spaced.
The Circular contraction folds are a fine series of ridges that run in a circular
pattern over the entire posterior surface.
Choroid: The choroid, also known as the choroidea or choroid coat, is the vascular layer
containing connective tissue, of the eye lying between the retina and the sclera. !n humans its
thickness is about 0., mm. The choroid provides o%ygen and nourishment to the outer layers
of the retina . /long with the ciliary body and iris, the choroid forms the uveal tract.
The structure of the choroid is generally divided into four layers:
1aller#s layer ( outermost layer of the choroid consisting of larger diameter blood vessels
( layer of medium diameter blood vessels
( layer of capillaries
(synonyms: 2amina basalis, "omple%us basalis, 2amina vitra) ( innermost layer of the
choroid
!er"ous tunic: The nervous tunic, also known as the tunica nervosa oculi, is the inner
sensory which includes the retina.
3etina is consists of Fovea, 4anglion cells, 5ptic disc 6acula and .hotoreceptor layer
(rods7cones).
Fo"ea is located in the center of macula and is responsible for sharp central vision.4anglion
cells recieve the visual information from the photoreceptors and collectively transmit visual
information from retina to several regions in the thalamus, hypothalamus and mesencephalon
of brain.5ptic nerve carries the ganglion cells to the brain. 6acula is an oval yellow spot
near the center of the retina and is responsible for high acuity vision.
1uman retina contains three types of cone cells that are repsonsible for the photopic vision.
"ones are less sensitive to light than the rod cells in the retina (which support vision at low
light levels), but allow the perception of color. "one cells are somewhat shorter than rods,
but wider and tapered, and are much less numerous than rods in most parts of the retina, but
greatly outnumber rods in the fovea. Structurally, cone cells have a cone(like shape at one
end where a pigment filters incoming light, giving them their different response curves. They
are typically +0(,0 8m long, and their diameter varies from .,0 to +.0 8m, being smallest and
most tightly packed at the center of the eye at the fovea. The S cones are a little larger than
the others. 2ike rods, each cone cell has a synaptic terminal, an inner segment, and an outer
segment as well as an interior nucleus and various mitochondria. The synaptic terminal forms
a synapse with a neuron such as a bipolar cell. The inner and outer segments are connected
by a cilium. The inner segment contains organelles and the cell#s nucleus, while the outer
segment, which is pointed toward the back of the eye, contains the light(absorbing materials.
2ike rods, the outer segments of cones have invaginations of their cell membranes that create
stacks of membranous disks. .hotopigments e%ist as transmembrane proteins within these disks,
which provide more surface area for light to affect the pigments. !n cones, these disks are
attached to the outer membrane, whereas they are pinched off and e%ist separately in rods.
9either rods nor cones divide, but their membranous disks wear out and are worn off at the end
of the outer segment, to be consumed and recycled by phagocytic cells.
Rod cells, or rods, are photoreceptor cells in the retina of the eye that can function in less intense
light than can the other type of visual photoreceptor, cone cells. 9amed for their cylindrical
shape, rods are concentrated at the outer edges of the retina and are used in peripheral vision.
3ods are a little narrower than cones but have the same structural basis. The pigment is on the
outer side, lying on the pigment epithelium. This end contains many stacked disks. 3ods have a
high area for visual pigment and thus substantial efficiency of light absorption. &ecause they
have only one type of light(sensitive pigment, rather than the three types that human cone cells
have, rods have little, if any, role in color vision.
2ike cones, rod cells have a synaptic terminal, an inner segment, and an outer segment. The
synaptic terminal forms a synapse with another neuron, for e%ample a bipolar cell. The inner and
outer segments are connected by a cilium, which lines the distal segment. The inner segment
contains organelles and the cell#s nucleus, while the rod outer segment (abbreviated to 35S),
which is pointed toward the back of the eye, contains the light(absorbing materials.

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