I.

The Election of 1808

1. Madison won over Charles Pinckney
2. Feds still in both houses of Congress
3. embargo from previous president = hardships for Madison
4. Madison
a. few political skills
b. intelligent, but reserved
II. War of 1812
1. Congress passed Non-Intercourse Act before Madison’s inauguration
a. opened trade to all nations except GB and FR
b. was replaced by Macon’s Bill No. 2 in 1810
• president could prohibit trade with any nation violating neutrality
• Indian tribes of NW and Miss. R. Valley = resentful of govt’s policies
• British took advantage and encourages border disputes and raids
• Shawnee chief Tecumseh wanted to unite the Miss. Valley tribes
i. reestablish Indian dominance in Old Northwest
ii. the Prophet helped him persuade warriors to join him
iii. 11/11/1811 – Gen. William Henry Harrison destroyed village on Tippecanoe Creek 
devastated hopes of Indian Confederacy
c. Congress in 1811 contained War Hawks led by Henry Clay and John C. Calhoun
• gained control of both houses
• began agitating for War with Britain
• June 1 1812 – Madison asked for declaration of war and Congress complied
• 3 pronged invasion
i. at sea – American privateers including “Old Ironsides” (ship) had early victories
against British warships
ii. soon driven back to ports and blockaded by British ships
iii. Admiral Oliver Hazard Perry – led fleet of ships on Lake Erie and on 9-10-1813,
defeated British force and established control of lake
iv. victory opened the way for Will Henry Harrison to invade Canada in October and
defeat of British and Indians at Battle of the Thames
III.War in the Southwest
1. Jackson led militia into Alabama
a. March 27 1814 – crushed Indians at Horseshoe Bend
b. seized Spanish garrison at Pensacola
IV.British Strategy Changes, 1814
1. British force came down Lake Champlain at port of New Orleans
2. British armada sailed up Chesapeake Bay and burned Washington D.C.
3. “Star Spangled Banner” = inspired by Fort McHenry standing strong through British
bombardment (Francis Scott Key)
V. Battle of New Orleans
1. Jackson blocked British invasion force coming down Miss. River and defeated them with an army
of blacks, frontiersmen, and creoles and pirates
2. battle fought on January 8 1815 (peace treaty signed 2 weeks before)
VI.Treaty of Ghent (Christmas Eve 1814)
1. European wars ended – major cause for dispute with Britain = not so important
2. both sides = eager for peace
3. fighting had to stop
4. ownership of territories = back to original owner before war
5. border =
VII.Hartford Convention (December 1814)
1. Federalists = becoming minority
2. strongly opposed war and Danny Webster and other N. England congressmen blocked the efforts
of war
3. 12-5-1814 – delegates met in Hartford, CT
a. drafted set of resolutions suggesting nullification and secession
b. soon after the meeting was adjourned, they heard news of victory at New Orleans
c. their actions were discredited
d. Fed party = no longer political force
VIII.Post-War
1. Protective Tariff 1816
a. first of them
b. used to slow the flood of cheap British manufacturers
2. Rush-Bagot Treaty 1817
a. agreement between Great Britain and US to stop keeping armed fleets on Great Lakes
b. this disarmament agreement is still in effect
3. Jackson’s Florida Invasion 1817
a. Indian troubles in newly acquired land of FL
• Jackson invaded and hanged 2 British people
• reoccupied Pensacola and raised American Flag
• prevented prosecution and arrest because of public support
IX.Indian Policy
1. government began to pressure all Indian tribes in East to cede their lands and live west of
Mississippi
2. most declined offer
X. The Barbary Wars 1815
1. Congress declared war on Muslim state of Algiers in 1815
2. naval force sent to area under Stephen Decatur
3. North African pirates = defeated
4. US had free access to Mediterranean basin
XI.Adams –Onis Treaty 1819
1. Spain sold remained of FL to Americans before they took it away
2. surrendered all claims to territory and drew Mexico boundary all the way to Pacific
3. US exchanged 5 million dollars in debts owed to American merchants
XII.Monroe Doctrine
1. December 18123 – Monroe included in annual message that European powers could no longer
interfere in matters of American hemisphere
2. 30 years of freedom from foreign involvement
XIII.Internal Development
1. rapid economic and social development
2. too rapid Panic of 1819
3. slump = temporary; it was obvious that the country was moving from agrarian to industrialized
4. Westward expansion increased
5. “Era of Good Feelings”
XIV.Monroe Presidency 1817 – 1825
1. last of the “Virginia Dynasty”
a. hand-picked by Madison
b. elected with only one opposing electoral vote (national unity)
XV.Post-War Boom
1. high foreign demand for COTTON, grain, tobacco
 2. 2nd National Bank = inflationary influence (price level rose fast)
XVI.Panic of 1819
1. American manufacturers had influx of supplies that British dumped off
2. Bank tightened credit which increased business slump
3. panic = most severe in West because of its economic dependency and because of land speculations
XVII.Marshall
1. Federalists mainly existed only in the courts because most of the party had died down
2. Marshall delivered extremely critical decisions that strengthened federal government’s roles
3. Marbury vs. Madison 1803
a. judicial review over federal legislation
4. Fletcher vs. Park 1810
a. GA legislature gave land grants to Yazoo Land CO.
b. another law repealed the grant because of the corruption in the first one
c. state law = voided because it went against the Constitution
5. Dartmouth College vs. Woodward 1819
a. quarrel between president and trustees of college
b. Republicans = with president; Feds = with trustees
c. president tried to make it from a private to public institution
d. court ruled that charter = constituted contract even though issued by king and could not be
revoked w/o consent of both parties
e. limit power of state govt’s to control corporations
6. McCulloch vs. Maryland 1819
a. MD tried to levy tax on Baltimore branch of Bank of US to protect competitive position of its
own state banks
b. state has no right to control agency of federal government
c. it would violate Congress’s implied powers to establish a national bank
7. Gibbons vs. Ogden
a. NY granted monopoly to Ogden to operate a steamboat between NY and NJ
b. Gibbons got Congressional permit to so it
c. NY ruled in favor of Ogden who sued
d. Marshall said only Congress can regulate congress, even navigational commerce
XVIII.MO Compromise 1820
1. MO applied for statehood in 1819
2. Senate was divided between slave and free states
3. new state would throw off balance
4. slavery was established in it
5. Tallmadge of NY proposed prohibiting slavery in MO
6. Southerners opposed and Senate was at a standstill
XIX.Clay’s Compromise Solution
1. MA applied for admission of ME
2. Clay came up with solution
a. ME = free MO = slave
b. prohibit slavery in remainder of LA Territory (36, 30’)
c. there were still deep disputes in Congress
3. Expanding Economy
a. Growing Population
• doubled every 25 years
• migration to West
• 1840 – 1/3 of all Americans lived west of Alleghenies
• immigration increased after 1820s
 b. Farmers
• markets for farm products
• land sale
• certain crops = more profitable
• more land put out for cultivation
• soil = slowly exhausting
c. COTTON
• AL, MI, LA, TX = ideal for short-staple cotton
• Whitney’s cotton gin = easier to separate seeds from fibers
• further movement west to grow more cotton
d. Fishing
• N. England and Chesapeake Bay = profitable (deep sea whaling)
e. Lumbering
f. Fur
• John Jacob Astor opened business to NW coast (Mountain men searched for beavers)
g. Trade with Spanish
• Santa Fe Trail – NM to Independence, MO
• open to migration and American influence
XX.Transportation
1. inventions and innovations in transportation and communication
2. Rivers
a. steamboat = built by Robert Fulton, the Clermont – 1807 and the New Orleans – 1811
b. river transport
c. established on all major rivers eventually
3. Roads
a. 1818 National Road built with federal funds
b. Cumberland, MD to Wheeling, VA (linked Potomac to Ohio River)
c. network of turnpikes (private toll roads)
4. Canals
a. Erie Canal – linked Hudson River and Lake Erie – 1825
b. soon canals linked all major waterways east of Miss. River
c. received large public funding
d. soon tied East and West
5. NYC
a. primary trade center
b. largest city in US by 1830
c. dominated domestic market
XXI.Industrialization
1. Factory System
a. Samuel Slater built first cotton spinning ill in US
b. interchangeable parts and mass production
c. expansion of markets in Latin America
d. organization of banks, insurance companies, real estate complimented factories
2. Corporations
a. limited liability
b. stocks
c. large capital
3. Labor
a. Lowell System = popular way to fill New England factories
 • young women hired to work
• low wages, hard work, poor conditions
• rotating labor supply – only worked for short term to gather enough money, then new girls
would come
b. labor = short supply
c. relied on technological advancements
4. Unions
a. depersonalized work space
b. skilled artisans = less important
c. 1828 Paterson NJ – first organized strike
• child workers
d. major goal = 10 hour days
e. growth of organized labor
XXII.Education
1. Public Schools
a. before 1815 – no public schools
b. ideas of free schools for people = crushed
c. primarily private institutions
d. most = aristocratic orientation training students to be leaders and good citizens
e. women = homemaking, fine arts
f. New York Free School = example of Lancastrian system which called for older students to
tutor younger ones
2. Higher Education
a. all relied on high tuition
b. mostly on theology, some on medicine and law
c. medical practice = rather primitive
3. Cultural Nationalism
a. young republic – showed independence by strong sense of nationalism
b. “final stage” of civilization
4. Literary Nationalism
a. some published original American pieces
b. many still preferred to rely on British literature
5. Significant Authors
a. Washington Irving – folk tales, portraits of Hudson River characters
b. Mercy Otis Warren – “History of the Revolution” 1805
c. “Parson” Mason Weems – “Life of Washington” 1806 – nationalism and war heroes
6. Education
a. Noah Webster’s schoolbooks and dictionary – patriotism and national identity
XXIII.Religion
1. Post-Revolution
a. weakened position of traditional churches
b. Enlightenment – religious expression, deism, rationalism, Unitarianism
c. Thomas Paine’s The Age of Reason attacked traditional Christian values
2. 2nd Great Awakening
a. reaction to rationalism
b. decline in church membership
c. began 1801 in Cane Ridge, KY at the first camp meeting
d. personal salvation
e. women and blacks = heavily involved
f. nationalism, Protestant ideas