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This document summarizes key concepts in radiation protection and radiobiology. It discusses the early and late effects of radiation exposure on humans. The human body is composed primarily of hydrogen, oxygen, carbon, and nitrogen. Tissues and organs like lymphocytes and spermatogonia are among the most radiosensitive. Younger cells are generally more radiosensitive than older cells. Radiation can cause DNA damage through direct ionization or indirect effects via radiolysis of water producing free radicals. Occupational dose limits aim to ensure radiation workers have the same risk as safe industries and recommend annual whole body and cumulative limits.
This document summarizes key concepts in radiation protection and radiobiology. It discusses the early and late effects of radiation exposure on humans. The human body is composed primarily of hydrogen, oxygen, carbon, and nitrogen. Tissues and organs like lymphocytes and spermatogonia are among the most radiosensitive. Younger cells are generally more radiosensitive than older cells. Radiation can cause DNA damage through direct ionization or indirect effects via radiolysis of water producing free radicals. Occupational dose limits aim to ensure radiation workers have the same risk as safe industries and recommend annual whole body and cumulative limits.
This document summarizes key concepts in radiation protection and radiobiology. It discusses the early and late effects of radiation exposure on humans. The human body is composed primarily of hydrogen, oxygen, carbon, and nitrogen. Tissues and organs like lymphocytes and spermatogonia are among the most radiosensitive. Younger cells are generally more radiosensitive than older cells. Radiation can cause DNA damage through direct ionization or indirect effects via radiolysis of water producing free radicals. Occupational dose limits aim to ensure radiation workers have the same risk as safe industries and recommend annual whole body and cumulative limits.
STUDY GUIDE RT 244 (Notes from Bushongs text) pg pg !
Radiation Protection & Radiobiology Notes
"um#n B$o%og& "um#n Response To Ion$'$ng R#($#t$on Early Effects of Radiation: When response occurs within minutes or days after exposure. Late Effects of Radiation: When response is not observed for many months or years after exposure. Effects of fetal irradiation: Death, malformation, malignancy, diminished growth. )ompos$t$on of "um#n Bo(& )e%% Theor&* !" of the body is hydrogen and oxygen. #ydrogen: $%" &xygen: '!.(" )arbon: *%.(" +itrogen: '.," +o%e,u%#r )ompos$t$on Water: %" - . simple molecule. /rotein: *!" - . macromolecule. 0at: '" - . macromolecule. &ther: 1" T$ssues #n( -rg#ns* 23he most radiosensitive cells in the human body are Lymphocytes 4 5permatogonia. .un(#ment#% /r$n,$p%es of R#($o0$o%og& 1#2 of Bergon$e #n( Tr$0on(e#u *6 &lder cells are more radioresistant. '6 7ounger cells are more radiosensitive. #ow these principles apply to radiation safety: 3he fetus is more radiosensitive to radiation than a child or adult. B$o%og$, .#,tors 3ffe,t$ng R#($osens$t$4$t& .ge: #umans are most sensitive before birth. 8ender: 0emales are less radiosensitive than males. +o%e,u%#r #n( )e%%u%#r R#($o0$o%og& Irr#($#t$on of +#,romo%e,u%es* 2p.,!%6 0ollows a Linear, +on-threshold dose9response relationship. Radiation Effects on D+.: D+. is the most radiosensitive macromolecule. *6 )ell death '6 :alignant disease 16 8enetic damage R#($o%&s$s of 5#ter* ;ndirect Effect. :ost prevalent in humans. We are mostly water: %" Water STUDY GUIDE RT 244 (Notes from Bushongs text) pg 2 pg ! 2 3he brea<down of water by radiation is harmful. =rea<down products, called free radicals, cause D+. damage. D+. damage can cause somatic and genetic outcomes. D$re,t #n( In($re,t Effe,t Direct Effect: Radiation hits D+. causing cell damage. ;ndirect Effect: ' 5tep process 3he principle action of radiation on humans is the ;ndirect Effect. *6 Radiation brea<s down water molecules. '6 =rea< down products 2free radicals6 damage D+.. S$ng%e6T#rget7 S$ng%e6"$t +o(e% /oisson Distribution: . statistical law. ;f *%% rain drops fell on *%% s>uares, $1" will be wet, 1(" will be dry. E#r%& Effe,ts of R#($#t$on 3,ute R#($#t$on 1eth#%$t&* ?-ray beams are not large or intense enough to cause radiation lethality. Early Effects: 5ee a radiation response within a few days. 1o,#% T$ssue D#m#ge*Re>uires a higher dose to produce a response. Results in tissue atrophy. 5<in: Er&them#- a sunburn-li<e redness. 5ED !% 25<in Erythema Dose to affect !%" of pop.6 at $%% Rad. 8onads: &varies 4 3estes are very sensitive to radiation. /ermanent sterility at !%% Rad. 1#te Effe,ts of R#($#t$on 1o,#% T$ssue Effe,ts 5<in: #igh doses of radiation causes discolored and weathered appearance of s<in. )hromosomes: Damage to lymphocytes can produce both an early and a late response. )ataracts: 3he eye@s sensitivity is age dependent. ;ncrease in age, increases effects. )ataracts at *,%%% Rad 1$fe Sp#n Shorten$ng *% days per rad: 7ou can loose *% days of life for every rad received. Relative safety of occupation: Radiologic 3echnology is considered a safe occupation. R$s8 Est$m#tes Relative Ris<: &bserved cases A Expected cases. Estimate used when you don@t <now the original dose. Excess Ris<: &bserved cases - Expected cases. Estimate using the excess cases induced. .bsolute Ris<: Estimate using ' <nown dose levels. R#($#t$on In(u,e( +#%$gn#n,& STUDY GUIDE RT 244 (Notes from Bushongs text) pg 9 pg ! 9 Leu<emia: Linear, +on-threshold. ,-( year latent period. '% year Bat ris<B period. 3hyroid )ancer: Linear, +on-threshold dose9response relationship. =one )ancer: Radium watch-dial painters developed bone cancer. 5<in )ancer: 0ollows a threshold dose9response relationship. =reast )ancer: .tomic blast survivors who received *% Rads plus, exhibited a ris< factor of ,:*. Lung )ancer: Cranium miners show a ris< factor of :*. Liver )ancer: B3horotrastB contrast agent, caused liver cancer after *!-'% year latent period. Tot#% R$s8 of +#%$gn#n,& &verall .bsolute Ris< of :alignancy: 2p.,(6 .pproximately *% cases9*% $
persons9rad9year, '! years after exposure. R#($#t$on #n( /regn#n,& ;rradiation in Ctero: #igh dose may interrupt fertility. 0irst two wee<s: 3he first two wee<s of pregnancy may be the safest. . high dose may produce a spontaneous abortion. 3his is an all or none dose9response relationship. :aDor organ formation: 0rom the 'nd - *%th wee< of gestation. #igh rad dose will produce s<eletal, organ and )+5 abnormalities. 5ummary of effects "e#%th /h&s$,s )#r($n#% /r$n,$p%es of R#($#t$on /rote,t$on* 3ime, Distance and 5hielding. +$n$m$'e T$me* Eeep exposure time as short as possible. Exposure F exposure rate x time +#x$m$'e D$st#n,e* Cse the longest 5;D possible from the source. Doubling the distance drops the exposure by , times. 3echnologist should be as far from the source as practical. +#x$m$'e Sh$e%($ng* ;nsert shielding between the source and person. #alf Galue Layer of Lead 2at %<Gp6: .*Hmm Lead. 3enth Galue Layer of Lead 2at % <Gp6: .$,mm Lead. Dose 1$m$t (D1) Definition: Ensures that radiation wor<ers have the same ris< as those in safe industries. 3here is no patient DL. 5ummary of DL: 5ummary of +)R/ Dose Limit Recommendations. 25ee the last page of this guide.6 3nnu#% D1 $s st$%% : rem;&r (:< mS4;&r) )umu%#t$4e D1 $s Rem x #ge (< mS4 x #ge) E(u,#t$on#% )ons$(er#t$ons STUDY GUIDE RT 244 (Notes from Bushongs text) pg 4 pg ! 4 .L.R. principle: :aintain radiation exposures .s Low .s Reasonably .chievable. =6R#&s #n( /regn#n,& Radiobiology of /regnancy: T$me (epen(en,e 2first ' wee<s are safest6 4 (ose (epen(en,e 2'%% Rad dose will certainly cause radiation effects6. 3he /regnant Radiographer: DL F ! m5v9H months. 5hould wear ' film badges, one at collar, one at waist. /regnancy in Diagnostic Radiology 0etal Dose by Exam: .n ./ L-5pine exam of the mother gives the highest fetal dose. Des$gn$ng for R#($#t$on /rote,t$on Des$gn of =6r#& 3pp#r#tus Re>uirements of the )ontrol /anel: :ust show two things. *6 Display conditions of exposure. '6 /ositively indicate when x-rays are being produced. R#($#t$on /rote,t$on Des$gns .or =6r#& E>u$pment 5ource-to-;mage Distance ;ndicator: . tape measure. :ust be accurate to within '" of 5;D. )ollimation: Light localiIed, variable aperture. :ust be within '" of 5;D. *6 Light LocaliIer: Light bulb. '6 Gariable .perture )ollimation: )an be adDusted by the 3echnologist. 16 ?-ray field9 light field agreement. :ust be within '" of the 5;D. /ositive =eam Limitation 2/=L6: .utomatic )ollimators. :ust be accurate to within '" of the 5;D. =eam .lignment Device 2cross-hair target6: Line up the cross-hair target for proper tube9film alignment. 0iltration: '.!mm .luminum at (% <Gp. Des$gn of /rote,t$4e B#rr$ers 3ypes of Radiation: /r$m#r& R#($#t$on* 3he useful beam. *6 :ost of the radiation comes from primary beam. '6 :ost dangerous. 16 #ardest to shield against. /r$m#r& B#rr$ers* .ny wall to which the useful beam can be directed. Se,on(#r& R#($#t$on* ' types *6 5catter Radiation: )omes from the patient. '6 Lea<age Radiation )omes from the tube. Se,on(#r& B#rr$ers* 3he control booth barrier is a secondary barrier. Do not have to contain lead. R#($#t$on Dete,t$on #n( +e#surement STUDY GUIDE RT 244 (Notes from Bushongs text) pg : pg ! : T&pes of Dos$meters* *6 0ilm =adges: Csed most often. #ave a limited range. +ot reusable. '6 3hermoluminescent Dosimeter 23LD6: #ave a wide range. .re reusable. R#($#t$on /rote,t$on /ro,e(ures Est$m#t$on of /#t$ent Dose 5<in Dose: Easiest to measure using 3LD@s. 8onadal Dose: ;mportant because of suspected genetic response. GSD- 8enetically 5ignificant Dose. =one :arrow Dose: ;mportant because bone marrow is the target organ believed responsible for leu<emia. Re(u,t$on of -,,up#t$on#% Exposure* Do not aim the tube toward the control booth barrier. /ersonne% +on$tor$ng* Re>uired when you will receive more than *9,th the DL. 0ilm =adges: )heap, easy to use, easy to process, accurate and have been used for decades. 3LD: +ewer, can be worn for up to 1 months. /oc<et ;oniIation )hamber: :ust be charged daily before use. /#t$ent "o%($ng* Radiology personnel should never be used to hold patients. Cse family or friends of patient. Re(u,t$on of Unne,ess#r& /#t$ent Dose Cnnecessary Examinations: 3he technologist has no control over this. Repeat Examinations: 3he J * reason for high patient dose. Due to patient positioning over the photo-cells. Radiographic 3echni>ue: Cse high <Gp techni>ue to reduce patient dose. 3he ;mage Receptor: Cse the fastest film9screen combination to reduce patient dose. /atient /ositioning: =e sure the useful beam does not intercept the gonads if patient is seated for extremity films. 5pecific .rea 5hielding: 3he lens of the eye, breasts and gonads are fre>uently shielded from the primary beam. .rom N)R/ Report No? @ 1$m$t#t$on of Exposure to Ion$'$ng R#($#t$on Issue(* Summ#r& of Re,ommen(#t$ons .. -,,up#t$on#% exposures *. Effective dose limits a6 3nnu#% :< mS4;&r (: Rem;&r) b6 )umu%#t$4e < mS4 x 3ge ( Rem x 3ge) '. E>uivalent dose annual limits for tissues and organs a6 Lens of eye *!% m5v 2*! Rem6 b6 5<in, hands and feet !%% m5v 2!% Rem6 STUDY GUIDE RT 244 (Notes from Bushongs text) pg @ pg ! @ =. 8uidance for emergency occupational exposure 2not listed6 ). /ublic exposures 2annual6 are *9*%th the occupational exposures. *. Effective dose limit, continuous or fre>uent exposure * m5v 2%.* Rem6 '. Effective dose limit, infre>uent exposure ! m5v 2.! Rem6 1. E>uivalent dose limits for tissues and organs a6 Lens of eye *! m5v 2*.! Rem6 b6 5<in, hands and feet !% m5v 2! Rem6 ,. Remedial action for natural sources: a6 Effective dose 2excluding radon6 K! m5v b6 Exposure to radon decay products K( x *%-1 Lh m-1 D. Education and training exposures 2annual6 *. Effective dose limit *m5v 2%.* Rem6 '. E>uivalent dose limit for tissues and organs a6 Lens of eye *! m5v 2*.! Rem6 b6 5<in, hands and feet !% m5v 2! Rem6 E. Embryo-fetus exposures 2monthly6 *. E>uivalent dose limit %.! m5v 2.%! Rem6 0. +egligible individual dose 2annual6 %.%* m5v 2.%%* Rem6
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