Weed analysis of Mallikarjun Hills of Walwa from Sangli district of

Maharashtra, India
Keywords:
Weed analysis, Mallikarjun Hills, Walwa, Sangli district, Maharashtra, India.
ABSTRACT:


Weeds are the plants, which grow where they are unwanted. They flourish
along with cultivated crops and compete for water, soil nutrients, light and space.
Thus, reduce crop yield. The investigation was carried out to inventories the weed
species from Mallikarjun Hills of walwa and their neighboring from Sangli district.
The study area revealed that, there are 115 species of weeds representing 83 genera
belonging to 31 families with 3 sub-species and 7 varieties. It has been estimated that,
85 species of Dicotyledones under 27 families (87.09%) and 30 species of
Monocotyledones under 4 families (26.08%). The herbaceous weed is dominant with
99 species (86.08%), shrubs with 14 species (12.17%) and climbers with 2 species
(1.73%).
138-145 | JRPS | 2012 | Vol 1 | No 2

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www.plantsciences.info
Author:
Ilahi Mujawar.


Institution:
Department of Botany,
K.R.P. Kanya
Mahavidyalaya, Islampur
Dist: Sangli.



Corresponding author:
Ilahi Mujawar.


Email:
milahi10@gmail.com














Phone No:
8087121135.





Web Address:
http://www.plantsciences.info
documents/PS0042.pdf.


Dates:
Received: 05 Nov 2012 Accepted: 14 Nov 2012 Published: 12 Dec 2012
Article Citation:
Ilahi Mujawar.
Weed analysis of Mallikarjun Hills of Walwa from Sangli district of Maharashtra, India.
Journal of Research in Plant Sciences (2012) 1(2): 138-145
Original Research
Journal of Research in Plant Sciences
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Journal of Research
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An International Scientific
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An International Scientific Research Journal
INTRODUCTION
Weeds are very important for agricultural crops.
Vegetation types area effected by road development,
grazing, logging, fire and other disturbances are more
susceptible to weed invasion (Blackbrun, 2008). They
evolved probably along with the crops and are thought of
negative value because of troublesome in agricultural
practice and become cumbersome. Harvesting may be
difficult when wild spiny weed like Xanthium indicum
cause itching to the labor while field bindweed
convolvulus arvensis, Merremia gangetica bind the crop
plants together, may increase in the labor cost. Weed
species grow faster, spread rapidly, reproduce in high
numbers and produce large quantity of seed which
enable them to establish a kingdom of their own within a
short period (Dangwal et al., 2010). They reduce the
quantity and quality of produce and cause economic loss
to the farmers. The reduction in various crop yield and
produce efficiency form 34.3% to 89.8% including rice
(30.35%), wheat (15-30%), maize, sorghum, pulses
(18-85%), sugarcane (38.8%), and Cotton (44.5%)
(Gupta, 2003). There were also frequent causes
of complete crop failure due to weeds particularly
in rice and vegetable crops (Mukhopaddyay, 1991;
Jain and Chube, 1969). Weeds reduce human
efficiencies by causing dermatis allergies
(Parthenium hysterophorus), Hay fever and asthma
by pollens (Ambrosia artimisiifolia, Parthenium
hysterophorus). Some weeds provide alternate host and
vector of Malaria, yellow fever, encephalitis, dengue
fever (Petern, 1955) and other health hazards. They
shows allelochemicals effect and inhibit the growth and
germination of wheat (Porwal, and Gupta, 1986). They
act as energy drains in the entire managed ecosystem
such as, agriculture fields, forests, horticulture etc.
(Tahir, 2012). However, besides such adverse effect,
several weeds have been beneficial and used for food,
fodder, medicine and other miscellaneous purposes
(Patil, 2010; Kshirsagar et al., 2012; Ilahi Mujawar,
2012). A survey has been taken into account to explore
the weed flora of present study area and documented.
The efforts have been made to the inventory of weed
flora through field survey, collection, identification and
documentation from Mallikarjun Hills and their allied
regions of Walwa taluka in Sangli district of
Maharashtra.
Study area
Sangli district is the eastern part of Western
Maharashtra. Present study area lies between
16, 57 26.75 North and 74 18 13.60 East Elevation
2472 Feet in Walwa taluka of Sangli District. It includes
small to medium mountain hills (800-1000-2472 feet
from plain area) and their nearby cultivated area. The
average rain fall is 56-65 cm. (550-650 mm) with hot and
dry climate while temperature ranges between 25C to
40C. The soil is red laterite to loamy, most of the soil in
studies area is deep black soil in Warna and Krishna
river basin while other area have reddish brown to coarse
shallow soil. Most of the area under cultivation is due to
irrigation facilities. Major crop is sugarcane followed by
jowar, maize, wheat, rice and pulses including
groundnut, soybean chick pea, arher and mungo.

MATERIALS AND METHODS
The present study pertains to common weeds in
cultivated crops. The plant collections were carried out in
different seasons round the year for five years from
present studied area and their neighboring villages
regularly. The interviews were conducted and
informations was collected from local farmers, farm
laborers, and agriculturist about the weed species. The
field data was entered in the field note book. The
specimens were identified in the Laboratory with the aid
of taxonomic literature from regional, state and local
floras including, (Bentham and Hooker (1862-1883);
Cooke, 1958; Sharma et al., 1996; Singh and
Karthikeyan, 2000; Singh et al., 2001, Yadav and
Sardesai, 2002). The collected and identified specimens


Mujawar, 2012
139 Journal of Research in Plant Sciences (2012) 1(2): 138-145
were pressed and prepared into herbarium, following the
drying method of Jain and Rao, 1960; Rao and Sharma,
1990. All specimens were deposited in the Herbarium of
Department of Botany, K.R.P. Kanya Mahavidyalaya,
Islampur, District Sangli.

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Weed vegetation
Weeds are competitive and adaptable to all the
adverse environments. In general weeds cause 5% loss to
agricultural production in most developed countries, 10%
loss in less developed countries and 25% loss in least
developed countries. Of the total annual loss agricultural
produce from weeds is 45% in India. (Gupta, 2003).
Under present investigated area were hundreds of hector
of cultivable area infested with Cynodon dactylon,
Cyperus rotundus, Parthenium hysterophorus,
Alternanthera tenella, Xanthium indicum Cassia tora,
C. occidentalis and other weeds, thus not being regularly
under cultivation. Brown coarse soil is heavily
infested with Commelina diffusa, C. forsskalaei,
Cyanotis fasciculata, Murdannia nudiflora,
Tonningia axillaris and some grasses including,
Aristida adscensionis, Brachiaria eruciformis,
Cynodon dactylon, Digitaria stricta, and
Heteropogon contortus that grows as a weed in field, and
less suitable for cultivation.
Sugarcane is a major cash crop from this region
followed by soyabean, groundnut, jowar and pulses.
Major area in irrigated part near Krishna and Warna river
basin shows water logged condition therefore,
some of the wasteland waterlogged weeds
like Asclepias curassavica, Corchorus olitorius,
Cyperus rotundus, Mimosa pudica, Bacopa monnieri,
Dopat rum j unceum, Pol ygonum gl abra,
P. plebejum, Typha angustifolia, Alternanthera pungens
and A. tenella noxious weed very troubled the sugarcane
crop inter cultivation and also compete for water and
minerals. Therefore, farmers create inter cultivation
problems and loss in net yield. In some villages, crop
field is highly infested with weeds species like, Cassia,
Abelmoschus, Crotalaria, Ageratum, Parthenium,
Lagasca, Trichodesma, Leucas, Xanthium, Amaranthus,
Cynotis and become trubale some for inter cultivation
and even for harvesting of the crops like pulses and
jowar. Unirrigated crop fields were highly influenced by
some members of Commelinaceae, Fabaceae and
Poaceae weed. Therefore, labor cost is increased for their
eradication from field. There is a need to use water
dripping system to ovoid the water logging and salting of
soil in sugarcane crop.
Although some of the weeds are beneficial and very
useful in the traditional medicines, pharmaceutical
products, food and forage to domesticating animals
(Patil et al., 2010; Ilahi Mujawar, 2012). Cassia tora,
Mujawar, 2012
Journal of Research in Plant Sciences (2012) 1(2): 138-145 140
Table 1 Showing group wise distribution, total number and % age.

Dicotyledones 27 74.41 65 76.41 85 73.91 2 2.35 6 7.05
Monocotyledones 4 12.90 20 23.52 30 26.08 1 3.33 1 3.33
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Habit Total no. of species % age
Herbs 99 86.08
Shrub 14 12.17
Twinning herb 02 1.73
Table 2 showing Habit wise distribution of
weeds and % age

Mujawar, 2012
141 Journal of Research in Plant Sciences (2012) 1(2): 138-145
Sr.no. Name of plant Family Flowering/fruiting Habit
1. Argemone mexicana L. Papaveraceae Feb.-June. Herbs
2. Cleome viscose L. Cleomaceae Aug.-June. Herbs
3. Polygala arvensis Wild. Polygalaceae June-Feb. Erect herbs
4. Polygala erioptera DC. Polygalaceae June.-Jan. Erect herbs
5. Portulaca oleracea L. Portulacaceae Throughout year Herbs
6. Portulaca quadrifida L. Portulacaceae Sept.-Feb. Herbs
7. Abutilon indicum (L.) Sweet. Malvaceae Mudra Erect shrub
8. Abelmoschus manihot (L.) Medik. Subsp.
tetraphyllus (Roxb. ex Hornem) Borss.
Malvaceae Sept.-Feb. Herb
9. Malvastrum coromandelianum (L.) Garcke Malvaceae Throughout year Erect herbs
10. Sida acuta Burm. Malvaceae Sept.-Feb. Herbs
11. Corchorus olitorius L. Tiliaceae July-Jan. Herbs
12. Biophytum reinwardtii (Zucc.) Klotz. Oxalidaceae Aug.-Jan. Herbs
13. Oxalis corniculata L. Oxalidaceae Throughout year Herbs
14. Oxalis dehradunensis L. Oxalidaceae Dec.-May. Herbs
15. Impatiens balsamina L. Balsaminaceae Mar.-Oct. Fleshy herb
16. Cardiospermum helicacabum L. Sapandaceae July-Dec. Climbing
tendrilar herbs
17. Alysicarpus heyneanus Wight and Arn. Fabaceae Aug.-Dec. Diffuse herbs
18. Crotalaria hebecarpa (DC.) Rudd. Fabaceae July-Feb. Herbs
19. Crotalaria medicaginea Lam.var.
medicaginea.
Fabaceae Aug,-Dec. Herbs
20. Cullen corylifolia (L.) Medik. Fabaceae Sept.-Jan. Herbs
21. Desmodium dichotomum (Willd.) DC. Fabaceae Sept.-Feb. Herbs
22. Desmodium scorpiurus (Sw.) Desv. Fabaceae July-Dec. Herbs
23. Indigofera glandulosa Wendl. Var.
glandulosa
Fabaceae Aug.-Nov. Herbs
24 Vigna trilobata (L.) Verd. Fabaceae Aug.-Dec. Herbs
25. Zornia gibbosa Span. Fabaceae Aug.-Dec. Herbs.
26. Cassia auriculata L. Caesalpinaceae Jan.-July. shrubs
27. Cassia occidentalis L. Caesalpinaceae Jan.-Mar, Shrubs
28. Cassia tora L. Caesalpinaceae Aug.-Dec. Shrubs
29. Cassia uniflora Mill. Caesalpinaceae Aug.-Dec. Shrubs
30. Mimosa pudica L. Mimosaceae July-Dec. Shrubs
31. Rotala indica (Willd.) Koehne. Lythraceae Oct.-Jan. Herbs
32. Ludwigia hyssopifolia (Don) Exell Garcia. Onagraceae Sept,-Dec. Herbs
33. Glinus oppositifolius (L.) DC. Molluginaceae Sept.-Jan. Herbs
34. Mullugo pentaphylla L.var. pentaphylla. Molluginaceae Sept.-Jan. Herbs
35. Hedyotis auricularia L. Rubiaceae Sept.-Nov. Herbs
36. Neanotis montholoni (Hook.f.) Lewis. Rubiaceae Aug.-Nov. Herbs
37. Spermacoce articularis L. Rubiaceae Aug.-Nov. Herbs
38. Spermacoce pusilla Wall Rubiaceae Aug.-Nov. Herbs
39. Ageratum conyzoides L. Asteraceae Aug.-Apr. Herbs
40. Ageratum houstonianum Mill Asteraceae Aug.-Apr. Herbs
41. Eclipta prostrate (L.) L. Asteraceae Nov.-Mar. Herbs
42. Glossocardia bosvallea (L. f.) DC. Asteraceae July-Dec. Herbs
43. Lagascea mollis Cav. Asteraceae Throughout year Herbs
44. Launacea procumbens (Roxb.) Ram and
Raj.
Asteraceae Oct.-Feb. Herbs
45. Parthenium hysterophorusL. Asteraceae Sept.-Feb. Herbs
46. Sphaeranthus indicus L. Asteraceae Nov.-Mar. Herbs
47. Tridax procumbens L. Asteraceae Throughout year Herbs
48. Xanthium indicum Koen. Asteraceae Sept.-Nov. Shrubs
Table 3 Showing List of Weed plants. (Sequence of Families followed by Bentham and Hooker (1862-83) but
large, unnatural families split up following Hutchinson (1973) while weed species are arranged as per alphabet)

Mujawar, 2012
Journal of Research in Plant Sciences (2012) 1(2): 138-145 142
49. Catharanthus pusillus (Murr.) G. Don. Apocynaceae July-Oct. Herbs
50. Asclepias curassavica L. Asclepiadaceae Throughout year Shrub
51. Trichodesma indicum (L.) Lehm. Boraginaceae Aug.-Feb. herbs
52. Convolvulus arvensis L. Convolvulaceae July-Mar. Climbing herbs
53. Evolvulus alsinoides (L.) L. Convolvulaceae Throughout year Herbs
54. Ipomoea obscura (L.) Ker. Convolvulaceae Dec.-Apr. Twining herbs
55. Merremia gangetica (L.) Cuford. Convolvulaceae Oct.-Jan. Prostrate Herbs
56. Physalis minima L. Solanaceae Oct.-Mar. Herbs
57. Solanum nigrum L. Solanaceae Aug.-Jan Herbs
58. Bacopa monnieri (L.) Penn. Scrophulariaceae Jan,-June. Creeping herbs
59. Dopatrium junceum (Roxb.) Buch.-Ham. Scrophulariaceae Aug.-Feb. Herbs
60. Limnophila heterophylla (Roxb.) Benth. Scrophulariaceae Aug.-Dec. Herbs
61. Stemodia viscosa Roxb. Scrophulariaceae Nov.-May. Herbs
62. Striga asiatica (L.) O. Oktze. Scrophulariaceae Oct.-Jan. Herbs
63. Striga densiflora (Benth.) Benth. Scrophulariaceae Oct.-Jan. Herbs
64. Leucas indica (L.) R.Br. Lamiaceae Sept.-Nov. Herbs
65. Leucas longifolia Benth. Lamiaceae Sept.-Nov. Herbs
66. Leucas martinicensis (Jacq.) R.Br. Lamiaceae Sept.-Mar. Herbs
67. Ocimum americanum L. Lamiaceae Sept,-Jan. Herbs
68. Boerhavia erecta L. Nyctaginaceae Sept.-Dec. Herbs
69. Achyranthes aspera L. Amaranthaceae Oct.-Mar. Shrub
70. Alternanthera pungens Kunth. Amaranthaceae Oct.-Apr. Herbs
71. Alternanthera sissilis (L.) R.Br. Amaranthaceae June-Apr, Herbs
72. Alternanthera tenella Coll. Var. tenella
Veldk.
Amaranthaceae Throughout year Herbs
73. Amaranthus spinosus L. Amaranthaceae July-Dec. Herbs
74. Amaranthus tricolour L. Amaranthaceae Aug.-Jan. Herbs
75. Amaranthus viridis L. Amaranthaceae Aug.-Dec. Herbs
76. Celosia argentia L. var.argentea Amaranthaceae Sept.-Mar. Herbs
77. Parsicaria glabra (Willd.) Gomez. Polygonaceae Sept.-Apr. Herbs
78. Polygonum plebejum R.Br. Polygonaceae Oct.-June. Herbs
79. Chrozophora rottleri (Geis.) Juss. Euphorbiaceae Nov.-July. Herbs
80. Croton bonplandianus Baill. Euphorbiaceae Aug.-Jan. Herbs
81. Euphorbia geniculata Orteg. Euphorbiaceae Sept.-Mar, Herbs
82. Euphorbia heyneana Spreng. Euphorbiaceae Throughout year Herbs
83. Euphorbia hirta L. Euphorbiaceae Throughout year Herbs
84. Phyllanthus amarus Schum. Euphorbiaceae July-Dec. Herbs
85. Phyllanthus maderaspatensis L. Euphorbiaceae July-Dec. Herbs
86. Commelina benghalensis L. Commelinaceae June-Dec. Herbs
87. Commelina diffusa Burm. Commelinaceae July-Feb. Herbs
88. Commelina forsskalaei Vahl. Commelinaceae July-Feb. Herbs
89. Commelina suffruticosa Bl. Commelinaceae July-Oct. Herbs
90. Cynotis cristata (L.) D. Don. Commelinaceae June-Nov. Herbs
91. Cynotis fasciculate (Hey. and Rith.) J.A. and
J. H. schult.
Commelinaceae Aug.-Nov. Herbs
92. Murdannia nudiflora (L.) Brenan. Commelinaceae June-Nov. Herbs
93. Tonningia axillaris (L.) O. Ktze. Commelinaceae June-Dec. Herbs
94. Tonningia cucullata (Roth.) O. Ktze. Commelinaceae June-Dec. Herbs
95. Typha angustifolia L. Typhaceae Jan.-Sept. Herbs
96. Cyperus difformis L. Cyperaceae Aug.-Sept. Herbs
97. Cyperus rotundus L. Cyperaceae June-Nov. Herbs
98. Fimbristylis dichotoma (L.) Vahl. Cyperaceae Aug.-Dec. Herbs
99. Fimbristylis lawiana (Bieck.) Karn. Cyperaceae June-Sept. Herbs
100 Aristida adscensionis L. Poaceae Sept.-Dec. Herbs
101 Aristida funiculate Trin. and Rupr. Poaceae Sept.-Nov. Herbs
102 Brachiaria cruciformis (J.E. Sm.) Griseb. Poaceae Throughout year Herbs
103 Chloris virgata Sw. Poaceae Aug.-Jan. Herbs


C. auriculata, Achyranthes aspera, Boerhavia erecta,
Cardiospermum halicacabum are used in indigenous
medicine from the studied area. The weeds like
Amaranthus virdis, A. tricolor, young and tender leaves
of Cassia occidentalis, Launaea procumbens Portulaca
oleracea are used as vegetable and made various cooking
recipes and also sold by Mahila Bachatgat on their
stall from studied area. The weeds like
Commelina benghalensis, Cyanotis cristata,
Tonningia cucullata, Heteropogon contortus,
Paspalum scrobiculatum, Chloris varigata,
Alternanthera pungens, Amaranthus tricolor,
celosia argentia are used as forage by farmers for their
domestic animals in the study area. These findings are in
a great analogy with the previous work of (Gupta et al.,
2008, Shailey and Gaur, 1993, Dangwal et al., 2010).
The present study may be helpful in the identification,
weed information and field data of common weeds in
cultivated crop fields. However, such work is not
complete at all and there is a need for further research in
the field of bio-control of weeds, weed biology and weed
managements.
Weed Analysis
Present study deals with seeds in cultivated crop
from Mallikarjun Hills of walwa of Sangli district.
A total number of 115 weeds belonging to 85 genera,
3 sub-species, 7 verities and 31 families have been
reported. The most of the weeds are predominantly
herbaceous. Habit wise distribution of weed flora
including, 99 species (86.08%) are herbs, 14 species
(12.17%) are shrubs and two species (1.73%) are
twinning herbs (Table 1). Out of these 115 weed species
the large number of weeds come under dicotyledones
with 85 species (73.91%) under 65 genera (76.41%)
belongs to 27 families (87.09%), of which 12 families
representing with only one genera and one species
(Papaveraceae, Cleomaceae, Tiliaceae, Balsaminaceae,
Sapindaceae, Mimosaceae, Lythraceae, Onagraceae,
Apocynaceae, Asclepiadaceae, Boraginaceae and
Nyctaginaceae). There are five families representing two
species of each including Polygalaceae, Portulacaceae,
Solanaceae, Molluginaceae and Polygonaceae. Three
species represent only one family Oxalidaceae. six
families representing four species of each including
Mal va cea e, Ca esal pi ni a cea e, Rubi a cea e,
Convolvulaceae, Lamiaceae and Cyperaceae. The family
Scrophulariaceae has six species while Family
Euphorbiaceae represents seven species. There are eight
species reported from the family Amaranthaceae and
nine species represents members of family Fabaceae and
Commelinaceae. Family Asteraceae is the second largest
including ten species. Family Poaceae is the largest and
represents total 16 species of weed from the studied area.
Group Monocotyledones with 30 species (26.08%) under
20 genera (23.52%) belongs to under 4 families
(12.90%). Family Typhaceae represents only one
species, Cyperaceae with 4 species, Commelinaceae with
9 species and Poaceae with 16 species. Family Poaceae
and Commelinaceae are largest one within
monocotyledones while family Amaranthaceae (8),
Mujawar, 2012
143 Journal of Research in Plant Sciences (2012) 1(2): 138-145
104 Cymbopogon martini (Roxb.) Wats. Poaceae Aug.-Dec. Herbs
105 Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers. Poaceae Throughout year Herbs
106 Digitaria ciliaris (Retz.) Koel. Poaceae July-Dec. Herbs
107 Digitaria stricta Roth. ex F. and S. Poaceae July-Dec. Herbs
108 Dinebra retroflexa (Vahl.) Panz. Poaceae Aug.-Feb. Herbs
109 Echinochloa colona (L.) Link. Poaceae July-Feb. Herbs
110 Eragrostis pilosa (L.) P. Beauv. Poaceae Aug.-Dec. Herbs
111 Eragrostis minor Host. Poaceae Throughout year Herbs
112 Heteropogon contortus (L.) P. Beauv. Poaceae July- Jan. Herbs
113 Paspalum scrobiculatum L. Poaceae Aug.-Dec. Herbs
114 Sporobolus coromandelianus (Ritz.) Kunth. Poaceae July-Dec. Herbs
115 Tripogon jacquemontii Stapf. Poaceae Aug.-Oct. Herbs
Fabaceae (9) and Asteraceae (10) are largest one within
dicotyledones. There are two sub-species and six
varieties reported in dicotyledones and only one
sub-species and a variety from monocotyledones
(Table.2). The detail list of weed species enumerated in
table.3.

CONCLUSION
Present study revealed that, out of 115 species of
weed belonging to fewer than 85 genera and 31 families.
The herbaceous weed composition is dominant and
represented 99 species from the studied area. There are
only two twining herbs. Majority of the weed species are
belonging to class dicotyledones and comparing total
85 species under 27 families with 65 genera, 2 sub
species and 6 varieties. The monocotyledones includes
30 species under 4 families with 20 genera and only one
sub species and variety. Family Poaceae is largest one
contributing a total of 16 species followed by family
Asteraceae with 10 species. There are 13 families with
one species. Some weeds are very troublesome at the
same time some are beneficial to human healthcare use
in traditional medicine and some are useful as forage for
domestic animals.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
I express my sincere gratitude to Prof. Dr. S.R.
Yadav, Head department of Shivaji University, Kolhapur
for encouragement and help in the present study. The
author is grateful to WRO, Pune, UGC, New Delhi for
providing financial support to minor research project.
Author is also thankful to authority of college for
providing laboratory facilities.


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