OBJECTIVE

1) Understanding the manufactured of sulphuric acid.

2) Synthesis the manufacture of ammonia and its salts.

3) Understands alloys.

4) Evaluate the uses of synthetic polymers.

5) Apply the uses of glass and ceramics.

6) Evaluate the uses of composite materials.


CONCEPT MAP












Manufactured
substances in industry
Glass and ceramics
Ammonia
Composite
materials
Alloys
Sulphuric acid
Synthetic polymers
Sulphur dioxide and environmental pollution



1. Sulphur dioxide is one of the by-product of contact process. It is a
colourless and poisonous gas with a vary pungent smell.

2. Sulphur dioxide which escape into the air causes air pollution.

3. Sulphur dioxide is an acidic which dissolves in water to form sulphurous acidic. In
the atmosphere, sulphur dioxide dissolve in water droplets to form sulphurous acidic

SO
2
(g) + H
2
O (l) H
2
SO
3
(aq)

4. Oxidation of sulphur acid by oxygen produce sulphuric acid which falls to the earth
as acid rain. Sulphur trioxide is also easily oxidised in the air to form sulphur trioxide.
Sulphur trioxide dissolve in rainwater to produce sulphuric acid
SO
3
(g) + H
2
O (l) H
2
SO
4
(aq)




Ammonia and its salts
Uses
In the manufacture of chemical fertilizers.
To manufacture nitric acid and explosive.
In the making of synthetic fibre and nylon.
As a degreasing agent in aqueous form to remove greasy stains.

Properties
It colourless and has a pungent odour.
It is vary soluble in water and form a weak alkaline solution.
It less dense than water.
It easily liquified (at about 35.5C) when cool.
The presence of hydroxide icon causes the aqueous solution to become
alkaline. Thus aqueous ammonia solution:

Turns red litmus paper blue.
Reacts with acid to form only salt and waterin neutralization reaction.
NH
3
(aq) + HCI (aq) NH
4
CI ( aq)

2NH
3
+ H
2
SO
4
(aq) (NH
4
)
2
SO
4
(aq)
Reacts with solution of metallic cations to produce precipitates.
Fe + (aq) + 2OH (aq) Fe(OH)
2
(s)
Manufacture :
Ammonia is manufacture on a large scale in industry through the haber
process.
In this process, ammonia is formed form direct combination of nitrogen
and hydrogen gas in the volume ratio 1:3.
The gas nitrogen obtain form the fractional distillation of liquefied air.
The hydrogen gas is obtained form the cracking of petroleum or from the
catalysed reaction of natural gas, CH4, with steam.

CH4(g) + H2O(g) CO(g) + 3H2(g)

The mixture of nitrogen and hydrogen gases is passed over an iron
catalyst under controlled optimum condition as below to form ammonia
gas.
Temperature: 450-500C
Pressure: 200-500 atmospheres
Catalyst used: Iron fillings

N2(g) + 3H2(g) 2NH3(g)




Under these control optimum condition, only 15% of the gas mixture turn into
ammonia gas. The nitrogen and hydrogen that have not reacted are then flow
back over the catalyst again in the reactor chamber.
The ammonia product is then cooled at a low temperature so that it
condenses into a liquid in the cooling chamber.




Ammonium fertilizers
Nitrogen is required in large amount by plant to make proteins which are
necessary for growth and cell repair.
Most plant are not able to get a nitrogen supply directly from the air
although it is abundant in the air (78%). Plants can only absorb soluble
nitrogen compounds from soil through their roots.
The nitrogen compounds are usually soluble nitric salt, ammonia and
ammonia salt which are manufacture as chemical fertilizer.
Reactions of ammonia with acids produce ammonium fertilizers.

NH3(aq) + HNO3(aq) NH4NO3(aq)
Ammonium nitrate
3NH3(aq) + H3PO4(aq) (NH4)3PO4(aq)
Ammonium phosphate
2NH3(aq) +H2SO4(aq) (NH4)2SO4(aq)
Ammonium sulphate







ALLOYS
ARRANGEMENT OF ATOMS IN MATELS
1. The atom of pure metals are packed together closely. This causes the
metal to have a high density.
2. The forces of attraction between atoms (metallic bonds) are strong. More
heat energy is needed to overcome the metallic bond so that the atoms
are further apart during the melting. This is why metals usually have high
melting point.
3. Heat energy can be transferred easily from one atom to the next by
vibration. This make metal good conduct of heat.
4. The freely moving outermost electrons within the metals structure are able
to conduct electricity. Metal are, therefore, good electrical conductors.
5. Since atoms of pure metal are of the same size, they are arranged orderly
in a regular layered pattern. When a force is applied to metal, layer of
atom slide easily over one another. This make pure metals soft, malleable
and ductile.













Force
Metal are
ductile
Layer of
atom slide
Force
Metal are
malleable
The shape of metal
changes
WHAT ARE ALLOYS
1. Pure metal are usually too soft for most uses. They also have a low
resistance to corrosion. They rush and tarnish easily.
2. To improve the physical properties of metal, a small amount of another
element (usually metal) is added to form another an alloy.
3. An alloy is a mixture of two or more metals (something non-metal) in a
specific proportion. For example:
a. Bronze (90% of copper and 10% of tin)
b. Steel (99% of iron and 1% of carbon)
4.The purposes of making alloys include the following:

a) Increase the strength

i. Pure iron is soft and vary malleable. When a small amount of
carbon is added to iron, an alloy, steal is formed. The more
carbon is added, the stronger the steel becomes.
ii. Pure aluminium is light but not strong. With a small amount of
copper and magnesium are added to aluminium, a strong, light
and durable alloy call duralumin is produced.

b) Improving the resistance to corrosion

i. Iron rust easily but stainless steel which contains 80.6% of
iron, 0.4% of carbon, 18% of chromium and 1% of nickel does
not rush. These properties make stainless steel suitable for
making surgical instrument and cutlery.
ii. Pure copper tarnish easily. When zinc (30%) is added, the
yellow alloy which is known as brass develops a high resistance
to corrosion.

c) Enhancing the appearance

i. Pewter, an alloy of tin (97%), antimony and copper is not only
hard but also has a more beautiful white silvery appearance.
ii. When copper is mixed with nickel to form cupronickel, an alloy
that has an attractive silvery, bright appearance is formed which
is suitable for making coins.





SYNTHETIC POLYMERS
WHAT ARE POLYMER
1. Molecule that consist of a large number of small identical or similar units
joined together repeatedly are called polymer.
2. The smaller molecules that make up the repeating unit in polymer are caller
monomer.
3. The process of joining together a large number of monomers to form a long
chain polymer is called polymerisation.
4.Polymer can be naturally occurring or man-made (synthetic). Natural
polymer are found in plant and in animals for example of natural polymers
are starch cellulose, protein and rubber.
5.Two type of polymerisation in producing synthetic polymer are additional
polymerisation.
6.Double bonds between two carbon atoms usually undergo addition
polymerization.




































SYNTHETIC POLYMERS IN DAILY LIFE

1.Synthetic polymers have many advantages over other type of
materials:

a.They are cheap, light-weight and translucent.
b.They are easily coloured, easily moulded and shaped.
c.They are non-corrosive, waterproof and good insulator.
d.They are durable and long lasting because they are resistant
to decay, rusting and chemical attacks.

2.There are disadvantage using synthetic polymer:

a. Most of the synthetic polymer are flammable. When a
synthetic polymer material catches fire, poisonous fumes are
produce causing air pollution.
b. Synthetic polymers are non-biodegradable. When there are
discharge, they cause litter problem and pollute the
environment.
c. Plastic container that are left aside in an open area collect
rainwater which becomes the breeding ground for
mosquitoes.
d. There are limitation in recycle have to be separated out as
the addition of nonrecyclable polymers in the mixture affect
the properties of the recycled polymers
GLASS AND CERAMICS

WHAT ARE GLASS
1. Glass is one of the most useful but inexpensive materials in the world.
Many products are made from glass because of its specials properties.
2.Glass is:
a. Transparent, hard but brittle.
b. A heat and electric insulator.
c. Resistant to corrosion.
d. Chemical not reaction and therefore resistant to chemical attack.
e. Easy to maintain.
CERAMICS
1. Traditional silicate ceramics are made by heating aluminosilicate clay
such as kaolin to a vary high temperature.
2. Ceramics have many special properties that make them one of the
most useful materials in our everyday life. That:
a. Are hard, strong but brittle
b. Have high melting point and remain stable at high
temperature
c. Are heat and electric instrument
d. Are resistant to corrosion and wear
e. Are chemically not reactive
f. Do not readily deform under stress
3. Ceramic play important role in our daily life. They are uses as
a. Construction materials
i. Ceramic are strong and hard, uses to make roof tiles,
bricks cement, sinks, and toilet bowls.
ii. They are also used to make refractory bricks because
high resistant to heat.
b. Decorative items
i. To make pottery, china plates, and porcelain vases
since they do not tarnish easily and are durable.
ii. They are used to make bathroom fixture such as floor
and wall tiles.
c. Electrical insulator
i. Ceramic are used to make electrical insulator in
electrical items such as toasters, fridges and electrical
plug.

COMPOSITE MATERIALS

WHAT ARE COMPOSITE MATERIALS
1. A composite materials (or composite) is a structure of materials that is
formed by two or more different substances such as metal, glass, ceramic
and polymer.
2. Some common composite materials are:
a. Reinforces concrete
b. Superconductor
c. Fibre optic
d. Fibre glass
e. Photochromic glass

REINFORCES CONCRETE
1. Concrete is hard, fireproof, waterproof, comparatively cheap and easy to
maintain. It is more important construction materials.
2. The reinforces is a combination of concrete and steel.

SUPERCONDUCTOR
1. Metal such as copper and aluminium are good conductor of electricity, but
20% of the electric energy is lost in the form of heat during transmission.
2. Super conductor are materials that have no resistance to the flow of
electricity at a particular temperature. Hence, 100% electricity transmission
is possible.
3. One of the most dramatic properties of a superconductor is its ability to
levitate a magnet. Superconductor are used to build magnetically levitate
high-speed train (at about 552 km/h).
4. Superconductor are used to make chips for smaller and faster
supercomputer. Superconductor also play an important role in high speed
data processing in internet communication.

FIBRE OPTIC
1. Fibre optic is a composite material that in used to transmit signals for light
wave.
2. Fibre optic is used in
a. Telecommunicate where the telephone substation are liked by fibre
optic cables.
b. Domestic cable television network
c. Closed circuit television security system.
3. Fibre optic also used in medical fields. It is used in a number of instrument
which enable the investigation for internal body part without having to
perform surgery.



FIBRE GLASS
1. Fibre glass is glass in the form of fine threads. Molten gas is dropped onto
a refractory rating disc when the glass flies off the disc glass to form fibre.
2. Fibre glass is strong than steel, do not burnt, stretch or rot, resistant to fire
and water but is brittle.
3. When fibre glass added to a plastic, a new composite material fibre glass
Reinforces plastic is formed.
4. Fibre glass reinforces plastic has more superior properties than glass and
plastic. It is
a. Extremely strong
b. Light weigh
c. Resistant to fire and water
d. Can be molded, shaped and twisted

PHOTOCHROMIC GLASS
1. When 0.01 to 0.1% of silver chloride (a type of photochromic substances)
and a smallamount of copper (II) chloride are added to molten silicon
dioxide, photochromic glassis formed.
2. The photochromic glass has a special properties. It darken when exposed
to strongsunlight or ultraviolet.
3. Photochromic glass is suitable for making sunglasses.


DISCUSSION
Ammonia is a weak alkali and has a pH of 10
Ammonia is a colourless gas with a pungent smell
Ammonia is very soluble in water, ionize partially in water to form ammonium
ions and hydroxide
NH
3
(g) + H
2
O (l) = NH
4
+
(aq) + OH
-
(aq)
Ammonia is slightly less dense than air
Ammonia react with hydrogen chloride gas to formammonium chloride
NH
3
(g) + HCl (g) = NH
4
Cl (s)
Methyl orange is an acid-base indicator used todetermine the end point of the
titration.
The salt solution in the first titration is discarded because it is contaminated by
methyl orange.
The ammonium sulphate solution should not be heated dryness because
ammonium sulphate decomposes when it ts overheated.
The weight of ammonium sulphate obtained from the activity is always less
than the theorical value. This is because some of the salt is not fully
crystall i zed out and still remains in the solution.
Other ammonium salt such as ammonium nitrate can be prepared from the
reaction beween nitrid acid and ammonium solution.
The smaller the diameter of the dent, the harder and stronger is the material.
The average diameter of the dent made on the surface on the cooper block is
bigger than the bronze block.
Based on the result, bronze is harder than cooper.
When iron rust, each iron atom loses two electrons toform an iron (ll) ion, Fe
2+


Fe (s) = Fe
2+
(aq) + 2e
-
(aq)

Potassium hexacyanoferrate(lll) solution is added to the jelly solution as an
indicator to detect iron (II) ions.
When there is iron(ll) ion, potassium hexacyanoferrate(lll) solution will form
dark blue colouration.
The higher the intensity of the blue colour, the higheris the rate of rusting.
Solidified jelly solution is used to trap and see the blue colouration clearly.
This is because diffusions occurs the slowest in solids.
Based on the observation, iron rust faster than steel. Stainless steel does not
rust.
The nail made from stainless steel does not rust. This is because this nail is
an alloy of iron with carbon, chromium and nickel.
The nail made from steel will rust slowly. The presence of carbon atoms will
make the steel stronger than iron but does not prevent it from rusting.
Rusting of iron is an example of corrosion. When corrosion occurs, the metal
loses electrons to form metal iron.


CONCLUSION

Sulphuric acid H
2
SO
4
, is used to make fertiliser, the electrolyte in car
batteries, paint and detergent. Sulphuric acid, H
2
SO
4
, is made in industry through the
Contact process. The burning of fossil fuels such as petrol and products made from
sulphuric acid, H
2
SO
4
, will produce sulphur dioxide, SO
2
, which pollutes the
environment. Sulphur dioxide can caused acid rain which harmful for human and
nature. The main use of ammonia, NH
3
, is in the manufacture of nitrogenous
fertilers. Ammonia NH
3
, is mass produced in factories through the Haber process.
Examples of ammonium saltsthat can be used as fertiliser are ammonium
nitrate, NH4NO3, ammonium sulphate, (NH
4
)
2
SO
4
, and ammonium phosphate,
(NH
4
)
3
PO
4
. An alloy is a compound formed by mixing metals with other elements.
The process of mixing atoms of pure metals and atoms of impurities such as metals
or non-metals by melting is called alloying. Alloying aims to increase the strength
and hardness of metals, prevent metal corrosion and to improve the appearance of
metals so that they are more attractive. A polymer is a long-chained molecule made
from the combination of many small molecules (monomers).
Polymerisation is the process of combining monomers to form along-chained
polymer. There are two types of polymers; natural polymer and synthetic polymer. A
natural polymer is a polymer that occurs naturally, such as starch and cellulose.
Asynthetic (artificial) polymer is a man-made polymer that is formed from chemical
compounds through polymerisation.The main component of glass is silica or silicon
dioxide, SiO2. Glass is brittle, hard, transparent and chemically inert. Types of glass
include fused silica glass, soda-lime glass, borosilicate glass and lead crystals glass.
Ceramics are items made from clay that have been heated at high temperature. The
main properties of ceramics include being brittle, a good insulator of heat and
electricity, very hard, having a very high melting point and being heat resistance.
Composite materials are compound that are formed from combinations of two
or more different compounds. The new subtances has the properties that are
superior to those of the original components. Examples of composite materials are
reinforced concrete, composite plastics, fibre optics, fibre glass and photochromic.
INTRODUCTION


Nowadays, many industrial products are manufactured for the goodness of mankind.
The products are either made up from sulphuric acid, ammonia, alloys, synthetic
polymers, glass, ceramics or composite materials. These products can be made for
many uses. Therefore, we need to know how these products were manufactured,
what are their physical and chemical properties and others as well. Even though the
products of these materials are designed for good uses, there are always the bad
effects. We shall also go through the environmental pollution caused by the by-
product of these materials; during manufacture and also during usage so that we can
avoid the circumstances.

By the way, in order to appreciate the various industries in our country, we should
understand these substances and products a lot more.The manufactured substances
in industries that will be further discussed in this assignment are:


Sulphuric Acid

Ammonia

Alloys

Synthetic Polymers

Glass &Ceramics

Composite Materials

These substances are widely used in the industries in Malaysia.
So, we may need to understand some of the examples of the products.

REFERENCES


1.Form 4 Chemistry Text Book (KBSM)
2.Reference Text Series Chemistry (Pearson Longman)
3.www.wikipedia.org/wiki/sulfuric_acid
4.www.epa.gov/air/urbanair/so2/hlth1.html
5.www.portal.unesco.org/education
6.www.answers.com/topic/sulfuric-acid
7.http://education.yahoo.com/reference/encyclopedia/entry?id=45647
8.www.ibchem.com/IB/ibnotes/full/ope_htm/sulphuricacid.htm
9.www.wikipedia.org/wiki/ammonia
10.www.schoolscience.co.uk
11.www.en.wikipedia.org/wiki/alloy
12.www.wisegeek.com/what-is-the-haber-bosch-process.htm
13.http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/synthetic_polymer
14.http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/polymer
15.http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/compositematerial
16.www.answers.com/topic/glass
17.www.answers.com/topic/ceramic