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Estructuras gramaticales
Franchesco fb1_franchesco@hotmail.com
1. Prefixes- Suffixes
2. Qualifying adjectives
3. ognates and false cognates
!. "er# t$o $ords
%. &erund
Part '
Prefixes- Suffixes
Prefixes( As prefix is the integral portion of and object with a distinct and reaused meaning that
modifies the meaning of whole object.
)ist of Prefixes(
-*fter( behind, later. Detrs de, despus.
* Aftercare, care as of a patient, after an operation.
Vigilancia postoperatoria, cuidado de un paciente, despus de una operacin.
* Afterglow, the glow in the sky after sunset.
Afterglow La luz en el cielo despus del ocaso.
*Afternoon, the period after noon or midday.
Tarde, el periodo despus del medioda o medioda
-+e( ompletely, thoroughly, with intensi!e force. Completamente, completamente, con fuerza intensiva.
*"efitting, thoroughly appropriate or suitable.
Conviniendo, completamente apropiado o conveniente.
*"efogged, in a deep fog# thoroughly confused.
Befogged, en una niela profunda,! completamente desconcertado.
*"efriend, to become a friend to.
"avorezca, para #acerse un amigo de alguien.
*"elated, !ery late.
Tardo, mu$ tarde.
*"emoan, to lament greatly.
Lamentale, para lamentar grandemente.
-+y( near, suggesting secondary importance. Cerca de, importancia secundaria.
*"y$line a news$ story line gi!ing the writer name.
%ie de lnea en noticias, lnea de la #istoria &ue da el nomre del escritor.
*"ypath, a secondary path. 'n camino secundario.
*"y product, something made incidentally, not the main product. algo #izo a propsito
*"ystander, an onlooker who is not in!ol!ed in the action.
(spectador, un persona)e &ue no est envuelto en la accin.
-En( %t acts the noun that accompanies, increasing positi!ely it means to put in state of &in the sense that
indicates the noun'(
*)arge*enlarge + grande*agrandar
*danger*endanger + peligro*poner en peligro
*force*enforce + fuer,a*esfuer,o
-xample(
%n a small area, they ha!e o!er half of -urope.s endangered wild animal species + (n una pe&ue*a rea,
ellos sorepasan mitad de las especies peligrosas de animales salva)es de (uropa
-,is( /rong or wrongly. +alo o mal.
*0isbeha!e, to act wrongly. de actuar mal.
*0isconception, a wrong understanding.
Concepto errneo, una comprensin mala.
*0isdeed a wrongful action.
"ec#ora una accin in)usta
*0isdemeanor, a wrong act# a petty !iolation of the law.
Delito menor, un acto malo,! una violacin pe&ue*a de la le$.
*0isinterpret, to interpret wrongly.
,nterprete mal, de interpretar mal.
*0ispronounced, to make and error in pronunciation.
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+al %ronunciado, se usa en error de pronunciacin.
*0isunderstand, to get the wrong idea from.
+al (ntendido.
--ver significa sobre, demasiado, excesi!o, m3s de(
*charge*overcharge + carga*sobrecarga
*time*overtime + tiempo,!e,*horas extras, sobre tiempo
*heat*overheat + calor*sobrecalentamiento
*grown*overgrown + crecer*sobrecrecer
*all*overall + todo*sobretodo, abrigo
*paid*overpaid + pagar*sobre pago
*pass*overpass + paso*paso ele!ado
*sleep*oversleep + dormir*dormir demasiado
-xample(
-verall, how satisfied are you with the handling of this particular case4 + -(n general, cmo satisfec#o
estn ustedes con el mane)o de este caso particular.
-Para( para, parejo a
*medic*.aramedic + m5dico*param5dico
*tifoide*paratifoide + tiroide*.aratiroide
*olympic*.araolympic + ol6mpico*paraol6mpic
-xample(
*7e is .aramedic + (l es paramdico
-Su#( it means under, % lower of. 7e*she has the same meaning that the prefix 8nder(
*way*su#way + !6a*!6a subterr3nea
*marine*su#marine + marino*submarino
*contract*su#contract + contrato*subcontrato
*total*su#total + total*subtotal
*machine$guns*su#$machine$guns +ametralladora*subametralladora
*title*su#title + t6tulo*subt6tulo
*normal*su#normal + normal*subnormal
*conscious*su#conscious + consciente*subconsciente
*heading*su#heading + encabe,aminto*subencabe,amiento
*se9uent*su#se9uent + serie*subserie
*committee*su#committee + comit5*subcomite
-xamples(
:ussian su#marines with nuclear weapons were under attack by 8; destroyers + /umarinos rusos con
armas nucleares estaan a)o ata&ue de destructores (stado 'nidenses
A su#se/uent round of talks + una susecuente ronda de conversaciones
%leana :os$)ehtinen, chairwoman of the su#committee + ,leana 0os1Le#tinen, presidenta del sucomit
-un( not, remo!al, absence. no, &uite, ausencia
*8ncertain, not sure.
%ncierto, no seguro.
*8ndo, to re!erse &an action'# to ancel or Annul.
Des#aga, para invertir 2una accin3! Cancelar o 4nular.
*8nfold, to open or unwrap &something folded'# to re!eal.
Despliegue, arir o desenvolver 2algo pleg3! para revelar.
*8nhappy, not happy.
,nfeliz.
*8nhealthy, not healthy.
(nfermo, no saludale.
Suffixes( in grammar, a suffix or ending is an affix which is placed at the end of a word. ommon
examples are cased endings, which indicate the grammatical case of nouns or adjecti!es, and !erb endings,
which form the conjugation of !erb.
)ist of suffixes(
-a#le0 ible.
*to drink*drinka#le + eer5eile
*to reason*reasona#le + razonar5rasonale
*to enjoy*enjoya#le + disfrutar5disfrutale
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*to remo!e*remo!a#le + remover5removile
*to belie!e*belie!a#le + creer5crele
*to explain*explaina#le + e6plicar5ine6plicale
-xample(
1easona#le words can stop a fight and bring peace between people + %alaras razonales pueden detener
una luc#a $ traer paz entre personas
An American company makes these remova#le gold teeth + 'na compa*a 4mericana #acen removiles
estos dientes color de oro
An unex.laina#le silence will stop con!ersation 7 un ine6plicale silencio puede paralizar 2la3 conversacin
<his is a story #elieva#le + este es un cuento crele
-cal( %t transforms nouns into adjecti!es. =ouns finished in c only add the one. %t means ico, ica on!ierte
sustanti!os en adjeti!os. ;ustanti!os terminados en c solamente agrega al. ;ignifica ico, ica
*alphabet*alphabetical + alfabeto*alfab5tico&ica'
*medic*medical + m5dico*m5dico &a'
*music*musical + m>sica*m>sico&a'
*technology*technological + t5cnolog6a*tecnol2gico&a'
*magic*magical + magia*m3gico&a'
*ideology*ideological + ideolog6a*ideol2gico&a'
-xample(
;ome medical research which could interest + alguna investigacin mdica &ue podra interesar
% ha!e the musical history of the /est + 8o$ tengo la #istoria musical del oeste
<here are two main chemicals in the body, testosterone and oestrogen, that make people feel lust + 8a$ 9
principales &umicos en el cuerpo, testosterona $ oestrogen, &ue #acen a la gente sentir lu)uria
<he magical solution + La solucin mgica
-dom( state, condition, occupation. (l estado, condicin, ocupacin
*?reedom, the condition of being free.
Liertad, la condicin de ser lire.
@ingdom, a state ruled by a king.
0eino, un estado goernado por un re$.
*Afficialdom, the occupation of being an official# a group of offcials.
Burocracia, la ocupacin de ser oficial! un grupo de oficiales.
*/isdom, the condition of being wise.
/aidura, la condicin de ser saio.
-Ful it is added to nouns to form nouns and adjecti!es. they meanes ada, ado, ido, oso (
*wonder*wonderful + mara!illa*mara!illoso
*color*colorful + color*colorido
*spoon*spoonful + cuchara*cucharada
*fright*frightful + miedo*miedoso
*beauti*beautiful + bello*hermoso
*peace*peaceful + pa,*pac6fico
*1ower*1owerful + poder*poderoso
*respect*respectful + respeto*respetuoso
*0ercy*0ercyful + misericordia*misericordioso
*<ruth*<ruthful + !erdad*!erdadero
-xample(
<hey are frightful + (llos estan temerosos
0exico has many $onderful building + +)ico tiene muc#o edificio maravilloso
/e will !isit one of the most #eautiful cities there + :osotros podremos visitar una de las ms maravillosas
ciudades a&u
-en( to cause, to be &something' para causar, para ser 2algo'
*"righten, to make bright.
4clare, para #acer luminoso.
*?righten, to produce fright in.
4suste, para producir miedo.
*?asten, to make fast or firm# to attach.
4te, para #acer rpidamente! para atar
*Buicken, to make 9uick# to speed up.
Vivifi&ue, para #acer rpido! para acelerar
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*;trengthen, to make strong.
"ortalezca, para #acer fuerte.
-er( an agent, or one whose work in!ol!es action# a resident. 4gente, o uno cu$o traa)o involucra accin!
un residente
"aker, one who bakes.
%anadero, uno &ue #ace pan
=ew Corker, a resident of =ew Cork ity or state.
:eo$or&uino, un residente de Ciudad de :ueva ;or< o (stado.
1layer, one who plays &a game'# one who acts in a play.
=ugador, uno &ue )uega 2un )uego3! uno &ue act>a en una ora
:eporter, one who reports &news'
0eportero, uno &ue informa 2noticias3
;inger, one who sings.
Cantante, uno &ue canta.
-)y( <his suffix allows transform a 9ualifying adjecti!e or a noun in an ad!erb, adding the meaning mentions.
<he adjecti!es finished in him simply change the and for and# those finished in ly, con!ert the and in i and
he*she is added ly# to those finished in ue they change the and in ly# to those finished in ll they only add and#
those finished in ue change the and for ly.
*bad*badly + malo*malamente
*open*openly + abierto*abiertamente
*clear*clearly + claro, claramente
*cold*coldly + fr6o*friamente
*!iolent*!iolently + !iolento*!iolentamente
*slow*slowly + lento*lentamente
*9uick*kuickly + r3pido*rapidamente
*deep*deeply + profundo*profundamente
*free*freely + libre*libremente
*wise*wisely + sabio*sabiamente
*sure*surely + seguro*seguramente
*lone*lonely + s2lo*solitario o solamente
*pri!ate*pri!ately + pri!ado, pri!adamente
*intelligent*intelligently + inteligente*inteligentemente
*possible*possibly + posible*posiblemente
*probable*probably + probable*probablemente
*simple*simply + simple*simplemente
*terrible*terribly + terrible*terriblemente
*normal*normally + normal*normalmente
*eternal*eternally + eterno*eternamente
*hea!y*hea!ily + pesado*pesadamente
*easy*easily + f3cil*f3cilmente
*happy*happily + alegre*alegremente
*merry*merrily + alegre*alegremente
*funny*funnily + c2mico*c2micamente
*true*truly + !erdadero*!erdaderamente
-xample(
Easily lose weight + fcilmente pierda peso
urrently single4 + regularmente solo.
<his afected Alexander ?leming greatly + (sto afect grandemente a 4le6ander "leming
<hey know how to act nicely + (llos saen como actuar simpticamente
-2ess we transform 9ualifying adjecti!es into nouns. "ut if the adjecti!e finishes in and this is changed by
the i before being added the suffix. %t means you gi!e, e,a.
*;ick*sickness + enfermo*enfermedad
*Dark*darkness + oscuro*oscuridad
*sad*sadness + triste*triste,a
*7appy*happiness+ feli,*felicidad
*great*greatness + gran*grande,a
*%ll*ilness + enfermo*enfermedad
*;ame*sameness + igual*igualdad
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*)one*loneness + s2lo*soledad
*1olite*politeness + cort5s*cortes6a
*"lind*blindness + ciego*ceguera
-xamples(
%t is common for people to express both joy and sadness + (s com>n para la gente e6presar amos alegra
$ tristeza.
1eople who want real ha..iness must first be sad + 2La3 gente &uien &uiere felicidad real dee primero
estar triste.
hildren need to learn how to pre!ent illness + 2Los3 ni*os necesitan aprender a prevenir 2la3 enfermedad.
<he greatness of Eod + La grandeza de Dios.
;araje!o residents reacted with sadness to the news of Alija %,etbego!icFs death + residentes 2de3 /ara)evo
reaccionaron con tristeza a las noticias de la muerte de 4li)a ,zetegovic.
;he is in the middle of the dar3ness + ella esta en medio de la oscuridad.
<he people said that elestineFs sic3ness was caused by his bad ways + Las personas di)eron &ue la
enfermedad de Celestina es causada por sus malas maneras.
-4ion( it means cion, or, it allows to transform !erbs in nouns, chord to the following guide( Gerbs finished in
the consonant t, simply add ion# the finished !erbs tie, ute, eliminates the and and they add ion# the !erbs
finished in the !owel and that it is not ate*ute part, they change the and for to and they are added tion.
*to educate*education + educar*educaci2n
*to pollute*pollution + contaminar*contaminacion
*to direct*direction + dirigir*direcci2n
*to in!ent*in!ention + in!entar*in!enci2n
*to present*presentation + presentar*presentaci2n
*to react*reaction + reaccionar*reacci2n
*to attract*attraction + atraer*atracci2n
*to act*action + actuar*acci2n
*to imagine*imagination + imaginar*imaginaci2n
*to operate*operation + funcionar*funcionamiento
*to organi,e*organi,ation + organi,ar* organi,acion
*to situate*situation + situar*situaci2n
*to distribute*distribution + distribuir*distribuci2n
*to determine*Determination + determinar*determinacion
*to obser!e*obser!ation + obser!ar*obser!aci2n
-xamples(
<here is a problem with .ollution + #a$ un prolema con 2la3 contaminacin
<here is an organi5ation called 8=-;A, but more than one hundred and twenty million children still do not
ha!e the chance at a
good education ( H /hy 4 + 8a$ una organizacin llamada ':(/C?, pero ms de @9A millones de ni*os
todavia no tienen la oportunidad a una uena educacin B %or &u.
All talk about determination + todos #alan acerca de la determinacin
8.;. has always sought the .artici.ation of the international community in %ra9 + (stados 'nidos siempre
tienen &ue uscar la participacin de la comunidad internacional en ,ra&
<he people of hina mark the end of their =ew Cear with another cele#ration the lantern festi!al + Las
personas de C#ina marcan el fin de su :uevo a*o con otra celeracin la fiesta de la linterna
-y( it is used in -nglish with I purposes( %t is added to nouns to transform them into adjecti!es and to
express likeness or to indicate abundance. And in case a noun concludes in and it con!erts the and simply in
and. it 0eans ado, bear and it rarely means able# 8sed to obtain the diminuti!e, for the effect if it concludes
in consonant this he*she repeats. it means ito, ita.
*water*watery + agua*acuoso
*anger*angry + enojo*enojado
*noise*noisy + ruido*ruidoso
*hair*hairy + pelo*peludo
*silk*silky + seda*sedoso
*milk*milky + leche*lechoso
*rain*rainy + llu!ia*llu!ioso
*rock*rocky + roca*rocoso
*health*healty + salud*saludable
*dad*daddy + pap3*papito
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*mom*mommy + mam3*mamita
*Joe*Joey + 1epe*1epito
*John*Johnny + Juan*Juanito
*:ose*:osey + :osa*:osita
*horse*horsey + caballo*caballito
*dog*doggy + perro*perrito
-xamples(
<he weather is rainy + (l estado del tiempo est lluvioso
A healthy person is a happy person + 'na persona saludale es una persona feliz
-4h( agregado a n>meros cardinales nos permite obtener n>meros ordinales. C agregado a !erbos le
imprime un sentido poti!o.
*fi!e*fifth + cinco*9uinto
*ten*tenth + die,*d5cimo
*se!en*se!enth + siete*s5ptimo
*ele!enth*ele!enth+ once*und5cimo
*sixteen*sixteenth + die, y seis*dicimo sexto
*million*millionth + millon*millon5sima
-xamples(
%Fm the seventh and you the tenth + ;o so$ el sptimo $ t> el dcimo
2ineteenth$century writer Jane Austen is one of the best$known writers in the -nglish$speaking world +
=ane 4ustenis escritor del siglo C,C es uno de los escritores me)ores conocidos en el mundo de #ala
inglesa
7e recei!ed the two hundred and fifty millionth dose + (l recii la doscientos cincuenta millonsima dosis
0rs @amato 7ongo celebrated her one hundred and sixteenth birthday in ;eptember, two thousand and
three + La se*ora Damato 8ongo celer su ciento dcimose6to cumplea*os en septiemre de 9AAE
-ish( he*she is added to nouns to form adjecti!al and this way to indicate likeness or attenuation. %f the noun
finishes in and it changes the and for i and he*she is added sh. %f the noun concludes in and it conser!ed it
and he*she is added ish. %f the noun finishes in consonant he*she is simply added ish to obtain the adjecti!e
*woman*womanish + mujer*como mujer, mujeril
*boy*boyish + niKo*como niKo
*white*whitish + blanco*blancu,co
*monk*monkish + monje*monacal, frailesco
*spain*spanish + -spaKa*espaKol
-xamples(
<he +ritish system + (l sistema Britnico

P*14 ''
Q6*)'F7'2& *89E4'"ES
Qualifying *djectives( <hey are words that accompany to the name to 9ualify him somehow. %n -nglish, the
adjecti!es go before the name to which you*they accompany.
-xamples(
0ary is a good girl
+ar$ es una buena chica.
A dog is a lovely animal
'n perro es un animal encantador
<his car is ne$*this is a ne$ car. -ste carro es nuevo
<his is a good boy. (ste es un buen muc#ac#o.
A #ig tree. 'n rol grande.
%t is a red book. (s un liro ro)o.
)ist a Qualifying *djectives(
a$a3e despierto aslee. dormido
#eautiful hermoso ugly feo
#ig grande small pe9ueKo
#itter amargo s$eet dulce
dead muerto alive !i!o
dee. profundo shallo$ superficial
dirty sucio clean limpio
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ex.ensive caro chea. barato
far lejano near cercano
fast r3pido slo$ lento
fat gordo thin flaco, delgado
full lleno em.ty !ac6o
glad contento sad triste
good bueno #ad malo
ha..y feli, sorry apenado
hard duro soft blando
healthy saludable sic3 enfermo
heavy pesado light li!iano
high alto lo$ bajo
hot caliente cold fr6o
*djectives om.arativos 7 Su.erlativos
/hen one makes reference to the comparati!e and superlati!e, we are necessarily making reference to
the I degrees that ha!e the adjecti!es( <he positi!e one, the comparati!e one and the superlati!e. <he
positi!e degree is the adjecti!e in its simple, basic, normal form( <all + high, small + small, nice + pretty, big +
big# the comparati!e degree is the one that establishes the relationship or comparison between two things
and the superlati!e degree denotes the highest degree in a 9uality.
<he comparati!e ones and the superlati!es allow to establish relationships &more big, same, smaller'
among the objects &sustanti!os*nombres', standing out propiedades*cualidades, expressed by means of
adjecti!es and ad!erbs(
-stablishing differences of longitude among the adjecti!es &short and long' to use, it is of a lot of utility to
achie!e the good construction of the comparati!e ones and superlati!es(
A. - short *djectives( <hey are those compounds for an or two syllables(
fat + gordo&a'
tall + alto&a'
short + corto&a', baja&o'
+.- )ong adjectives0 also called polysyllabic, they are those compound adjecti!es for more than two
syllables(
)arge( largo,
beautiful + bello&a'
intelligent + inteligente
om.arative
<he comparati!e ones compare people, animals or things(
Gicent ?ox is shop than Eeorge "ush + Gicente ?ox is higher than Eeorge "ush
<he difference among comparati!e and superlati!es rest in that while in the comparati!e of the adjecti!e
he*she settles down the relationship or comparison between two things, in the superlati!e the adjecti!e this
preceded of the article the &the + el*la*los*las', expressing the maximum degree of an adjecti!e and in that
translates you for the more ones.

1er finish of the comparison L comparati!e adjecti!e L than*the L Mdo finish of the
comparison.

4y.es -f om.arative *28 Su.erlatives(
%t is necessary to distinguish adjecti!es of those which their comparati!e ones and superlati!es are
formed in a regular way &the o!erwhelming majority' and in an irregular way &some how many'.
N %rregular
N :egular
a. -com.arative and 'rregular Su.erlatives(

om.arativos y Su.erlativos 'rregulares
Positivo om.arativo Su.erlativo
good + bueno&a' better + mejor the best + el mejor
bad + mal worse + peor the worst + el peor
little + pe9ueKo less + menos the least + lo menos
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much + mucho more + m3s the most + lo m3s
many + muchos more + m3s the most + lo ms
far farther the farthest
?ar + lejos further + m3s lejano the furthest + el m3s lejano
old + !iejo older + m3s !iejo the oldest + el m3s !iejo
old + !iejo elder + m3s !iejo the eldest + el m3s !iejo
late + tarde later + m3s tarde the latest + el >ltimo
late + tarde later + m3s tarde the last + el >ltimo

#. -com.arative and 1egular Su.erlatives(
<hose formed chord to some established rules for their I defined types.
4y.es -f om.arative 1egular(
N Af ;uperiority
N Af -9uality
N Af %nferiority
1. om.arative -f Su.eriority(
<o they are formed adding er to the short adjecti!es finished in consonant(
;addam 7ussein is fat + ;addam 7ussein is fat
;addam 7ussein is fatter than <ony "lair + ;addam 7ussein es m3s gordo 9ue <ony "lair
<he adjecti!es finished in A=D to make the comparati!e of superiority this it con!erts the A=D in % and -:
adds &early*earlier'# to the adjecti!es finished in and he*she is added single r &nice*nicer'# to the adjecti!es
finished in the consonants g, t, d preceded by !owel, is added g L er &big*bigger' but not in those finished in
consonant accompanied by another consonant &young*younger, long*longer'.
b' A=D in the long adjecti!es they are prefixed the ad!erb it li!es and the adjecti!al than + more than(
Eeorge "ush and @ofi Annan plows intelligent + Eeorge "ush and @ofi Annan are intelligent
Eeorge "ush and @ofi Annan plows intelligent than ;addam 7ussein it li!es + Eeorge "ush y @ofi Annan
son m3s inteligentes 9ue ;addam 7ussein
2. - om.arative -f E/uality(
%n sentences afirmatias he*she is formed prefixing the word ace before and after the adjecti!e. A- ...A;
translates ;A ...A0A# %n negati!e sentences he*she is formed with not ace... ace or not so... ace(
<his snake is ace dangerous ace that tiger + <his snake is as dangerous as that tiger
3. - om.arative -f 'nferiority(
7e*she is formed placing the adjecti!e amid less and than(
cocaine, opium and cannabis plows less harmful than tobacco + + &)a' coca6na, &el' opio y &la' canabis son
menos daKina 9ue &el' tabaco
1egular su.erlatives(
<ypes(
N Af ;uperiority
N Af %nferiority
Su.erlative -f Su.eriority(
to' he*she is formed adding him est to the short adjecti!es when they finish in consonant. "ecause when
the adjecti!es finish in the consonant g he*she is added gest, when they finish in d he*she is added dest, and
when they finish in the consonant t he*she is added test, and when they finish in and this he*she becomes i
and he*she is added est &busy$$O the busiest'(
/hereFs the nearest post office4 + D2nde est3 la oficina postal m3s
=ick is the shortest + =ick es el mas corto
b' %n the long adjecti!es, the superlati!es of superiority are formed prefixing the word the most &the most
+ -l*la more' to the adjecti!e(
-!a is the most beatiful + -!a is the most beautiful
Su.erlative -f 'nferiority(
7e*she is formed prefixing the word the least &the least + less el*la' to the adjecti!e(
Cou plows the least fat + 8d es la menos gorda finidos.
P*14 '''
-&2*4ES *28 F*)SE -&2*4ES
ognates( in linguistics are words that ha!e a common origin. <hey may occur within a language, such as
shirt and skirt as two -nglish words descended from the 1roto$%ndo$-uropean word *sker$, meaning Pto cutQ.
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<hey may also occur across languages, e.g. night and Eerman =acht as descendants of 1roto$%ndo$
-uropean *nokt$, PnightQ.
)ist of cognates(
Abundance Abundancia
Access Acceso
Accuse Acusar
Actor Actor
Ambulance Ambulancia
Athlete Atleta
Doctor Doctor
;ilence ;ilencio
0emory 0emoria
%nformation %nformacion
Academy Academia
Accident Accidente
Act Acto
Adore Adorer
Assistance Asistencia
Audience Audiencia
/agon Gag2n
)eopard )eopardo
0etal 0etal
Abject objeto
False ognates( are words that are commonly thought to be related &ha!e a common origin' whereas
linguistic examination re!eals they are unrelated. <hus, for example, on the basis of superficial similarities
one might suppose that the latin !erb habere and Eerman haben, both meaning Pto ha!eQ, are cognate.
)ist of False ognates(
Actually -n realidad
Ad!ertisement Anuncio
Apology -xcusa, disculpa
<o assist Ayudar
apable apa,
arpet Alfombra
Deception -ngaKo
-xit ;alida
<o introduce 1resenter
)ecture onferencia
0ayor Alcalde
Absolutely ompletamente
Agony Angustia
Arena -stadio
"ody uerpo
areer 1rofesion
up <a,a
-ditor :edactor
?actory ?abrica
)arge Erande
)ibrary "iblioteca
pie tarta
P*14 '"
"E1+ 4:- :-18S
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4he ver#s of t$o $ords, are words that are made up of an action L a preposition and they can ha!e one or
more meanings.
<here are them of two classes(
<he detachable ones and the inseparable ones.
1; 4he detacha#le( they are those that a person of the predicate can be put &object pronoun', amid the
action and the preposition.
-xample(
all up + telefonear.
all them up + telefon5ales.
all off + cancelar, suspender.
all it off + canc5lalo.
?ill out + llenar.
?ill the application out + llena la solicitud.
?ill &someone' in on + poner a alguien al corriente de.
?ill me in on what you are doing + ponme al corriente de lo 9ue tu estas haciendo.
Ei!e up + abandonar, cesar, rendirse, darse por !encido.
%f you find a job, you mustnot gi!e up working soon.
)ea!e out + excluir, omitir.
)ook up + buscar &algo en un escrito, diccionario o libro'.
1ick out + escoger, seleccionar.
1ut on + !estirse o encender algo.
1ick up + recoger, le!antar.
1ut out + poner afuera o apagar &un fuego'.
<urn on + poner algo en operaci2n, prender &luces o motor'.
<urn off + apagar &un motor o luces'.
<urn down + recha,ar, reducir.
<urn out + apagar &lu,, fuego o gas'.
<urn out to be + resultar ser.
<urn o!er + !oltear &un objeto o persona'.
<urn around + !oltear &de rotar la cabe,a, objeto, etc'.
<ry on + probar &la ropa, idea, etc..'
heer up + animarse, ponerse alegre.
7and o!er + entregar, ceder algo a alguien.
7and in + entregar &papeles'.
Do o!er + repetir, hacerlo otra !e,.
Ei!e out + distribuir.
Ei!e back + regresar, darle de regreso algo a alguien.
@eep up + mantener, continuar haciendo algo.
)ook o!er + examinar o mirar por encima.
0ake up + in!entar, reconciliar.
1ut off + posponer.
?igure out + entender, calcular, resol!er mentalmente.
<alk o!er + discutir.
"ring back + traer algo de !uelta.
7ead for + dirigirse hacia.
Ei!e away + regalar.
<ake o!er + tomar posesi2n de, con9uistar, dominar.
<ake after + parecerse a.
<ake away + 9uitar, remo!er, lle!arse.
<ake down + note down + tomar nota, anotar.
ut down + reducir.
<hink o!er + considerar &algo'.
7old on + demorar, aguantar &un peso, situaci2n, etc...'.
<ake up + usar, ocupar.
;how off + presumir.
;how up + resaltar, aparecer.
ome across + trope,ar con, encontrarse con.
"low out + extinguir, descontar.
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4he inse.ara#le( they are those that the action and the preposition meetings always go and they cannot
separate, that is to say, the object pronoun always puts on after the preposition.
-xample
:un out of + 9uedarse sin, extinguirse, acabarse.
0y car run out of gas + mi carro se 9uedo sin gasolina + my car run out of it.
)ook for + buscar.
% was looking for you all o!er the place + yo estu!e busc3ndote por todo el lugar.
all on + !isitar, llamar.
ome back + !enir de regreso.
Eo back + ir de regreso.
Eo on + continuar, pasar.
)ook around + mirar alrededor.
Eo o!er + checar, ir por.
)ook outR + ten cuidadoR.
0ake sure of + !erificar, asegurarse de.
?ight o!er + competir.
Dig up + desenterrar.
Eet alone with + lle!arse bien con.
?ind out + in!estigar, encontrar, hallar.
1ay off + pagar de !uelta, dar resultado.
<o carry out + cumplir, lle!ar a cabo &con un plan, ordenes'.
<ake off + despegar, des!estirse.
?all down + caerse, derrumbarse.
?all off + caerse &de una superficie superior, a otra inferior'.
"low out + extinguir, apagar &lu, o fuego'.
:oll up + enrollar.
Eo into + ir dentro de, ir a.
;how up + aparecer.
Eet on + subirse, montarse &a un cami2n, caballo, bicy, moto'.
Eet off + bajarse.
Eet in + meterse &en un carro, casa, etc'.
Eet out of + salirse de.
:un o!er + atropellar.
:un away + huir.
;et up + establecer, fijar, arreglar, preparar.
P*14 "
&E1628
&erund( in -nglish the gerund is identical in form to the present participle &ending in$ ing' and can be ha!e
as a !erb within a clause &so that it may be modified by an ad!erb or ha!e an object', but the clause as a
whole &sometimes consisting only of one word, the gerund' acts as a noun within the larger sentence.
?unction of the gerund(
As complement of the !erb.
* when to a !erb a preposition comes in an immediate way the gerund form it is used.
*;e uses to obtain the progressi!e signature of the !erbs.
* omo fellow in an impression
:eading -nglish is but easy that to speak to it.
)eer ingles es m3s f3cil 9ue hablarlo.
* in some prohibition expressions
=o ;moking( 1rohibido ?umar.
* ;e uses to obtain the progressi!e signature of the !erbs
% am :eading a book( -stoy leyendo un )ibro.
* when to a !erb a preposition comes in an immediate way the gerund form it is used.
$after swimming < felt cold( despu5s de nadar me sent6 resfriado.
$they had difficulty in finding a parking place. <u!ieron dificultad para encontrar una pla,a de aparcamiento.
*As complement of the !erb.
$7is 7obby is painting. ;u 7obby es la pintura.
*;e fre9uently uses after the !erbs to go and to meN*;e it fre9uently uses
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$ome mailing with us next ;aturday( Gen a na!egar con nosotros el proximo sabado.
*s general rule, to form the gerund we ha!e to add the suffix $ing to the form it bases of the infiniti!e &it
forms infiniti!a without to'.
to lists &to listen' $O listening &listening'
to hear &to listen' $O hearing &listening'
;tarting from this general rule, they exist a series of !ariations# they are few, but they are necessary to learn
them. /hen the word ends up in an and where it precedes him a consonant, it is necessary to substitute that
and for ing.
to eats &!enir' $O coming &!iniendo'
to write &escribir' $O writing &escribiendo'
%f the !erb that we want to pass to the gerund has a single syllable, with an only !owel and it also concludes
in a single consonant# he*she has to bend the final consonant.
to cut &cortar' $O cutting &cortando'
to sit &sentarse' $O sitting &sentandoce'
A similar rule exists to the pre!ious one# and it is that if the !erb has more than a syllable and the accent
relapses on the last one, we ha!e to bend the last consonant when we ha!e a single !owel and only
consonant in the last syllable.
to admit &admitir' $O admitting &admitiendo'
to begin &empe,ar' $O beginning &empe,ando'
)astly, if the !erb finishes for l, and he*she goes behind an only !owel# this l has to bend.
to cancel &cancelar' $O cancelling &admitting'
to impel &impulsar' $O impelling &impulsando'
Autor(
Franchesco
fb1_franchesco@hotmail.com
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