Rescue Technician - Confined Space Rescue: Note-Taking Guide

Note-Taking Guide
Rescue Technician
Confined Space Rescue

Maryland Fire and Rescue Institute
University of Maryland
Steven T. Edwards

Spring 2010

Copyright
2010 by the Maryland Fire and Rescue Institute. All rights reserved. No part of this book may by copied
or reproduced in any form or by any means without written permission of the Maryland Fire and Rescue Institute.

The Maryland Fire and Rescue Institute of the
University of Maryland is the States compre-
hensive training and education system for all
emergency services.

The Institute plans, researches, develops, and
delivers quality programs to enhance the abil-
ity of emergency services providers to protect
life, the environment, and property.

Rescue Technician Rescue Technician
Confined Space Rescue Confined Space Rescue
Lesson 1 Lesson 1- -1 1
Introduction and Paperwork Introduction and Paperwork
RES 202 RES 202- -PPT PPT- -1 1- -1 1- -1 1
Student Performance Objective Student Performance Objective
Given information from discussion, Given information from discussion,
handouts, and reading materials, describe handouts, and reading materials, describe
the structure and requirements of this the structure and requirements of this
course. course.
RES 202 RES 202- -PPT PPT- -1 1- -1 1- -2 2
Overview Overview
Course Structure and Introductions Course Structure and Introductions
Course Requirements Course Requirements
RES 202 RES 202- -PPT PPT- -1 1- -1 1- -3 3
Fill out paperwork Fill out paperwork
Structure of class Structure of class
RES 202 RES 202- -PPT PPT- -1 1- -1 1- -4 4
Class Structure Class Structure
1 1- -1 1 Introduction and Paperwork Introduction and Paperwork
1 1- -2 2 Confined Spaces and Their Hazards Confined Spaces and Their Hazards
2 2- -1 1 Confined Space Entry Requirements Confined Space Entry Requirements
3 3- -1 1 Air Monitoring Air Monitoring
3 3- -2 2 Ventilation and Inerting Ventilation and Inerting
4 4- -1 1 Lock Out/Tag Out Lock Out/Tag Out
4 4- -2 2 Strategic Rescue Factors Strategic Rescue Factors
5 5- -1 1 Incident Command Incident Command
RES 202 RES 202- -PPT PPT- -1 1- -1 1- -5 5
Class Structure Class Structure
5 5- -2 2 SOPs SOPs
5 5- -3 3 Team Evaluation Team Evaluation
6 6- -1 1 Safety Safety
7 7- -1 1 Rescue Rescue
7 7- -2 2 Rescue Equipment Rescue Equipment
8 8- -1 1 Practical Exercises Practical Exercises
9 9- -1 1 Practical Exercises Practical Exercises
10 10- -1 1 Comprehensive Practical Exercise Comprehensive Practical Exercise
11 11- -1 1 Final Written Exam Final Written Exam
RES 202 RES 202- -PPT PPT- -1 1- -1 1- -6 6
Attendance requirement Attendance requirement
Safety first Safety first
Terms Terms
Introductions Introductions
RES 202 RES 202- -PPT PPT- -1 1- -1 1- -7 7
Skill Sheets Skill Sheets Must be completed Must be completed prior prior to to
taking the final taking the final
Final Written Exam Final Written Exam Student must Student must
receive a grade of 70% higher receive a grade of 70% higher
RES 202 RES 202- -PPT PPT- -1 1- -1 1- -8 8
the structure and requirements of this the structure and requirements of this
course. course.
RES 202 RES 202- -PPT PPT- -1 1- -1 1- -9 9
Review Review
Confined Spaces and Their Hazards Confined Spaces and Their Hazards
RES 202 RES 202- -PPT PPT- -1 1- -2 2- -1 1
handouts, and reading materials, define handouts, and reading materials, define
what constitutes a confined space and what constitutes a confined space and
describe the hazards associated with describe the hazards associated with
confined space rescue. confined space rescue.
RES 202 RES 202- -PPT PPT- -1 1- -2 2- -2 2
Overview Overview
Introduction Introduction
Defining Confined Space Defining Confined Space
Hazard Recognition Hazard Recognition
Non Non- -Permit Spaces versus Permit Permit Spaces versus Permit- -
Required Spaces Required Spaces
RES 202 RES 202- -PPT PPT- -1 1- -2 2- -3 3
Introduction to Introduction to
Lessons Learned Lessons Learned
OSHA History OSHA History
Rule 1 - Dont become a victim
Introduction to Introduction to
NFPA 1006 Level I vs. Level II NFPA 1006 Level I vs. Level II
Level I Level I
Prepare to enter a confined space Prepare to enter a confined space
Enter a confined space Enter a confined space
Package a victim Package a victim
Remove all entrants Remove all entrants
Level II Level II
Preplan a confined space Preplan a confined space
Assess a confined space incident Assess a confined space incident
Control hazards at a confined space incident Control hazards at a confined space incident
RES 202 RES 202- -PPT PPT- -1 1- -2 2- -4 4
RES 202 RES 202- -PPT PPT- -1 1- -2 2- -5 5
Large enough to enter Large enough to enter
Limited openings Limited openings
Not meant for human occupancy Not meant for human occupancy
RES 202 RES 202- -PPT PPT- -1 1- -2 2- -6 6
Interior of a confined space. This
space is large enough for a person to
enter and work in.
View of a limited opening on a confined
spaceopening is on top of the vault.
RES 202 RES 202- -PPT PPT- -1 1- -2 2- -7 7
Atmospheric hazards Atmospheric hazards
Flammable gas, vapor or mist Flammable gas, vapor or mist
Airborne combustible dust Airborne combustible dust
High or low atmospheric oxygen High or low atmospheric oxygen
Atmospheric concentration in excess of Atmospheric concentration in excess of
permissible exposure limit permissible exposure limit
Other IDLH atmospheric conditions Other IDLH atmospheric conditions
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Flammable/Explosive Range Flammable/Explosive Range
Lower Flammable Limit (LFL) Lower Flammable Limit (LFL)
Upper Flammable Limit (UFL) Upper Flammable Limit (UFL)
Flash Point Flash Point
Dust Conditions Dust Conditions
Hazardous Materials Hazardous Materials
RES 202 RES 202- -PPT PPT- -1 1- -2 2- -9 9
Illustration showing flammable range. The fuel mixture to the left of the
LFL is too lean (not enough fuel), and the fuel mixture to the right of the
UFL is too rich (too much fuel, not enough oxygen).
RES 202 RES 202- -PPT PPT- -1 1- -2 2- -10 10
Flammable ranges of various materials. Some materials have a narrow
flammable range, whereas others have a broad range.
RES 202 RES 202- -PPT PPT- -1 1- -2 2- -11 11
Different materials have different flash points. Knowing the identity
of the material, the flash point, and the temperature of the material
will give you an idea of the fire hazard.
RES 202 RES 202- -PPT PPT- -1 1- -2 2- -12 12
Effects of varying levels of oxygen on people.
RES 202 RES 202- -PPT PPT- -1 1- -2 2- -13 13
Physical Hazards Physical Hazards
Electrical Electrical
Mechanical Mechanical
Fire Fire
Physical Features Physical Features
Engulfment Engulfment
RES 202 RES 202- -PPT PPT- -1 1- -2 2- -14 14
A variety of physical hazards can be
present in a confined space. Note the
sludge thickener (screw) running up the
center of the picture.
A final clarifier tank in a sewage
treatment plant. Hazards include the
water, sloped sides near the top of
the tank, and weirs.
RES 202 RES 202- -PPT PPT- -1 1- -2 2- -15 15
Non Non- -Permit Spaces versus Permit Spaces versus
Permit Permit- -Required Spaces Required Spaces
Permit Spaces Permit Spaces
Hazardous Atmosphere Hazardous Atmosphere
Engulfment Potential Engulfment Potential
Internal Configuration Internal Configuration
Other Health and Safety Hazards Other Health and Safety Hazards
Non Non- -Permit Spaces Permit Spaces
RES 202 RES 202- -PPT PPT- -1 1- -2 2- -16 16
handouts, and reading materials, define handouts, and reading materials, define
what constitutes a confined space and what constitutes a confined space and
describe the hazards associated with describe the hazards associated with
confined space rescue. confined space rescue.
RES 202 RES 202- -PPT PPT- -1 1- -2 2- -17 17
Review Review
Introduction to Confined Space Rescue Introduction to Confined Space Rescue
Non Non- -Permit Spaces versus Permit Permit Spaces versus Permit- -
Required Spaces Required Spaces
Confined Space Entry Requirements Confined Space Entry Requirements
RES 202 RES 202- -PPT PPT- -2 2- -1 1- -1 1
handouts, and reading materials, handouts, and reading materials,
describe the requirements to make describe the requirements to make
entry into a permit entry into a permit- -required confined required confined
space. space.
RES 202 RES 202- -PPT PPT- -2 2- -1 1- -2 2
Overview Overview
Requirements for Confined Space Entry Requirements for Confined Space Entry
Confined Space Programs Confined Space Programs
Confined Space Entry Permit Confined Space Entry Permit
Entry Permit Preparation Entry Permit Preparation
Ropes and Rigging Review Ropes and Rigging Review
RES 202 RES 202- -PPT PPT- -2 2- -1 1- -3 3
Chapter 1 Review Questions Chapter 1 Review Questions
Discuss the review questions found on Discuss the review questions found on
page 11 of the text page 11 of the text
RES 202 RES 202- -PPT PPT- -2 2- -1 1- -4 4
Requirements for Requirements for
Confined Space Entry Confined Space Entry
Lessons Lessons- -learned review learned review
Rescue Standard Operating Procedures Rescue Standard Operating Procedures
Entry Permit Entry Permit
Determine if an entry permit exists Determine if an entry permit exists
Use the entry permit during size Use the entry permit during size- -up up
RES 202 RES 202- -PPT PPT- -2 2- -1 1- -5 5
Attendant Attendant
Authorized Entrant Authorized Entrant
Confined Space Supervisor Confined Space Supervisor
RES 202 RES 202- -PPT PPT- -2 2- -1 1- -6 6
Attendant
communicating with
the entrants
working inside the
confined space.
Any person who makes
entry into a confined
space is an entrant and
must be trained as an
entrant. This entrant
training requirement
includes rescuers.
The confined space
supervisor is
responsible for
making sure that
the entry permit is
properly filled out.
RES 202 RES 202- -PPT PPT- -2 2- -1 1- -7 7
Permit Spaces Permit Spaces
Hazardous Hazardous
atmosphere atmosphere
Engulfment Engulfment
potential potential
Internal Internal
configuration configuration
Other health and Other health and
safety hazards safety hazards
Non Non- -Permit Spaces Permit Spaces
RES 202 RES 202- -PPT PPT- -2 2- -1 1- -8 8
Not all spaces are permit-required confined spaces. This space does
not require a confined space entry permit because it does not meet the
definition of a permit-required confined space. But if an emergency
occurred, how would you handle this space?
RES 202 RES 202- -PPT PPT- -2 2- -1 1- -9 9
Elements of an Entry Permit Elements of an Entry Permit
Issue and expiration date Issue and expiration date
Identification of job site/space and supervisor Identification of job site/space and supervisor
Equipment to be worked on and work to be Equipment to be worked on and work to be
done done
Identification of attendant and entrants Identification of attendant and entrants
Atmospheric checks before and during entry Atmospheric checks before and during entry
RES 202 RES 202- -PPT PPT- -2 2- -1 1- -10 10
Elements of an Entry Permit Elements of an Entry Permit (continued) (continued)
Lockout/tagout in place Lockout/tagout in place
Ventilation requirements Ventilation requirements
Atmospheric monitoring Atmospheric monitoring
Communication procedures Communication procedures
Rescue procedures Rescue procedures
RES 202 RES 202- -PPT PPT- -2 2- -1 1- -11 11
Elements of an Entry Permit Elements of an Entry Permit (continued) (continued)
Identification of all persons associated with Identification of all persons associated with
the permit, including stand the permit, including stand- -by personnel by personnel
Equipment required Equipment required
Review and approval signature Review and approval signature
RES 202 RES 202- -PPT PPT- -2 2- -1 1- -12 12
Entry Permit Entry Permit
In In- -class Exercise class Exercise
Groups fill out permit Groups fill out permit
Review with whole class Review with whole class
RES 202 RES 202- -PPT PPT- -2 2- -1 1- -13 13
Rope and Rigging Review Rope and Rigging Review
Review rope and rigging skills required to Review rope and rigging skills required to
perform practical exercises in Sessions 7, perform practical exercises in Sessions 7,
9 and 10. 9 and 10.
RES 202 RES 202- -PPT PPT- -2 2- -1 1- -14 14
RES 202 RES 202- -PPT PPT- -2 2- -1 1- -15 15
describe the requirements to make describe the requirements to make
entry into a permit entry into a permit- -required confined required confined
space. space.
RES 202 RES 202- -PPT PPT- -2 2- -1 1- -16 16
Review Review
Requirements for Confined Space Entry Requirements for Confined Space Entry
Ropes and Rigging Review Ropes and Rigging Review
Air Monitoring Air Monitoring
RES 202 RES 202- -PPT PPT- -3 3- -1 1- -1 1
describe why and how to monitor the describe why and how to monitor the
air in a confined space. air in a confined space.
RES 202 RES 202- -PPT PPT- -3 3- -1 1- -2 2
Overview Overview
Combustible Gases Combustible Gases
Oxygen Monitoring Equipment Oxygen Monitoring Equipment
Specific Gas Monitoring Specific Gas Monitoring
pH Devices pH Devices
Understanding Monitoring Equipment Understanding Monitoring Equipment
Readings Readings
RES 202 RES 202- -PPT PPT- -3 3- -1 1- -3 3
Discuss the 10 review questions found Discuss the 10 review questions found
on page 28 of the text on page 28 of the text
RES 202 RES 202- -PPT PPT- -3 3- -1 1- -4 4
Lessons Lessons- -learned review learned review
Direct Reading Instruments Direct Reading Instruments
Combustible Gas Indicator (CGI) Combustible Gas Indicator (CGI)
Wheatstone Bridge Wheatstone Bridge
LFL % LFL %
Gas used to calibrate Gas used to calibrate
Action limit Action limit
Effects of vapor density Effects of vapor density
RES 202 RES 202- -PPT PPT- -3 3- -1 1- -5 5
A combustible gas detector combined with a multiple gas
detector and calibration equipment.
RES 202 RES 202- -PPT PPT- -3 3- -1 1- -6 6
Combustible gas detectors indicate how close the gas
concentration is to the lower flammable limit of the gas with
which the meter is calibrated.
RES 202 RES 202- -PPT PPT- -3 3- -1 1- -7 7
For a CGI calibrated on methane, a meter reading of 50
percent would indicate a gas concentration equal to 2.5
percent methane in air.
RES 202 RES 202- -PPT PPT- -3 3- -1 1- -8 8
Depending on the vapor density of the gas you are attempting to
monitor, the gas concentration may vary within the space. A gas that
is heavier than air will tend to be more concentrated at the bottom of
the space. The reverse would be true for a gas that is lighter than air.
RES 202 RES 202- -PPT PPT- -3 3- -1 1- -9 9
Demonstration Demonstration
Student Practice Student Practice
Skill Sign Skill Sign- -Off Off
RES 202 RES 202- -PPT PPT- -3 3- -1 1- -10 10
Upper and lower limits Upper and lower limits
Impact of oxygen content on rescue Impact of oxygen content on rescue
efforts and safety efforts and safety
Evaluation of the space and monitoring Evaluation of the space and monitoring
different levels of the space different levels of the space
RES 202 RES 202- -PPT PPT- -3 3- -1 1- -11 11
Oxygen levels that are above or below the normal range of 19.5
percent to 23.5 percent lead to problems that must be addressed.
RES 202 RES 202- -PPT PPT- -3 3- -1 1- -12 12
Practice Practice
Sign Off Sign Off
RES 202 RES 202- -PPT PPT- -3 3- -1 1- -13 13
Identification of potential gases Identification of potential gases
Use of gas specific monitors Use of gas specific monitors
Interpreting readings Interpreting readings
Presence of an IDLH Presence of an IDLH
Use of colorimetric tubes Use of colorimetric tubes
Limitation of indirect monitoring devices Limitation of indirect monitoring devices
RES 202 RES 202- -PPT PPT- -3 3- -1 1- -14 14
This is a meter that is designed to monitor carbon
monoxide levels. It is not intended to detect or measure
any other gas.
RES 202 RES 202- -PPT PPT- -3 3- -1 1- -15 15
This meter is designed to measure combustible gases,
oxygen, and hydrogen sulfide.
RES 202 RES 202- -PPT PPT- -3 3- -1 1- -16 16
Colorimetric tubes are designed to be used to detect specific
chemicals. These tubes are used by drawing a sample of air through
the tube and then noting any color change.
RES 202 RES 202- -PPT PPT- -3 3- -1 1- -17 17
Demonstrate Demonstrate
Practice Practice
Sign Off Sign Off
RES 202 RES 202- -PPT PPT- -3 3- -1 1- -18 18
Nature of corrosive materials Nature of corrosive materials
pH of specific substances pH of specific substances
Methods of determining pH Methods of determining pH
Use of pH tools Use of pH tools
RES 202 RES 202- -PPT PPT- -3 3- -1 1- -19 19
A pH meter. pH paper.
RES 202 RES 202- -PPT PPT- -3 3- -1 1- -20 20
Practice Practice
Sign Off Sign Off
RES 202 RES 202- -PPT PPT- -3 3- -1 1- -21 21
Understanding Monitoring Understanding Monitoring
Equipment Readings Equipment Readings
Order of equipment use Order of equipment use
Monitoring outside environment Monitoring outside environment
Use of pre Use of pre- -plans plans
Confined space size Confined space size- -up and the role of up and the role of
monitoring monitoring
Continuous monitoring Continuous monitoring
Use of manufacturer documentation Use of manufacturer documentation
Interference with monitoring equipment Interference with monitoring equipment
RES 202 RES 202- -PPT PPT- -3 3- -1 1- -22 22
1. Monitor the atmosphere outside of
the confined space as you approach the
opening. Then begin monitoring the
space, beginning at the top of the space,
moving to the middle, and finally moving
near the bottomof the space.
2. Depending on the length of any
hose or tubing attached to the
monitoring equipment, the response
time of the equipment will vary. The
longer the hose, the longer it takes for
the sample to reach the sensors.
RES 202 RES 202- -PPT PPT- -3 3- -1 1- -23 23
3. If the space is deep, you might want
to consider taking readings at inter-
mediate levels between the top, middle,
and bottomlevels.
4. Do not allow the sampling tube to
touch or rest on the bottomof the con-
fined space. Debris can enter sampling
hose and plug or damage the meter.
RES 202 RES 202- -PPT PPT- -3 3- -1 1- -24 24
describe why and how to monitor the describe why and how to monitor the
air in a confined space. air in a confined space.
RES 202 RES 202- -PPT PPT- -3 3- -1 1- -25 25
Review Review
Understanding Monitoring Equipment Understanding Monitoring Equipment
Readings Readings

Ventilation and Inerting Ventilation and Inerting
RES 202 RES 202- -PPT PPT- -3 3- -2 2- -1 1
and demonstrate how to ventilate a and demonstrate how to ventilate a
confined space and identify the impact of confined space and identify the impact of
inerting a confined space. inerting a confined space.
RES 202 RES 202- -PPT PPT- -3 3- -2 2- -2 2
Overview Overview
Ventilation Ventilation
Inerting Inerting
Practical Exercises Practical Exercises
Ventilation eliminates or reduces hazards Ventilation eliminates or reduces hazards
Atmospheric hazards can originate from Atmospheric hazards can originate from
outside the space outside the space
Accidental (such as vehicle exhaust) Accidental (such as vehicle exhaust)
Intentional (such as inerting) Intentional (such as inerting)
Ventilation reduces contaminants by dilution Ventilation reduces contaminants by dilution
or removal or removal
Ventilation can provide victims with Ventilation can provide victims with
increased oxygen increased oxygen
RES 202 RES 202- -PPT PPT- -3 3- -2 2- -3 3
Mechanical ventilation can protect victims Mechanical ventilation can protect victims
Entry is not required Entry is not required
Set Set- -up is quick up is quick
Prior to ventilation: Prior to ventilation:
Know what hazards are in the space Know what hazards are in the space
Initiate constant monitoring Initiate constant monitoring
Estimate space size and ventilation Estimate space size and ventilation
requirements requirements
RES 202 RES 202- -PPT PPT- -3 3- -2 2- -4 4
RES 202 RES 202- -PPT PPT- -3 3- -2 2- -5 5
You know that this space contains a
hazardous atmosphere. Now you must
determine what the hazard is.
This confined space has a single,
small (21-inch) opening for ventila-
tion and access.
RES 202 RES 202- -PPT PPT- -3 3- -2 2- -6 6
A mechanical blower that moves 2,500 cubic feet A mechanical blower that moves 2,500 cubic feet
per minute (cfm) will change the air 2.5 times per per minute (cfm) will change the air 2.5 times per
minute in a 1,000 cubic foot space minute in a 1,000 cubic foot space
By blowing air into a space and placing
the air hose near the victim, you can
provide fresh air to the victim.
This large, bulk storage tank will be
difficult to ventilate due to the large
volume of the space.
Inlet and exhaust openings must be Inlet and exhaust openings must be
planned planned
Must consider hazard to people outside the Must consider hazard to people outside the
space space
Location of ventilation openings can assist Location of ventilation openings can assist
depending on vapor density depending on vapor density
RES 202 RES 202- -PPT PPT- -3 3- -2 2- -7 7
RES 202 RES 202- -PPT PPT- -3 3- -2 2- -8 8
You must know where your exhaust
gases are going as you vent a con-
fined space. If these exhaust gases
are heavier than air, or the intake
opening was downwind of the ex-
haust opening, what effect would that
have on your operation?
Churning occurs when air is blown
through the fan or blower, enters and
immediately exits the space, and is
drawn right back through the fan. When
you are venting a space, you must be
aware of how effective the air move-
ment is. Air that is churning does not
contribute to ventilating the space.
RES 202 RES 202- -PPT PPT- -3 3- -2 2- -9 9
Prevent churning by using a hose attached to the Prevent churning by using a hose attached to the
fan fan creates a remote discharge point for air being creates a remote discharge point for air being
moved by fan moved by fan
When you have a space
with a single opening, it
must be used for intake
and exhaust. By using a
hose to push air into the
lower areas, air will cir-
culate more effectively.
Other factors to consider: Other factors to consider:
Where exhaust gases will go Where exhaust gases will go
Victim location Victim location
Gas location Gas location
Fans Fans placement placement
Volume Volume
Stacking and tandem use Stacking and tandem use
Hose length and diameter Hose length and diameter
RES 202 RES 202- -PPT PPT- -3 3- -2 2- -10 10
Saddle Vent Saddle Vent
Air is received from an 8 Air is received from an 8- -inch blower hose, inch blower hose,
passed through Saddle Vent passed through Saddle Vent and passed and passed
into an 8 into an 8- -inch hose for delivery inch hose for delivery
Heaters Heaters
Used in cold confined spaces Used in cold confined spaces
Filters Filters
Placed in the line to remove dust Placed in the line to remove dust
RES 202 RES 202- -PPT PPT- -3 3- -2 2- -11 11
Power sources for ventilation equipment Power sources for ventilation equipment
Gasoline Gasoline
Internal combustion engine Internal combustion engine
Electric motor Electric motor
Air compressor Air compressor
Some equipment can be an ignition Some equipment can be an ignition
source for flammable vapors source for flammable vapors
RES 202 RES 202- -PPT PPT- -3 3- -2 2- -12 12
Potential equipment failures can be simple Potential equipment failures can be simple
problems (accidentally unplugged) or problems (accidentally unplugged) or
complex problems (loss of electrical power) complex problems (loss of electrical power)
Determine if you can safely work around the Determine if you can safely work around the
problem or if rescuers need to be pulled out problem or if rescuers need to be pulled out
If impact is minor, make sure it remains minor If impact is minor, make sure it remains minor
Minimize impact of failures by maintaining Minimize impact of failures by maintaining
equipment equipment
RES 202 RES 202- -PPT PPT- -3 3- -2 2- -13 13
Positive Positive- -pressure ventilation pressure ventilation
Takes air from outside and forces it inside Takes air from outside and forces it inside
Use a hose to direct air to victim Use a hose to direct air to victim
Avoids flammable vapors coming into contact Avoids flammable vapors coming into contact
with the fan blades or motor with the fan blades or motor
Static electricity still may occur Static electricity still may occur
RES 202 RES 202- -PPT PPT- -3 3- -2 2- -14 14
RES 202 RES 202- -PPT PPT- -3 3- -2 2- -15 15
It is possible to use a single opening for
positive-pressure ventilation. You must allow
for a space at the top of the intake opening
for exhaust gases to pass to the outside.
RES 202 RES 202- -PPT PPT- -3 3- -2 2- -16 16
It is possible to use fans in combination for
both positive-pressure and negative-
pressure ventilation.
Negative Negative- -pressure pressure
ventilation ventilation
Drawing air out Drawing air out
Directing air to a Directing air to a
location remote from location remote from
inlet opening inlet opening
A combination of A combination of
negative and positive negative and positive
pressure may also be pressure may also be
used used
RES 202 RES 202- -PPT PPT- -3 3- -2 2- -17 17
A gasoline powered blower
and two electrically powered
fans. Note the size and length
of the ventilation hoses as well
as the different sizes of the
fans.
Inerting Inerting
Removes oxygen from a confined space Removes oxygen from a confined space
Uses inerting gases such as: Uses inerting gases such as:
Nitrogen Nitrogen
Carbon dioxide Carbon dioxide
Combination Combination
Removes oxygen to: Removes oxygen to:
Eliminate one leg of fire triangle (oxygen) to Eliminate one leg of fire triangle (oxygen) to
reduce fire potential reduce fire potential
Stop oxidation of product Stop oxidation of product
RES 202 RES 202- -PPT PPT- -3 3- -2 2- -18 18
Inerting Inerting
A significant amount of inerting gas A significant amount of inerting gas
replaces the volume of air in the space replaces the volume of air in the space
If a space has been inerted, find out why If a space has been inerted, find out why
Adding air to inerted confined space Adding air to inerted confined space
containing flammable liquid and vapors containing flammable liquid and vapors
may bring vapors into flammable range may bring vapors into flammable range
RES 202 RES 202- -PPT PPT- -3 3- -2 2- -19 19
Inerting Inerting
Gaseous fire extinguishing agents used Gaseous fire extinguishing agents used
in a confined space may create low in a confined space may create low
oxygen atmosphere (inert) or a toxic oxygen atmosphere (inert) or a toxic
atmosphere atmosphere
RES 202 RES 202- -PPT PPT- -3 3- -2 2- -20 20
RES 202 RES 202- -PPT PPT- -3 3- -2 2- -21 21
Inerting Inerting
The white tank, next to the two silos shown in this picture,
is a liquid nitrogen tank for inerting the atmosphere within
the silos. Without preplanning, you may not realize that this
hazard is present.
RES 202 RES 202- -PPT PPT- -3 3- -2 2- -22 22
Student practice Student practice
Skill sign Skill sign- -off off
RES 202 RES 202- -PPT PPT- -3 3- -2 2- -23 23
describe and demonstrate how to describe and demonstrate how to
ventilate a confined space and identify ventilate a confined space and identify
the impact of inerting a confined space. the impact of inerting a confined space.
RES 202 RES 202- -PPT PPT- -3 3- -2 2- -24 24
Review Review
Inerting Inerting

Lockout/Tagout Lockout/Tagout
RES 202 RES 202- -PPT PPT- -4 4- -1 1- -1 1
lockout/tagout procedures and how they lockout/tagout procedures and how they
apply to confined space rescue. apply to confined space rescue.
RES 202 RES 202- -PPT PPT- -4 4- -1 1- -2 2
Overview Overview
Lockout/Tagout Requirements Lockout/Tagout Requirements
Preplanning Preplanning
Hazard and Risk Assessment Hazard and Risk Assessment
Lockout/Tagout Devices Lockout/Tagout Devices
Lockout/Tagout Equipment Lockout/Tagout Equipment
Lockout/Tagout Strategic Factors Lockout/Tagout Strategic Factors
Demonstration and Student Practice Demonstration and Student Practice
RES 202 RES 202- -PPT PPT- -4 4- -1 1- -3 3
Chapters 3 & 7 Chapters 3 & 7
Review Questions Review Questions
pages 44 and 105 of the text pages 44 and 105 of the text
RES 202 RES 202- -PPT PPT- -4 4- -1 1- -4 4
Purpose Purpose to identify and control energy to identify and control energy
sources sources
Inclusion in entry permit Inclusion in entry permit
Identification in pre Identification in pre- -plan plan
RES 202 RES 202- -PPT PPT- -4 4- -1 1- -5 5
A lockout control center showing some of the equipment
required for controlling energy sources.
RES 202 RES 202- -PPT PPT- -4 4- -1 1- -6 6
Identify hazards Identify hazards
Identify how to control hazards Identify how to control hazards
Understand that preplans help with Understand that preplans help with
size size- -up but do not replace size up but do not replace size- -up up
Expect changes when using a preplan Expect changes when using a preplan
Carry a basic lockout/tagout kit as part Carry a basic lockout/tagout kit as part
of rescue equipment of rescue equipment
RES 202 RES 202- -PPT PPT- -4 4- -1 1- -7 7
Product stored in this hopper is intended to be released through the chute at
the bottom. The source of the energy moving this product is gravity, and it must
be thought of as stored energy.
RES 202 RES 202- -PPT PPT- -4 4- -1 1- -8 8
Conduct Assessment Conduct Assessment
What energy sources exist? What energy sources exist?
How are sources controlled? How are sources controlled?
Is this a recovery or a rescue effort? Is this a recovery or a rescue effort?
What is likely to happen as rescue proceeds? What is likely to happen as rescue proceeds?
What must be done to protect the victim and the What must be done to protect the victim and the
rescuers? rescuers?
Document the assessment and incorporate into Document the assessment and incorporate into
the IAP the IAP
RES 202 RES 202- -PPT PPT- -4 4- -1 1- -9 9
Electrical Circuit Breakers Electrical Circuit Breakers
Disconnect Switches Disconnect Switches
Line Valves Line Valves
Latches, Chains and Chocks Latches, Chains and Chocks
RES 202 RES 202- -PPT PPT- -4 4- -1 1- -10 10
Rescuers Rescuers basic equipment basic equipment
On On- -site and/or specialized equipment site and/or specialized equipment
Improvised devices (with caution) Improvised devices (with caution)
RES 202 RES 202- -PPT PPT- -4 4- -1 1- -11 11
RES 202 RES 202- -PPT PPT- -4 4- -1 1- -12 12
Energy sources can kill or maim and Energy sources can kill or maim and
must be understood and controlled must be understood and controlled
First answer basic size First answer basic size- -up questions, up questions,
then ask: then ask:
Can energy be controlled? Can energy be controlled?
Is additional assistance needed? Is additional assistance needed?
Where will assistance come from? Where will assistance come from?
For energy sources found must consider: For energy sources found must consider:
Is energy source part of the cause of the Is energy source part of the cause of the
incident? incident?
Is it controlled and if so, how? Is it controlled and if so, how?
Is there equipment that starts automatically? Is there equipment that starts automatically?
Is there a preplan that discusses energy Is there a preplan that discusses energy
sources? sources?
What is the current situation and what has to What is the current situation and what has to
happen next? happen next?
RES 202 RES 202- -PPT PPT- -4 4- -1 1- -13 13
RES 202 RES 202- -PPT PPT- -4 4- -1 1- -14 14
Warning sign indicating the presence of automatic starting
equipment. Automatic starting equipment can start without
warning.
RES 202 RES 202- -PPT PPT- -4 4- -1 1- -15 15
Practical Exercise Practical Exercise
Practice Practice
Sign off Sign off
RES 202 RES 202- -PPT PPT- -4 4- -1 1- -16 16
lockout/tagout procedures and how they lockout/tagout procedures and how they
apply to confined space rescue. apply to confined space rescue.
RES 202 RES 202- -PPT PPT- -4 4- -1 1- -17 17
Review Review
Demonstration and Student Practice Demonstration and Student Practice
Strategic Rescue Factors Strategic Rescue Factors
RES 202 RES 202- -PPT PPT- -4 4- -2 2- -1 1
the strategic factors that have to be the strategic factors that have to be
considered when sizing up a confined considered when sizing up a confined
space rescue. space rescue.
RES 202 RES 202- -PPT PPT- -4 4- -2 2- -2 2
Overview Overview
Basic Rescue Size Basic Rescue Size- -Up Up
Basic Strategic Factors Basic Strategic Factors
Conduct Size Up Conduct Size Up
Analyze extent of problem Analyze extent of problem
Identify readily available information and Identify readily available information and
determine its impact determine its impact
Identify critical factors and analyze their Identify critical factors and analyze their
impact impact
Determine what additional information is Determine what additional information is
required required
RES 202 RES 202- -PPT PPT- -4 4- -2 2- -3 3
RES 202 RES 202- -PPT PPT- -4 4- -2 2- -4 4
Prepare preplans Prepare preplans
Identify spaces and their hazards Identify spaces and their hazards
Define limits of the organization Define limits of the organization
Plan for common types of facilities Plan for common types of facilities
Identify training needs Identify training needs
Examine SOPs/SOGs for adequacy Examine SOPs/SOGs for adequacy
Gain Access for Preplanning and Training Gain Access for Preplanning and Training
Should be a written agreement Should be a written agreement
Should include both preplanning and training Should include both preplanning and training
Standardize confined space SOPs Standardize confined space SOPs
Look for similarities Look for similarities
Incorporate into the SOP Incorporate into the SOP
Identify variations in SOP requirements Identify variations in SOP requirements
Categorize as high or low impact Categorize as high or low impact
Prepare expanded procedures for high Prepare expanded procedures for high
impact variations impact variations
Minimize efforts on low impact variations Minimize efforts on low impact variations
RES 202 RES 202- -PPT PPT- -4 4- -2 2- -5 5
Impact varies according to incident Impact varies according to incident
Confined space permit should indicate: Confined space permit should indicate:
Type of work being performed Type of work being performed
Expected hazards Expected hazards
Number of people in the confined space Number of people in the confined space
Who to contact for additional information Who to contact for additional information
If no permit is present: If no permit is present:
Gather information Gather information
Analyze Analyze
Use what you know to develop an action plan Use what you know to develop an action plan
RES 202 RES 202- -PPT PPT- -4 4- -2 2- -6 6
RES 202 RES 202- -PPT PPT- -4 4- -2 2- -7 7
Atmospheric hazards Atmospheric hazards
What work was being done? What work was being done?
Were toxic substances being used? Were toxic substances being used?
Was sludge disturbed? Was sludge disturbed?
Where will exhaust venting gases go? Where will exhaust venting gases go?
Will an atmospheric hazard be spread? Will an atmospheric hazard be spread?
Will rescue equipment generate hazardous Will rescue equipment generate hazardous
gases? gases?
RES 202 RES 202- -PPT PPT- -4 4- -2 2- -8 8
This trench has a variety of physical
hazard items surrounding it that can
easily be knocked or dropped into the
space and injure people.
Depending upon the type of work being
performed within the confined space,
hazards may be introduced that you
might not expect.
RES 202 RES 202- -PPT PPT- -4 4- -2 2- -9 9
Physical Hazards Physical Hazards
Go beyond lockout/tagout Go beyond lockout/tagout
Identify all hazards Identify all hazards
Exposures Exposures
Will hazards be spread? Will hazards be spread?
Construction Construction
Is the space structurally stable? Is the space structurally stable?
Has the structure been damaged? Has the structure been damaged?
RES 202 RES 202- -PPT PPT- -4 4- -2 2- -10 10
Contents Contents
What is normally in the space? What is normally in the space?
What other products have been brought in? What other products have been brought in?
Resources Resources
Is the response adequate? Is the response adequate?
Are more resources needed? Are more resources needed?
Time Time
How long will the rescue take and what will How long will the rescue take and what will
be the effect on the victim(s) and the be the effect on the victim(s) and the
rescuers? rescuers?
RES 202 RES 202- -PPT PPT- -4 4- -2 2- -11 11
Communications Communications
Both within and outside the space Both within and outside the space
Risk to Life Risk to Life
What are the hazards? What are the hazards?
Weather Conditions Weather Conditions
Temperature Temperature
Wind Wind
RES 202 RES 202- -PPT PPT- -4 4- -2 2- -12 12
Special Problems Special Problems
Everything else (what are examples?) Everything else (what are examples?)
Life Safety Life Safety
Safety of victims, rescuers and onlookers Safety of victims, rescuers and onlookers
Incident Stabilization Incident Stabilization
Control hazards, focus on safety Control hazards, focus on safety
Property Conservation Property Conservation
Necessary vs. unnecessary damage Necessary vs. unnecessary damage
Basic actions at a confined space rescue: Basic actions at a confined space rescue:
Manage the risk to operating personnel Manage the risk to operating personnel
Locate the victim(s) Locate the victim(s)
Identify how you will communicate with the Identify how you will communicate with the
entry team while they are in the space entry team while they are in the space
Determine how you will rescue the entry Determine how you will rescue the entry
team, if needed team, if needed
Identify how you will remove the victim Identify how you will remove the victim
Enter only with proper PPE for rescue entry Enter only with proper PPE for rescue entry
team team
RES 202 RES 202- -PPT PPT- -4 4- -2 2- -13 13
Incident priorities: Incident priorities:
Life safety Life safety
Eliminate or decrease hazards to victims Eliminate or decrease hazards to victims
Rescue once rescuers are protected Rescue once rescuers are protected
Incident stabilization Incident stabilization
Property conservation Property conservation
RES 202 RES 202- -PPT PPT- -4 4- -2 2- -14 14
RES 202 RES 202- -PPT PPT- -4 4- -2 2- -15 15
the strategic factors that have to be the strategic factors that have to be
considered when sizing up a confined considered when sizing up a confined
space rescue. space rescue.
RES 202 RES 202- -PPT PPT- -4 4- -2 2- -16 16
Review Review
Using the Incident Command System Using the Incident Command System
RES 202 RES 202- -PPT PPT- -5 5- -1 1- -1 1
describe the necessity of using the describe the necessity of using the
incident command system in incident command system in
management of a confined space management of a confined space
rescue. rescue.
RES 202 RES 202- -PPT PPT- -5 5- -1 1- -2 2
Overview Overview
(1 of 2) (1 of 2)
Safety Safety
Unity of Command Unity of Command
Span of Control Span of Control
Common Terminology Common Terminology
Single Command and Unified Command Single Command and Unified Command
The Incident Action Plan The Incident Action Plan
RES 202 RES 202- -PPT PPT- -5 5- -1 1- -3 3
Overview Overview
(2 of 2) (2 of 2)
The Command Post The Command Post
Resource Management Resource Management
Incident Priorities Incident Priorities
Command Command
Other Command Support Staff Other Command Support Staff
Applying the Incident Command System Applying the Incident Command System
to Confined Space Rescue to Confined Space Rescue
RES 202 RES 202- -PPT PPT- -5 5- -1 1- -4 4
Chapter 4 & 6 Chapter 4 & 6
pages 55 and 93 of the text pages 55 and 93 of the text
RES 202 RES 202- -PPT PPT- -5 5- -1 1- -5 5
The Incident Command System The Incident Command System
Safety Safety
Safety first Safety first
Nature of hazards and risks Nature of hazards and risks
Confined space incident command much the same Confined space incident command much the same
as that of other incidents as that of other incidents
One IC, each person has one supervisor One IC, each person has one supervisor
Span of control Span of control
Span of control cannot exceed 7 people Span of control cannot exceed 7 people
Staff needs to increase as resources increase Staff needs to increase as resources increase
RES 202 RES 202- -PPT PPT- -5 5- -1 1- -6 6
Unit numbering, radio terms, etc. Unit numbering, radio terms, etc.
Single command and unified command Single command and unified command
Single command Single command single incident commander is in single incident commander is in
charge charge
Unified command Unified command multiple agencies involved multiple agencies involved
Goals and objectives Goals and objectives
Strategy and tactics incorporating SOPs Strategy and tactics incorporating SOPs
RES 202 RES 202- -PPT PPT- -5 5- -1 1- -7 7
Location must be known to all personnel Location must be known to all personnel
Size will increase with complexity of the incident Size will increase with complexity of the incident
Task assignments Task assignments
Accountability Accountability
Additional resources Additional resources
Life safety Life safety
Incident stabilization Incident stabilization
Property conservation Property conservation
RES 202 RES 202- -PPT PPT- -5 5- -1 1- -8 8
Command Command
Command must exist on every incident Command must exist on every incident
Staff other positions only as needed Staff other positions only as needed
Incident Safety Officer (ISO) Incident Safety Officer (ISO)
Must have knowledge of confined space rescue Must have knowledge of confined space rescue
Must recognize hazards present/possible Must recognize hazards present/possible
Must have authority to act Must have authority to act
Public Information Officer (PIO) Public Information Officer (PIO)
Allows IC to focus on incident Allows IC to focus on incident
Must be given factual information by the IC Must be given factual information by the IC
RES 202 RES 202- -PPT PPT- -5 5- -1 1- -9 9
Other Command Positions Other Command Positions
Planning Planning
Operations Operations
Logistics Logistics
Finance/Administration Finance/Administration
RES 202 RES 202- -PPT PPT- -5 5- -1 1- -10 10
Applying Incident Command Applying Incident Command
Incident command structure needs to Incident command structure needs to
meet the size and complexity of the meet the size and complexity of the
incident incident
Structure must consider span of control Structure must consider span of control
Command requires good, timely Command requires good, timely
information to be effective information to be effective
RES 202 RES 202- -PPT PPT- -5 5- -1 1- -11 11
describe the necessity of using the describe the necessity of using the
incident command system in incident command system in
management of a confined space management of a confined space
rescue. rescue.
RES 202 RES 202- -PPT PPT- -5 5- -1 1- -12 12
Review Review
(1 of 2) (1 of 2)
Safety Safety
Span of Control Span of Control
Single Command and Unified Command Single Command and Unified Command
RES 202 RES 202- -PPT PPT- -5 5- -1 1- -13 13
Review Review
(2 of 2) (2 of 2)
Command Command
Other Command Support Staff Other Command Support Staff
Applying the Incident Command System Applying the Incident Command System

Standard Operating Procedures Standard Operating Procedures
RES 202 RES 202- -PPT PPT- -5 5- -2 2- -1 1
describe the role of standard operating describe the role of standard operating
procedures in conducting effective and procedures in conducting effective and
efficient confined space rescues. efficient confined space rescues.
RES 202 RES 202- -PPT PPT- -5 5- -2 2- -2 2
Overview Overview
Development of Standard Operating Development of Standard Operating
Procedures Procedures
Written SOPs Written SOPs
Use of Checklists Use of Checklists
RES 202 RES 202- -PPT PPT- -5 5- -2 2- -3 3
Development of Development of
Standard Operating Procedures Standard Operating Procedures
Why do we need SOPs in confined space Why do we need SOPs in confined space
rescue? rescue?
SOPs must be SOPs must be
Accurate Accurate
Current Current
Taught Taught
RES 202 RES 202- -PPT PPT- -5 5- -2 2- -4 4
Why do SOPs need to be written? Why do SOPs need to be written?
SOPs should be SOPs should be
In standard format In standard format
Detailed Detailed
Simple Simple
Exercised Exercised
RES 202 RES 202- -PPT PPT- -5 5- -2 2- -5 5
How do checklists support SOPs? How do checklists support SOPs?
How can a checklist serve as an How can a checklist serve as an
evaluation tool? evaluation tool?
RES 202 RES 202- -PPT PPT- -5 5- -2 2- -6 6
RES 202 RES 202- -PPT PPT- -5 5- -2 2- -7 7
RES 202 RES 202- -PPT PPT- -5 5- -2 2- -8 8
RES 202 RES 202- -PPT PPT- -5 5- -2 2- -9 9
RES 202 RES 202- -PPT PPT- -5 5- -2 2- -10 10
RES 202 RES 202- -PPT PPT- -5 5- -2 2- -11 11
RES 202 RES 202- -PPT PPT- -5 5- -2 2- -12 12
RES 202 RES 202- -PPT PPT- -5 5- -2 2- -13 13
describe the role of standard operating describe the role of standard operating
procedures in conducting effective and procedures in conducting effective and
efficient confined space rescues. efficient confined space rescues.
RES 202 RES 202- -PPT PPT- -5 5- -2 2- -14 14
Review Review
Development of Standard Operating Development of Standard Operating
Procedures Procedures

Team Evaluation Team Evaluation
RES 202 RES 202- -PPT PPT- -5 5- -3 3- -1 1
describe components of selecting and describe components of selecting and
evaluating confined space rescue teams. evaluating confined space rescue teams.
RES 202 RES 202- -PPT PPT- -5 5- -3 3- -2 2
Overview Overview
OSHA OSHA s Response Time Evaluation s Response Time Evaluation
OSHA OSHA s Potential Rescue Team Evaluation: s Potential Rescue Team Evaluation:
Qualifications Qualifications
NFPA Standards NFPA Standards
Other Considerations for Evaluating Other Considerations for Evaluating
Confined Spaces Confined Spaces
Managing Confined Spaces and the Need Managing Confined Spaces and the Need
for Rescue for Rescue
RES 202 RES 202- -PPT PPT- -5 5- -3 3- -3 3
Characterizing the hazards of a confined Characterizing the hazards of a confined
space space
Higher threat needs faster action? Higher threat needs faster action?
How are hazards controlled? How are hazards controlled?
Time consideration Time consideration
How long will it take for rescuers to arrive on How long will it take for rescuers to arrive on
scene after notification? scene after notification?
How much time will be needed to set up? How much time will be needed to set up?
RES 202 RES 202- -PPT PPT- -5 5- -3 3- -4 4
OSHA OSHA s Potential Rescue Team s Potential Rescue Team
Evaluation: Qualifications Evaluation: Qualifications
Initial Evaluation Initial Evaluation
Confined space training Confined space training
EMS training EMS training
PPE and rescue equipment PPE and rescue equipment
Performance Evaluation Performance Evaluation
Measurable objectives Measurable objectives
Identified shortcomings Identified shortcomings
Periodic training Periodic training
RES 202 RES 202- -PPT PPT- -5 5- -3 3- -5 5
NFPA 1006, Chapter 7 NFPA 1006, Chapter 7
NFPA 1670 NFPA 1670
RES 202 RES 202- -PPT PPT- -5 5- -3 3- -6 6
Other Considerations for Other Considerations for
Evaluating Confined Spaces Evaluating Confined Spaces
NFPA Standard 1006, Chapter 7 NFPA Standard 1006, Chapter 7
Other considerations for evaluation Other considerations for evaluation
Configuration of the space Configuration of the space
Elevation of the openings Elevation of the openings
Portal size Portal size
Access and retrieval lines Access and retrieval lines
RES 202 RES 202- -PPT PPT- -5 5- -3 3- -7 7
Managing Confined Spaces Managing Confined Spaces
and the Need for Rescue and the Need for Rescue
Non Non- -entry rescue entry rescue
Rescue classifications Rescue classifications
Class A Class A
Class B Class B
Class C Class C
Class D Class D
Class A Confined Space: Class A Confined Space:
Permit Permit- -required required
Hazards require immediate rescue of victims Hazards require immediate rescue of victims
and a rescue team to effect the rescue and a rescue team to effect the rescue
An approved rescue team must be on An approved rescue team must be on
location at entry point location at entry point
RES 202 RES 202- -PPT PPT- -5 5- -3 3- -8 8
Class B Confined Space: Class B Confined Space:
Permit Permit- -required required
Hazards require immediate rescue of victims Hazards require immediate rescue of victims
Attendant can perform rescue from outside Attendant can perform rescue from outside
the space the space
RES 202 RES 202- -PPT PPT- -5 5- -3 3- -9 9
Class C Confined Space: Class C Confined Space:
Permit Permit- -required or non required or non- -permit required permit required
No hazards or hazards are fully controlled No hazards or hazards are fully controlled
Rescue requires use of a rescue team Rescue requires use of a rescue team
Approved rescue team must be available and Approved rescue team must be available and
able to respond in a timely manner able to respond in a timely manner
RES 202 RES 202- -PPT PPT- -5 5- -3 3- -10 10
Class D Confined Space: Class D Confined Space:
Permit Permit- -required or non required or non permit required permit required
space space
No hazards or hazards are fully controlled No hazards or hazards are fully controlled
Attendant can perform rescue from outside Attendant can perform rescue from outside
the space the space
RES 202 RES 202- -PPT PPT- -5 5- -3 3- -11 11
RES 202 RES 202- -PPT PPT- -5 5- -3 3- -12 12
describe components of selecting and describe components of selecting and
evaluating confined space rescue evaluating confined space rescue
teams. teams.
RES 202 RES 202- -PPT PPT- -5 5- -3 3- -13 13
Review Review
OSHA OSHA s Potential Rescue Team s Potential Rescue Team
Evaluation: Qualifications Evaluation: Qualifications
Other Considerations for Evaluating Other Considerations for Evaluating
Confined Spaces Confined Spaces
Managing Confined Spaces and the Need Managing Confined Spaces and the Need
for Rescue for Rescue

Safety Safety
RES 202 RES 202- -PPT PPT- -6 6- -1 1- -1 1
describe how to manage risk and describe how to manage risk and
protect personnel during confined protect personnel during confined
space rescues. space rescues.
RES 202 RES 202- -PPT PPT- -6 6- -1 1- -2 2
Overview Overview
Safety Considerations for Personnel Safety Considerations for Personnel
Personal Protective Equipment Personal Protective Equipment
Noise Noise
RES 202 RES 202- -PPT PPT- -6 6- -1 1- -3 3
Chapters 5, 10 and 12 Chapters 5, 10 and 12
pages 76, 162 and 202 of the text pages 76, 162 and 202 of the text
Inherent risk associated with confined Inherent risk associated with confined
space rescue space rescue
By definition of a confined space By definition of a confined space
Hazardous atmosphere Hazardous atmosphere
Engulfment potential Engulfment potential
Physical configuration that can cause Physical configuration that can cause
entrapment entrapment
Other hazards Other hazards
RES 202 RES 202- -PPT PPT- -6 6- -1 1- -4 4
Actions therefore required Actions therefore required
Identify hazards Identify hazards
Analyze hazards Analyze hazards
Control or eliminate hazards Control or eliminate hazards
Determine appropriate PPE and other safety Determine appropriate PPE and other safety
equipment and use it equipment and use it
RES 202 RES 202- -PPT PPT- -6 6- -1 1- -5 5
RES 202 RES 202- -PPT PPT- -6 6- -1 1- -6 6
Temperature stress Temperature stress
Hydration of rescuer Hydration of rescuer
Dress of rescuer Dress of rescuer
Pace of work Pace of work
Prevention of heat stress Prevention of heat stress
Change conditions Change conditions
Limit exposure Limit exposure
Ventilate Ventilate
Hydrate Hydrate
Manage time of PPE use Manage time of PPE use
Plan pace of work Plan pace of work
RES 202 RES 202- -PPT PPT- -6 6- -1 1- -7 7
Prevention of cold Prevention of cold- -related injuries related injuries
Avoid getting wet Avoid getting wet
Consider wind chill Consider wind chill
Heat the confined space Heat the confined space
Minimize exposure to cold Minimize exposure to cold
Pace the work Pace the work
RES 202 RES 202- -PPT PPT- -6 6- -1 1- -8 8
RES 202 RES 202- -PPT PPT- -6 6- -1 1- -9 9
Minimize the number of people
who are needed to performthe
rescue safely.
Protective clothing can increase
the potential for heat stress
injuries to rescuers.
Medical monitoring Medical monitoring
Heat Heat- -related injuries related injuries
Consider temperature Consider temperature ambient space temperatures ambient space temperatures
above 78 degrees can cause heat injuries above 78 degrees can cause heat injuries
Consider age, physical condition, type of PPE worn Consider age, physical condition, type of PPE worn
Monitor vitals before and after entry Monitor vitals before and after entry
Cold Cold- -related injuries related injuries
Consider temperature Consider temperature temperatures as high as 50 temperatures as high as 50
degrees can cause cold injuries degrees can cause cold injuries
Consider age, physical condition, type of PPE Consider age, physical condition, type of PPE
Monitor vitals before and after entry Monitor vitals before and after entry
RES 202 RES 202- -PPT PPT- -6 6- -1 1- -10 10
RES 202 RES 202- -PPT PPT- -6 6- -1 1- -11 11
Respiratory protection Respiratory protection
SCBA SCBA
SAR SAR
Retrieval equipment Retrieval equipment
Harness Harness
Gloves Gloves
Foot protection Foot protection
Skin protection Skin protection
RES 202 RES 202- -PPT PPT- -6 6- -1 1- -12 12
A supplied air respirator showing the air supply, air hose,
escape bottle, and facepiece.
RES 202 RES 202- -PPT PPT- -6 6- -1 1- -13 13
This is a Class III harness with
Drings at the shoulders and
center of the back.
Chemical-resistant gloves, firefighters
gloves, leather utility gloves, and
rescue gloves. Each type of glove has
a purpose and limitations.
Sharp edges such as those on the
weirs shown here require
responders to protect themselves
fromcuts and puncture wounds.
RES 202 RES 202- -PPT PPT- -6 6- -1 1- -14 14
Damage to chemical protective clothing Damage to chemical protective clothing
Permeation Permeation
Penetration Penetration
Degradation Degradation
RES 202 RES 202- -PPT PPT- -6 6- -1 1- -15 15
Illustration of permeation.
Illustration of penetration.
Illustration of degradation.
RES 202 RES 202- -PPT PPT- -6 6- -1 1- -16 16
Noise Noise
Effect of noise in a confined space Effect of noise in a confined space
Need for hearing protection Need for hearing protection
Importance of hand signals Importance of hand signals
RES 202 RES 202- -PPT PPT- -6 6- -1 1- -17 17
Practice Practice
Sign off Sign off
RES 202 RES 202- -PPT PPT- -6 6- -1 1- -18 18
describe how to manage risk and describe how to manage risk and
protect personnel during confined protect personnel during confined
space rescues. space rescues.
RES 202 RES 202- -PPT PPT- -6 6- -1 1- -19 19
Review Review
Noise Noise

Rescue Rescue
RES 202 RES 202- -PPT PPT- -7 7- -1 1- -1 1
describe the nine describe the nine- -step process for step process for
confined space rescues. confined space rescues.
RES 202 RES 202- -PPT PPT- -7 7- -1 1- -2 2
Overview Overview
Rescue Considerations Rescue Considerations
Equipment Equipment
Initial Scene Operations Initial Scene Operations
Assessing the Victim Assessing the Victim
Victim Stabilization Victim Stabilization
Victim Removal Victim Removal
RES 202 RES 202- -PPT PPT- -7 7- -1 1- -3 3
pages 125 and 126 of the text. pages 125 and 126 of the text.
RES 202 RES 202- -PPT PPT- -7 7- -1 1- -4 4
The Nine The Nine- -Step Process Step Process
Establish command and take control of Establish command and take control of
scene scene
Identify the type of rescue problem Identify the type of rescue problem
Perform a hazard and risk assessment Perform a hazard and risk assessment
Identify rescue objectives Identify rescue objectives
Identify resources needed Identify resources needed
RES 202 RES 202- -PPT PPT- -7 7- -1 1- -5 5
The Nine The Nine- -Step Process Step Process (continued) (continued)
Develop an action plan Develop an action plan
Implement the action plan Implement the action plan
Evaluate the effectiveness of the plan Evaluate the effectiveness of the plan
Terminate the incident Terminate the incident
RES 202 RES 202- -PPT PPT- -7 7- -1 1- -6 6
Equipment Equipment
Tripods Tripods
Improvised lifting devices Improvised lifting devices
Rope and hardware Rope and hardware
Electrical equipment Electrical equipment
Communications equipment Communications equipment
Training of personnel (use of equipment) Training of personnel (use of equipment)
Termination (evaluation of operation) Termination (evaluation of operation)
Equipment Equipment
RES 202 RES 202- -PPT PPT- -7 7- -1 1- -7 7
Tripods are among the various pieces of equipment that
can be used for confined space rescue.
Equipment Equipment
RES 202 RES 202- -PPT PPT- -7 7- -1 1- -8 8
Skills/Procedures 9-2. Managing three retrieval/safety
lines for two rescuers and a victim.
1. You have one tripod that
accepts three attachments for
retrieval/safety lines.
2. One rescuer enters
wearing retrieval line 1
and one safety line.
Equipment Equipment
RES 202 RES 202- -PPT PPT- -7 7- -1 1- -9 9
Skills/Procedures 9-2. Managing three retrieval/safetylines
for two rescuers and a victim(contd.).
3. The first rescuer detaches the safety line, which is brought out
of the space and attached to the second rescuer along with
retrieval line 2. Rescuer 2 then enters the space.
Equipment Equipment
RES 202 RES 202- -PPT PPT- -7 7- -1 1- -10 10
Skills/Procedures 9-2. Managing three retrieval/safetylines for
two rescuers and a victim(contd.).
4. When the victimhas been packaged by the rescuers, rescuer 2 is brought
out of the space, and retrieval line 2 and the safety line are detached from
rescuer 2 and sent back into the space to be attached the victim. Rescuer 1
attaches retrieval line 2 and the safety line to the victim, and the victimis
removed fromthe space. Retrieval line 1 remains attached to rescuer 1 at all
times.
Equipment Equipment
RES 202 RES 202- -PPT PPT- -7 7- -1 1- -11 11
Using this rope and
harness, could you retrieve
this rescuer if he became
injured or entangled?
A carabiner used to
connect a figure 8
descender to a sling.
A Skedstretcher placed
in a stokes basket.
Equipment Equipment
RES 202 RES 202- -PPT PPT- -7 7- -1 1- -12 12
A harness, SAR, PPE, ropes, and other
rope equipment being used during
confined space rescue training.
A pulley being used to change the
direction of pull on the rope by 90
degrees.
Equipment Equipment
RES 202 RES 202- -PPT PPT- -7 7- -1 1- -13 13
Equipment for confined space rescue
laid out in a staging area to organize and
account for the equipment.
A rescuer wearing a supplied air
respirator with a radio adapted for use
during confined space entry.
RES 202 RES 202- -PPT PPT- -7 7- -1 1- -14 14
Use of nine steps Use of nine steps
Defensive operations Defensive operations
Offensive operations Offensive operations
RES 202 RES 202- -PPT PPT- -7 7- -1 1- -15 15
RES 202 RES 202- -PPT PPT- -7 7- -1 1- -16 16
Victim Considerations Victim Considerations
Assessing the victim Assessing the victim
Victim stabilization Victim stabilization
Victim removal Victim removal
Victim Considerations Victim Considerations
RES 202 RES 202- -PPT PPT- -7 7- -1 1- -17 17
How rapidly your victim must be removed should be one of
the primary considerations in packaging.
RES 202 RES 202- -PPT PPT- -7 7- -1 1- -18 18
describe the nine describe the nine- -step process for step process for
confined space rescues. confined space rescues.
RES 202 RES 202- -PPT PPT- -7 7- -1 1- -19 19
Review Review
Equipment Equipment
Assessing the Victim Assessing the Victim
Victim Stabilization Victim Stabilization
Victim Removal Victim Removal

Rescue Equipment Rescue Equipment
RES 202 RES 202- -PPT PPT- -7 7- -2 2- -1 1
describe and operate equipment describe and operate equipment
designed to support confined space designed to support confined space
rescues. rescues.
RES 202 RES 202- -PPT PPT- -7 7- -2 2- -2 2
Overview Overview
Types of Loads Types of Loads
Equipment Standards Equipment Standards
Harnesses Harnesses
Tripods and Other Legged Rescue Tripods and Other Legged Rescue
Equipment Equipment
Hoisting Devices and Fall Protection Hoisting Devices and Fall Protection
People and Equipment People and Equipment
RES 202 RES 202- -PPT PPT- -7 7- -2 2- -3 3
Static load Static load
Impact load Impact load
Working load Working load
Axial load Axial load
Eccentric load Eccentric load
RES 202 RES 202- -PPT PPT- -7 7- -2 2- -4 4
Static loads are applied and remain in the Static loads are applied and remain in the
same position and location same position and location
Example: forces applied to a harness or life Example: forces applied to a harness or life
safety rope during testing safety rope during testing
A static load is applied in only one direction and the whole
system is at rest.
RES 202 RES 202- -PPT PPT- -7 7- -2 2- -5 5
An impact load is created when a load that is in motion is
applied to the support.
RES 202 RES 202- -PPT PPT- -7 7- -2 2- -6 6
During impact loading, the load is in
motion, and the acceleration increases
the effect of the load.
The result of an impact load can be
great enough to cause the support to
fail.
Working load is the expected load applied Working load is the expected load applied
to equipment during use to equipment during use
Maximum working load is maximum weight Maximum working load is maximum weight
expected to be supported by equipment expected to be supported by equipment
Axial load refers to the direction the load Axial load refers to the direction the load
is carried is carried
Eccentric loads are off center Eccentric loads are off center
RES 202 RES 202- -PPT PPT- -7 7- -2 2- -7 7
RES 202 RES 202- -PPT PPT- -7 7- -2 2- -8 8
An axial load is
applied in the same
plane as the axis of
the support.
Even though a tripod
has three legs to carry
the load to the ground,
there is still an axis for
the entire tripod. Each
leg also has an axis.
An eccentric load is one
that is applied off center.
The eccentric load can
cause a failure of the
support.
Different standards Different standards
carry different legal carry different legal
weight weight
OSHA and CALOSHA OSHA and CALOSHA
are legally adopted are legally adopted
standards standards
NFPA and ANSI are NFPA and ANSI are
consensus standards consensus standards
RES 202 RES 202- -PPT PPT- -7 7- -2 2- -9 9
There are a variety of standards
that affect how different types of
equipment are designed,
manufactured, and used.
OSHA, ANSI, and NFPA OSHA, ANSI, and NFPA
Do not certify equipment Do not certify equipment
Typically do not test for compliance Typically do not test for compliance
RES 202 RES 202- -PPT PPT- -7 7- -2 2- -10 10
This label, on a harness, shows the standards that the harness is
designed to meet, the manufacturer, lot number, and model number.
RES 202 RES 202- -PPT PPT- -7 7- -2 2- -11 11
Harnesses Harnesses
Harnesses Harnesses
Classes of harnesses Classes of harnesses
Wristlets Wristlets
Inspection Inspection
Harnesses Harnesses
RES 202 RES 202- -PPT PPT- -7 7- -2 2- -12 12
A Class I harness is
designed to support
a single person. All
harnesses should
be clearly marked
as to their class.
The ladder belt should
not be used to support a
person while raising or
lowering on a rope,
cable, or other support.
Class II harnesses are
designed to support a two-
person load, and they look
similar to Class I harnesses.
Harnesses Harnesses
RES 202 RES 202- -PPT PPT- -7 7- -2 2- -13 13
A Class III harness. This harness
not only supports a two-person
load, it also protects a wearer
fromfalling out if inverted.
The stitching pattern and number of
stitches per inch in a harness are
important considerations because
they can affect the strength of the
harness.
Harnesses Harnesses
Wristlets may be Wristlets may be
used when a harness used when a harness
cannot cannot
Safety factor is 3:1 Safety factor is 3:1
To lift a 300 pound To lift a 300 pound
load, wristlets must load, wristlets must
have a 900 pound have a 900 pound
minimum breaking minimum breaking
strength strength
RES 202 RES 202- -PPT PPT- -7 7- -2 2- -14 14
Wristlets that can be used to raise
or lower a person.
Harnesses Harnesses
Inspection program: Inspection program:
Must document harness and equipment Must document harness and equipment
history history
Should be based on manufacturer Should be based on manufacturer s s
recommendations for inspection, testing, recommendations for inspection, testing,
and maintenance and maintenance
RES 202 RES 202- -PPT PPT- -7 7- -2 2- -15 15
RES 202 RES 202- -PPT PPT- -7 7- -2 2- -16 16
Tripods and Other Legged Tripods and Other Legged
Equipment Equipment
Lifting capacity Lifting capacity
Surfaces Surfaces
Tripods Tripods
Provide a fixed anchor point for lifting equipment Provide a fixed anchor point for lifting equipment
Must use axial loads to keep from tipping or Must use axial loads to keep from tipping or
collapsing the equipment collapsing the equipment
Specialized tripods Specialized tripods
Have features such as four leg configurations, Have features such as four leg configurations,
davit arms, bolts, attachment devices, anchors davit arms, bolts, attachment devices, anchors
Tripod selection Tripod selection
Should be based on the situation Should be based on the situation
RES 202 RES 202- -PPT PPT- -7 7- -2 2- -17 17
Lifting capacity Lifting capacity
Varies so rescuers must know the capacity of Varies so rescuers must know the capacity of
the tripod being used the tripod being used
Surfaces Surfaces
Sloped surface presents hazards Sloped surface presents hazards
Anchors and locks for the legs should be Anchors and locks for the legs should be
used used
RES 202 RES 202- -PPT PPT- -7 7- -2 2- -18 18
RES 202 RES 202- -PPT PPT- -7 7- -2 2- -19 19
The locking device at the
head of this tripod keeps
the legs rigidly in place.
Chains between the
tripod feet keep the
legs fromspreading as
a load is applied.
This transformer
retrieval support is
specifically designed
and built to be bolted to
the manway opening.
(Photo courtesy of
DBI/SALA.)
RES 202 RES 202- -PPT PPT- -7 7- -2 2- -20 20
Tripods with adjustable
legs may have
reduced load carrying
capacities because the
legs are extended.
The number of retrieval
devices that can be attached
to a tripod will have an impact
on your rescue operations.
J ust as a tripod must
be loaded axially, so
must other devices.
RES 202 RES 202- -PPT PPT- -7 7- -2 2- -21 21
Hoisting Devices and Hoisting Devices and
Fall Protection Fall Protection
Retrieval winches Retrieval winches
Equipment integrity Equipment integrity
Ropes and rope equipment Ropes and rope equipment
Retrieval winches: Retrieval winches:
Are designed for Are designed for
hoisting hoisting
May have stainless May have stainless
steel or galvanized steel or galvanized
steel cables attached steel cables attached
to allow use as lifting to allow use as lifting
devices devices
RES 202 RES 202- -PPT PPT- -7 7- -2 2- -22 22
This retrieval device has a variety
of features that make it valuable
for confined space rescue.
RES 202 RES 202- -PPT PPT- -7 7- -2 2- -23 23
A snap hook for connecting
O-rings, D-rings, and other
equipment to retrieval
equipment.
Match the snap hook to the size of the device
to which it is to be connected.
Rope and rope equipment Rope and rope equipment
use is common use is common
Rescuers must have Rescuers must have
capability to perform rope capability to perform rope
rescue tasks rescue tasks
Rescuers must follow NFPA Rescuers must follow NFPA
Standard 1983 for inspection Standard 1983 for inspection
maintenance and testing maintenance and testing
Fire Service Life Safety Rope Fire Service Life Safety Rope
and System Components and System Components
RES 202 RES 202- -PPT PPT- -7 7- -2 2- -24 24
Maintaining your equipment in a
safe manner is essential to the
reliability of the equipment. The
duct tape shown here is not an
acceptable repair.
RES 202 RES 202- -PPT PPT- -7 7- -2 2- -25 25
Training for equipment use Training for equipment use
Proper use of equipment Proper use of equipment
Maintenance of equipment Maintenance of equipment
Damage to equipment Damage to equipment
Skill refreshment Skill refreshment
Equipment is useful only if people who Equipment is useful only if people who
use it know how to correctly use it know how to correctly
Understand equipment purpose Understand equipment purpose
Understand design features Understand design features
Understand how to maintain it Understand how to maintain it
RES 202 RES 202- -PPT PPT- -7 7- -2 2- -26 26
RES 202 RES 202- -PPT PPT- -7 7- -2 2- -27 27
Practice Practice
Sign off Sign off
RES 202 RES 202- -PPT PPT- -7 7- -2 2- -28 28
describe and operate equipment describe and operate equipment
designed to support confined space designed to support confined space
rescues. rescues.
RES 202 RES 202- -PPT PPT- -7 7- -2 2- -29 29
Review Review
Harnesses Harnesses
Equipment Equipment

Rescue Technician - Confined Space Rescue: Note-Taking Guide

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Note-Taking Guide

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