BACKWATER CURVES AND

HYDRAULIC JUMP












NAME OF INSTRUCTOR:
MR. JANAKA BAMUNAWALA
GROUP MEMBERS:
MADURANGA W.L.S.
MADUSANKA E.K.G.C.
MADUSHANKA H.K.P.
MAHENDRA W.K.S.
MANOJ D.L.
MIRIHAGALLA M.K.D.L. NAME : NANAYAKKARA K.D
MUNASINGE M.A.S.S. INDEX NO : 100353J
MUNAWEERA T.A. GROUP : C1
NANDHARATHNE A.B.D.T. DATE OF PER : 01-11-2012
NARESHKUMAR L. DATE OF SUB : 15-11-2012


AIM

APPARATUS

THEORY



PROCEDURE
















OBSERVATIONS
a) For the Backwater curve
L (m) d (mm)
0.2 81.0
0.7 78.7
1.2 76.4
1.7 74.0
2.2 71.9
2.7 70.7
3.2 69.9
3.7 67.7
4.2 67.8
4.7 66.9
5.2 65.5
5.7 64.3

Slope of channel S
0
0.003
Width of channel 0.3m
Mannings roughness coefficient for bed material of channel (for glass) 0.01
Flow rate
3 3
( ) 5700 / 0.0057 /
c
Q cm s m s = =

b) For the Hydraulic Jump








Formation no d
A
(mm) d
B
(mm)
V-notch
reading (cm)
Flow rate Q
(cm
3
/s)
1 11.9 66.6 22.6 6400
2 13.4 61.4 22.2 5700
3 13.5 64.9 22.5 6200
4 12.1 61.5 21.7 4900
5 12.4 59.5 22.8 6800





CALCULATIONS
For Backwater curve
1) For critical flow Froude Number is 1
Therefore for critical flow conditions
1
c
c
V
Fr
gd
= = ----- (1)
Where
c
V - Critical water velocity of channel

c
d - Critical depth for given flow rate of channel
g - Gravitational acceleration
But
c
Q AV =
( )
c c c
c
Q
Q Bd V V
Bd
= = ---- (2) Where Q- Flow rate of channel
Using eq
n
(1) & (2)

2
3
2
2
3
2
1
c c
c
c
Q
Bd gd
Q
d
B g
Q
d
B g
=
=
=

Therefore
2
3
2
0.0057
0.033
0.3 9.81
c
d m = =

By using Mannings eq
n
to determine the critical slope of given flow rate
1/2
1/2
1/2
2/3
2/3
2/3
2
2/3
2
2/3
1
1
1
2
2
0.01 0.0057 0.3 2 0.033
0.004
0.3 0.033 0.3 0.033
c c
c c
c
c c
c
c
c
c c
c
V R S
n
Q Bd R S
n
Bd
Q Bd S
n B d
B d nQ
S
Bd Bd
S
=

=
`
)

(

=
` (
+

)

( +
=
` (

)

+ (
= =
`
(



)

As S
0
= 0.003, S
0
S
c

Therefore it is a mild slope.


2) By using Mannings eq
n
to determine the normal depth
( )
n
d
1/2
1/2
1/2
2/3
0
2/3
0
2/3
0
2
2/3
0
2
2/3
1
1
1
2
2
0.3 2 0.01 0.0057
0.003
0.3 0.3
n
n
n
n
n
n n
n
n n
V R S
n
Q Bd R S
n
Bd
Q Bd S
n B d
B d nQ
S
Bd Bd
d
d d
=

=
`
)

(

=
` (
+

)

( +
=
` (

)

( +
=
` (


)

By solving above eq
n

0.036
n
d m =
Therefore d
n
> d
c
and S
0
< S
c
.
Every readings we have taken in this practical satisfy for d > d
n
> d
c
this condition. Hence
this suits M1 profile for Backwater Curves and type of curve is Backwater and type of
flow is Subcritical [1].



















d
c
d
n

3) Specimen calculation for L A by considering first two values if d


( )
| |
( )
2 2
2
1 2
1
4/3
2 2
1
0 10/3
1
1
3
0
1 1
2
2
0.0810
0.0787
0.0057 /
0.3
0.003
0.01
9.8
m m
m m
m m
m m
m
m
Q
d d
gB d d
L
Q n d d
S
B
d d
where
d m
d m
Q m s
B m
S
n
g
+
+
+
+
+



(
(
| | | | | |

(
( +
| | |

(
( \ . \ . \ .


A =
`
(

(

+
(

(
(
+
(
(


)
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
( )
| |
( )
2
2 2
2
2
4/3
2 2
10/3
1 /
0.0057 1 1
0.0787 0.0810
2 9.81 0.3 0.0787 0.0810
0.0057 0.01 0.0787 0.0810
0.003
0.3
0.0787 0.0810
2
0.79
m s
L
L m



(
(
| | | | | |
+ (
(
| | |


\ . \ .
( ( \ .


A =
`
(

(

+
(

(
(
+
(
(


)
A =













4) Specimen calculation for
1 m
d
+
by considering first value of d as
m
d and corresponding
L A from previous calculation
( )
2 2
2 2 4/3 2
1
1 0 10/3 2
1
1
[ ( )] 1 1
2
2
m m
m m
m m
m m
Q n B d d Q
d d L S
gB d d
B
d d
+
+
+
+


(
| | | | | | + +
( = + A +
` | | |
( ( \ . \ . \ .

+
(


)

Where
0
3
2
0.081
0.79
0.003
0.0057 /
0.01
0.3
9.81 /
m
d m
L m
S
Q m s
n
B m
g m s
=
A =
=
=
=
=
=





DISCUSSION
REFERENCES
1) http://www.engr.psu.edu/ce/HEC/docs/backwater_curves.pdf
2)