Full name Jan Hus

Other names John Hus or John Huss

Born c. 1369
Husinec, Kingdom of Bohemia
Died July 6, 1415 (aged 4546)
Konstanz, Bishopric of Constance,
Holy Roman Empire
Era Renaissance philosophy
Region Western philosophy
School Hussite
Main interests Theology
Jan Hus
Jan Hus
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jan Hus (Czech pronunciation: [jan us] ( listen); c. 1369
6 July 1415), often referred to in English as John Hus or
John Huss, was a Czech priest, philosopher, reformer,
and master at Charles University in Prague. After John
Wycliffe, the theorist of ecclesiastical Reformation, he
was, before Luther, Calvin and Zwingli, the first actual
Church reformer.
He is famed for having been burned at the stake for
heresy against the doctrines of the Catholic Church,
including those on ecclesiology (the branch of theology
concerned with the nature, constitution and functions of
the Church), the Eucharist, and other theological topics.
Hus was a key predecessor to the Protestant movement of
the sixteenth century, and his teachings had a strong
influence on the states of Europe, most immediately in the
approval for the existence of a reformist Bohemian
religious denomination, and, more than a century later, on
Martin Luther himself.
[1]
Between 1420 and 1431, the Hussite forces defeated five
consecutive papal crusades against followers of Hus.
Their defence and rebellion against Roman Catholics
became known as the Hussite Wars.
[2]
A century later, as
many as 90% of inhabitants of the Czech lands were
non-Catholic and followed the teachings of Hus and his
successors.
[3]
Contents
1 Early life
2 Career
2.1 Papal schism
2.1.1 Kutn Hora
2.1.2 Alexander V
becomes Antipope
2.1.3 Excommunication
of Hus
2.1.4 Indulgences
2.1.5 Crusade against
Naples
2.1.6 Condemnation of
indulgences and
Crusade
2.1.6.1
Response
2.1.7 Attempts at
Influenced by
Influenced
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reconciliation
2.1.7.1
Writings of
Hus and
Wycliffe
2.2 Council of Constance
2.2.1 Imprisonment and
preparations for trial
2.3 Trial
2.3.1 Condemnation
2.3.2 Refusals to recant
3 Execution
4 Aftermath
4.1 Hus's scholarship and
teachings
4.2 Veneration
4.3 Jan Hus Day
4.4 Legacy
5 Famous followers of Jan Hus
6 Gallery
7 Works
8 See also
9 References
10 Further reading
11 External links
11.1 Wikisource
Early life
Hus was born in Husinec, Kingdom of Bohemia in 1369. He traveled to Prague at an early age where he
supported himself by singing and serving in churches. His conduct was positive and his commitment to his
studies was remarkable.
[4]
In 1393, Hus earned a degree of Bachelor of Arts from the University of Prague and he earned his master's
degree in 1396. In 1400, he was ordained as a priest and became rector of the university in 140203. He was
appointed a preacher at the newly built Bethlehem chapel around the same time. Hus was a strong advocate
for the Czechs, and therefore the Realists, and he was influenced by the writings of John Wycliffe. Although
many works of Wycliffe were proscribed in 1403 by the church, Hus translated Trialogus into Czech and
helped to distribute it.
[4]
Career
Hus took an active role in the movement for reform in the church by attacking the morals of clergy,
episcopate, and papacy from his pulpit. Archbishop Zbynk Zajc was lenient with Hus and appointed him as
preacher to the biennial synod. On 24 June 1405, Pope Innocent VII, however, directed the archbishop to
counter the heretical teachings of Wycliffe, especially the doctrine of impanation in the Eucharist. The
archbishop complied by issuing a synodal decree against Wycliffe as well as any further attacks on the
clergy.
[4]
In 1406, a document was brought by two Bohemian students to Prague bearing the seal of the University of
Oxford and eulogizing Wycliffe. Hus proudly read the document from his pulpit. Zbynk received a letter
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from Pope Gregory XII, in 1408, stating that the church in Rome had been informed of Wycliffe's heretical
words and King Wenceslaus's sympathies for non-conformists. This prompted the king and the university to
clear themselves of heretical suspicion. All writings of Wycliffe were ordered surrendered to the
archdiocesan chancery for correction and Hus obeyed declaring that he condemned the errors in these
writings.
[4]
Papal schism
The University of Prague around 1408 was being torn apart by the ongoing papal schism, in which Pope
Gregory XII and Avignon Pope Benedict XIII both laid claim to the papacy. King Wenceslaus felt Pope
Gregory XII might interfere with his plans to be crowned Holy Roman Emperor; thus, he renounced Gregory
and ordered his prelates to observe a strict neutrality toward both popes, and said he expected the same of
the university. Archbishop Zajc remained faithful to Gregory. At the university, only the "Bohemian nation"
(one of four voting blocs), with Hus as its leader and spokesman, avowed neutrality.
[citation needed]
Kutn Hora
At the instigation of Hus and other Bohemian leaders, King Wenceslaus issued a decree (while in the city of
Kutn Hora) that the Bohemian nation should now have three votes (instead of one) in all affairs of the
university, while the foreign nations (Bavarian, Saxon, and Polish) should have only one vote. As a
consequence, somewhere between five thousand and twenty thousand foreign doctors, masters, and students
left the university in 1409. This exodus resulted in the founding of the University of Leipzig, among others.
Thus, Prague university lost its international importance and became only a Czech school. The emigrants
also spread news of the Bohemian "heresies" throughout the rest of Europe. Archbishop Zajc became
isolated and Hus was at the height of his fame. He became a rector of the Czech university, and enjoyed the
favor of the court. At around this time, the doctrinal views of the English theologian, John Wycliffe were
becoming increasingly influential.
[citation needed]
Alexander V becomes Antipope
In 1409, in an attempt to end the papal schism, the Council of Pisa met to elect a new pope. This did not
succeed, and the pope they elected, Alexander V, did not end loyalty to the other two popes. The Roman
Catholic Church now considers Alexander V an antipope. Hus, his followers, and Wenceslaus transferred
their allegiance to Alexander V. Under pressure from King Wenceslaus, Archbishop Zajc did the same. Zajc
then brought his complaints before Alexander V's Papal See, accusing the Wycliffites of ecclesiastical
disturbances.
Excommunication of Hus
Alexander V issued his papal bull of 20 December 1409, which empowered the Archbishop to proceed
against Wycliffism. All books of Wycliffe were to be given up, his doctrines revoked, and free preaching
discontinued. After the publication of the bull in 1410, Hus appealed before Alexander V, but in vain. All
books and valuable manuscripts of Wycliffe were burned, and Hus and his adherents were excommunicated
by Alexander V. Riots ensued in parts of Bohemia. The government took the side of Hus, and the power of
his adherents increased from day to day. Hus continued to preach in the Bethlehem Chapel. The churches of
the city were put under the ban, and the interdict was pronounced against Prague, but without result.
[citation needed]
Indulgences
Archbishop Zajc died in 1411, and with his death the religious movement in Bohemia entered a new phase,
where the disputes concerning indulgences assumed great importance.
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Crusade against Naples
Antipope John XXIII succeeded Pope Alexander V after his death in 1410. In 1411, John XXIII issued a
crusade against King Ladislaus of Naples, the protector of Gregory XII. This crusade was preached in
Prague as well, and preachers of indulgences urged people to crowd the churches and give their offerings.
This developed a traffic in indulgences that to some were a sign of the corruption of the church.
Condemnation of indulgences and Crusade
Hus spoke out against indulgences, but he could not carry with him the men of the university. In 1412, a
dispute took place, on which occasion Hus delivered his address Quaestio magistri Johannis Hus de
indulgentiis. It was taken literally from the last chapter of Wycliffe's book, De ecclesia, and his treatise, De
absolutione a pena et culpa. The pamphlet stated that no pope or bishop had the right to take up the sword
in the name of the Church; he should pray for his enemies and bless those that curse him; man obtains
forgiveness of sins by true repentance, not money. The doctors of the theological faculty replied, but without
success. A few days afterward, some of Hus's followers, led by Vok Voksa z Valdtejna, burnt the Papal bulls.
Hus, they said, should be obeyed rather than the Church, which they considered a fraudulent mob of
adulterers and Simonists.
[citation needed]
Response
In response, three men from the lower classes who openly called the indulgences a fraud were beheaded.
They were later considered the first martyrs of the Hussite Church. In the meantime, the faculty had
condemned the forty-five articles and added several other theses, deemed heretical, which had originated
with Hus. The king forbade the teaching of these articles, but neither Hus nor the university complied with
the ruling, requesting that the articles should be first proven to be un-scriptural. The tumults at Prague had
stirred up a sensation; papal legates and Archbishop Albik tried to persuade Hus to give up his opposition to
the papal bulls, and the king made an unsuccessful attempt to reconcile the two parties.
[citation needed]
Attempts at reconciliation
The king made efforts to harmonize the opposing parties. In 1412, he convoked the heads of his kingdom for
a consultation and, at their suggestion, ordered a synod to be held at esk Brod on 2 February 1412. It did
not take place there, but in the palace of the archbishops at Prague, in order to exclude Hus from
participation. Propositions were made to restore peace in the Church, with Hus requiring that Bohemia
should have the same freedom in regard to ecclesiastical affairs as other countries and that approbation and
condemnation should therefore be announced only with the permission of the state power. This is wholly the
doctrine of Wycliffe (Sermones, iii. 519, etc.).
There followed treatises from both parties, but no harmony was obtained. "Even if I should stand before the
stake which has been prepared for me", Hus wrote at the time, "I would never accept the recommendation
of the theological faculty." The synod did not produce any results, but the King ordered a commission to
continue the work of reconciliation. The doctors of the university demanded approval of their conception of
the Church, according to which the Pope is the head, the Cardinals are the body of the Church from Hus and
his followers. Hus protested vigorously. The Hussite party seems to have made a great effort toward
reconciliation. To the article that the Roman Church must be obeyed, they added only "so far as every pious
Christian is bound". Stanislav ze Znojma and tpn Ple protested against this addition and left the
convention; they were exiled by the king, with two others.
Writings of Hus and Wycliffe
Of the writings occasioned by these controversies, those of Hus on the Church, entitled De Ecclesia, were
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Spiezer Chronik, 1485
Map of the area where Hus was
burnt at the stake
written in 1413 and have been most frequently quoted and admired or criticized, and yet their first ten
chapters are but an epitome of Wycliffe's work of the same title, and the following chapters are but an
abstract of another of Wycliffe's works (De potentate papae) on the power of the pope. Wycliffe had written
his book to oppose the common position that the Church consisted only of the clergy, and Hus now found
himself making the same point. He wrote his work at the castle of one of his protectors in Koz Hrdek, and
sent it to Prague, where it was publicly read in the Bethlehem chapel. It was answered by Stanislav ze
Znojma and Ple with treatises of the same title. After the most vehement opponents of Hus had left
Prague, his adherents occupied the whole ground. Hus wrote his treatises and preached in the neighborhood
of Koz Hrdek. Bohemian Wyclifism was carried into Poland, Hungary, Croatia, and Austria. In January
1413, a general council assembled in Rome which condemned the writings of Wycliffe and ordered them to
be burned.
[citation needed]
Council of Constance
To put an end to the papal schism and to take up the long desired reform of the Church, a general council
was convened for 1 November 1414, at Konstanz (Constance). Sigismund of Hungary, brother of
Wenceslaus, and heir to the Bohemian crown, was anxious to put an end to religious dissension within the
church; Hus likewise was willing to make an end of all dissensions and agreed to go to Constance, under
Sigismund's promise of safe passage.
[citation needed]
Imprisonment and preparations for trial
It is unknown whether Hus knew what his fate would be, but he
made his will before setting out. He started on his journey on 11
October 1414; on 3 November 1414, he arrived at Constance, and on
the following day, the bulletins on the church doors announced that
Michal z Nmeckho Brodu would be opposing Hus. In the
beginning, Hus was at liberty, living at the house of a widow, but,
after a few weeks, his opponents succeeded in imprisoning him, on
the strength of a rumour more than likely spread by themselves
that he intended to flee. He was first brought into the residence of a
canon and then, on 8 December 1414, into the dungeon of the
Dominican monastery. Sigismund was greatly angered, as the
guarantor of Hus's safety, and threatened the prelates with dismissal;
however, the prelates convinced him that he could not be bound by
promises to a heretic.
[citation needed]
On 4 December 1414, Antipope John XXIII had entrusted a
committee of three bishops with a preliminary investigation against Hus. As
was common practice, witnesses for the prosecution were heard, but Hus
was not allowed an advocate for his defence. His situation became worse
after the downfall of the antipope, who had left Constance to avoid
abdicating. Hus had been the captive of John XXIII and in constant
communication with his friends, but now he was delivered to the
Archbishop of Constance and brought to his castle, Gottlieben on the
Rhine. Here he remained for 73 days, separated from his friends, chained
day and night, poorly fed, and ill.
[citation needed]
Trial
On 5 June 1415, he was tried for the first time, and for that purpose was transferred to a Franciscan
monastery, where he spent the last weeks of his life. He declared himself willing to recant if his errors should
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Jan Hus at the stake
Jan Hus burning. Drawing after
Ulrich von Richental's
illustrated chronicle of the
Council of Constance
be proven to him from the Bible. Hus conceded his veneration of Wycliffe,
and said that he could only wish his soul might some time attain unto that
place where Wycliffe's was. On the other hand, he denied having defended
Wycliffe's doctrine of The Lord's Supper or the forty-five articles; he had
only opposed their summary condemnation. King Wenceslaus admonished
him to deliver himself up to the mercy of the Council, as he did not desire
to protect a heretic.
At the last trial, on 8 June 1415, there were read to him thirty-nine
sentences, twenty-six of which had been excerpted from his book on the
Church, seven from his treatise against Ple, and six from that against
Stanislav ze Znojma. The danger of some of these doctrines to worldly
power was explained to the emperor to incite him against Hus. Hus again
declared himself willing to submit if he could be convinced of errors. He
desired only a fair trial and more time to explain the reasons for his views.
If his reasons and Bible texts did not suffice, he would be glad to be
instructed. This declaration was considered an unconditional surrender, and
he was asked to confess:
that he had erred in the theses which he had hitherto maintained; 1.
that he renounced them for the future; 2.
that he recanted them; and 3.
that he declared the opposite of these sentences. 4.
He asked to be exempted from recanting doctrines which he had never
taught; others, which the assembly considered erroneous, he was not willing
to revoke; to act differently would be against his conscience. These words
found no favourable reception. After the trial on 8 June, several other
attempts were purportedly made to induce him to recant, which he resisted.
[citation needed]
Condemnation
The condemnation took place on 6 July 1415, in the presence of the
assembly of the Council in the Cathedral. After the High Mass and Liturgy,
Hus was led into the church. The Bishop of Lodi delivered an oration on
the duty of eradicating heresy; then some theses of Hus and Wycliffe and a report of his trial were read.
Refusals to recant
An Italian prelate pronounced the sentence of condemnation upon Hus and his writings. Hus protested,
saying that even at this hour he did not wish anything, but to be convinced from Holy Scripture. He fell upon
his knees and asked God with a low voice to forgive all his enemies. Then followed his degradation he
was enrobed in priestly vestments and again asked to recant; again he refused. With curses his ornaments
were taken from him, his priestly tonsure was destroyed, and the sentence was pronounced that the Church
had deprived him of all rights and delivered him to the secular powers. Then a high paper hat was put upon
his head, with the inscription "Haeresiarcha" (meaning the leader of a heretical movement). Hus was led
away to the stake under a strong guard of armed men. At the place of execution he knelt down, spread out
his hands, and prayed aloud. Some of the people asked that a confessor should be given to him, but one
priest exclaimed that a heretic should neither be heard nor given a confessor.
[citation needed]
Execution
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Equestrian statue of the
Hussite leader Jan ika in
Prague.
The executioners undressed Hus and tied his hands behind his back with ropes, and bound his neck with a
chain to a stake around which wood and straw had been piled up so that it covered him to the neck. At the
last moment, the imperial marshal, Von Pappenheim, in the presence of the Count Palatine, asked him to
recant and thus save his own life, but Hus declined with the words "God is my witness that the things
charged against me I never preached. In the same truth of the Gospel which I have written, taught, and
preached, drawing upon the sayings and positions of the holy doctors, I am ready to die today."
[5]
He was
then burned at the stake, and his ashes thrown into the Rhine.
Anecdotally, it has been claimed that the executioners had some problems scaling up the fire. An old woman
came closer to the bonfire and threw a relatively small amount of brushwood on it. Hus, seeing it, then said,
"Sancta Simplicitas!" (Holy Simplicity!) This sentence's Czech equivalent ("svat prostota!", or, in vocative
form "svat prostoto!") is still used to comment upon a stupid action.
[citation needed]
Aftermath
Hus's scholarship and teachings
Hus left only a few reformatory writings in the proper sense of the word,
most of his works being polemical treatises against Stanislav ze Znojma and
tpn Ple. He translated the Trialogus, and was very familiar with his
works on the body of the Lord, on the Church, on the power of the pope, and
especially with his sermons. There are reasons to suppose that Wycliffe's
doctrine of the Lord's Supper had spread to Prague as early as 1399, with
strong evidence that students returning from England had brought the work
back with them. It gained an even wider circulation after it had been
prohibited in 1403, and Hus preached and taught it, although it is possible
that he simply repeated it without advocating it. But the doctrine was seized
eagerly by the radical party, the Taborites, who made it the central point of
their system. According to their book, the Church is not that hierarchy which
is generally designated as Church; the Church is the entire body of those who
from eternity have been predestined for salvation. Christ, not the pope, is its
head. It is no article of faith that one must obey the pope to be saved. Neither
internal membership in the Church nor churchly offices and dignities are a
surety that the persons in question are members of the true Church.
[citation needed]
To some, Hus's efforts were predominantly designed to rid the Church of its ethical abuses, rather than a
campaign of sweeping theological change. To others, the seeds of the reformation are clear in Hus's and
Wycliffe's writings. In explaining the plight of the average Christian in Bohemia, Hus wrote, "One pays for
confession, for mass, for the sacrament, for indulgences, for churching a woman, for a blessing, for burials,
for funeral services and prayers. The very last penny which an old woman has hidden in her bundle for fear
of thieves or robbery will not be saved. The villainous priest will grab it." (Macek, 16) After Hus's death, his
followers, then known as Hussites, split off into several groups including the Utraquists, Taborites and
Orphans. Nearly six centuries later in 1999, Pope John Paul II expressed "deep regret for the cruel death
inflicted" on Hus. Cardinal Miloslav Vlk of the Czech Republic was instrumental in crafting John Paul II's
statement.
[6]
Veneration
6 July is a public holiday in the Czech republic, commemorating the execution of Jan Hus.
Hus is honored with a feast day on the liturgical calendar of the Episcopal Church (USA) on 6
July.
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Jan Hus Day
Jan Hus Day (Den uplen mistra Jana Husa) on 6 July, the anniversary of the martyrdom of Jan Hus, is a
public holiday in the Czech Republic. Hus is also commemorated as a martyr in the Calendar of Saints of the
Evangelical Lutheran Church in America on that day.
[7]
Legacy
Hus was a key contributor to Protestantism, whose teachings had a strong influence on the states of Europe
and on Martin Luther himself. The Hussite Wars resulted in the Basel Compacts which allowed for a
reformed church in the Kingdom of Bohemiaalmost a century before such developments would take place
in the Lutheran Reformation. The Unitas Fratrum (or Moravian Church) considers itself a spiritual heir to
many of Hus' followers.
[8]
Hus' extensive writings earn him a prominent place in Czech literary history. He is
also responsible for introducing the use of diacritics (especially the hek) into Czech spelling in order to
represent each sound by a single symbol. Today, the Jan Hus Memorial can be seen at the Prague Old Town
Square (Czech Staromstsk nmst).
In New York City, a church in Brooklyn (located at 153 Ocean Avenue), and a church and a theatre in
Manhattan (located at 351 East 74th Street) are named for Hus: respectively the John Hus Moravian
Church, the Jan Hus Presbyterian Church and the Jan Hus Playhouse. Although the Manhattan's church and
theatre share a single building and management, the Playhouse's productions are usually non-religious or
non-denominational.
A statue to Jan Hus was erected in the Union Cemetery in Bohemia, New York (on Long Island) by Czech
immigrants to the New York area in 1893. The statue was the first memorial in the United States to honour a
foreign-born person.
Famous followers of Jan Hus
Jerome of Prague, Hus's friend and devoted follower shared his fate and on 30 May 1416 was also
burned at Konstanz
Jan Kardinl z Rejntejna (13751428) (German: Johannes Cardinalis von Bergreichenstein)
[9]
Jan ika z Trocnova a Kalicha (c. 13601424), Czech general and Hussite leader
Matj z Knna (died 26 March 1410) (in German: Matthus von Knin)
Mikul Biskupec z Pelhimova (1385 Podbrady 1460 Podbrady) (in Latin: Nicolaus
Pilgramensis, in German: Nikolaus von Pelgrims)
Gallery
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Painting of Jan Hus at
the Council of
Constance by Vclav
Brok (1883).

Preparing the execution
of Jan Hus.

Alfons Mucha: Master
Jan Hus Preaching at
the Bethlehem Chapel:
Truth prevails, 1916;
part of the 20-painting
work, The Slav Epic.

Ladislav aloun: Jan
Hus Memorial on the
Old Town Square in
Prague, erected in
1915.
Bethlehem Chapel
(exterior) in Prague

Bethlehem Chapel
(interior) in Prague
Works
De ecclesia. The church (http://books.google.com/books?id=hsSCAAAAIAAJ&printsec=frontcover&
dq=jan+hus+%22De+ecclesia%22&hl=en&src=bmrr&ei=VlJ8TeziE4Ho0gHMi6HMAw&
sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=book-thumbnail&resnum=1&ved=0CCkQ6wEwAA#v=onepage&q&f=false) ,
Jan Hus; David S Schaff, New York, Charles Scribner's Sons, 1915.
The letters of John Hus (http://books.google.com/books?id=JIgQAAAAIAAJ&printsec=frontcover&
dq=%22letters+of+John+Hus%22&hl=en&ei=wVJ8TZDhFaHD0QHVo9XhAw&sa=X&oi=book_result&
ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CC0Q6AEwAA#v=onepage&q&f=false) , Jan Hus; Herbert B Workman; R
Martin Pope, London, Hodder and Stoughton, 1904.
See also
Orthographia bohemica, a treatise thought to have been written by Jan Hus
Jan Hus Presbyterian Church, a New York City church named after Jan Hus
References
^ "Luther: man between God and the Devil (http://books.google.com/books?id=vuES0JdltfcC&pg=PA54&
dq&hl=en#v=onepage&q=&f=false) ". Heiko Augustinus Oberman, Eileen Walliser-Schwarzbart (2006). Yale
University Press. pp. 5455; ISBN 0-300-10313-1
1.
^ "Sigismund of Luxembourg" (http://www.radio.cz/en/article/11864) . Radio Prague 2.
Jan Hus - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jan_Hus
9 of 11 30.01.2012 17:01
^ Vclavk, David (2010). Nboenstv a modern esk spolenost (http://books.google.com
/books?id=1A5P3H2gT0sC&lpg=PA2&dq=N%C3%A1bo%C5%BEenstv%C3%AD%20a%20modern
%C3%AD%20%C4%8Desk%C3%A1%20spole%C4%8Dnost&pg=PA53#v=onepage&q&f=false) . Grada
Publishing a.s.. http://books.google.com/books?id=1A5P3H2gT0sC&lpg=PA2&dq=N%C3%A1bo%C5
%BEenstv%C3%AD%20a%20modern%C3%AD%20%C4%8Desk%C3%A1%20spole%C4%8Dnost&
pg=PA53#v=onepage&q&f=false.
3.
^
a

b

c

d
"Jan Hus" (http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/07584b.htm) . New Advent. http://www.newadvent.org
/cathen/07584b.htm. Retrieved 17 January 2011.
4.
^ Schaff, David Schley, John Huss: his life, teachings and death, after five hundred years, (Charles Scribner's
Sons, 1915), p. 257
5.
^ http://ncronline.org/news/german-shepherd-bids-farewell-wolf-winter 6.
^ (Czech) esk statistick ad (http://www.czso.cz/sldb/sldb2001.nsf/tabx/CZ0000) 7.
^ http://www.unitasfratrum.org/index.php/origin-growth-of-the-unitas-fratrum/ 8.
^ "Jan Kardinl z Rejntejna" (http://www.phil.muni.cz/fil/scf/komplet/kardin.html) . Phil.muni.cz.
http://www.phil.muni.cz/fil/scf/komplet/kardin.html. Retrieved 5 September 2008.
9.
Further reading
Spinka, Matthew (1972), The Letters of John Hus, Totowa, New Jersey: Manchester University
Press, OCLC 590290 (http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/590290)
Spinka, Matthew (1968), John Hus: A Biography, Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University
Press, OCLC 441706 (http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/441706)
Spinka, Matthew (1966), John Hus' Concept of the Church, Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton
University Press, OCLC 390635 (http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/390635)
Matthew Spinka: 'John Hus at the Council of Constance' Columbia University Press, 1965
(Includes the eye-witness account by Peter of Mladonovice)
Count Ltzow: Life & Times of Master John Hus, E.P. Dutton & Co. London, 1909
Josef Macek: The Hussite Movement in Bohemia, Orbis, Prague, 1958
Philip Schaff-Herzog: Encyclopedia of Religion
Richard Friedenthal: Jan Hus. Der Ketzer und das Jahrhundert der Revolutionskriege. 2. Auflage
1987, ISBN 3-492-10331-6
Fudge, Thomas A. The Magnificent Ride: The First Reformation in Hussite Bohemia, St.
Andrews Studies in Reformation History. Aldershot, Hampshire/Brookfield, Vermont: Ashgate,
2008
Wilhelm, J. (1910). Jan Hus. In The Catholic Encyclopedia. New York: Robert Appleton
Company. Retrieved 16 May 2011 from New Advent: http://www.newadvent.org/cathen
/07584b.htm
External links
Hussitism and the heritage of Jan Hus (http://www.czech.cz/en/czech-republic/history/all-about-
czech-history/hussitism-and-the-heritage-of-jan-hus/) Official Website of the Czech Republic
Final Declaration (http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/mod/1415janhus.html) written on 1 July 1415
Modern History Sourcebook, Fordham University
Letters of John Huss Written During His Exile and Imprisonment (http://books.google.com
/books?vid=OCLC00802093&id=bU6mxnnH6k0C&printsec=titlepage&
dq=inauthor:martin+inauthor:luther+date:1500-1923) , with a preface by Martin Luther, by Jan
Hus, Franois Paul mile Boisnormand de Bonnechose, tr. Campbell Mackenzie, Edinburgh,
William Whyte & Co., 1846
The life and times of John Huss "btm" format (http://www.third-millennium-library.com
/readinghall/GalleryofHistory/Huss/HUSS-DOOR.html)
Bohemian Reformation and Religious Practice (http://www.brrp.org/) online translation of a
Czech academic journal
Jan Hus - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jan_Hus
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Wikisource
Texts on Wikisource:
John Foxe, Persecution of John Huss in The Book of Martyrs, Chapter VIII.
"Huss, John". New International Encyclopedia. 1905.
"Huss, John". Encyclopdia Britannica (11th ed.). 1911.
J. Wilhelm (1913). "Jan Hus". Catholic Encyclopedia. New York: Robert Appleton
Company.
Retrieved from "http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jan_Hus&oldid=472946941"
Categories: 14th-century births 1415 deaths 14th-century Czech people
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Jan Hus - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jan_Hus
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