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CHAPTER S - TESTING WITH SURFACc PROBES

S .1
S. 2
S. 3
S. 4
S. S
S. 6
5. 7
S. 8
S.9
S. 10
S.11
INTRODUCTION
SURFACE PROBES
S. 2.1
S. 2. 2
Probe Types
Directional Properties
5.2.2.1 Sensitivity at Centre of a Coi!
S. 2. 3 Probe Inductance
PARAMETERS AFFECTING SENSITIVITY TO DEFECTS
S. 3. 1
5 . 3. 2
Sensitivity with Lift - off and Defect Depth
Etfect of Defect Length
COMPARISON BETWEEN SURFACE ANO THROUGH-WALL INSPECTION
IMPEDANCE GRAPH DISPLAY
S.S. 1 Ef fe e t of Resistivity
S.S . 2 Effect of Perrueabi1ity
5. 5. 3 Ef fe e t of Thickness
S.S . 4 Eifect of
S . S . S Effect of P robe Diameter
S.S. 6 Comparison of Experimental
Impedance O iag rams
CHARACTERISTIC PARAMETER
DEFINITlON OF "PHASE" TERMINOLOGY
SELECTION OF TEST FREQUENCY
Inspecting for Defects
Measuring Resistivity
Measuring Thickness
and Coruputer
S. 8. 1
S . 8. 2
S 8 3
S.8.4 Measuring Thickness of a Non- conducting Layer
on a Conductor
S. 8. S Thickness of a Conducting Layer on
a Conductor
PROBE-CABLE RESONANCE
SUMMARY
WORKED EXAMPLES
5.11.1 Effective Probe Diameter
5 . 11.2 Characteristic Parameter
PAGE
55
55
56
59
60
61
65
65
66
67
69
72
72
72
72
73
73
74
77
78
78
80
83
84
84
85
86
88
88
88
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CHAPTER 6 - SURFACE PROBE S!GNAL ANALYSIS
6. l
6.2
INTRODUCTION
EOOY CURRENT SIGNAL CHARACTERISTICS
6. 2.1
6. 2. 2
Oetect Signa! Amplitude
Oefect Signa! Phase
PAGE
89
89
89
9l
6.3 EFFECT OF MATERIAL VARIAT!ONS ANO DEFECTS IN A FlNIIE
THICKIN'ESS 93
6.4 COIL IMPEDANCR CHANGES WITH DEFECTS 97
6. 5
6.6
6.7
6. 4.1
6. 4. 2
Surface Defect Measurement
Subsurface Oefect Measurement
COIL IMPEOANCE CHANGES WITH OTHER VARIABLES
6. 5 .1
6. 5. 2
6. 5. 3
Ferromagnetic Indications
Electrical Resistivity
Signals from Changes in Surface Geometry
CALIBRATION DEFECTS
SUMMARY
97
97
98
98
lOO
lOO
101
104
CHAPTER 7 - TESTING OF TUBES ANO COMPONENTS
7 .1
7. 2
7. 3
7.4
7. 5
7.6
7. 7
INTRODUCTION 10 5
105 PROBES FOR TUBES ANO CYLINDRICAL COMPONENTS
7. 2 .1
7. 2. 2
7 . 2. 3 .
7. 2. 4
7. 2. 5
Probe Types
Comparing Oifferentia1 and Abso1ute Probes
Oirectional Properties
Probe Inductance
Probe- Cab1e Resonance
lOS
10 7
109
u o
112
IMPEDANCE PLANE DIAGRAMS 113
7 . 3. 1
7. 3. 2
7. 3. 3
7. 3. 4
So1id Cy1inders 1!5
7.3.1.1 Sensitivity in Centre of a Cy1inder 116
Tubes 118
Characteristic Frequency for Tubes 120
Computer Generated Impedance Oiagrams 122
CHOICE OF TEST FREQUENCY 12 3
7. 4. 1
7. 4. 2
Test Frequency for So1id Cy1inders
Test Frequency for Tubes
!23
124
PROBES FOR DETECTING CIRCUMFERENTIAL CRACKS 125
S UMMARY 12 8
WORKED EXAMPLES 129
7.7.1 Ca1cu1ate f/fg to operate at knee 1ocation,
for a cy1inder !29
7.7.2 (a) Ca1cu1ate optimum test frequency for tube
inspection 129
(b) Determine operating point for above frequency 130
(e) Ca1cu1ate frequency to discriminate ferro-
magnetic indications 130
#
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CHAPTER 8 - TUBE TESTING - SIGNAL ANALYSIS
8. 1
8. 2
8.3
8.4
8.5
PAGE
INTR00UCTION 131
131 EDDY CURRENT SIGNALS
8. 2 .1 '
8. e. 2
8. 2. 3
8. 2. 4
8.2'.5
8. 2. 6
Defect Signa! Characteristics 131
Effect of Test Frequency 135
Calibration Tubes and Simple 138
Vec torial Addition and Defects at Baffle Plates 142
Tube Inspection at Tubesheets 146
Testing Tubes with Internal Surface Probes 147
ANOMALOUS EDDY CURRENT SIGNALS 149
8 . 3.1
8. 3. 2
Ferromagnetic Inc1usions and Deposits
Conducting Deposits
MULTIFREQUENCY EDDY CURRENT TESTING
8.4.1
8. 4. 2
SUMMARY
Backgrou nd
Mu1tifrequency Testing of Dented Tubes
' 149
153
155
15)
158
162
CHAPTER 9 - METALLURGICAL PROPERTIES ANO TESTING FERRO-
MAGNETIC MATERIALS
9. 1
9. 2
9. 3
9. 4
9.5
9 . 6
INTRODUCTION
ELECTRICAL CONDUCTIVITY
9. 2.1
9. 2. 2
Factors Affecting Resistivity
Material Sorting by Resistivity
MAGNETIC PROPERTIES
9. 3 .1
9.3.2
9. 3. 3
Magnetic Hysteresis
Magnetic Permeabi1ity
Factors Affecting Magnetic
TESTING MAGNETIC MATERIALS
9 . 4 .1
9.4.2
9. 4 . 3
9. 4. 4
SUMMARY
Simplified Impedance Oiagrams
Impedance Diagrams
Material Sor ting by Magnetic
Testing fo r Defects in Magnetic Materials
WORKED EXAMPLES
9. 6. 1
9 . 6. 2
9.6.3
Calcu1ate Conductivity
Ca1culate Magnetic
Calculate Standard Depth ot Penetration
CHAPTER lO - DEFINITIONS, REFERENCES ANO INDEX
lO . 1
10. 2
10 .3
DEFINI'fiONS
REFERENCES
INDEX
.,.
16 3
163
16 3
166
16 8
169
17 o
172
174
174
17 6
178
178
184
18 5
185
18 5
186
187
19 4
1':15