Chapter 03 (Thai)

Chapter 3: Pressure and Fluid Statics
Eric G. Paterson
Department of Mechanical and Nuclear Engineering
The Pennsylvania State University
Spring 2005
Pressure
Pressure N/m
2

Pascal (Pa)
Since the unit Pa is too small for pressures encountered in Since the unit Pa is too small for pressures encountered in
practice, kilopascal (1 kPa = 10
3
Pa) and megapascal (1 MPa =
10
6
Pa) are commonly used 10 Pa) are commonly used.
Other units include bar, atm, kgf/cm
2
, lbf/in
2
=psi.
For example, a 70 kg person with a total foot imprint area of
0.03 m
2
exerts a pressure of (70x9.807/0.03x1000)kPa =
22.9kPa.
IE255300 : Fluid Mechanicals
2
Absolute, gage, and vacuum pressures
Absolute pressure (P ) Absolute pressure (P
abs
)

Most pressure-measuring devices are calibrated to
read zero in the atmosphere, and therefore indicate
gage pressure, P =P
b
- P
t
. gage pressure, P
gage
P
abs
P
atm
.
Pressure below atmospheric pressure are called
vacuum pressure, P
vac
=P
atm
- P
abs
.
3
Absolute, gage, and vacuum pressures
4
Pressure at a Point
Pressure is the compressive force per unit area Pressure is the compressive force per unit area,
and if gives the impression of being a vector.
Pressure at any point in a fluid is the same in all
directions.
5
Variation of Pressure with Depth
In the presence of a gravitational
field, pressure increases with
depth because more fluid rests
d l on deeper layers.
To obtain a relation for the
variation of pressure with depth variation of pressure with depth,
consider rectangular element
Force balance in z-direction gives g
Dividing by x and rearranging
2 1
0
0
z z
F ma
P x P x g x z
= =
=
Dividing by x and rearranging

gives
2 1
P P P g z z = = =
6
2 1 s
P P P g z z
Variation of Pressure with Depth
Pressure in a fluid at rest is independent of the p
shape of the container.
Pressure is the same at all points on a horizontal Pressure is the same at all points on a horizontal
plane in a given fluid.
7
Scuba Diving and Hydrostatic Pressure
8
Scuba Diving and Hydrostatic Pressure
Pressure on diver at
100 ft?
( )
,2
3 2
1
998 9.81 100
328
gage
kg m m
P gz ft
m s ft

= =

1
3.28
1
298.5 2.95
101.325
295 1 395
m s ft
atm
kPa atm
kPa
P P P t t t

= =

+ +
100 ft
Danger of emergency
,2 ,2
2.95 1 3.95
abs gage atm
P P P atm atm atm = + = + =
ascent?
1 1 2 2
PV PV =
2
Boyles law
1 2
2 1
3.95
4
1
V P atm
V P atm
= =
If you hold your breath on ascent, your lung
volume would increase by a factor of 4, which
ld lt i b li d/ d th
9
would result in embolism and/or death.
Pascals Law
Pascals

.
In picture, pistons are at same
height:
F F F A
R ti A /A i ll d id l
1 2 2 2
1 2
1 2 1 1
F F F A
P P
A A F A
= = =
Ratio A
2
/A
1
is called ideal
mechanical advantage
Using a hydraulic car jack with a

piston area ratio of IMA = 10, For
example, a person can lift a 1000-kg
b l i f f j t 100 k
10
car by applying a force of just 100 kg
The Manometer
Manometer

Gravitational effects of gases
are negligible, the pressure
anywhere in the tank and at
iti 1 h l
P P =
position 1 has same value
1 2
2 atm
P P
P P gh
=
= +
11
Mutlifluid Manometer
For multi-fluid systems
Pressure change across a fluid
column of height h is P = gh.
Pressure increases downward and Pressure increases downward, and
decreases upward.
Two points at the same elevation in a
continuous fluid are at the same
pressure.
Pressure can be determined by Pressure can be determined by
adding and subtracting gh terms.
2 1 1 2 2 3 3 1
P gh gh gh P + + + =
12
Measuring Pressure Drops
Manometers are well--
i d suited to measure
pressure drops across
valves, pipes, heat valves, pipes, heat
exchangers, etc.
Relation for pressure
drop P
1
-P
2
is obtained by
starting at point 1 and
adding or subtracting gh adding or subtracting gh
terms until we reach point
2.
If fluid in pipe is a gas,
2
>>
1
and P
1
-P
2
= gh
13
The Barometer
Barometer

P
C
can be taken to be zero since
there is only Hg vapor above
point C, and it is very low relative
to P
atm
.
Note that the length and the
cross-sectional area of the tube
have no effect on height of fluid
h
have no effect on height of fluid
column of barometer
C atm
atm
P gh P
P gh
+ =
=
14
atm
g
Fluid Statics
Fluid Statics
In fluid statics, there is no relative motion between adjacent
fluid layers.
Therefore, there is no shear stress in the fluid trying to
deform it.
The only stress in fluid statics is normal stress
Normal stress is due to pressure Normal stress is due to pressure
Variation of pressure is due only to the weight of the
fluid fluid
Fluid statics is generally referred to as hydrostatics when
the fluid is a liquid and as aerostatic when the fluid is a gas
15
the fluid is a liquid and as aerostatic when the fluid is a gas.
Hoover Dam
16
Hoover Dam
17
Hoover Dam
Example of elevation p
head z converted to
velocity head V
2
/2g. y g
We'll discuss this in
more detail in Chapter p
5 (Bernoulli equation).
18
Hydrostatic Forces on Plane Surfaces
On a plane surface, the
h d i f f hydrostatic forces form a
system of parallel forces
For many applications For many applications,
magnitude and location of
application, which is
f called center of
pressure, must be
determined. determined.
Atmospheric pressure
P
atm
can be neglected
when it acts on both sides
of the surface.
19
Resultant Force
The magnitude of F acting on a plane surface of a The magnitude of F
R
acting on a plane surface of a
completely submerged plate in a homogenous fluid
is equal to the product of the pressure P at the is equal to the product of the pressure P
C
at the
centroid of the surface and the area A of the
surface
20
surface
Center of Pressure
Line of action of resultant force
F =P A does not pass through F
R
=P
C
A does not pass through
the centroid of the surface. In
general, it lies underneath
where the pressure is higher where the pressure is higher.
Vertical location of Center of
Pressure is determined by
equation the moment of the equation the moment of the
resultant force to the moment
of the distributed pressure
force
I
force.
, xx C
p C
c
I
y y
y A
= +
$I
xx,C
is tabulated for simple
geometries.
21
Hydrostatic Forces on Curved Surfaces
F
R
on a curved surface is more involved since it
requires integration of the pressure forces that
change direction along the surface.
Easiest approach: determine horizontal and
vertical components F
H
and F
V
separately.
22
p
H V
p y
Hydrostatic Forces on Curved Surfaces
Horizontal force component on curved surface:
F F Li f ti ti l l i F
H
=F
x
. Line of action on vertical plane gives y
coordinate of center of pressure on curved
surface surface.
Vertical force component on curved surface:
F
V
=F
y
+W, where Wis the weight of the liquid in
V y
, g q
the enclosed block W=gV. x coordinate of the
center of pressure is a combination of line of
action on horizontal plane (centroid of area) and action on horizontal plane (centroid of area) and
line of action through volume (centroid of
volume). )
Magnitude of force F
R
=(F
H
2
+F
V
2
)
1/2
Angle of force is = tan
-1
(F
V
/F
H
)
23
g (
V H
)
Buoyancy and Stability
Buoyancy

Buoyancy force F
B
is
equal only to the displaced equal only to the displaced
volume
f
gV
displaced
.
Three scenarios possible Three scenarios possible
1.
body
<
fluid
: Floating body
2.
body
=
fluid
: Neutrally buoyant
body fluid
3.
body
>
fluid
: Sinking body
24
Example: Galilean Thermometer
Galileo's thermometer is made of a sealed
l li d i i l li id glass cylinder containing a clear liquid.
Suspended in the liquid are a number of
weights which are sealed glass containers weights, which are sealed glass containers
with colored liquid for an attractive effect.
As the liquid changes temperature it changes q g p g
density and the suspended weights rise and
fall to stay at the position where their density is
equal to that of the surrounding liquid equal to that of the surrounding liquid.
If the weights differ by a very small amount and
ordered such that the least dense is at the top p
and most dense at the bottom they can form a
temperature scale.
25
Example: Floating Drydock
S b i d i i k
Auxiliary Floating Dry Dock Resolute
(AFDM-10) partially submerged
Submarine undergoing repair work on
board the AFDM-10
Using buoyancy, a submarine with a displacement of 6,000 tons can be lifted!
26
Example: Submarine Buoyancy and Ballast
Submarines use both static and dynamic depth
control. Static control uses ballast tanks
between the pressure hull and the outer hull.
Dynamic control uses the bow and stern planes
to generate trim forces.
27
Normal surface trim
SSN 711 nose down after accident
Normal surface trim
SSN 711 nose down after accident
which damaged fore ballast tanks
28
Damage to SSN 711 g
(USS San Francisco)
after running aground on
8 January 2005. y
29
Ballast Control Panel: Important station for controlling depth of submarine Ballast Control Panel: Important station for controlling depth of submarine
30
Stability of Immersed and Floating Bodies
Stable :
Neutrally stable :
Unstable :
For an immersed or floating body in static equilibrium,
the weight and the buoyant force acting on the body the weight and the buoyant force acting on the body
balance each other and such bodies are inherently
stable in the vertical direction
31
Stability of Immersed Bodies
Rotational stability of immersed bodies depends upon
l ti l ti f t f it G d t f relative location of center of gravity G and center of
buoyancy B.
G below B: stable G below B: stable
G above B: unstable
G coincides with B: neutrally stable.
32
y
Stability of Floating Bodies

(G)
(B)
M (Metacenter)

GM G M
GM>0 is Stable
GM<0 is Unstable
33
GM = 0 is Neutral
Rigid-Body Motion
There are special cases where a body of fluid can undergo rigid-
body motion: linear acceleration and rotation of a cylindrical body motion: linear acceleration, and rotation of a cylindrical
container.
In these cases, no shear is developed.
N t ' 2 d l f ti b d t d i ti f Newton's 2nd law of motion can be used to derive an equation of
motion for a fluid that acts as a rigid body
P gk a + =
r
r
In Cartesian coordinates:
P gk a + =
( )
, ,
x y x
P P P
a a g a
x y z

= = = +

34
Linear Acceleration
Container is moving on a straight path
0, 0
, 0,
x y z
x
a a a
P P P
a g
x y z

= =

= = =

Total differential of P
x y z
dP d d
Pressure difference between 2 points
x
dP a dx gdz =
Find the rise by selecting 2 points on
( ) ( )
2 1 2 1 2 1 x
P P a x x g z z =
Find the rise by selecting 2 points on
free surface P
2
= P
1
( )
2 1 2 1
x
s s s
a
z z z x x = =
35
( )
2 1 2 1 s s s
g
Fluid in Rigid-Body Motion
Special Case 1: Fluid at Rest Special Case 1: Fluid at Rest
Special Case 2 : Free Fall of a Fluid Body
Acceleration on Straight Path
36
Rotation in a Cylindrical Container
Container is rotating about the z-axis
2
2
, 0
, 0,
r z
a r a a
P P P
r g
r z
= = =

= = =

Total differential of P
r z
2
On an isobar, dP = 0
2
dP r dr gdz =
,
2 2
2
1
2
isobar
isobar
dz r
z r C
dr g g

= = +
Equation of the free surface
g g
( )
2
2 2
0
2
4
s
z h R r
=
37
( )
0
4
s
g
Examples of Archimedes Principle
The Golden Crown of Hiero II, King of
Syracuse Syracuse
Archimedes, 287-212 B.C. ,
Hiero, 306-215 B.C.
Hiero learned of a rumor where Hiero learned of a rumor where
the goldsmith replaced some of
the gold in his crown with silver the gold in his crown with silver.
Hiero asked Archimedes to
determine whether the crown was determine whether the crown was
pure gold.
A hi d h d t d l Archimedes had to develop a
nondestructive testing method
39
The Golden Crown of Hiero II, King of
Syracuse Syracuse
The weight of the crown and
nugget are the same in air: W = nugget are the same in air: W
c
=
c
V
c
= W
n
=
n
V
n
.
If the crown is pure gold,
c
=
n
p g
c

n
which means that the volumes
must be the same, V
c
=V
n
.
In water the buoyancy force is In water, the buoyancy force is
B=
H2O
V.
If the scale becomes unbalanced,
this implies that the V V this implies that the V
c
V
n
,
which in turn means that the
c
n
Goldsmith was shown to be a
fraud!
40
Hydrostatic Bodyfat Testing
What is the best way to
measure body fat? measure body fat?
Hydrostatic Bodyfat Testing
using Archimedes Principle!
Process
Measure body weight
W=
body
V
Get in tank, expel all air, and
measure apparent weight W
a
Buoyancy force B = W-W
a
=
V Thi it
H2O
V. This permits
computation of body volume.
Body density can be
computed =W/V computed
body
=W/V.
Body fat can be computed
from formulas.
41
Hydrostatic Bodyfat Testing in Air?
Same methodology as
Hydrostatic testing in water.
What are the ramifications of
using air?
Density of air is 1/1000th of
water water.
Temperature dependence of
air.
Measurement of small volumes.
Used by NCAA Wrestling (there
is a BodPod on PSU campus) is a BodPod on PSU campus).
42

Chapter 03 (Thai)

Загружено:

Сведения о документе

Оригинальное название

Авторское право

Доступные форматы

Поделиться этим документом

Поделиться или встроить документ

Параметры публикации

Этот документ был вам полезен?

Это неприемлемый материал?

Авторское право:

Доступные форматы

Chapter 03 (Thai)

Загружено:

Авторское право:

Доступные форматы

Chapter 3: Pressure and Fluid Statics

Dividing by x and rearranging

Using a hydraulic car jack with a

Вам также может понравиться