Energy Efficient Architecture

School of Architecture and Planning, Anna University Campus, Chennai
SUSTAINABILITY AND ARCHITECTURE

A climate based approach
AD9022 ENERGY EFFICIENT ARCHITECTURE

Buildings today contribute to serious environmental problems
because of excessive consumption of natural resources.

The close connection between energy use in buildings and environmental
damage arises because energy-intensive solutions sought to construct a building
and meet its demands for heating, cooling, ventilation, and lighting cause severe
depletion of invaluable environmental resources.


Buildings can be designed to meet
the occupants need for thermal and
visual comfort at reduced levels of
energy and resources consumption.

Energy resources efficiency in new
constructions can be effected by
adopting an integrated approach to
building design.

One of the key measures to be
adopted is to understand the climate
and suit the building in it.

Weather and climate are not interchangeable
terms.

Climate is the average weather conditions over
a long period of time.
Earth is a complex mix of climates.

Geographers identify these climate by
observing:
Temperature
Precipitation
Native plant life
With these observations we can divide Planet
Earth into fiver basic climate zones:
Tropical
Temperate
Polar
Dry
Highland/Mountain
Tropical
Climates
Occur near the
equator and the
lower latitudes


Architects can achieve energy efficiency in the buildings they design by
studying the macro and microclimate of the site, applying bioclimatic
architectural principles to combat the adverse conditions, taking advantage
of the desirable conditions, using:

Successive modulation of ambient conditions so as to bring internal
conditions with in the comfort zone.

Simple passive techniques can be achieved in buildings without much
additional cost



A few common design elements that directly or indirectly affect thermal
comfort conditions and thereby the energy consumption in a building are
listed below:

Site Conditions

Building envelope and fenestration

Planform

Location of water bodies

Ratio of built form to open spaces

Landscaping


SITE CONDITIONS:
It occupy important position
Careful selection of site can help saving
Considerable amount of energy and also provide fairly good /
satisfactory indoor environment throughout the year.

It involves the following conditions:
Macro climate
Micro climate


The macro climatic condition will mainly define the climatic zones and
requirements of the comfort for a particular place.

They include:

Solar radiation.
Air temperature.
Humidity
Precipitation
Wind etc.


The Micro climate involves:
- the condition that matter for both the transfer of energy through the building
fabric, and for determining the thermal sensation of people, are very much site
specific local ones.

- these are generally grouped under the headings of micro climate are the
conditions of wind, sun, radiation, and temperature, experienced at particular
location around the building.


Micro climate of the site is affected by the following factors:

Landform
Vegetation
Water bodies
Street width and orientation
Open space and built form.



LANDFORM

HOT CLIMATE

Building in depression implies lower air temperature

In slopes, leeward side is preferable provided orientation is acceptable

COOLER CLIMATE

Buildings should be avoided in depression as well as cool air path down the
slope

Vegetation can help protection from cold wind

HUMID CLIMATE

Buildings should be located on windward slope and on the crest to
maximize air movement



LAND FORM

In northern latitudes away from equator, north slope is preferable for building
considering least radiation.
Provided slope is steep enough to shade the building



VEGETATION PATTERN

HOT CLIMATE

Trees to be used to cut off the east west sun
Deciduous trees are useful in hot dry climate

COOLER CLIMATE

Ever green can be used to cut off cold wind

HUMID CLIMATE

Vegetation can used to maximise air flow

Vegetation can increase, decrease and direct air flow



WATER BODIES

HOT CLIMATE

In hot dry climate, water bodies can be used both for evaporative cooling and
minimising heat gain

Roof pond minimizes heat gain

COOLER CLIMATE

Water body can be beneficial only if heat gain and loss can be controlled

Better to stay away from the water bodies



WATER BODIES

HUMID CLIMATE

Better to avoid water bodies. The minimum benefit of evaporative cooling
can be offset by higher humidity level



STREET PATTERNAND ORIENTATION

HOT CLIMATE

Provide north south street narrow to maximise shadows

COOLER CLIMATE

Wide east west streets allows building to receive south sun. North south streets
should be narrow

Low building heights preferred

To prevent heat loss, compact planning is essential

HUMID CLIMATE

Streets to be oriented to maximise air flow and utilise natural wind pattern



OPEN SPACES AND BUILT FORM

HOT CLIMATE

In hot dry climate compact planning with little or no open space minimise
heat gain as well as heat loss

Soft surfaces with green, less reflective are preferred

COOLER CLIMATE

Open spaces should be small. Surfaces to be hard and absorptive. Compact
planning preferred



OPEN SPACES AND BUILT FORM

HUMID CLIMATE

Spread out planning, streets and open spaces should be oriented to
wind patterns

Funnel effect can be used to maximise air flow within the complex


GROUND CHARACTER

HOT CLIMATE

Ground surfaces should be preferably green

Hard surfaces and paving should be rough
but not dark

Less reflective but not highly absorptive

COOLER CLIMATE

Hard surfaces, dark but smooth to

increase absorbtivity and reflectivity

HUMID CLIMATE

Surface should absorb moisture



BUILDING ENVELOPE

The nature of building envelope determine the amount of radiation
and wind that will enter inside the building.

It consist of the following:
plan form
roof form
walls
fenestrations
shading devises
external colour and texture



PLANFORM

HOT CLIMATE

P/A should be minimum to minimise
heat gain

COOLER CLIMATE

P/A should be minimum to prevent heat
loss

HUMID CLIMATE

Prime concern is plan form to maximise
air movement

P/A should be minimum to minimise heat
gain



PLAN ELEMENTS



PLAN ELEMENTS

HOT CLIMATE

Integration of plant and vegetation in to plan form. Gardens, roof gardens
and planters on windows and shades can reduce heat gain

Shaded courtyard would lead to lower air temperature

During winter operable glazing at the roof level is required for courtyards

COOLER CLIMATE

Green houses and glass boxes are very effective heat traps

HUMID CLIMATE

Courtyards and verandah aid in ventilation

Wind catchers may be effective if properly designed



BUILDING ORIENTATION

Preferred orientation is North South. Northern orientation receives little
radiation in summer, only if the latitude is far from equator. Southern faces
receive more radiation in winter.



SURFACE AREA TO VOLUME RATIO

HOT CLIMATE

In hot dry climate Surface Volume
ratio should be as low as
possible as this would minimise heat
gain

COOLER CLIMATE

In cold dry climate Surface Volume
ratio should be as as low as possible to
minimise heat losses

HUMID CLIMATE

In warm humid climate, this is not
important creation of airy spaces is
important



ROOF FORM

In general, roof can act to enhance the light levels indoors.
In overheated areas roof lighting should be shaded to prevent heat gain.
In under heated areas, roof lighting will act as a supplementary source of heat

HOT CLIMATE AND COOLER CLIMATE

The natural ventilation should be minimised and as such the building should
have a flat roof. The shorter side will face the maximum air flow



ROOF FORM

HUMID
CLIMATE

Longest side
perpendicular to the
direction of air flows to
maximise ventilation



FENESTRATION PATTERN AND CONFIGURATION

HOT CLIMATE

In hot dry climates windows require shading

Smaller openings preferred. Large openings if provided must be well protected

High openings or ventilators would be effective as heat vents




COOLER CLIMATE

Fenestration should be large, un shaded but sealed. Location of fenestration is of
no significance




WINDOW LOCATION AND QUALITY OF DAY LIGHT

High windows (ventilators) provide the best distribution of light

Low windows allow ground reflected light

Middle level windows do not effectively
distribute light

WINDOWS SHOULD BE STAGGERED
THAN ALIGNED FOR

BETTER AIR MOVEMENT


WALLS AND ROOF

HUMID CLIMATE

Walls should have low thermal
capacity

Roof should be light, having high
U value and low heat
capacities


WALLS AND ROOF

HOT CLIMATE

Wall materials and roof materials should be of low U values

COOLER CLIMATE

Trombe, solar and water wall are effective means of heat gain
in cold
Climates

Low transmittance value ensure maximum heat gain and heat
loss


COLOURS AND TEXTURES

HOT CLIMATE
Surface colour should be light, texture should be rough
resulting in greater reflectivity, shading and reflectivity, re-
Radiation

If rough texture not possible, smooth surface would be
preferable

COOLER CLIMATECOOLER CLIMATE

Surface colour should be dark, surface flat though not smooth,
ensuring maximum absorption, minimum shading and re
radiation


COLOURS AND TEXTURES

HUMID CLIMATE

Light coloured and rough surfaces preferable to minimise heat
gain


Any Questions?


Energy Efficient Architecture

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School of Architecture and Planning, Anna University Campus, Chennai

SUSTAINABILITY AND ARCHITECTURE

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