FomentingtheRadicalImaginationwithSocialMovements:TowardsaPrefigurative

Research

MaxHaivenandAlexKhasnabish

OurbookTheRadicalImagination:SocialMovementResearchintheAgeofAusterityis
asetofreflectionsonanexperiment.Ourexperimentbegan,asmostdo,withquestions.Whatif
researchersstudyingsocialmovementsunderstoodtheirroleaslessaboutgatheringreliable
datatosharewithotherscholarsandmoreaboutcatalyzingandconvokingtheradical
imagination?Whatif,insteadofdistancedobservers,researchersunderstoodthemselvestobe
integral,generativeandcriticalpartsofhowmovementsreproducedthemselves?Whatif
researchersandherewedontjustmeangainfullyemployedacademicsbutsomehthingfar
braoderwerecommittedtoenliveningandempoweringthosemostimportantforcesforsocial
transformation:thesocialmovementswhich,thoughsidelinedandbelittledinmainstream
history,areandhavealwaysbeenthemotorsofhistoricalchange?Whatifwesawourselves
andourworkasborrowedfromafuturethatwemust,inturn,helpusherintobeing?
WebeganTheRadicalImaginationProjectin2010withtwokeytheoreticalassumptions.
Thefirstisthatsocialmovementsare,attheirhearts,animatedbytheradicalimagination.The
radicalimaginationisnotathingonecanpossess,nomatterhowoutsidetheboxonesown
personalthinkingisorhowmanycleverbooksonehasread(orwritten).Theradicalimagination
isacollectiveprocess,itssomethingwedotogether.Itisasharedlandscapeofpoliticalrefusal,
amutuallyreinforcingagreementtoquestionthesocialorderandtherootsofexploitation,
inequalityandoppression.Beyondmerelyafeelgoodslogan,theradicalimaginationemerges
outofquestions,conflicts,frictionanddebate.Itisaconstant,alwaysunfinishedprocessand
whileitmayoccasionallycrystalizeintoaparticularlyinspiringidea,oraparticularlyacutetheory,
oraparticularlycompellingtext,thesearetheproductsof(and,inturn,helpreproduce)a
subterraneanflowofideas,arguments,relationships,organizationalformsandshared
memories.

Adoublecrisisofsocialmovementreproduction
Thesecondassumptionisthattodaysocialmovementsarecaughtinwhatwe
characterizeasadoublecrisisofsocialreproduction.ForMarxistFeministphilosopherslike
SilviaFederici,acriticalunderstandingofcontemporarycapitalismneedstobebasedonan
analysisnotonlyoftheforcesofproduction(labour,capital,machines,globalization,economics,
etc.),butalsothewaythesedependonandareinterwovenwiththeforcesofsocial
reproductionthatlabourthatproducessocialbeingsandsociallifeitself.Beyondmerelythe
bearingandraisingofchildren(thenextgenerationofworkerswhowillproducesurplusvaluefor
capital),reproductionalsospeakstothatmuchbroaderfieldofsocialnorms,institutions,
practicesandrelationshipsthatmakehumanlifepossible.
Inthissense,capitalismhasalwaysfundamentallyreliedonandenabledpatriarchyto
harnessandexploitwomensreproductivelaboursinthehome,thoughrecentlywehaveseen
theexpansivecommodificationofreproductivelabourinthestilllargelyfeminized(and,hence,
devalued)servicesector.Atthesametime,wehaveseenthecurrentcrisisriddenformof
neoliberalcapitalismencloseorextinguishmanyformsofcommonlifesupport(theprivatization
ofservices,theevictionofpeoplefromland,environmentaldestruction,theattackonunionsand
wages,etc),whichhasledtoawidespreadcrisisofreproductioninsocietyatlarge.Simplyput,
inthisageofausterity,therecklessreproductionandaccelerationofcapitalismcomesatthe
expenseofthereproductionofourlives,withuntoldmillionsbeingmadetopaythecostsof
capitalistdrivenclimatechange,oroftheausteritypoliciesaimedatstabilizingthecapitalist
economyinthewakeofthefinancialcrisis.
Socialmovementstodayrecognizetheeffectsofthiscrisisofreproductionacutely,and
hopefullyrecognizethatthoseeffectsarenotsharedequally:thosewholabourundertheburden
ofsystemicoppression(peopleofcolour,Indigenouspeople,women,transfolks,peoplewith
disabilities,migrans)almostalwayssuffertheworst,fortheirreproductionisworthfarlessto
capital.Inanycase,socialmovementsaim,atsomelevel,toconfrontthiscrisisofreproduction
and,forthemostpart,demandsocietybereproducedotherwise,basednotoncapitals
monolithicvalueofaccumulation(atacompoundratenoless),butonvaluessuchasjustice,
solidarity,autonomy,andecologicalsustainability.
Butinahighlyalienating,oppressive,andexploitativecapitalistworld,socialmovements
alsooftenserveassubculturesofsolace,offeringoasesoffriendship,meaning,valueand
relationalityinablightedandlonesomeworld.Inthecourseofourresearch,wesawtimeand
againthatparticipantsfoundintheirmovementsvehiclesnotonlyforsocialchange,butfor
personalsurvival,foramoreintentional,rewarding,andjustpracticeofcollectivereproduction.
Sometimesthistooktheformofphysicalsurvivalasactivistssharedhousing,meals,
financesandcompanionship.Moreoften,ittooktheformofmentalandspiritualsurvival:
movementsofferaplacetoreaffirmonesvaluesandcommitmentsinaworlddeadsetagainst
them,theyofferanavenueforrelationshipsandpeersupport,andtheyofferameanstobe(orat
leastfeel)effectiveagainstasystemthatseemssopowerfulandmonstrousastobe
unstoppable.Thisisclearlythecasewiththemorerecentwaveofanarchisticmovementsthat
placeahighvalueoninternaldemocraticprocess.Butitisnolesstrueofmoreformaland
structuredmovements,eveniftheyopenlydisavowtheirsocialandhumandimensionsinfavour
ofahardnosedanddepersonalizedapproach.
Butthereisaninherentconflicthere,which,inthecourseofourresearchwesawplay
outtimeandagain.Therolesocialmovementsplayinthereproductionofthelivesoftheir
participantsalltoooftencomesintoconflictwiththeirroleasagentsstrivingtotransformthe
reproductionofsocietyatlarge.Often,otherwisepromisingsocialmovementsdeclineinto
cliquesorsectsofmutualaidandaffirmation,whichhaveahardtimeaddressingbroader
publicsandoftenreproducethemselveslargelybydefiningothersimilarmovementsastheir
enemies.
Othertimes,evenmoreecumenicalmovementscanbecomeobsessedwiththeirown
internalprocesses,endlesslyselfquestioningtheirownreproductionandseekingtorefinetheir
internaldynamicsinthe(mistaken)beliefthatonlyaperfectedmovementcanhopetoeffect
socialchangemorebroadly.Moreprosaically,manymovementssufferwhenindividual
memberscomeintoconflictwithoneanother,leadingtofesteringandrancorousinterpersonal
conflictsthatunderminethereproductionofboththemovementanditsparticipants.
Thesuccessfulreproductionofmovementsoftenbreaksdownbecausetheyreproduce,
withinthem,thepatternsandpracticesofoppressionandexploitationthatarepresentinthe
broadersocietyofwhichtheyareapart.Theseincludetheperpetuationofpatriarchalattitudes
andmasculinistbehaviour,subtle(andnotsosubtle)reaffirmationsofwhitesupremacyandthe
devaluationofnonwhitepeople,ignoranceorindifferencetowardsdisabilities(especially
invisibilizeddisabilitieslikementalhealth),ortherefusaltocontendwiththepolitics,painand
implicationsofcolonialism.

Forandagainstprefigurativepolitics
Thevexatiousrealityoftheseforceshaveledmanytodecryrecentsocialmovements
obsessionwithidentitypoliticsanddeclarethefailureofprefigurativepoliticsassuch.The
latterisatermwhichhas,sincethe1970s,beenassociatedwithananarchisticturninsocial
movements,onethatstressestheneedtobethechangeonewishestoseeintheworldandto
buildandconstantlyrefinemovementorganizationssoastomakethemworkingminiature
modelsofthesortofsocietythatmightbebuilt.Respondingtothebelaboureddeliberationismof
theOccupymovementandotherrecentinitiatives,criticschargethatthefeelgoodrhetoricof
radicalgrassrootsdemocracyrendersmovementsineffectiveandstagnant,andalsooften
militatesagainstactuallyaddressingdeepseatedsystemicproblems.
Forinstance,manyOccupyencampmentsfellintodeclinebecausethecelebrationof
individualvoiceandfreedomdidnotallowthemtoproperlyaddressoppressivebehaviourand
sexualviolence,ortomovefromaspectacularbutlargelysymbolicandfiniteprotesttactic
(campingincitysquares)toasustainablemovementcapableofactuallymobilizingmassesof
peopleandchallengingcapitalistorstatepower.Morepressingly,criticsofprefigurativepolitics
arguethatissuessuchasracism,sexism,homophobiaandableismcannotbeaddressedby
endlessinternalsquabblingwithinmovements,butdemandbroadsystemicsolutions(notablyan
endtocapitalistexploitation)andtotheextentsocialmovementsobsessovertheirowninternal
dynamics,theycannothopetotransformthesystemmorebroadly.
Theseareimportantcritiques,thoughwefearthattheyalltooquickly(indeed,
suspiciouslyeagerly)declareprefigurativepoliticsanditsassociatedconcernswithoppression
tried,failed,overanddone.Thesecritiquestypicallypositawe(socialmovementparticipants)
whomustovercomeourchildishselfinfatuationwithprocessandmatureintomorerobustand
formalpoliticalorganizationssuchasradicalpoliticalpartiesthatcanactuallyconfrontpower.
Butwhoisthis"we,"really?Shouldpeopleofcolour,orwomen,orIndigenouspeopleoutgrow
theirallegedlyparochialconcernsandrealizetheiroppressioncanonlybeansweredinthe
contextofformalstruggle?
Moretothepoint,thereality,atleastfromourobservations,isthatmoreformaland
structuredradicalpoliticalorganizationsareanythingbutimmunetothedoublecrisisweoutline
here.They,too,arecaughtinadoublebindbetweenseekingtochallengethereproductionof
capitalismandactingaszonesofalternativereproductionfortheirparticipants.Wedonot
believethatanyamountofhardnosedpragmatism,formalstructureorselfalienating
orientationcanovercomethisdoublecrisis.Often(usually,infact)formalpartiesandinitiatives
schismorfailtogrowpreciselybecausetheyareunwillingtoacknowledgethesetensions.Or,if
theydonotcollapseinward,theysofrequentlyfailtoachievetheirambitiousendsbecausethey
endupsuccumbingtoaperceivedrealpolitikthatendsupreproducing(ratherthansubverting)
thosesystemicoppressionsthataremobilizedbycapitalisminordertofacilitateexploitation.
Wearenotinterestedintakingapositionintheambientdebatebetweenprefigurative
politicsanditsmoreformalist,partyorientedopponents.Thereisgreatmerittoboth
approaches,andtotheircritiquesofoneanother,totheextentthosecritiquesriseabove
caricature(somethingthatisdispiritinglyrare).Weare,rather,interestedinhowresearchers
mightbetterconceiveoftheirrolewhenworkingwithsocialmovements.

Commonresearchabdacademicenclosure
Thismayseemlikeanacademicconcern,butacademicconcernsarentwhattheyused
tobe.Asyouthunandunderemploymenthasskyrocketedinrecentyears,andascapitalhas
ratchetedupthenecessaryqualifications(read:training,accreditation,andobediencecourses)
forevenmenialjobs,ahigherandhigherpercentageofpeopleareattendinguniversities.Of
course,thiscomesatatimewhentheuniversityasapublicinstitutionisunderconstant,(likely
lethal)attack:universitiesaredeeplyboundupinanincreasinglycorporatizedmodel,which
includessharplyrisingtuitionfees,theeviscerationoftheliberalartsandsocialsciences,the
increasinglyprecariousnatureofuniversityfaculty,thecommercializationofresearch,
partnershipswithodiouscorporateinterests,thebloatofincreasinglyaustere(andhighlypaid)
administrativecadres,andnefariouscollusionwithfinancialintereststosaddlestudentswith
unbearabledebtburdens.
Yetforallofthat,universitiesremainaspacewheremanyyoungpeopleareradicalized
andjoinsocialmovements(forbetterandforworse).Andweandothershaveobservedthe
relativelyhighproportionofgraduatestudentsandprecariousacademicworkersintheranksof
recentmovements.AstheEduFactoryCollective(atransnationalnetworkofscholaractivists)
note,inallegedlypostindustrialtimes,theuniversityholdsapositionnotaltogetherunlikethatof
thefactoryintheindustrialage:ithasbecomeakeysociologicalandeconomicfulcrum,anda
keyplacewheresubjectivitiesandrelationshipsareformed.
Asregrettableaswemaydeemittobe,weshouldnotdenythatsocialmovementsand
academicshaveastrongandcomplexrelationshiptoday.Weshould,however,notfailto
criticallyassessandleveragethisrelationship,forcurrentlythebenefitstypicallyflowoneway:
sympatheticscholarsstudymovements,collectdata,transformitintopublications,andaccrue
academiccapitalwhichmightvaultthemoutofprecariousstatusorleadtopromotions,tenure,
etc.Studyingsocialmovementscanoftenprovideradicalscholarswiththeassurancetheyare
doingsomethingunobjectionableorsociallysignificant.Thatsnotgoodenoughand,more
importantly,wethinkmoreispossible.
Itisimportant,wethink,toacknowledgethatmovementsareall,always,conductingtheir
ownresearch.Thisisanotionofresearchoutsidethetypicalscholarlyparametersoftheterm,
whichenclosestheideaofresearchwithincloselygatekeptacademicdisciplines.Rather,
socialmovementsareconstantlyandnecessarilyengagedinprocessesofreflexivediscovery,
inquiryandstudyastheytrytodiscovermoreaboutthemselvesandtheforcestheyconfront
(bothparticularandsystemic).Inthissense,socialmovementscommonresearchisintimately
connectedtotheradicalimagination:thecollectiveprocessofunderstandingthesublime
complexitiesofpowerandefficacyinafragmentedandunjustworld.Oftenthisresearchis
formal,definedandintentional,suchaswhenmovementsagainst,say,fracking(hydraulic
fracturing),seektodiscovertheconstellationsofcorporatepowersandgovernmentcollusion
thatthreatenaparticularwatershed.Butequallyimportantaretheinformal,unsungmomentsof
reflection,analysis,conversationanddebatewherebyparticipantscometobetterunderstand
whatiscommonanduncommonamongthem,wheretheradicalimaginationgrowsandgains
resonanceandresilience.
Butofcoursethegreatadvantage(thoughalsoaliability)ofacademicresearch,in
contrast,isitsaloof,disinterestedandsystematicallyandrigorouslymethodicalapproach,and
werenotsuggestingforamomentthatthisshouldbeabandoned.Thereisincredibleand
enduringvaluetotheworkofsympatheticscholarswhointerpretthebroaderpatternsofsocial
movementsandgivethatknowledgeback.Thereisalsoavitalimportanceinresearchers
lendingtheirconsiderableskillsandprivilegesdirectlytomovementstoassistwithconcrete
tasks.Butthereisalso,wethink,anotherusefulroleforscholarstoconsider,onewethinkabout
asprefigurativeresearch.

Acommonresearchmethodborrowedfromthefuture
Weunderstandtheuniversitynotasapureandnobleinstitution,butasacolonialand
capitalistimpositionontheflowsofknowledge.Whileitiscomfortingtobelievethatthe
corruptionoftheennobleduniversitybeganwiththeneoliberalassaultofthelastfourdecades,
therealityisthatuniversitieshavealwaysbeeninstitutionsofpowerandprivilegewhoseprimary
socialfunctionistosortknowledgeandpeople.
Thewaythesocialsciencesenabledandperpetuatedcolonialismandthetheftand
devaluationofIndigenousknowledgeis(oroughttobe)wellknown,asistheroleof
managementsciencesinrefiningtheexploitativeindustrialapparatusesofcapitalism,tosay
nothingofthedevelopmentofweapons,surveillanceandrepressiontechnologyinengineering
schools,allofwhichmaketheodiousdefenceofwhite,malecanonsofthoughtinthe
humanitiespaleincomparison.Thisisnottosaythatthereisnoroomtomaneuverthereare
numerousinspiringexamplesandthereisfarmoreroomtodoradicalworkthanmost
professorsarecomfortablerecognizing.Itis,however,tosaythat,inabetter,postcapitalist
future,theuniversityasitcurrentlyexistswillhavenoplace.
Thetaskofimaginingtheuniversitytocomeisanimportantone,anddiscussingitcan
stimulatetheradicalimaginationinimportantways.Butfornowwecanonlyunderstandits
contoursthroughdialecticnegation.Theuniversitytocomewould,ofcourse,befree,financially,
politicallyandspiritually.Itwouldbeopentoall.Itwouldnothavespecificdisciplinarycoursesof
studytobecompletedinfouryearsbydisenfranchised,indebtedyouth,butallowforafluid
passageofpeopleinandoutoflearningandteachingatdifferentmomentsintheirlife.Itwould
notbepresidedoverbyaprivilegedgroupofsequesteredwouldbesages,butwouldcelebrate
andsupportknowledgeandresearchfromthroughoutsociety,meldingtraditionsofformal
inquirywithIndigenousandotherpracticesofteachingandlearning,aswellasthegrassroots
formsofknowledgeproducedthroughlifeandstruggle.Itwouldceasetopresideoverafalse
meritocracyandtolegitimateandsortpeopleintoanunjustandinhumanedivisionoflabourin
societyasawhole.Itwouldbebothrootedinandresponsivetocommunities,butalsoprovidea
spaceforradical,unconventional,unpopularandautonomousthinking.Itwouldnotrestonthe
poorlypaidlabourofsomeandperpetuatetheovervaluationofothers.Itwoulddisavowthefetish
ofthepublicinterest,whichtodayisafigleafbehindwhichthecorporatization,militarization,
andsecuritizationofuniversitiesfestersitwouldinsteadcomprehenditselfasacommon
institution,dedicatedtothecollectiveprocessofliberation,justiceandautonomy.Importantly,the
universitytocomewouldunderstanditselfasreproducedaspartofanetworkofcommons,and
wouldtakeupitsroleasanodeinthatnetwork,providingindividualsandcommunitieswiththe
resourcestobuildabetterworld.
Itisfromthishazymirage(amiragewhosecontourswecanonlymakeoutthroughour
struggleshereandnow)thatwecandrawinspirationforanotionofprefigurativeresearch.Ifthe
universitytocomeisonethatselfconsciouslyseekstocreatetheresourcesandcultivatethe
subjectsofliberation,howcanwe,today,letthisfutureinstitutioninformourconduct,inthe
nameofcreatingthesortofworldwhereitmightonedayexist?
Herewewanttoreturntothedoublecrisis.Aswenoted,theconflictbetween,ontheone
hand,socialmovementsmissionstotransformhowsocietyatlargeisreproducedand,onthe
other,theroleofsocialmovementsasalternativezonesofsocialreproductionisarecurring
problem,whichmanifestsinallsortsoftensionsandcontradictions.Weenvisagea
prefigurativepracticeofsocialmovementresearchasonethatseekstoenablemovementsto
betteraddressandattendtothistension.Thatis,weimaginearoleforsocialmovement
researchersasfacilitatorsofmovementsownresearchpractices,asconduitsandcatalystsfor
theradicalimagination.Further,researcherscanactasbordercrossers,translatingor
smugglingsocialmovementcommonresearchintodifferentcommunities,differentvenuesand
differentpublicspheres.

Experimentsintheradicalimagination
Becausethetensionsandcontradictionscausedbythedoublecrisisaresoprofound
andrunsodeep,fewmovementsactuallymaketimeorspacetoaddressitdirectly.Further,in
mostplaces,movementsarenotmadeupoflarge,concrete,wellorganized,ideologically
unifiedandformalorganizations:mostactivism,accordingtoourresearch,occursin
fragmented,overlappingandcontradictorymilieusmadeupofmultipleformalandinformal,
permanentandtemporary,liberalandradicalorganizationswithoverlappingandchanging
memberships.ThiswascertainlythecaseinthesmallcityofHalifax,Canada,wherewe
conductedourfieldwork.
Theanswer,then,isforsocialmovementresearchersto,inconsultationandreflexive
dialoguewithactivists,experimentwithcreatingnewtemporaryinstitutions,environmentsor
spacesinwhichtheradicalimaginationandtheprocessesofcommonmovementresearchcan
flourish.Inourproject,wefirstconductedlong,openendedinterviewswithdozensofactivists,
focussingontheirpersonalbiographiesandexperiencesinsocialmovements,butalsotheir
hopesandfearsforthefuture,therationalefortheirstrategicandpoliticalorientation,andthe
vitalquestion(whichweborrowedfromtheUKbasedTurbulenceCollective):whatwouldit
meantowin?
Followingtheseinterviews,wehostedaseriesofcommunityroundtablesfeaturing
intervieweeswhosepositionswethoughtwouldrevealkeytensionsandimportantfrictionswithin
thesocialmovementmilieu.Inthethirdphaseofourproject,wecreatedavehiclethroughwhich
tohostdialogueswithimportantspeakersandactivistsfromafar,whoseideasandstoriesmight
catalyzeamoreconcertedsetofdiscussionsaboutkeyissues.
Inthis,wehopedtocreateaprocessoftheradicalimagination.Thecontradictionsand
tensionscreatedinmovementsandinindividualsbythedoublecrisishasaheavycost,andone
thatisheavierifitremainshiddenorobscured.Wesometimesimaginedourresearchasalmost
aformofradicalcollectivetherapy,notoneaimedatreturningthepatienttosomepredetermined
ideaof"normal,butoneseekingtohelponeanotherbetterunderstandand,therefore,copewith
thedifficultiesandchallengesgermanetotheobjectivelyterriblesituationinwhichwenowfind
ourselves.
Manyofourparticipants,forinstance,foundthelonginterviewsempowering:formost,no
onehadeverbothertoaskthemhowtheybecameactivists,whattheirexperiencehadbeen,
howtheyunderstoodtheirchoices,andwhattheyhopedandfeared.Asrelativelyneutral,
semidetachedresearcherswithnoparticularaffiliations,wehopedtobecomesoundingboards
forthepentuptensionsandfrustrationsthathadaccumulatedinthemovementmilieu,and
soughttofindwaystopresentthesecontradictionsinwaysthatwouldmakethemworkableand
concreteforactivistsandtheirmovements.
Ofcourse,itwouldbeafantasytobelievethatmostofthesetensionsandcontradictions
couldberesolvedthroughthesemethods.Manytensionsrevealedthemselvestobebased
eitherondeeplyheld,irreconcilableideologicalconvictions,oronformsofsystemicoppression,
exploitation,powerandidentitywhichcannotbesolvedmerelywithgoodwillandtherapeutic
dialogue.
Ourprojecthas,bynomeans,beenacompletesuccess,butithasbeen,wethink,a
worthyeffortatdesigningaprefigurativeroleforresearchers.Wedonotthinkthisistheonly,or
indeedalwaysthebestapproach.Itsnotevenaltogethernew:feministparticipantaction
research,forone,hasbeenexperimentingwithradicallyintegratedsocialmovementinquiryfor
decades.Andradicalscholarshavelongcommittedthemselvestobringingtheirexpertise,
rigourandcriticalthinkingtomovementstakeforexampletheexcellentmanualcraftedby
scholaractivistparticipantsatOccupyWallStreet.OronecanlooktoStefanoHarneyandFred
Moten'sbrillianttheorizationoftheformsofradicalstudyoccurringasanundercommons
within,beneathandinspiteoftheimpositionoftheaustereuniversity.They,likeRobinD.G.
Kelley,approachtheresurgentradicalimaginationfromthehistoriesofblackradicalandcultural
activismintheUnitedStates,animatedastheywere(andare)bytheantiinstitutionalformsof
research,studyandinquirythatsparkedinstruggle,dialogueanddebate,aswellasin
community,inmusicandinwriting.
Wethinkthatthedoublecrisisofmovementreproduction,aswellasthestruggleswithin,
againstandbeyondtheuniversityasweknowitareonsomelevelconnected.Andtogetherthey
demandofustheapplicationoftheradicalimagination,anditsfomentationasacollective
practice.

MaxHaiventeachespoliticaleconomyandculturalstudiesattheNovaScotiaCollegeofArt
andDesigninHalifaxandisauthorofCrisesofImagination,CrisesofPower:Capitalism,
CreativityandtheCommons.AlexKhasnabishteachesaboutmovements,socialchange,and
engagedresearchatMountSaintVincentUniversity,isthecoeditorofInsurgentEncounters:
TransnationalActivism,Ethnography,andthePolitical,andistheauthorofZapatistas:Rebellion
fromtheGrassrootstotheGlobalandZapatismoBeyondBorders.Together,theydirectthe
HalifaxbasedRadicalImaginationProjectonCanadasEastCoast.TheirbookTheRadical
Imagination:SocialMovementResearchintheAgeofAusterity,ispublishedbyZedBooks.