Training For The Future

Training For The Future

TRAINING COURSES


DRIVER TRAINING
CONSTRUCTION PLANT
FORKLIFTS
ADR / DGSA
NEBOSH / IOSH
CPC & MANAGEMENT COURSES
2










































THIS TRAINING PACKAGE

HAS BEEN DEVELOPED AND PRODUCED

BY

THE TRAINING DEVELOPMENT UNIT

OF

RITCHIES TRAINING CENTRE


HOBDEN STREEET, SPRINGBURN
GLASGOW G21 4AQ






We have made every effort to ensure that the information contained within this
publication is accurate. Its content should be used as guidance material only and not as
a replacement of current regulations, company safety policies or existing standards




DONALD RITCHIE
RITCHIES TRAINING CENTRE
3



Further information on products / training / queries contained in this handout can be
obtained from the manufactures listed below.





Rud Chains Ltd Parsons Chain Company
Units 10-14 Worcester Road
John Wilson Business Park Stourport-on-Severn
Whitstable Worchestershire
Kent CT5 3QT DY13 9AT
Tel: 01227 276611 Tel: 01299 827700
Fax: 01227 276586 Fax: 01299 827659
Web: www.rud.com.uk Web:www.parsonschain.co.uk/



Crosby Europe ltd Spanset
Unit 10, Fall Bank Industrial Estate Telford Way
Dodworth / Barnsley Middlewich
South Yorkshire S75 3LS Cheshire CW10 OHX
Tel: 01226 290516 Tel: 01606 737494
Fax: 01226 Fax: 01606 735502
Web: thecrosbygroup.com Web: www.spanset.com/





National Plant Operators Registration Scheme Ritchies Training Centre Ltd
PO Box 204, Northwich Hobden Street, Springburn
Cheshire, CW9 7FY Glasgow G21 4AQ
Tel: 01606 49909 Tel: 0141 5572212
Fax: 01606 352239 Fax: 0141 5588252
Web: www.npors.com/ Web: www.ritchiestraining.co.uk





Ritchies Training Centre Ltd would like to thank the companys list above for the use of
their products and copyright

4



Health & Safety at Work Act 1974.


Employers Duties

Section 2(2).

A Provide and maintain plant and equipment including a safe system of work.
B Provide safe transport and storage of materials and substances including safe handling.
C Provide information, instruction, training and supervision.
D Provide and maintain safe place of work under his control without risk to health including
safe access and egress.
E Provide a safe working environment without risk to health, including welfare facilities.


Section 2(3).

Prepare a written safety policy and bring it to the attention of all employees.

Section 9.

Must not levy any charge for any PPE required by law.


Employees Duties Section 7 & 8.


7(a) Take reasonable care for their own safety and that of others who may be affected by
their acts or omissions.
7(b) Co-operate with employer to enable them to comply with their legal obligations.

8 Not to interfere with or misuse any equipment provided in the interest of health and
safety.











5

Provision and Use of Work Equipment Regulations 1998


Interpretation (Regulation 2)

The following definitions and terms are important in understanding the requirements laid down
by these Regulations.

Inspection

This means a visual or more rigorous inspection, as required by regulation 6 carried
Out by a competent person, and may include appropriate testing.


Thorough examination.

This means a thorough examination, as required by Regulation 32, carried out by a competent
person, and may include appropriate testing.

Work equipment.

This includes all machinery, appliances, apparatus, tools or installations for use at work the
definition will cover single machines such as guillotines right through to complete entities such
as bottling plant.

Use.

This includes any activity that may be associated with the work equipment, such as starting,
stopping, programming, setting, transporting, repairing, modifying, maintaining, servicing and
cleaning.

Unless otherwise stated the requirements of these Regulations are absolute, i.e. they must be
achieved.

Application (Regulation 3)

The Regulations apply to
:
Work equipment provided by employers for use by their employees at work
Work equipment provided by self-employed persons for their own use at work
Persons who have any control of work equipment, or who use, supervise or manage its
use
The way work equipment is used.

The Regulations do not apply to work equipment supplied by way of sale, agreement for sale, or
hire purchase agreement. Various exemptions also apply to work equipment used in relation to
work on or off ships.

The guidance points out that the duty on employers also extends to personal work equipment
provided by the employees, where the employer agrees to this practice and that on multi-
occupancy sites arrangements should be made for one employer to be responsible for
compliance. The "co-operation and co-ordination" requirement under regulation 9 of the
Management of Health and Safety at Work Regulations 1999 (MHSW) is relevant.

6



Information and Instructions; Training (Regulations 8 and 9)

These regulations require employers to make available to all persons using work equipment
adequate health and safety information, and where appropriate written instructions on the use of
such equipment. In addition, the employer must also provide adequate health and safety
training in the use of the work equipment, including any associated risks and necessary
precautions.

Adequate information and training, and written instructions where appropriate, must also be
made available to persons who supervise or manage the use of work equipment.
The information and instructions must be comprehensible and include: the conditions and
methods of use of the equipment; foreseeable abnormal situations and any necessary actions,
and any conclusions drawn from experience in the use of the equipment.

With regard to training, the guidance specifically points out the importance of considering
additional requirements for young and/or inexperienced persons.


LIFTING EQUIPMENT:

Under s.2 of the Health and Safety at Work Act 1974, employers have a duty to ensure any
plant or equipment provided for use at work is safe this includes lifts and any other lifting
equipment.

More specific requirements are contained in the Lifting Operations and Lifting Equipment
Regulations 1998 (LOLER), which remove and replace many of the previous provisions in the
Factories Act 1961 and other Regulations.




















7

The Lifting Operations and Lifting Equipment Regulations 1998.


Definitions (Regulation 2).

Accessory for lifting:

Any work equipment used to attach loads to the lifting machinery.

Lifting equipment:

Work equipment used for lifting or lowering loads attachments used for anchoring, fixing or
supporting the lifting equipment are included in the definition.

Lifting operation:

Any activity involving the lifting or lowering of a load.

Load:

The item being lifted or lowered and includes people.

Work equipment:

Any machinery, appliances, apparatus, tools or installations used at work.

Application (Regulation 3)

Employers have duties under these Regulations in situations where employees at work use
lifting equipment. Self-employed persons have a similar duty with regard to lifting equipment
they use at work. In addition, persons who have any control of lifting equipment, or who use,
supervise or manage the use of lifting equipment also have a duty under the Regulations but
only to the extent of their control these duties do not apply in cases where the lifting
equipment has been supplied by way of sale, agreement for sale or hire purchase agreement.

Strength and Stability (Regulation 4)

Lifting equipment must be of adequate strength and stability for each individual load raised or
lowered and particular attention must be paid to the stresses incurred at the mounting or fixing
points. Load parts and any attachments used in the lifting operation must also be of adequate
strength.


Lifting Equipment for Lifting Persons (Regulation 5)

Lifting equipment used for lifting people must prevent anyone using it from being crushed,
trapped or struck, or from falling from the carrier. Similar precautions are required for work
activities being carried out from the carrier, as far as reasonably practicable. There must also be
suitable devices to prevent the risk of a carrier from falling. If this risk cannot be prevented the
carrier must have an enhanced safety coefficient suspension rope or chain which must be
inspected on each working day.
People trapped inside a carrier must be protected from danger and be able to be freed.


8


Positioning and Installation (Regulation 6)

Lifting equipment must be positioned and installed so as to be safe, and minimise the risks, as
far as reasonably practicable, of the lifting equipment or its load striking a person, or its load
drifting, falling freely or being unintentionally released.
Suitable devices must be provided to prevent people from falling down lift shafts or hoist ways.

Marking of Lifting Equipment (Regulation 7)

Lifting equipment must be clearly marked with its safe working loads. In situations where the
safe working load is reliant on the equipment configuration, the safe working load for each
configuration must be clearly marked on the lifting equipment. Alternatively, information
containing these details must be kept with the lifting equipment.

Accessories used in lifting operations must be marked with any information necessary to ensure
their safe use.

Lifting equipment intended for lifting people must be clearly marked as such. Any lifting
equipment not intended for lifting people but which may be mistakenly used as such must also
be clearly marked to this effect.

Organisation of Lifting Operations (Regulation 8)

Lifting operations involving lifting equipment must be properly planned by a competent person,
appropriately supervised and carried out in a safe way.


Thorough Examination and Inspection (Regulation 9)

Lifting equipment must be thoroughly examined for defects before it is put into service for the
first time. This does not apply in situations where the lifting equipment has not been used before
and there is an accompanying EC declaration of conformity (where this is appropriate) which is
less than 12 months old before the lifting equipment was put into service. Lifting equipment
obtained from a third party must be accompanied by physical evidence of the last thorough
examination before it is used in the new employer's premises.

Lifting equipment must also be thoroughly examined to ensure correct installation and safe
operation after it has been installed and before being put into service for the first time, or after it
has been relocated, if its safety is dependent on its installation.

Where lifting equipment is exposed to conditions that may cause deterioration likely to result in
danger it must be thoroughly examined as follows:

Lifting accessories and lifting equipment for lifting persons: at least every 6 months
Other lifting equipment: at least every 12 months.


In both cases a competent person must draw up an examination scheme, i.e. a suitable scheme
that determines the frequency of the thorough examinations.

Lifting equipment must also undergo a thorough examination if exceptional circumstances have
occurred that may adversely affect the safety of the lifting equipment.


9


A competent person may inspect lifting equipment at suitable intervals between thorough
examinations if necessary.

Lifting equipment, which was required to be thoroughly examined under specified legislation
that has been repealed or revoked by these Regulations, must undergo another thorough
examination before the date on which the previous thorough examination is due for renewal.

Reports and Defects (Regulation 10 and Schedule 1)

The person undertaking the thorough examination must notify the employer immediately of any
defects that are, or could be, a danger to people, and as soon as practicable submit a written
and signed report to the employer and, if appropriate, the person hiring or leasing the lifting
equipment. The enforcing authority must also receive a copy of any report where there is an
existing or imminent risk of serious personal injury due to a defect in the lifting equipment. For
lifting equipment that has been hired or leased the enforcing authority is the Health and Safety
Executive (HSE), in other cases it is the enforcing authority for the premises.

The information required to be included in a thorough examination report is as follows:

1. Name and address of employer.
2. Address of premises at which the thorough examination was made.
3. Lifting equipment identity marks, including date of manufacture if known.
4. Date of last thorough examination.
5. Safe working loads, including those associated with equipment configurations.
6. Where the thorough examination relates to the installation or assembly of the lifting
equipment, notification of that fact and that it has been installed correctly and is safe to
operate.
7. Information as to whether the thorough examination relates to a 6 or 12 monthly
examination carried out under an examination scheme, or an examination carried out in
cases of exceptional circumstances where the safety of the lifting equipment may have
been jeopardised. The report should also state that the lifting equipment is safe to
operate.
8. Details and identification of any parts found to be defective, including a description of the
defect, where the defect is or could become a danger to people.
9. Details of any necessary repairs, renewals or alterations to correct a defect.
10. In cases where the defect may represent a danger to people the following must be
included:
The time in which the defect could become a danger
Details of repairs, renewals or alterations necessary to correct the defect
The latest day on which the next thorough examination must be carried out
Details of any tests if these are included in the thorough examination
The date.
11. Name, address, qualifications and employment status of the person making the
Report if the person is an employee then the name and address of his or her employer
must be included.
12. Name and address of the person signing or authenticating the report.
13. Report date.

Defects noted during an inspection of the lifting equipment, which pose or may pose a danger to
people, must also be notified to the employer immediately. A written record of the inspection
must be made. Employers may not use any lifting equipment notified as having a defect before
the defect is corrected. In cases where the defect could become a danger, the lifting equipment
may not be used after the time specified in the report (i.e. the time after which the defect is
deemed by the competent person to be dangerous) until the defect is corrected.
10



Keeping of Information (Regulation 11)

Employers must retain EC declarations of conformity that relate to lifting equipment obtained
after 5 December 1998 for as long as they operate the lifting equipment.
Thorough examination reports for lifting equipment must be retained until the lifting equipment
ceases to be used, while the thorough examination reports for lifting equipment accessories
must be kept for two years. Thorough examination reports relating to the installation or
assembly of lifting equipment must be kept until the equipment ceases to be used at the
location where it was installed or assembled. Finally, thorough examination reports that relate to
the deterioration in condition of lifting equipment must be kept either until the next report is
made, or for two years, whichever is the later.
Records relating to the inspection of lifting equipment must be kept until the next record is
made.

PERSONAL PROTECTIVE EQUIPMENT:

The Personal Protective Equipment at Work Regulations 1992 (PPE Regulations) came into
force on 1 January 1993, and were introduced under the provisions of the Health and Safety at
Work Act 1974 (HSW Act) to enable Great Britain to implement the requirements of European
Directive 89/656/EEC. The Directive obliges Member States to introduce minimum health and
safety requirements for the use by workers of personal protective equipment (PPE) at the
workplace.

The following regulations are part of the Personal Protective Equipment at Work Regulations
1992.

Interpretation (Regulation 2)

PPE means all equipment and clothing which is intended to be worn or held by a person at work
and which affords protection against one or more risks to health or safety. This includes clothing
designed to protect against adverse weather conditions.

Protective clothing includes, for example: aprons, gloves, safety footwear, safety helmets and
high visibility jackets.

Protective equipment includes, for example: eye protectors, safety harnesses, respirators and
life jackets.

Disapplication (Regulation 3)

Ordinary working clothes and work uniforms that do not offer specific protection are not
covered. Therefore caterer's overalls and similar clothing provided solely in the interests of food
hygiene do not constitute PPE, whilst a re-enforced glove provided to a chef to safeguard
against injury would count as PPE.

Modifications, Repeals and Revocations (Regulation 14)

Much of the older legislation on PPE has been revoked, notably the Protection of Eyes
Regulations 1974.




11




Provision and Compatibility (Regulations 4 and 5)

Except where risks are adequately controlled by other means, employers must provide suitable
PPE to employees who may be exposed to those risks (regulation 4). The self-employed must
make provision to themselves in respect of their own activities.

There is no duty under these Regulations to supply PPE to non-employees such as visitors or
voluntary workers. However, s.3 of HSW Act imposes a duty of care towards non-employees
and this may indicate a need for the supply of PPE. Persons gaining work experience are
entitled to the same provision for PPE as if they were employees, by virtue Of the Health and
Safety (Training for Employment) Regulations 1990.

The employer should consider PPE as a last resort, or as an interim solution to a risk of
exposure pending control by engineering or other means. The reasons are: PPE only protects
the person wearing it and not others in the vicinity; wearing PPE may give a false sense of
security as it is seldom fully effective and PPE can be cumbersome which may give rise to other
risks or adversely affect performance.

Examples of processes that may require the provision of PPE, subject to an assessment by the
employer include the following.

1. Head protection:

Construction and building, particularly in the vicinity of scaffolding
Underground work including working in pits, trenches and tunnels
Ship repair
Tree felling
Work near hoists, lifting plant and cranes.


2. Eye protection:

Handling chemical substances such as acids, alkalis and other corrosive or irritant
substances
Working with molten metals
Working with abrasive wheels or any machine likely to eject particles
During welding operations where intense light may otherwise cause damage to the eye.

3. Hand protection:

Handling chemical substances where there is a risk of dermatitis or of damage to skin
tissue
During construction and outdoor work
Where there is a risk of cuts or abrasions
Where articles may be hot, cold or slippery
Where there is a risk of electrical shock
When using vibratory tools.





12


4. Foot protection:

Where there is a risk from molten metal splashes
To prevent injury from falling objects
Where special slip-resistance is required
In flammable atmospheres, where the build-up of static electrical charges creates a risk
of explosion
Where there is a risk of sharp objects piercing the sole, such as in the use of nails on a
construction site.

5. Body protection:

Warm clothing when working outdoors in low temperatures, or in cold-stores
Protection against intense heat and/or flame retardant clothing when working at a
foundry, or with welding equipment
High visibility clothing when working in the vicinity of moving traffic, airports, etc
Cut-resistant clothing when using chain saws or butcher's knives
Life jackets when working near deep water.

Employers must take all reasonable steps to ensure that PPE is properly used. This includes
giving proper and adequate information, instruction, training and supervision, and the use of
disciplinary procedures where appropriate.

Where there is a statutory requirement for PPE to be used, this should be indicated by use of
safety signs to BS 5378. These are in the form of a blue circle upon a white background (see
SAFETY SIGNS).

CHARGES Section 9 of the Health and Safety at Work Act 1974
states:

No employer shall levy or permit to be levied on any employee of his any charge in respect of
anything done or provided in pursuance of any specific requirements of the relevant statutory
provisions.

Suitability

To be suitable, PPE must:

(a) Be appropriate for the risk(s) involved and the conditions at the place where exposure
may arise
(b) Take ergonomic considerations into account, and be capable of being fitted to, and used
by, the worker
(c) So far as is practicable, prevent or adequately control the risk of exposure without
creating overall risk
(d) Be designed and manufactured to an approved standard.

Where more than one sort of PPE has to be used simultaneously, each must be compatible with
the other and full effectiveness must be maintained (regulation 5)




13
Assessment (Regulation 6)

Prior to selecting PPE, the employer or self-employed person must ensure that an assessment
has been made to ascertain whether the proposed PPE is suitable (regulation 6).

A risk assessment made under this regulation need not be duplicated in order to meet the
requirement for assessment under regulation 3 of the Management of Health and Safety at
Work Regulations 1999 (MHSW) although it should be easily identifiable and well cross-
referenced.

Except in the most simple and obvious of cases, or where the exercise can be quickly and
easily repeated, the significant findings of an assessment should be recorded in retrievable
form. The record should be readily accessible to those who may need to know the results.

Employees should be involved in the selection of types and styles of PPE, and should have an
informed choice wherever possible. Selection should be made with the individual in mind
what is suitable for one person may be useless for another. For example, a worker who requires
spectacles with prescription lenses will be unable to work whilst wearing non-prescription eye
shields.

In selecting PPE, the employer or self-employed person must consider:

Risks to health or safety that have not been avoided by other methods
The sort of performance and characteristics that the PPE would need to have, for it to be
effective
Comparison of the proposed PPE with the required performance and characteristics.

The assessment must be reviewed where there is reason to suspect that it is no longer valid.


Maintenance and Storage (Regulations 7 and 8)

PPE must be maintained (e.g. cleaned, repaired or replaced) in an efficient state (regulation 7).
A stock of spare PPE, spare parts and cleaning materials should be kept to facilitate this.
Suitable storage should be available to prevent damage to PPE, including that which has been
issued to users.

PPE that has been supplied free of charge by an employer for use at work remains the property
of that employer. It is in order for the employer to instruct that it is kept at the workplace and is
not used for non-occupational purposes.

Information, Instruction and Training (Regulation 9)

Under this regulation employees must be given adequate and comprehensible instructions,
information and training in:

The purpose for which PPE has been provided
The risks that it will protect against
The correct method of use
The employee's part in ensuring that PPE remains in an efficient state, properly
working and in good repair.





14

Employee's Duties (Regulations 10 and 11)

Employees are obliged to use PPE in accordance with the instructions and training that they
have been given (regulation 10). Employees and the self-employed must also take all
reasonable steps to return PPE to designated storage or accommodation after use.
Sections 7 and 8 of the HSW Act lay down general duties for employees. The MHSW
Regulations 1999 further require each employee to properly use any equipment, system of work
or other measure provided by the employer in accordance with the instruction and advice that
has been given. This general duty extends to the proper use of PPE.

Where an item of PPE becomes defective or is lost, the employee must report the loss or defect
immediately to the employer (regulation 11).


CONCENTRATION
OBSERVATION
MACHINE CONDITION - VISUAL CHECKS, DAILY INSPECTION
MACHINE KNOWLEDGE MECHANICS, CAPABILITIES, CONTROLS
ONLY ACT ON YOUR OWN JUGEMENT
NEVER TAKE A CHANCE ALWAYS TAKE CARE

SELECT CORRECT SLINGS LIFTING EQUIPMENT
EXPERIENCE OF SIMILAR LIFTS LIFTING EQUIPMENT
NEVER BE HURRIED KEEP WITHIN YOUR OWN LIMITATIONS
S.L.I. CORRECT FOR JIB LENGTH & CRANE/RADIOUS PLATE
EXERCISE YOUR RIGHT TO QUESTION ANY LIFT














REMEMBER

You are the person in charge of the lift, and the lives of
your workmates depend upon your ability

BETTER TO BE SAFE THAN SORRY

15


The Basic duties of a slinger:

To prepare the load for lifting.

To prepare the sling and connect it to the load and crane

To steady the load whilst lifting and moving it from one position to another.

To be fully responsible for the safe transfer of the load from one position to another.

To be solely responsible for giving the orders to the crane operator.

To be conversant with the standard crane signals and to use them at all times.

To examine the lifting gear before and after use as required by the LOLER Regs.


Rules for safe slinging.

It is difficult to lay down rules that will cover all slinging methods, as these must vary
according to circumstances, but certain general rules and precautions should be followed to
ensure safe working practices.

The following points are designed to assist the slinger in the safe handling and transfer of
loads:

Know the weight of the load to be lifted and ensure that it does not exceed the Safe
Working Load (SWL) of the tackle and crane.

Use only authorised tackle, which is marked with the SWL. Unmarked tackle should be
reported to the Supervisor.

Inspect ALL tackle before use. Report damaged tackle and have it destroyed.

Remember that with 3 or 4-legged slings, 2 legs may take all the weight.

When reeving slings around a load the angle at the bight must not exceed 120 degrees.

NEVER tie knots in slings or shorten by wrapping them around crane hooks or by using a
nut and bolt.

ALWAYS use the correct pins in shackles and fasten them securely.

NEVER use rusty wire ropes, or fibre ropes, which have been in contact with acids or
alkalis.

Rings and shackles must ride freely on the crane hook. NEVER lift with the point of the
hook.

NEVER put sharp bends in wire ropes. Always protect slings from sharp corners by using
packing.

16


NEVER drag slings along the floor.

Keep wire rope slings away from welding and flame cutting operations.

Use chain slings when lifting hot metal.

Check that all parts of the load are safely slung. Keep hands away before lifting and
stand clear while the load is being lowered.

NEVER stand under a suspended load.

NEVER allow a load to pass over peoples heads.

DO NOT trap slings under a load. Use dunnage to give clearance for sling removal.

Use only the correct signals and make sure that they are clearly understood by the crane
operator.

NEVER store lifting tackle in your own locker. It must be freely available for regular
inspection.

NEVER store lifting tackle on the floor.

NEVER attempt to raise or lower a load unless it is completely free from all obstructions.

Never hammer a chain to straighten a link, or to force a link into position.

Always SPOT the load and lift vertically to prevent swinging.

Use steadying lines (tag lines) to gain complete control.

Always make sure you are in a position where the crane operator can see you.

When working with uneven loads, always find the centre of gravity by trial and error
without actually lifting the load clear of the ground.

When using multi-leg sling assemblies, remember that the angles between the legs will
reduce the safe working load of the assembly. Consult the Sling Chart and Safe Load
Tables available.

Endless wire rope slings are prone to misuse. And in practice they are often found to be
difficult to handle. It is preferable that they are used only when they have been purpose
made for applications requiring a very short effective length, or for single lifts where a
single sling of the required Safe Working Load is not available.

Do not use any sling that contains a severe kink.

When loads are being carried on a crane hook, slings not in use should not be carried on
the same hook.

A sling, which has been doubled around a shackle, has a Safe Working Load
equivalent to that of a single part of the rope.
17



Check that the crane hook is positioned over the loads centre of gravity to prevent
swinging when the load is raised.

Make sure that the load is free before lifting, and that all legs have a direct lead.

When not in use, wire rope slings should be kept in a dry store, to prevent corrosion-
taking place.

FACTS


Lifting equipment is involved in more serious accidents than any other type
of construction equipment.

Accidents involving lifting equipment are more costly in terms of insurance.

Cranes and lifting equipment and the use of are one of the major causes of
construction site fatalities.

Cranes

Before commencing a lift with a crane it may be required for the banksman to assist with
the on site planning and positioning of the crane and associated equipment. Check the
work site with the supervisor and the crane operator and assess the crane suitability for
the whole job. Assess access, room, soil, lift capacity and lifting equipment.

Decide where to set up and how to set up

This is part of:

Site and job planning

Before commencing lifting operations the crane driver and banksman must ensure that
proper site planning has taken place.

The procedure to be followed in preparing an operational plan for lifting includes:

Job requirements
Priorities of the job
Workplace rules and procedures
Identifying hazards
Hazard control measures

Persons to consult with when planning the proposed work:

Building owners
Statutory authorities where necessary
Local councils
Site manager and supervisor
Other trades working on site

18


This will ensure that the crane driver and banksman are aware of, comply with, any
statutory or workplace rules, regulations or restrictions that may apply.

This is required under the DUTY of CARE of every person at that work site.

Types of hazards to be considered for you work plan.

Unstable ground surface, i.e. recently back filled excavations
Other personnel working on the area
Under ground services (Proximity hazards)
Dangerous materials
Power lines overhead or underground
Trees
Surrounding structures
Bridges, access restrictions
Other work equipment on site

Hazard control strategies to be included in the plan for lifting procedures; must
include

The task being preformed
Any site hazards trenches and filled ground, power lines, obstructions in the
working radius of the crane, trees, scaffolding, access and exit points
PPE required when working with hazardous or non-hazardous materials
Warning signs displayed properly
Barriers and barricades to restrict access
Traffic control
Lighting
Public safety

Ground conditions

If the ground on which you require to set the crane up on is waterlogged or soft,
Appropriate steps must be taken prior to the crane setting up to assess the soil and
ground condition. This may well be required to be completed by a competent person (civil
engineer or equivalent)

Excavations

A crane should not be set up close to an excavation as the weight of the crane causes
Additional pressure to adjoining soil and cause the excavation to collapse and result in
The crane overturning. As a general rule the distance of the cranes outrigger pad from
The edge of the excavation should be at least the same as the depth of the excavation
+1 metre

Free on wheel duties (lifting and carrying a load)

If you are in doubt concerning the safety of a free duty lift stop and consult with the
competent person in charge of the operation. Some cranes are better suited than others
to travel over rough surfaces. Always check the cranes load chart and manufacturers
recommendations before carrying out any lift that requires Free on wheels duties.


19


Cranes are more likely to overturn off road. Before carry out a free on wheels lift check:

For potholes and soft or rough ground
For overhead obstructions
For power lines
For personnel working in the area
Blind corners
Traffic flow
Underground services

Always check grassy surfaces for potholes or drains hidden by long grass. Walk over the
whole area before guiding a crane across

Make sure cranes suspension units are locked and pinned

Do not direct the driver to slew unless the surface is firm and level

Do not walk heavy loads with crawler cranes unless the ground is firm and level

Travel slowly to prevent excessive swings


TANDEM LIFTS

Your company should have an restriction on tandem lifts

The only tandem lifting should be engineered through the office

The dangers in tandem lifts are the cranes are going to side load each other

Its impossible to swing a load without side loading one of the cranes

Crane jibs must be kept parallel

Tandem lifts are dangerous

They can be done safely if they are planned and every one involved are properly trained

If you get in trouble CAN WE GET OUT OF IT?



IF IN ANY DOUBT GET HELP FROM YOUR OFFICE OR SUPERVISOR

CRANES MUST BE SET UP AS PER CRANE DUTY CHART,

RISK ASSESSMENT & METHOD STATEMENT



20

Multiple Crane Lifting

INTRODUCTION: The use of two or more cranes to move and position loads can be very
hazardous and should not be considered where a single crane is capable of
doing the job.

There are, however, occasions when multiple crane lifts are necessary.
They are often required during the construction and assembly of oil and gas
rigs and in the construction of bridges and large-scale industrial projects
such as power stations and refineries.

CERTIFICATION: The appointed person / competent person with direct responsibility for
coordinating and directing a multiple crane lift must hold a Banksman /
slinger or a rigging certificate

For very complex lifts, the advice of an experienced structural engineer may
be required to properly plan the operation, but the certified rigger must
maintain immediate supervision at all stages

PLANNING AND
COORDINATING:

The importance of careful planning and the need for a thorough briefing of
all personnel involved in the lift cannot be overstated. Many multiple crane
lifts have come to grief through oversights, wrong selection of cranes,
incorrect siting of cranes and misunderstandings between crewmembers.

If the weight of the load, its centre of gravity and the weight of the lifting
gear is not known in advance, they must be carefully calculated.

Whenever possible, a dummy run should be staged prior to the lift to
check that the cranes can perform all stages of the operation within radius
while maintaining sufficient clearance from obstructions and power-lines.
This exercise should also be used to confirm that the agreed
communication method is under stood and is suitable.

CRANE SELECTION
AND SITING:
Whenever possible, select cranes of equal capacity and similar
Characteristics. This will make synchronisation of crane movements easier
to achieve.

Each crane must have additional capacity over and above its share of the
load at all times during the operation. This is to allow for the possibility of
the hoist ropes deviating from vertical or other loads transferred through
imperfect synchronisation of crane movements. The minimum capacity
requirements for each crane are:

When 2 cranes are used 20% greater than the share of the load
When 3 cranes are used 33% greater than the share of the load
When 4 cranes are used 50% greater than the share of the load


21



Crane siting must be carefully considered so that movements are reduced
to the minimum necessary. The crane siting can be limited by the nature of
the work site, the position of obstructions and power-lines, or the existing
position of tower cranes

Wherever possible, site the cranes to avoid slewing motions. Always use
luffing-up in preference to luffing-down. Luffing-down is dangerous because
it can easily lead to the load swinging one or more of the cranes outside the
safe operating radius. Wind loading adds to the dangers of luffing down.

Where the cranes are required to pick and carry, they must be aligned in
the same direction. If they are out of alignment, the movement of one crane
can push or pull the other cranes and stability may be lost.

CALCULATING
LOAD-SHARE
Where the load to be lifted is beyond the capacity of any of the selected
cranes, equalising gear may be required to ensure that each crane
supports its correct portion of the load.

Equalising gear needed when the cranes are close together, such as for
lifting large columns and similar objects. It also acts as a lever.

When cranes are of a differing capacity, the load to be lifted should be
slung away from the centre of the equalising beam so that the load taken
by each is proportional to its capacity. The load is slung closer to the end of
the equalising beam supported by the larger capacity crane, to increase its
share of the load and reduce the part of the load carried by the second
crane.

WARNING: Tower cranes are prohibited from carrying out any form of tandem lifts

NOTE: Always check own company safe system of work or method statement.

SLINGS SELECTION & INSPECTION.

A sling is as important to a banksman / crane operator as is his crane. The correct type of sling
used in lifting is very important to both the operator and the load that is being lifted. The correct
sling should always be used and should be inspected before and after use.

INSPECTION OF TACKLE.

All lifting tackle by law has to be inspected every 6 months or as per company safety policy.
Companies must have a log of all tackle to include inspection dates. Example: -

Steel Wire Ropes chains slings hooks shackles - eye bolts etc.






22








Eyebolts are used for lifting loads, which are usually heavy and concentrated. They are
used for general lifting and for permanent attachment to loads, which are to be moved
occasionally.

They are screwed into tapped location holes provided, and usually will not accept a
hook, but must be used with a shackle.

Dynamo Eyebolt


This has a large eye and a small collar diameter. Normally fitted
By the manufacture to the item to which they are attached, they
Need not be marked with a S.W.L, are not registered, and are not
Examined six monthly. This type of eyebolt should only be used for
Vertical lifts.



Collar Eyebolt

This has a smaller eye, a larger collar diameter and the thread is
Undercut on both the diameter and the collar face. They should
Be marked with a S.W.L, registered as a piece of lifting tackle,
And examined six monthly. This type may be used, in pairs, for
Taking an angular pull, but the angle of pull must be in line with
the plane of the eyebolt. Shims may be needed to allow
This. The maximum washer thickness should not exceed half the
Pitch of the thread.



Eyebolt with link

This type has a link permanently attached to the eye and should be
Marked, registered and examined.

They may be used for taking an angular pull, but unlike collar eyebolts,
The angular pull need not be in line with the plane of the eyebolt, this
Renders the fitting of washers or shims unnecessary.

NOTE The S.W.L marked on any eyebolt is only applicable to a vertical
Lift. Whenever an angular pull is used, the rated S.W.L decreases as the
Angle of pull from the vertical increase.




Eyebolts

23






Eyebolt threads include
Whitworth, BSF, UNC, UNF, or Metric


Extreme care must be taken to ensure that metric threaded eyebolts are not
inserted in imperial threaded holes.

Although these might appear to match, it is an interference fit only.
The mechanical strength may be almost nothing.




Eyebolt Type / Selection



Is the load applied
Vertically only










Is load in plane of eye










Use Dynamo
Eyebolt
Use collar
Eyebolt
Use Eyebolt
With link

Eyebolts
Collar & Dynamo
YES
NO
YES
NO
24










Dynamo or plain eyebolt Collar eyebolt


Eyebolts are made to screw into or through a load and may be Plain
(Dynamo) or have collars (collar eyebolt)

The plain eyebolt is good only for vertical loading.

Even when a collard eyebolt is used, the safe working load is reduced with
angular loading


When installed, the collar must be at right angles to the hole and
Must be in full contact with the surface of the load and be properly
Tightened.



The load should always be applied to the plain of the eye and never in
The other direction. If necessary, Shims should be inserted
Below the collar to ensure that the eye is correctly aligned when tight.




Collared eyebolts with links may be used providing angle
Of The load to axis of eyebolt thread does not exceed 15


Over 15 safe working loads must be de-rated in
Accordance with BS 4278.
(See weight reduction chart below)





Eyebolts
Collar & Dynamo

25


















Maximum shim thickness not to exceed the pitch of the thread
Maximum angle allowed out of plain is 5
No more than turn to align to correct plain of eye
Hand tight only do not over tighten

I.S.O METRIC COURSE THREAD (ALL DIMENSIONS IN mm.s)
Diameter Pitch
10.00 1.50
12.00 1.75
14.00 2.00
16.00 2.00
18.00 2.50
20.00 2.50
22.00 2.50
24.00 3.00
27.00 3.00
30.00 3.50
33.00 3.50
36.00 4.00
39.00 4.00
42.00 4.50
48.00 5.00


NOTE:
ALL PITCH SIZES MUST BE HALVED TO
GIVE CORRECT SHIM THICKNESS
Eyebolts

26






Maximum angle allowed



90
1T 1T
2T


90 REDUCE BY 75% %% %

60 REDUCE BY 60% %% %

30 REDUCE BY 40% %% %

Eyebolts with links maximum angle of 15 from vertical when over 15
reduce with table above

Collar Eyebolts
27







Trunnion Lifting
















Eyebolts screwed into the side of the load must be de-rated by

75% on each eyebolt

Collar & Dynamo
Eyebolts
28







30 -40% %% %




60 -60% %% %


90 -75% %% %






Maximum angle allowed on slings when working with eyebolts is 45 from
vertical (Included angle of 90 )


Weight Reduction
Chart Eyebolts
The flatter angle of pull, the greater the strain and leverage on the
eyebolt
29












Reeving through connections to load increases load on
Connection fitting by as much as twice

DO NOT REEVE








Collar Eyebolts
30



SAFE WORKING LOAD TABLE FOR COLLARED LIFTING
EYEBOLTS METRIC




SINGLE EYEBOLT SWL PER PAIR OF EYEBOLTS
NORMAL
SIZE


AXIAL
TRUNNION
MOUNTING

PERPENDICULAR
30
DEGREES
60
DEGREES
90
DEGREES









tonnes tonnes tonnes tonnes tonnes tonnes
M10 3/8 0.25 0.25 0.06 0.06 0.13 0.13 0.32 0.32 0.2 0.2 0.13 0.13
M12 0.32 0.5 0.08 0.12 0.16 0.25 0.40 0.63 0.26 0.4 0.16 0.25
M16 5/8 0.63 0.9 0.16 0.22 0.32 0.45 0.79 1.13 0.50 0.72 0.32 0.45
M20 1.25 1.4 0.31 0.35 0.63 0.70 1.60 1.76 1.00 1.12 0.63 0.70
M22 7/8 1.60 2.0 0.4 0.5 0.8 1.00 2.00 2.52 1.28 1.60 0.80 1.00
M24 1 2.0 2.75 0.50 0.68 1.00 1.38 2.50 3.47 1.60 2.20 1.00 1.38
M30 3.2 0.80 1.60 4.00 2.60 1.60
M33 1

4.0 4.5 1.0 1.12 2.0 2.25 5.00 5.67 3.20 3.60 2.0 2.25
M36 1

5.0 6.5 1.30 1.62 2.50 3.25 6.30 8.19 4.00 5.20 2.50 3.25
M42 1

6.3 9.0 1.60 2.25 3.20 4.50 7.90 11.3 5.00 7.20 3.20 4.50
M48 2 8.0 12.0 2.00 3.0 4.00 6.00 10.0 15.1 6.40 9.60 4.00 6.00
M56 12.0 3.00 6.00 15.0 9.60 6.00
M64 2

16.0 20.0 4.00 5.00 8.00 10.0 20.0 25.2 13.0 16.0 8.00 10.0
M72 20.0 5.00 10.0 25.0 16.0 10.0
M76 3 25.0 30.0 6.25 7.50 12.5 15.0 31.5 37.8 20.0 24.0 12.5 15.0
The above table is derived from AS2317-1984 and BS4278-1984 or manufacturers specifications
for the Safe Working Load of collared eyebolts when used in the correct manner as described in "
Care and use of eyebolts". The loads indicated are for "General Purpose Use"





31








Self aligns to direction of force
Higher WLL capacity than standard eyebolts
Load rated for side pull
Rotates 360 degrees
Integrated key for quick and easy installation and removal


Compact design
Rotates to direction of pull
Fold down flat
Ideal for side pull application
Grade 80 belts are interchangeable for through hole
application
Holding springs reduce vibration
WLL from 660 lbs. to 44,000 lbs.
Metric and UNC threads

WLL from 17,600 lbs. to 33,000 lbs. in any direction
o Ball bearing swivel rotates 360 degrees
o Larger ring for hook and shackle attachment
o Clearly marked WLLs
o Tested and certified - certificates available
Great Britain





RUD Star Point
Swivel Eyebolt
32






















Rud Chains Ltd.
John Wilson Business Park
Units 10-14
Thanet Way
Whitstable, Kent CT5 3QT
Phone: 011 44 1227 276 611
Fax: 011 44 1227 276 586
www.rud.com.uk

RUD Star Point
Swivel Eyebolt Chart
33






Red UNC thread


Rated at 100% at 90
360 Swivel and 180 Pivot Action
No need for washers or shims



Silver Metric thread






Used with chains slings








Used with webbing slings





Crosby Swivel
Hoist Ring
34





























Lifting heavy concentrated loads
Electric motors / Machinery
Pre cast concrete IE. Floors / Stairs
Eyebolts
Weaknesses & Reasons for
Failure

Eyebolts have severe limitations of use
Corrosive damage / non use of shims
Eyebolts not screwed home properly
Using wrong eyebolts / Incorrect thread size
Using eyebolts in acidic environments
Lifting loads out of plain & Using bent or damaged
eyebolts
Eyebolts
Care and maintenance
Do not store in-situ return to tackle store
Protect threads from damage
Slightly oil or grease to prevent corrosion
Clean threads of debris with wire brush
Eyebolts
Reasons for use
35








Spreader beams are used to support long or wide loads during lifts
They eliminate the hazard of load tipping, as well as wide sling angles and any tendency
of the sling to crush the load
Equaliser beams are used to equalise the load in the sling legs and to keep equal loads
when making multiple leg lifts

Care must be taken not to exceed the S.W.L at the various slinging
points


Spreader Beam

Equaliser Beam


Multiple attachments


The capacity of a beam with multiple attachments will be specified by
markers.
Generally it depends on the distance between the parts, if the distance
between attachment points is doubled the capacity is halved
Lifting & Spreader Beams
General Information
36





























Areas of Low headroom
Avoids wide sling angles that would crush a load
Lifting unbalanced loads
Tandem lifts on loads
Spreader Beams
Weaknesses & Reasons for
Failure

Unstable with loads with a low centre of gravity
Corrosive damage
Damage to bolted or welded areas / attachments
Lifting loads outside design spec
Overloading attachment points
Spreader Beams
Care and maintenance
Store beams in dry conditions
Store beams on stands or adequate packing
If beams are dismantled store all parts together
& Reassemble correct components
Lifting / Spreader Beams
Reasons for use
37



Bow shackles should be used when one or more attachment is made, or to
allow movement on the plain of the shackle






Dee shackles are usually joining shackles






Only use shackles that are marked with their safe working load

Never use bolts instead of
Proper shackle pins






Shackles
38





In line 100% of rated capacity

45 from in line 70% of rated capacity


90 from in line 50% of rated capacity






Shackles symmetrically loaded with
two leg slings having a maximum
included angle of 120 can be utilized
to full working load





This applies to Crosby shackles only unless stated by your supplier


Shackles
39






Point loading of Crosby shackle bow is acceptable



Point loading of Crosby shackle pins is
acceptable as long as load is reasonably
centred on the pin
Although point loading is acceptable a pad
eye width of 80% or more of shackle spread
is best practice.


This applies to Crosby shackles only unless stated by your supplier









Crosby Shackles
40





Shackles should be fitted in a manner that allows the shackle body to take
the load in a true line along its centre line.





Correct Incorrect





Correct Incorrect
Shackle pin cannot turn Shackle pin can work loose






Incorrect Correct

Safe Use Of
Shackles
41






Working Range Link plate (Joining
shackles)













Web sling saver Spool











Wide body sling saver





Crosby Europe ltd
Unit 10, Fall Bank Industrial Estate
Dodworth / Barnsley
South Yorkshire S75 3LS
Telephone 01226 290516
WEB: thecrosbygroup.com

Crosby Shackles
& Fittings
42






























Shackles
Reasons for use
Shackles are used in the main for attaching
Lifting gear to the crane hook
Lifting gear to the load
Bow shackles for more than one attachment
Dee shackles for joining
Shackles
Weaknesses & Reasons for
Failure

Shackles have no apparent weaknesses under normal use as
long as they are looked after properly
The main reason for failure is overloading, eccentric loads and
misuse

Check for distortion and damage to the pin
Check that it is the correct pin for the shackle
That the pin is seated correctly

Shackles
Care and maintenance
Maintenance of shackles are minimal
Keep clean protect from corrosion and ensure that
threads are protected from damage

43
















There are usually lines of black stitching on webbing slings the amount of
lines denotes SWL i.e. two lines of stitching = 2 tonne SWL

I.D. tag





Webbing slings are issued with a statement of conformity confirming the
safe working load


Due to the materials used in webbing slings they would be unsuitable for
proof testing

Webbing Slings
44












Various attachments available for webbing slings









Blue label: 100% Polyester

Nylon: Resists Weak Alkalis

Polyester: Resists Weak Acids

Polypropylene: Resists Both (but will stretch easy)

Nylon: When Wet Must Reduce SWL by 50%


NOTE: No natural fibre slings will be used on a construction site

















Webbing
Slings
45









Any damage to webbing slings disregard








Feel Internal strands in slings Damage or cuts to sleeve
For damage



Protect from sharp edges of load

Do not tow or drag any loads

Keep away from Acids or Alkalis

Keep away from frost or extreme cold

Keep away from heat

Keep away from any U.V. Light

Keep away from mildew

Always store in dry clean place














Damage to
Webbing Slings
46








Chemical Resistance Chart
Chemical Polyester
Acid *
Alcohols OK
Aldehydes NO
Strong Aldalis **
Bleaching Agents OK
Dry cleaning Solvents OK
Ethers NO
Halogenated Hydrocarbons OK
Hydrocarbons OK
Ketones OK
Oils, Crude OK
Oils, Lubricating OK
Soap and Detergents OK
Water and Seawater OK
Weak Alkalis OK
THIS IS A GENERAL GUIDELINE ONLY
*Disintegrated by concentrated sulphuric acid.
**Degraded by strong alkalis at elevated temperatures.

























Webbing Slings
Resistance
Spanset Webbing Sling Chart
47
























































Webbing Slings
Reasons for use
Light in weight for given capacity
Easier to handle than Wire or Chain
Can be pushed thought narrow gaps
Unaffected by Grease or Rust
Webbing Slings
Weaknesses & Reasons for
Failure

Durability and storage deterioration is poor
Prone to abrasion damage
Can be contaminated by alkalis and acids
Affected by heat
Web slings are inclined to stretch and may not be
suitable for precise positioning
Webbing Slings
Care and maintenance
Webbing slings char or decompose over a range of
temperatures, NEVER! Dry slings near a fire or
heating pipes, as overheating will cause embrittlement
Can be cut by loads if unprotected
48





















Wire rope slings are available in a wide range of capacities and sizes

Danger do not use if

Any wires broken at collar area or Stretch or damage to thimble







Pressed metal sleeve Soft eye











It is crucial that the SWL stamped upon
The sling is adhered to






Wire Rope
Slings
49






WIRE ROPES:
Type identified by a number 6/7, 6/12, 6/24 the first figure
Refers to the number of strands to the rope and the second
Figure to the number of wires in the strands.
Wire ropes may be fibre cores or steel cores. Fibre cores
Are more flexible steel core are stronger.
Note: Steel cored rope must be used in hot works condition only

Types of lay:
The two most common types of lay are: -
LANGS LAY: Where the wires in the strands are twisted
In the same direction as the strand in the rope (Running
Rope)

ORDINARY LAY: Where the wires in the strand are twisted
in the opposite direction to the strands in the rope. (Pendant
Rope)

Safety Factor

Mobile Crane Hoist Rope 4.5 - 6 to 1
Overhead Crane (Gen. Duties) 6 to 1
Wire Rope Slings 6 to 1
Multi Leg Slings 8 to 1
Lifts and Hoists (Goods) 6 to 1
Lifts and Hoists (Passenger) 12 to 1

The Regulations State: -
A wire rope shall not be used when more than 5% %% %
Or one in twenty of the wires, can be seen to be damaged
In any ten diameter length.











Wire Rope

50


























Rope dia.
(mm)
1 Leg
Tonnes
Endless
Tonnes
2 Leg
Tonnes
3&4 Leg
Tonnes
5 0.2 0.4 0.4 0.5
6 1.4 0.6 0.5 0.8
7 0.5 0.8 0.7 1.1
8 0.7 1.1 1.0 1.6
9 0.9 1.4 1.3 2.0
10 1.2 1.8 1.7 2.5
11 1.4 2.1 1.9 2.9
12 1.7 2.5 2.4 3.5
13 2.0 3.0 2.8 4.2
14 2.3 3.5 3.2 4.8
16 3.0 4.5 4.2 6.3
18 3.8 5.7 5.3 8.0
19 4.3 6.4 6.0 9.0
20 4.7 7.1 6.6 9.8
22 5.7 8.6 8.0 9.8
24 6.8 10.2 9.5 14.3
26 8.0 12.0 11.0 16.8
28 9.3 14.0 13.0 19.5
32 12.1 18.2 16.9 25.4
35 14.5 21.8 20.3 30.4
36 15.4 23.1 21.5 32.3
38 17.1 25.7 23.9 36.0


Wire Rope Chart

51























































Lighter than chain for given capacity
Can be applied where no lifting points are on the load
Can be hooked into lifting points i.e. Lugs, Shackles
Flexible
Wire rope Slings
Weaknesses & Reasons for Failure

Wire rope
Slings may be
Damaged when
Kinked sharply
Or put under
Stress when
Twisted
Never use if more than 5% of the wires, can be seen to be
broken in any 10 Diameter lengths

Wire rope Slings
Care and maintenance
Steel wire may be damaged by corrosion through
poor care and storage
As with all lifting gear do not leave ropes laying
around on floor
Wire rope Slings
Reasons for use
52









Master link

Capacity of sling
Identification No.
Maximum sling angle



Chain Reach














Auxiliary Link C hook Safety catch


Regularly examine Chains for

Stretch are both chains of equal length
Legible markings
Worn, Stretched or twisted links
Cuts, Nicks, Gouges, Cracks, Corrosion
Heat discoloration
Or any other defect apparent to the fittings

Maximum
wear
on a link 10%

Chain Slings

53














Stress on link


Dead end




Wrong Correct


Load bearing legs must go through bottom of clutch

Chains should be kept the same length

Dead ends of chain must be kept together

Remember the shorter the chain slings are the wider sling angle, therefore
causing more stress













Working Angle




Chain Sling
Shorting Clutches
54























Maximum sling angle 90

Chains can be used up to a 120 angle if tested for such a use

Avoid sling angles less than 15 this could cause load instability

Do not use multi leg slings at angles within the shaded area








When slings are used in choke hitch
the working load limit should be reduced
by 20%
Sling
Temperature
Reduction in
Working Load Limit
Grade 8 Grade 10
-40 C to 200 C None None
200 C to
300 C
10%
300 C to
400 C
25%
Above 400 C Do Not Use

Do Not Use
Chain Sling
Sling Angles
55


* Not to be used for lifting purposes

* Wrought Iron:
Very little mechanical strength unless heat-treated periodically.

* Mild Steel Grade 30:
Low carbon content producing a soft chain with high ductility.

High Tensile Steel Grade 40:
Medium carbon steel has good wear and shock absorbing
properties also used for shackles, eyebolts & other lifting gear

Alloy Steel Grade 60:
Alloy steel of this grade produces a chain 50% %% % stronger than high
tensile steel and does not suffer from brittleness in extreme cold

Alloy Steel Grade 80:
Harder than lower grades and more resistant to wear, allowing for
a lighter sling for given load.

Alloy Steel Grade 100 (8 + 10):
25% better lifting properties than a grade 80 chain sling


Grade S.W.L Proof Breaking Factor of
Load Load Safety

* Wrought 6 tons 12 tons 27 tons 4.5 to 1

* Mild steel (G30) 6 tons 12 tons 30 tons 5 to 1

High tensile (G40) 8 tons 16 tons 40 tons 5 to 1

Alloy steel (G60) 12 tons 24 tons 60 tons 5 to 1

Alloy steel (G80) 20 tons 40 tons 80 tons 4 to 1



Due to risk of embrittlement alloy steel grade (t) chain slings must not be used in acid or
acid laden atmospheres.
Grades of
Chain Slings
56














































57












Straight lift: Each leg will carry 5 tons of stress









Increased sling angle = increased stress on slings




























To ensure you stay within SWL of slings follow guide below



Load vs Sling
Angles
5.0t 5.0t
10 ton
30
5.2t 5.2t
10 ton
90
7.1t 7.1t
10 ton
5.8t 5.8t
60
10 ton
58







Calculating Load vs. Sling Angle













One leg sling = Mode factor 1
Two leg sling = Mode factor 1.4
Three or four leg sling = Mode factor 2.1















To calculate what SWL is needed for slings vs load angle use the magic sevens system

If you are using a sling with 2 legs @ a 90 angle the formula would be:

2 (leg sling) x 7 = 14 place decimal point between the 1 and 4 = mode factor of 1.4

Or

3 (leg sling) x 7 = 21 place decimal point between the 2 and 1 = mode factor of 2.1


So if you are using a sling with 2 legs @ an 90 angle and the weight of your load is 20tonne

20 (Load weight) by your mode factor of 1.4 (2 leg sling used) = 14 tonne slings needed to
complete lift safely

BS 1290 Working Load Limits
Of Slings
Magic Sevens

1 x 7 = 7

2 x 7 = 1.4

3 x 7 = 2.1
4 x same as 3
59
90
16 ton









Calculating Load vs. Sling Angle














Two leg sling = Mode factor 1.4












To calculate what SWL is needed for both slings

Divide 16 by mode factor 1.4

16 1.4 = 11.4 tonne slings for lift

So each sling leg must be capable of lifting
11.4 tons each










BS 1290 Working Load Limits
Of Slings
Magic Sevens

1 x 7 = 7

2 x 7 = 1.4

3 x 7 = 2.1
4 x same as 3
Load to sling
60








Calculating Load vs. Sling Angle













Three or four leg sling = Mode factor 2.1










To calculate what SWL is needed for sling to be used

Divide 35 by mode factor 2.1

35 2.1 = 16 tonne slings for lift
So each sling leg must be capable of lifting
16 tons each
35t







Note: when using 4 leg chains formula is the same as for 3 legs: 2.1





BS 1290 Working Load Limits
Of Slings
Magic Sevens

1 x 7 = 7

2 x 7 = 1.4

3 x 7 = 2.1
4 x same as 3
Load to sling
61














225c 250c 275c 300c 320c 350c 375c 400c
The special fluorescent pink powder coating permanently highlights the maximum temperature
at which the VIP-chain has been used.
The pink colour changes to black when the chain is used at more than 400 C (forbidden).
Less sensitive to notching and hydrogen embrittlement than quality Grade 80.



















Rud Chains Ltd.
John Wilson Business Park
Units 10-14
Thanet Way
Whitstable, Kent CT5 3QT
Phone: 011 44 1227 276 611
Fax: 011 44 1227 276 586
http://www.rud.com.uk

RUD VIP
Chain Slings

62



























When using 4 legged chain slings it is important to check the tension on each
sling leg each slack leg you must reduce SWL of chain sling by 25%

When slewing with the load because of the weight transfer on the load, Or you are
not using 2 of the 4 chain legs you should reduce SWL of chain sling by 50%



Remember: Any slack legs are not taking a full load bearing weight of the lift they
are only acting as stabilisers.

















4 Legged Chain
Sling
63








Quick guide on selecting the correct sling lengths












Sling level or just beyond attachment point = 60 Angle



of sling attachment point = 90 Angle




2/3 of sling attachment point = 120 Angle

















Sling Lengths

64










6,375 IBS / 3000kgs


11,200 IBS / 5600Kgs


12,500 IBS / 6250Kgs


15,675 IBS / 7837Kgs





Shock loading: Crane drivers and slingers should be made aware of the dangers
of shock loading. Shock loading may break a sling even though the weight of the
load being lifted is well below the working load limit for that sling. High
acceleration forces, or shock loads, may be caused by the sudden operation of
the crane, by not taking up the slack before starting to lift, or by sudden impact of
falling loads. Crane drivers should always lift and lower slowly.















Shock Loading

Total load At Rest A

Talking up 3 Slack at Full Speed B
Talking up 6 Slack at Full Speed C
Talking up 12 Slack at Full Speed D
65
























































Chain Slings
Reasons for use
Can be applied where no Lifting points are on Load
Where more than one Lifting point on Load is required
Can be hooked into Lifting points i.e. Lugs, Shackles.
Length Adjustable.
Flexible
Chain Slings
Weaknesses & Reason for
Failure
Links and hooks may become distorted and fracture if
Subjected to excessive stress
Chain can be subject to stretch
Chain Slings
Care and Maintenance
Keep clean and protect from corrosion.
Do not leave chains lying around on the floor where
they are liable to be damaged.
If left out side slightly oil

66








NOTE: THE WEIGHT OF ALL ATTACHMENTS USED MUST BE ADDED TO
THE LOADS WEIGHT TO ARRIVE AT THE TOTAL WEIGHT BEING LIFTED









Single drum Lift Double Drum Lift Pipe Clamp










Plate Clamp Segment Lifting Finger Coil lifter










Brick Forks Vacuum Lifting Device Plate Clamp







Various Lifting Aids

67






Out of balance loads

Some loads are asymmetrical and therefore,
do not balance about their centre point and
some require more careful handling it is essential
for the slinger to acquire the skill of estimating
the position of the centre of gravity and then place
the crane hook immediately above this estimated
point.

The sling nearer the heavy end will be supporting
All of the load and the second leg is only acting
As a steadying leg. In most cases a sling capable
of 100% of the load bearing weight on one sling
leg should be used


Straight lift

Single leg Choke lift single leg Choke lift two legs










100% of WLL Only Use 80% of WLL (Note: some company policies reduce by 50% of WLL)

When using a single eyebolt for lifting purposes (Fig1) care should be taken to
ensure the eyebolt cannot unscrew if the load starts to revolve or twist. A swivel
type eyebolt should be used instead

Choke hitching forms a loop, which tightens as the load is lifted. Do not attempt to
force the hook into closer contact with the load. Allow the chain to assume its
natural angle. Single leg chains are not suitable for lifting long loads, which might
tilt.


Kuplex Slinging
Methods
68








Single Leg Slings In Basket Hitch












100% of WLL for single leg sling 100% of WLL for single leg sling

A single leg sling, back hooked to form a basket hitch, assumes the appearance
of a two leg sling but it should never be rated as such. The master link is only
designed for single leg loading.


Endless Slings





100% of WLL

Note: No need to de-rate
For choke hitch configuration











Kuplex Slinging
Methods
69







Two Single Leg Slings Used Together

Two sling legs in straight lift Two single legs in choke hitch Two single legs in basket hitch










Rate as two leg sling Use only 80% of two leg sling Rate as two leg sling

Two sling legs should not be used together to form a pair unless:

A. They are of same type, grade, size and length
B. They are both marked with the same WLL
C. The included angle between the two legs does not exceed 90
D. The crane hook is large enough to comfortably accept both upper terminal
fittings of the slings

Two Leg Slings

Straight Lift Basket Hitch Drum Sling Two leg sling with
only one leg in use










Rate as two leg sling Rate as two leg sling Should be rated as a single
Leg Rate at 50% of WLL



Kuplex Slinging
Methods
70






Three Leg Slings

Straight lift Choke Hitch














Rate as Three leg sling Only use 80% of WLL

Rate as indicated only in cases where the load appears to be reasonably
distributed between all three legs. If two are obviously supporting most of the load,
Rate at 2/3 of the marked working load.

Four Leg Slings

Straight lift Choke lift Two, two leg slings used as four leg














Rate WLL as four leg sling Only use 80% of WLL Rate as four leg slings
See comment for slings
used together
Kuplex Slinging
Methods
71






Tag Lines












When lifting long loads, particularly in confined spaces, slingers should attach a
rope or tag line to one or both ends of the load so that rotational movement may
be controlled. Tag lines should be kept as short as possible slingers should also
look out for overhead electric cables or weather conditions lighting strikes can
conduct electricity down through tag lines.


Landing loads
















Before a load is lifted, a place should be prepared where it is to be put down. The
nature of the load will determine the type of preparation necessary loads should
be lowered onto timber battens. The slings can then be easily withdrawn. The load
should never be landed directly on to the slings.




Kuplex Slinging
Methods
72






ROUND LOADS SQUARE OBJECTS

Formula: Die x Die x 3 = Formula: Height x Width x 4 =
LBS. per foot length LBS. per foot length


Example: Object 2.75 Diameter Example: Object 3.5 x 2.5
12 feet long 12 feet long

2.75 x 2.75 x 3 x 12 3.5 x 2.5 x 4 x 12

Simplified = 3 x 3 x 3 x 12 Simplified = 4 x 3 x 4 x 12

Answer: 300 LBS. Answer: 576 LBS.

When simplifying always move up to the next whole number, for ease of calculation
100lbs = 1cwt. When selecting a sling, the operator / Slinger should add a further
50% %% % on the weight of the load to determine the safe working load of the sling /
lifting gear.

Example: 300 IBS SWL of sling = 450Ibs


WEIGHT TABLES

MATERIAL KILOGRAMS PER POUNDS PER
Cubic metre Cubic foot
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1. In some cases weights
Aluminium 2700 170 may vary depending on
Brass 8500 530 the actual composition
Brick 2100 130 of mixed Liquids.
Coal 1450 90
Copper 8800 550 2. All figures have been
Concrete 2400 150 rounded for convenience
Earth 1600 100 of use.
Iron Steel 7700 480
Lead 11200 700 3. When dealing with a
Magnesium 1750 110 hollow body. Check to
Oil 800 50 see if it contains any
Paper 1120 70 loose objects / liquids
Water 1000 62 which may move when
Wood 800 50 Lifted.




Estimating Loads

73







Signals given by the banksman to the crane operator must be clear and precise to
avoid confusion and to prevent accidents. They also need to be standardised so
that any operator can understand any banksman. Special signals used locally are
dangerous and should be avoided























IMPORTANT
If an operator does not understand a signal or is uncertain, he should keep the
crane stationary until he can get the signal clarified in some other way.

Hand Signals

74






































Hand Signals
CONT.

75



DOS, DONTS:

Go through them and think about the ones you do and
The ones you dont.

Ask yourself why you do them, and what would be
the consequences if you ignored certain ones.

NEVER.

Allow the load to pass over peoples heads.
Drag a chain or sling from under a load.
Roll loads over with a sling.
Allow the load to rest on slings, as they may be crushed and become
unsafe.
Drag or lift the load out of plumb, the crane is not designed for this purpose
and serious damage may occur.
Stow lifting Gear away and regard it as private
property.
(This may lead to such tackle being overlooked
for examination)
Attempt to raise or lower the load unless it is
completely free from obstructions.
Cross-, twist, links or knot any slings.
Hammer a chain to straighten a link or force a
link into position.
Use any lifting tackle, which appears faulty.
Allow personnel to ride on loads.
Overload slings due to the weight of the load or
mode of use.
Load tip of the hook.












ALWAYS THINK BEFORE YOU ACT
DONT OVERLOOK SAFETY
NEVER TAKE A CHANCE
76



Always

Plan the lift
Know the weight of the load being lifted
Check all equipment is free from damage
or defects
Connect the sling securely to the load and
position hooks to face outwards
Apply the correct mode factor for slinging
arrangement.
Protect lifting gear from sharp edges of
the load with packing.
Use steadying lines on long loads to obtain
complete control.
Use lifting gear of adequate strength.
Take the weight of the load gradually and ensure the slings are complete
straight before lifting the load to avoid shock loading. (See shock load chart)
Ensure the load is balanced and will not tilt or fall.
Make sure the load is unhampered and may be lifted clear.
Select slings long enough to avoid a wide sling angle between the legs of a
multi-leg sling.
Remain in sight of the crane operator when given hand signals.
Use spreader where a sling is continuous around a load and there is a
danger of the load being crushed.
Ensure that cranes & loads are clear of all obstructions before giving
movement signals.
Keep fingers and toes clear when lifting or loading loads.
Back hook free legs onto master link.
Inspect lifting gear after use and store correctly.














Remember always work safely
77


































Ritchies Training Centre Ltd
Hobden Street, Glasgow G21 4AQ
Tel: 0141 557 2212 Fax: 0141 558 8252
Please visit our website www.ritchiestraining.co.uk