Digital Control Protocol Update:

DALI, BACnet, ZigBee

Thursday, June 5
8:30 AM - 10:00 AM
Session Code: L14S30
Rick Miller, Ethan Biery,
Pete Baselici, Tobin Richardson
BACnet
Pete Baselici
Hubbell Building Automation
ZigBee Light Link
Tobin Richardson
ZigBee Alliance
DALI
Ethan Biery
Lutron Electronics
Moderator
Rick Miller
RNM Engineering, Inc.
Learning Objectives
Learn about industry standard protocols
Explore the application of lighting control profiles
Compare control profiles of standard protocols
Contrast BACnet, DALI, and ZigBee protocols to
determine appropriate use cases
Protocol: Definition
In computer science, a set of rules or procedures for
transmitting data between electronic devices,
such as computers. In order for computers to
exchange information, there must be a preexisting
agreement as to how the information will be
structured and how each side will send and
receive it. Without a protocol, a transmitting
computer, for example, could be sending its data
in 8-bit packets while the receiving computer
might expect the data in 16-bit packets. Protocols
are established by international or industry-wide
organizations.
(Concise Encyclopedia)
Protocol: Definition
In computer science, a set of rules or procedures for
transmitting data between electronic devices,
such as computers. In order for computers to
exchange information, there must be a
preexisting agreement as to how the information
will be structured and how each side will send
and receive it. Without a protocol, a transmitting
computer, for example, could be sending its data
in 8-bit packets while the receiving computer
might expect the data in 16-bit packets. Protocols
are established by international or industry-wide
organizations.
(Concise Encyclopedia)
IESNA TM-23-11: Lighting Control Protocols
TM-23-11 describes 16 open digital protocols
used for lighting control
TM-23 also mentions
dimming, topologies,
media and connections
TM-23 is currently being
updated

Lighting Control Protocols
TM-23-11
Todays Focus
DALI
BACnet
ZigBee
Not covered:
DMX Theatrical
EnOcean Licensed
0-10VDC Not digital
Industry mark (DALI-AG, BTL, ZigBee Alliance) on
a product
Vertical and Horizontal Communication
Low-voltage
keypad
Fluorescent
Ballast
Emergency
Lighting
LED Driver
Lighting Control
System Headend
Building
Management
System
LCS User
Interface
Gateway:
Protocol
Converter
Gateway:
Protocol
Converter
Low-voltage
keypad
Fluorescent
Ballast
Emergency
Lighting
LED Driver
Horizontal Communication (wired or wireless)
V
e
r
t
i
c
a
l

C
o
m
m
u
n
i
c
a
t
i
o
n

(
B
a
c
k
b
o
n
e
)

Horizontal Communication (wired or wireless)
Horizontal Communication
Todays discussion is about lighting control
protocols used in horizontal communication
That is the portion of the lighting control system
that talks to the luminaires and the lighting
control sensors
May be wired or wireless
Simple to the Complex
DALI is the simplest of the digital protocols;
because it is wired, it talks to only the devices
that are connected to the wire
BACnet is generally wired but may be wireless;
its protocol structure is more complex than DALI
ZigBee is the most complex because it is a full
wireless mesh network (every device talks to
every other device)
DALI
Ethan Biery
Lutron Electronics
What is DALI?
An acronym
Digital
Addressable
Lighting
Interface
A 2-wire digital control protocol used for
communicating with lighting loads (ballasts, LED
drivers, etc.)
An open, international communications standard
administered by the IEC
A brand administered by the DALI-AG group
The DALI mark, owned by DALI-AG
History of DALI: The Early Years
1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002
1992: Developed
by Tridonic, an
independent
manufacturer
2000: First publicized as
IEC-60929 (electronic
ballasts) in Annex E4
Control by digital signals

1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002
History of DALI: The Teenage Years
2002:
NEMA starts
work on a
digital
controls
protocol
2004:
NEMA
controls
protocol
published as
NEMA-243,
but not as a
standard
2005:
Digital
standard
removed
from
IEC-60929,
new
standard
IEC-62386
created

2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011
History of DALI: Coming of Age
2009:
Publication of
Edition 1.0 of
Parts 101, 102,
201, 202, 203,
204, 205, 206,
207, 208
2011:
Publication of
Edition 1.0 of
Parts 209, 210
Structure of DALI (today)
Basic System
(IEC 62386, Part 101)
Control Gear
(Part 102)
LED
(Part 207)
Emergency Operation
(Part 202)
Color Control
(Part 209)
Sequencer
(Part 210)
DC
Voltage
(Part 206)
Incan-
descent
(Part 205)
Low
Voltage
(Part 204)
HID
(Part 202)
Fluor-
escent
(Part 201)
DALI System Architecture





Originally described in IEC-60929 Annex E, now
described in IEC-62386 Part 102
2-byte protocol
Only one control master talks
Ballasts operate as slave only: listen unless polled for
feedback
Collisions not anticipated, so collision
detection/avoidance not implemented
System gets addressed by the Controller as part of
setup

Low-voltage
DALI Controller
Load Load Load
Legend:
primary flow of
information
DALI Link
To optional
higher-level
control system
DALI System Architecture (now)







Now described in IEC-62386 Parts 201,202,...,210
2-byte protocol
Control gear primarily listens, unless polled for
feedback
For more information:
http://www.dali-
ag.org/fileadmin/user_upload/pdf/news-
service/brochures/DALI_Manual_engl.pdf
Low-voltage
keypad
Fluorescent
Ballast
DALI Link
Emergency
Lighting
HID Ballast
Low Voltage
Lighting
DC Lighting
LED Drivers
Switches
Legend:
primary flow of
information
Color Control
Sequencer
DALI System Architecture (next: DALI 2.0)




Multiple control (masters) talk; ballasts only
listen, unless polled for feedback
collisions anticipated, some collision
detection/avoidance implemented
3-byte protocol
Now described in IEC-62386 Part 103 (still draft
stage)
Low-voltage
keypad
Ballast
DALI Link
LED
Driver
Legend:
primary flow of
information
Low-voltage
keypad
Sophisticated
Sensor
DALI Wiring








Low voltage (9-22V max), low current (250mA max)
NOT SELV, but isolated from mains
Polarity insensitive
Wire in any configuration: daisy chain, star, T-tap, etc.
Power wires are independent of control wires
64 Load devices per link
DALI
Controller
Hot Neutral Hot Neutral
D1

D2
To additional
Loads
(max 64 total),
300m max length
DALI Load DALI Load
250mA max.
2mA max.
DALI Gateways





DALI by definition is designed for a small area
and limited number of loads
To connect multiple DALI links, or connect to
higher-level BMS systems, protocol gateways are
used
Protocols may be standard (TCP/IP) or
proprietary, and may enable remote Internet
access
Load Load Load
DALI Link
DALI
Controller To BMS
System
DALI Protocol Format
Transmit Packet:



Response Packet:



Low value: -4.5 to +4.5VDC
High value: +9.5 to +22.5VDC
1200 bits/second (throughput), Manchester encoded (robust)
Bi-directional, simplex, shared bus
2 (or soon 3) bytes per message
Loads only speak after being spoken to
No authentication, no encryption
Start
Bit
Address Data Stop Bits
Y A5 A4 A3 A2 A1 A0 S D7 D6 D5 D4 D3 D2 D1 D0
15.83mS
Start
Bit
Data Stop Bits
D7 D6 D5 D4 D3 D2 D1 D0
9.17mS
DALI Commands
Addressing modes
Broadcast (all)
Group (programmable subset)
Individual
Examples of typical commands
Fade to level at particular time/rate
Raise/lower
Select scene
Query lamp/ballast/driver/load status
Go to color (RGB, x/y, CCT)
Many more

DALI Standardized Light Level
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 200 220 240 260
%

M
e
a
s
u
r
e
d

L
i
g
h
t

L
e
v
e
l

DALI Light Level
Steps sized so that
perceived light level
changes are equal for
each step change in
DALI Light Level
Different types of loads are
designed to dim to different
low ends, so they may not
make use of the full DALI
Light Level scale
DALI Load A (0.1% low end)
DALI Load B (10% low end)
DALI Advantages
Bi-directional get status of fixtures
Flexible handles multiple load types
Mature proven market need
Robust reliable and hard to miswire
Cost effective relatively low-cost hardware and
installation
DALI Disadvantages
Requires wires not usually present for retrofit
Typically needs some commissioning
No guarantee of interoperability; no centralized
certification body
Manufacturer-specific features/extensions
No single point of contact for system assurance
More complex to design
DALI Typical Applications





Open offices
Conference rooms



Retail

Future of DALI








The formal organization of DALI (DALI-AG) has
restructured in 2013 to focus on growing market
adoption of the DALI brand
There is widespread feeling that the DALI mark has
become less meaningful, due to slow standards
development and interoperability problems
DALI-AG helps provide input to the ongoing development
of the IEC standard
Basic System
(Part 101, Edition 2.0)
Control Device
(Part 103)
Buttons
and
Switches
(Part 301)
Rotaries
and
Sliders
(Part 302)
Presence
and
Absence
Detector
(Part 303)
Light
Level
Sensor
(Part 304)
Color
Sensor
(Part 305)
Control Gear
(Part 102)
Fluorescent
(Part 201)
HID
(Part 203)
LED
(Part 207)
Color Control (Part 209)
Master Devices
(Multi-master)

Emergency (Part 202)
Slave Devices
DALI Licensing
Currently, dues-paying DALI-AG members can
use the logo on their self-certified compliant
products:



Non-members can pay a fee to use the mark
Soon, only products certified for compliance by
DALI-AG will be able to use a DALI mark
Expected by the next release of the IEC standard
DALI-AG may audit products to ensure
compliance
BACnet
Pete Baselici
Hubbell Building Automation
Background
Supported and administered by ASHRAE
ANSI/ASHRAE Standard 135-2013
ISO 1648-5 Global standard
National standard in over 30 countries
Continuance maintenance, consensus driven
Open standard, no royalty or fees
Open source stack available on SourceForge
ASHRAE sells the book
Origin June 1987
First published 1995
728+ Vendor IDs issued to manufactureres
Building Automation Control network
Conceived, Developed, and Deployed for the
control of buildings
www.bacnet.org
What is a Protocol Anyway?
BACnet is a set of rules
Organization and structure of data messaging
Transmission parameters
Purposed for control and monitoring
Physical media for BACnet messaging (needs to match)
Ethernet
Ethernet TCP/IP (BACnet IP)
BACnet MS/TP (RS-485)
ARCNET (RS-485)
LonWorks
Point to Point (PTP)
ZigBee (wireless)
Real World Applications
BACnet IP
Enterprise level

BACnet MS/TP
Wired field bus level

ZigBee
Wireless field bus

BACnet BAS System Architecture
BACnet IP
Dedicated BAS LAN OR Building Enterprise LAN/WAN
Wired Sensors, Actuators, I/O Devices
Building
Control
Unit
BAS
User
Workstation
Access
Control
Panel
Lighting
Control
Panel
Fire
Alarm
Panel
Building
Control
Unit
Wired Sensors, Actuators, I/O Devices
Lighting
Control
Panel
Lighting
Control
Panel
BACnet MS/TP Field Bus
Sensors
& Switches
Field Bus
BACnet BAS System Architecture
BACnet IP
Dedicated BAS LAN OR Building Enterprise LAN/WAN
Wireless Sensors, Actuators, I/O Devices
Building
Control
Unit
BAS
User
Workstation
Access
Control
Panel
Lighting
Control
Panel
Fire
Alarm
Panel
Building
Control
Unit
Wired Sensors, Actuators, I/O Devices
Lighting
Control
Panel
Lighting
Control
Panel
ZigBee
Wireless
Field Bus
BACnet MS/TP Field Bus
Sensors
& Switches
BACnet BAS System Architecture
BACnet IP
Dedicated BAS LAN OR Building Enterprise LAN/WAN
DALI Ballasts, 64 max. per field bus
Building
Control
Unit
BAS
User
Workstation
Access
Control
Panel
Lighting
Control
Panel
Fire
Alarm
Panel
Building
Control
Unit
Wired Sensors, Actuators, I/O Devices
Lighting
Control
Panel
Lighting
Control
Panel
DALI
Gateway
BACnet MS/TP Field Bus
Sensors
& Switches
BACnet BAS System Architecture
BACnet IP
Dedicated BAS LAN OR Building Enterprise LAN/WAN
LonWorks Sensors, Actuators, I/O Devices
Building
Control
Unit
BAS
User
Workstation
Access
Control
Panel
Lighting
Control
Panel
Fire
Alarm
Panel
Building
Control
Unit
Wired Sensors, Actuators, I/O Devices
Lighting
Control
Panel
Lighting
Control
Panel
BACnet MS/TP Field Bus
Sensors
& Switches
LonWorks
Field Bus
Designed for Scalability
Flexible messaging structure designed to
accommodate small simple devices, as well as large
heavy-weight devices
Security includes network level, device level, and
user authorization
Based on keys embedded in messaging

For additional information:
http://www.bacnet.org/Bibliography/index.html
http://www.bacnet.org/Bibliography/BACnet-Today-
13/Newman-2013.pdf
http://www.bacnet.org/Bibliography/BACnet-Today-
13/Wichenko-2013.pdf
http://www.bacnet.org/Bibliography/BACnet-Today-
05/27059Holmberg.pdf
Objects, Properties, and Services
Control devices are modeled with Objects
Example: Relay Panel
Relays
Groups
Switch inputs
Properties define Objects
Relay name
Relay state
Actions are performed using Services
Control relays
Read relay status
Alarms

Typical Objects Used for Lighting Control
Binary Output Object
Relay (on/off)
Group (on/off)
Analog Output Object
Dimmer (level %)
Binary Input Object
Switch (on/off)
Binary Value Object
Occupancy sensor state
Multi-state Value Object
Select preset scene
Properties
Standard object properties are defined
Over 125 defined
Subset will be associated with each object type:
Typical properties for lighting
Object_Name (Dimmer #3)
Description (North Hall Down Lights)
Present_Value (0 100% light level)
Etc.
Proprietary properties are allowed
Relay Modeled as an Object
Object Instance = 5
Object_Type Binary_Output
Object_Name Relay 5
Object_Description L1R2 Hallway
Present_Value 1 , 0 (on/off)
Status_Flags Normal, Out of Service
L1R2
Hallway
Services
Services are actions that can be performed on objects,
properties and devices
Write_Property_Service
Set present_value property to 75 = set light level to 75%
Read_Property_Service
Read present_value property returns a light level of 75%

Device Model Example: BACnet IP
Relay #01
Relay #02
Relay #03
Relay #04
Relay #05
Relay #06
Relay #07
Relay #08
Relay #09
Relay #10
Relay #11
Relay #12
Group #1
Group #2
Switch Input #3
Switch Input #1
Switch Input #2
Device Object
IP Address: 10.90.5.211
Device ID: 4,194,303
Name: Relay Panel 2
Vendor ID: 15
Etc.
Object List:
BI1 Switch #1
BI2 Switch #2
BI3 Switch #3
BO101 Group #1
BO102 Group #2
BO1 Relay #1
BO2 Relay #2
BO3 Relay #3
BO4 Relay #4
/
BO12 Relay #12
Ethernet LAN
Relay Panel
Device Model Example: BACnet MS/TP
Relay #01
Relay #02
Relay #03
Relay #04
Relay #05
Relay #06
Relay #07
Relay #08
Relay #09
Relay #10
Relay #11
Relay #12
Group #1
Group #2
Switch Input #3
Switch Input #1
Switch Input #2
Device Object
MS/TP MAC: #127
Device ID: #4,194,303
Name: Relay Panel #2
Vendor ID: 15
Etc.
Object List:
BI1 Switch #1
BI2 Switch #2
BI3 Switch #3
BO101 Group #1
BO102 Group #2
BO1 Relay #1
BO2 Relay #2
BO3 Relay #3
BO4 Relay #4
/
BO12 Relay #12
Relay Panel
Twisted Pair
BACnet Now Officially Recognizes Lighting
Lighting_Output_Object
Blink warn, fade time, low/high trim, etc.

Channel_Object
Groups

Write_Group_Service
Synchronize actions
Native BACnet vs. Gateway
Native BACnet device
Connect directly to the BACnet system
No translation required
MS/TP, IP, or ZigBee
Gateway
Resides between the lighting control system and
the BACnet system
Converts proprietary to BACnet
Proprietary system relay #4 = Binary_Output 4
Common in modern building systems
Much better than they used to be

BTL Listing
The BTL mark is a symbol that indicates to a
consumer that a product has passed a series of
rigorous tests
Conducted by an independent laboratory which
verifies that the product correctly implements
the BACnet features claimed in the listing

ZigBee Light Link
Tobin Richardson
ZigBee Alliance
ZigBee Alliance
What Is It
Open, global not-for-profit
More than 400 companies
worldwide are members
Membership is approximately
40% Americas, 35% Asia, 25%
EMEA

What It Does
Develops standards for wireless
device-to-device communication
(Internet of Things)
Certifies products to help insure
interoperability through the
ZigBee Certified program
Promotes the use of ZigBee
standards around the world

Open, Global Standard Benefits
Single product can be deployed globally
Consumer choice of products
Product Competition
Quality
Product Feature Innovation
Price Competition
Buyer choice of suppliers
No vendor lock-in to specific chip
manufacturer
Multiple sources for interoperable end
products
For more information:
http://www.zigbee.org/LearnMore/Whi
tePapers.aspx
ZigBee continues to be the
primary driver toward
standardization and
interoperability and will see
further strong growth across
many markets, accounting for
almost 80% of total 802.15.4-
enabled device shipments in
2018. ABI, July 2013









Standard for interoperable/easy-to-use consumer lighting & control
Based on the ZigBee PRO Network Protocol and using the IEEE 802.15.4
PHY/MAC standard on the 2.4 GHz ISM band
250kbps data rate, 16 channels, less than 10mW nominal output power

Application
(Profile)
ZRC ZID
ZSE
1.x
ZHA ZLL ZBA ZTS ZRS ZHC ZSE 2.0
Network RF4CE ZigBee PRO ZIP
MAC IEEE 802.15.4 MAC
IEEE802.15.4 -
MAC or other
PHY
Sub-GHz
(specified per region)
IEEE 802.15.4 2.4 GHz
(worldwide)
IEEE 802.15.4 -
2.4GHz or other
What is ZigBee Light Link?
ZigBee PRO Network Communication Model










Mesh, self organizing, self healing topology scalable to
thousands of nodes
Interference tolerance via clear channel assessments,
retries, etc.
Point to Point communication gives range > 100 m, and
full mesh deployment can have several kilometer range
ZigBee End Device (RFD or FFD)
ZigBee Router (FFD)
ZigBee Coordinator (FFD)
Bi-directional Mesh Link
ZigBee Light Link Secure Communications Model







Standard Frame Format builds on ZigBee PRO frame to add
Light Link specific commands/responses as part of network
payload
Secure (AES-128 encryption) at network level for all nodes
Additional application layer security available with a single
key for every node pair
Device authentication by use of joining Master Key,
available only to certified devices
ZigBee Light Link Cluster Commands
This is just a sample of the
ZLL cluster commands

Cluster Command
Identifier
Description
Commissioning 0x00 Scan Request
Commissioning 0x02 Device information request
Commissioning 0x06 Identify request
On/Off Control 0x00 Off
On/Off Control 0x01 On
On/Off Control 0x02 Toggle
On/Off Control 0x41 On with recall global scene
Scenes 0x00 Add scene
Scenes 0x01 View scene
Scenes 0x05 Recall Scene
Level Control 0x00 Move to level
Level Control 0x02 Step
Level Control 0x06 Step (with on/off)
Installation with Touchlink Commissioning
Start with a lamp and controller


Move them close to each other
(< 2 m) and push a button on the
controller to begin Touchlink.
For fixed location devices, a
commissioning tool (handheld) is
used to initiate Touchlink on the
devices.

Once Touchlink is complete, control
the lamp from a distance

Lamp
Controller
ZigBee Light Link Deployment
Home Router / Access Point
Internet
Gateway
Remote Control
Lighting/Energy
Management Interface
Gateway serves as interface
between ZLL network and IP based
network
Multi-vendor deployment possible
via use of ZLL Standard
ZigBee Light Link vs. ZigBee Home Automation
Both Profiles based on ZigBee PRO Networking Protocol and
utilize the same Cluster Library (commands)
Profiles differ only on security model
Distributed (ZLL)
Centralized (ZHA)
ZigBee Light Link products are able to join centralized security
networks and thus can be included in a ZHA installation
ZigBee Certified Program
Program managed by the ZigBee Alliance to
verify compliance with applicable standards and
interoperability with similarly certified products

Two types of certifications offered:
ZigBee Compliant Platform (network only)
ZigBee Certified Product (network & application)

ZigBee Certified Products can use logos but must
include specific standard mark

Testing is performed by independent test service
providers (validated by the Alliance), and final
certification is made by the Alliance
Conclusion
Learned the difference between vertical
(backbone) and horizontal communication
protocols
Learned about three common horizontal
communication lighting control protocols
Contrasted DALI, BACnet, and ZigBee protocols

Conclusion
Learned the difference between vertical
(backbone) and horizontal communication
protocols
Learned about three common horizontal
communication lighting control protocols
Contrasted DALI, BACnet, and ZigBee protocols
Learn correct spelling of
DALI
BACnet
ZigBee

Q & A

Please remember to
complete the
course evaluations.
Thank you.