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In this paper the energy comparison of two MPPT, P&O and Incremental conductance is done using cuk convertor. For comparison such as voltage, current and power output for each different combination has been recorded. MATLAB simulink tools have been used for performance evaluation on energy point.
In this paper the energy comparison of two MPPT, P&O and Incremental conductance is done using cuk convertor. For comparison such as voltage, current and power output for each different combination has been recorded. MATLAB simulink tools have been used for performance evaluation on energy point.
In this paper the energy comparison of two MPPT, P&O and Incremental conductance is done using cuk convertor. For comparison such as voltage, current and power output for each different combination has been recorded. MATLAB simulink tools have been used for performance evaluation on energy point.
International Journal of Innovative Research in Advanced Engineering (IJIRAE) ISSN: 2349-2163
Volume 1 Issue 6 (July 2014) http://ijirae.com
_______________________________________________________________________________________________________ 2014, IJIRAE- All Rights Reserved Page - 277
Energy Comparison of MPPT Techniques Using Cuk Converter
R.B.Wankhede 1 PROF.U.B.Vaidya 2
1 Student of M.Tech(EMS), RCERT, Chandrapur. 2 Professor, Electrical Department, RCERT, Chandrapur
Abstract--In this paper the energy comparison of two MPPT, P&O and Incremental conductance is done using cuk convertor. For comparison such as voltage, current and power output for each different combination has been recorded. MATLAB simulink tools have been used for performance evaluation on energy point.
Key words--Maximum power point tracking MPPT, photovoltaic cell PV, P&O, incremental conductance IC, CUK convertor
I.INTRODUCTION Photovoltaic (PV) generation is becoming increasingly important as a renewable source since it offers many advantage such as incurring no fuel cost, not being polluted, requiring little maintenance, and emitting no noise among others.[1] PV module still have relatively low conversion efficiency, therefore, controlling maximum power point tracking (MPPT) for the solar array is essential in a PV system. The optimum operating changes with solar radiation and cell temperature. In general, there is a unique point on V-I or V-P characteristic curve, called maximum power point (MPP) at which entire PV system operates with maximum efficiency and produces its maximum power output.[2] Therefore Maximum Power Point Tracking (MPPT) techniques are needed to maintain the PV array operating point at its MPP.A variety of maximum power point tracking (MPPT) are developed. These techniques vary between then in many aspects including simplicity, convergence, speed, hardware maintenance, sensor required, cost range effectiveness. Perterb and observance[3] and increamental conductance technique[4] using cuk convertor with resistive load is studied in this paper.
II.PV EQUIVALENT CIRCUIT
Solar cells are connected in series and parallel to set up the solar array. Solar cell will produce dc voltage when it is exposed to sunlight. Fig.1 shows the equivalent circuit model for a solar cell. Solar cell can be regarded as a non-linear current source.[5] Its generated current depends on the characteristic of material, age of solar cell, irradiation and cell temperature.
Fig.1:-Equivalent circuit model for a solar cell
III. CUK CONVERTER When proposing an MPP tracker, the major job is to choose and design a highly efficient converter, which is supposed to operate as the main part of the MPPT. The efficiency of switch-mode dcdc converters is widely discussed in [7]. Most switching-mode power supplies are well designed to function with high efficiency. Among all the topologies available, both Cuk and buckboost converters provide the opportunity to have either higher or lower output voltage compared with the input voltage. Although the buckboost configuration is cheaper than the Cuk one, some disadvantages, such as discontinuous input current, high peak currents in power components, and poor transient response,make it less efficient.On the other hand the Cuk convertor has low switching losses and the hieghest efficiency amond non isolated dc-dc convertor. It can also provide a better output-current characteristic due to the inductor on the output stage. Thus, the Cuk configuration is a proper converter to be employed in designing the MPPT. Figs. 2 and 3 show a Cuk converter and its operating modes, which is used as the power stage interface between the PV module and the load. The Cuk converter has two modes of operation. The first mode of operation is when the switch is closed (ON), and it is conducting as a short circuit. In this mode, the capacitor releases energy to the output. The equations for the switch conduction mode are as follows:
:L1 =Ig (1) :I 2 =:1 : 2 (2) International Journal of Innovative Research in Advanced Engineering (IJIRAE) ISSN: 2349-2163 Volume 1 Issue 6 (July 2014) http://ijirae.com _______________________________________________________________________________________________________ 2014, IJIRAE- All Rights Reserved Page - 278
ic 1 =i 2 (3) ic 2 =i 2 :2/R (4) make it less efficient. On the other hand, the Cuk converter has low switching losses and the highest efficiency among non isolated dcdc converters.
Fig. 2 Electrical circuit of the Cuk converter used as the PV power-stage interface
Fig.3.Cuk converters with (a) switch ON and (b) switch OFF On the second operating mode when the switch is open (OFF), the diode is forward-biased and conducting energy to the output. Capacitor C1 is charging from the input. The equations for this mode of operation are as follows:
: L1 =Ig : 1 (5)
vL2 =: 2 (6)
ic 1 =i 1 (7)
ic 2 =i 2 :2/R (8) The principles of Cuk converter operating conditions state that the average values of the periodic inductor voltage and capacitor current waveforms are zero when the converter operates in steady state. The relations between output and input currents and voltages are given in the following: I0/Iin= (/1 ) (9) Iin/Io= ( /1) (10) IV.PERTURB AND OBSERVE (P&O) In this algorithm a slight perturbation is introduce system [8]. This perturbation causes the power of the solar module changes. If the power increases due to the perturbation then the perturbation is continued in that direction [8]. After the peak power is reached the power at the next instant decreases and hence after that the perturbation reverses. When the steady state is reached the algorithm oscillates around the peak point. In order to keep the power variation small the perturbation size is kept very small. A PI controller then acts moving the operating point of the module to that particular voltage level. It is observed that there some power loss due to this perturbation also the fails to track the power under fast varying atmospheric conditions. But still this algorithm is very popular and simple.
Fig. 4: Graph Power versus Voltage for Perturb and Observe Algorithm[3] International Journal of Innovative Research in Advanced Engineering (IJIRAE) ISSN: 2349-2163 Volume 1 Issue 6 (July 2014) http://ijirae.com _______________________________________________________________________________________________________ 2014, IJIRAE- All Rights Reserved Page - 279
Fig. 5: Flow chart of the Perturb and Observe Algorithm[3]
V.INCREAMENTAL CONDUCTANCE (IC)
The disadvantage of the perturb and observe method to track the peak power under fast varying atmospheric condition is overcome by IC method [3].
Fig.6: Graph Power versus Voltage for IC algorithm
Fig 7 :-Flow chart of incremental conductance method International Journal of Innovative Research in Advanced Engineering (IJIRAE) ISSN: 2349-2163 Volume 1 Issue 6 (July 2014) http://ijirae.com _______________________________________________________________________________________________________ 2014, IJIRAE- All Rights Reserved Page - 280
The IC can determine that the MPPT has reached the MPP and stop perturbing the operating point. If this condition is not met, the direction in which the MPPT operating point must be perturbed can be calculated using the relationship between dl/dV and I/V [9 This relationship is derived from the fact that dP/dV is negative when the MPPT is to the right of the MPP and positive when it is to the left of the MPP. This algorithm has advantages over P&O in that it can determine when the MPPT has reached the MPP, where P&O oscillates around the MPP. Also, incremental conductance can track rapidly increasing and decreasing irradiance conditions with higher accuracy than perturb and observe [3]. One disadvantage of this algorithm is the increased complexity when compared to P&O [3].
VI. GRAPHICAL ENVIRONMENT MATLAB SIMULINK ENVIRONMENT
Fig 8:- Simulink model of Incremental conductance MPPT with resistive load.
Fig 9:- Simulink model of PO MPPT with resistive load Continuous powergui v + - Voltage Measurement1 v + - Voltage Measurement V1 To Workspace4 P1 To Workspace3 I To Workspace2 V To Workspace1 P To Workspace Step Series RLC Branch Scope8 Scope6 Scope5 Scope4 Scope3 Scope2 Scope1 Scope Saturation InRMS RMS4 In RMS RMS2 I nRMS RMS1 Product1 Product Vref D PWM Generator ISO +V -V PVG1 V I Vref MPPT i + - Current Measurement1 i + - Current Measurement PWM +V -V V+ V- Cuk |u| Abs1 |u| Abs v pv pp Discrete, Ts =5e-006s. powergui pi p i d PWM +V -V V+ V- cuk v + - Vm1 v + - Vm Transport Delay I1 To Workspace2 P1 To Workspace1 V1 To Workspace Subtract In1 Out1 Out2 Subsystem Step Saturation1 Saturation In S/H Sample and Hold1 RL Product1 Product ISO +V -V PVG InRMS Discrete RMS value6 I nRMS Discrete RMS val ue5 I nRMS Discrete RMS val ue4 InRMS Discrete RMS val ue3 InRMS Discrete RMS val ue2 InRMS Discrete RMS value1 >=0 Compare To Constant2 i + - Cm1 i + - Cm |u| Abs2 |u| Abs1 |u| Abs International Journal of Innovative Research in Advanced Engineering (IJIRAE) ISSN: 2349-2163 Volume 1 Issue 6 (July 2014) http://ijirae.com _______________________________________________________________________________________________________ 2014, IJIRAE- All Rights Reserved Page - 281
Fig 10:- Simulink model of with ought IC and P&O MPPT with resistive load VII. RESULT Result of comparison of o/p current, voltage and power with and without Perturb and observe method and Incremental conductance method is shown in figure below
Fig. 11. Comparison diagramof o/p current, voltage & power without P&O and Incremental conductance method Continuous powergui v + - Voltage Measurement1 v + - Voltage Measurement I To Workspace2 V To Workspace1 P To Workspace Step Series RLC Branch Scope5 Scope3 Scope2 Scope1 Scope Saturation In RMS RMS5 In RMS RMS2 In RMS RMS1 Product1 Product Power Vref D PWM Generator ISO +V -V PVG1 i + - Current Measurement1 i + - Current Measurement PWM +V -V V+ V- Cuk 0.465 Constant1 |u| Abs1 |u| Abs 0 0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2 0.25 0.3 0.35 0.4 0.45 0.5 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 Time c u r r e n t 0 0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2 0.25 0.3 0.35 0.4 0.45 0.5 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 Time v o l t a g e 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 x 10 4 0 50 100 150 200 250 300 time p o w e r International Journal of Innovative Research in Advanced Engineering (IJIRAE) ISSN: 2349-2163 Volume 1 Issue 6 (July 2014) http://ijirae.com _______________________________________________________________________________________________________ 2014, IJIRAE- All Rights Reserved Page - 282
Fig. 12. Comparison diagramof o/p current, voltage & power with Incremental conductance method
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 4.5 5 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Time c u r r e n t 0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 4.5 5 0 20 40 60 80 100 Time v o l t a g e 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 x 10 5 0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 time p o w e r 0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 4.5 5 0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 Time c u r r e n t International Journal of Innovative Research in Advanced Engineering (IJIRAE) ISSN: 2349-2163 Volume 1 Issue 6 (July 2014) http://ijirae.com _______________________________________________________________________________________________________ 2014, IJIRAE- All Rights Reserved Page - 283
Fig. 14:- Comparison diagramof o/p current, voltage & power with perturb & observe method VIII. CONCLUSION This paper has presented a comparison of two most popular MPPT controller, Perturb and Observe Controller with Incremental Conductance Controller. One simple solar panel that has standard value of insolation and temperature has been included in the simulation circuit. From all the cases, the best controller for MPPT is incremental conductance controller. This controller gives a better output value for cuk converter.
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0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 4.5 5 0 5 10 15 20 25 Time v o l t a g e 0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 4.5 5 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 Time p o w e r