SPARQL Tutorial II & III

SPARQL TUTORIAL
BY AMNA BASHARAT
7th October , 2008
FAST‐NU , Islamabad
in a nutshell
Adapted from fabien, gandon, inria

RDF triple model
is the first layer of the
semantic web standards
FAST – NU, Islamabad, Fall 2008
SPARQL on top...
an RDF query language
and data access protocol
SPARQL stands for
SPARQL Protocol and
RDF Query Language
SPARQL in 3 parts
part 1: query language
part 2: result format
part 3: access protocol
SPARQL query
SELECT ...
FROM ...
WHERE { ... }
SELECT clause
to identify the values to
be returned
FROM clause
to identify the data
sources to query
q y
WHERE clause
the triple/graph pattern
to be matched against the
g
triples/graphs of RDF
WHERE clause
a conjunction of triples:
{ ?x rdf:type ex:Person
?x ex:name ?name }

PREFIX
to declare the schema
used in the query
q y
example : persons and their names
PREFIX ex: <http://inria.fr/schema#>

SELECT ?person ?name
WHERE {
?person rdf:type ex:Person
?person ex:name ?name .
}

Example or Result
<?xml version="1.0"?>
<sparql xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2005/sparql-results#" >
<head>
<variable name="person"/>
<variable name="name"/>
</head>
<results ordered="false" distinct="false">
<result>
<binding name="person">
<uri>http://inria.fr/schema#fg</uri>
</binding>
<binding name="name">
<literal>gandon</literal>
</binding>
</result>
<result> ...

FILTER
to add constraints to the
g
graph pattern (e.g.,
p p ( g,
numerical like X>17 )
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Example: persons at least 18‐year old
PREFIX ex: <http://inria.fr/schema#

http://inria fr/schema#>
WHERE {
?person ex:age ?age .
FILTER (?age > 17)
}

FILTER can use many
operators, functions (e.g.,
operators functions (e g
regular expressions), and
even users' extensions
OPTIONAL
to make the matching of a
part of the pattern
p p
optional
Example:: retrieve the age if available
PREFIX ex:
e #>
<http://inria.fr/schema#
htt //i i f / h
SELECT ?person ?name ?age
WHERE {
OPTIONAL { ?person ex:age ?age }
}

UNION
to give alternative
patterns in a query
p q y
Example: explicit or implicit adults

SELECT ?name
WHERE {
{
{ ?person rdf:type ex:Adult }
UNION
{ ?person ex:age ?age
FILTER (?age > 17) }
}
}

Sequence & modify
ORDER BY to sort
LIMIT result number
OFFSET rank of first result
Example: results 21 to 40 ordered by name

WHERE {
}
ORDER BY ?name
LIMIT 20
OFFSET 20

UNBOUND
test a variable is not bound ;
used for negation as failure

Example: persons who are not known authors
PREFIX ex: <http://inria.fr/schema#

htt //i i f / h #>
SELECT ?name
WHERE {
OPTIONAL { ?person ex:author ?x }
FILTER ( ! b
bound(?x))
d( )
}

NEGATION
is tricky and errors can easily be made.
26
SELECT ?name
WHERE {
?person ex:knows ?x
FILTER ( ?x != "Java" )
}
does this find persons who do not know "java" ?
? FAST – NU, Islamabad, Fall 2008 27
NO! also persons who know something else !

SELECT ?name
WHERE {
?person ex:knows ?x
FILTER ( ?x != "Java" )
}
Amna ex:knows "Java"
Amna ex:knows "C++"
Amna is a answer...
persons who are not known to know
YES! "java" ... negation of an option...

SELECT ?name
WHERE {
OPTIONAL { ?person ex:knows ?x
FILTER ( ?x = "Java" ) }
FILTER ( ! bound(?x) )
}

ASK
to check just if there is at
least one answer ; result is
;
"true" or "false"
Example: is there a person older than 17 ?

ASK
{
?person ex:age ?age
FILTER (?
(?age > 17)
}

CONSTRUCT
return a specific RDF
graph for each result
g p
return instances of adults for
Example:
persons older than 17

CONSTRUCT
{
?person rdf:type ex:Adult
}
WHERE
{
?person ex:age ?age
FILTER (?age > 17)
}

SPARQL protocol
sending queries and their
results accross the web
Example: with HTTP Binding
GET /sparql/?query=<encoded query>

HTTP/1.1
Host: www.inria.fr
User-agent: my-sparql-client/0.1

Example: with SOAP Binding
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>

<soapenv:Envelope
xmlns:soapenv="http://www.w3.org/2003/05/soap-envelope/"
xmlns:xsd="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema"
xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
<soapenv:Body>
<query-request
<query request xmlns
xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2005/09/sparql-
http://www.w3.org/2005/09/sparql
protocol-types/#">
<query>SELECT ?x ?p ?y WHERE {?x ?p ?y}</query>

</query-request>
/
</soapenv:Body>
</soapenv:Envelope>
/ p p

SPARQL as a Protocol
A way of communication between parties
that run SPARQL queries.
th t SPARQL i
Defining a way of invoking the service.
Bindings of a transport protocol for that
goal.

SPARQL Protocol (1)
WSDL description file:
à Description of the protocol.
i i f h l
à Not for human understanding.
HTTP binding:
bi di
à Specify how to encode SPARQL queries in URLs
with GET and POST methods.
ith GET d POST th d
SOAP binding:
à Specify the SOAP message format
S if h SOAP f
(XML message exchange format for queries)

WSDL Description file
WSDL description file: (HTTP binding part)
<binding name="queryHttp"
bi di " Htt "
interface="tns:SparqlQuery“
… > >
<fault name="MalformedQuery" whttp:zode="400"/>
<!‐‐ the GET binding for query operation ‐‐>
<operation ref="tns:query" whttp:method="GET"
whttp:inputSerialization=“…" />
whttp:inputSerialization= />
</binding>

SPARQL Protocol (2)
Interface SparqlQuery
à Only one operation: query
l i
For transferring string query
à Data types: via XML schema
D t t i XML h
à Bindings: HTTP / SOAP binding for invokable
operations.
operations
A service must support SparqlQuery
interface
à support the bindings as described in the WSDL.

SPARQL Protocol Examples
Examples after we cover SPARQL Query
Language for RDF.
L f RDF

SPARQL Query Language
A standard query language in the form of
expressive query
i against the RDF data
i t th RDF d t
model…
Data access language
D t l
Graph patterns
Powerful than XML queries in some aspects

SPARQL Query Language (1)
SQL:
à Internals of DB (tables, fields, data, meaning)
à Impossible to query databases on the
WILD WILD WEB.
So, what does SPARQL propose?
So what does SPARQL propose?
à URIs.
à Querying databases globally.
Querying databases globally
à Combining data globally.
à Value of data grows exponentially with the ways
you combine it.
The Wild Wild Web
SQL SPARQL
XML

SPARQL Query Language (2)
Data structure definitions are being
developed worldwide in a distributed
d l d ld id i di t ib t d
manner.
Common ontologies (Dublin Core, Foaf,
C t l i (D bli C F f
DOAP, etc.)
A database publishes the ontologies it
A d b bli h h l i i
exports to
An application queries it using those
ontologies.

Power of SPARQL Illustrated
Ask fotograf.com if it has a picture which
matches some constraints such as title,
t h t i t h titl
date, size, and some other tag…
Then ask google for URLs in relation to the
Th k l f URL i l ti t th
tag we specified.
And turn the results of these two
A d h l f h
uncoordinated data as an RSS feed on your
site.
site
All this in just two‐three SPARQL queries.

Power of SPARQL (2)
Ask music cds of price less than 10
You can run this query against
hepsiburada.com, amazon, e‐bay,
gittigidiyor.com or any other seller on earth
itti idi th ll th
who has a website and a database.
No seller needs to change their databases.
N ll d h h i d b
Seller needs: Conversion layer between
ontologies and database.
Client needs: connectivity framework (like
JDBC) for java.
Power of SPARQL (2) Imp.
PREFIX dc:
<http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/>
htt // l /d / l t / / PREFIX
ns: <http://example.org/ns#>
SELECT ?title ?price
SELECT ?titl ? i
WHERE {
?x ns:price ?price .
?x ns:price ?price
FILTER (?price < 10) .
?x dc:title ?title
?x dc:title ?title .
}

SPARQL Syntax ‐brief‐1
URIs
à <URI> in < >
i
à or @PREFIX prefix: <http://....>
à prefix:name for full URI
fi f f ll URI
Literals
à “Literal“ or “Literal”@language
Blank Node
à _:name or [ ] for a Blank Node used just once

SPARQL Syntax ‐brief‐2
Triples and .
à :x :y :z . :t :q :s .
Common predicate and subject:
à :x :y :z, :t .which is the same as :x :y :z . :x :y :t .
Common subject:
RDF Collections
à :x :y ( :z :t :q :s )
which is short for many triples (as lists in LISP)

A walkthrough example illustrating the
power of SPARQL
XML/SQL SPARQL

Walkthrough example (1xml)
<Person>
<name>Henry Story</name>
<mbox>hs@bblfish.net</mbox>
<knows>
<Person>
<name>Tim Bray</name>
i
<mbox>tb@eg.com</mbox>
</Person>
<Person>
<name>Jonathan Story</name>
<mbox>js@eg.edu</mbox>
</Person>
</knows>
</Person>

Walkthrough example (1sparql)
[ a :Person;
:name "Henry Story";
:mbox <mailto:hs@insead.edu>;
:knows [ a :Person;
:name "Tim Bray";
:mbox <mailto:tb@eg.com
b il b@ ]
];
:knows [ a :Person;
:name "Jonathan Story";
name "Jonathan Stor "
:mbox <mailto:js@eg.edu> ];
]
] .
Graph representation

Walkthrough example (2)
<AddressBook>
<Person>
<name>Jonathan Story</name>
<mbox>Jonathan.Story@eg.edu</mbox>
<address>
<Country>France</Country>
</address>
</Person>
<Person>
<name>Tim Bray</name>
<mbox>Tim.Bray@eg.Com</mbox>
<address>
dd
<Country>Canada</Country>
</address>
</Person>
</AddressBook>
[ a :Person;
:name "Tim Bray";
:mbox <mailto:Tim.Bray@eg.com>
:address [ a :Address;
:country "Canada"@en ] ].
[[ a :Person;
;
:name "Jonathan Story";
:mbox <mailto:Jonathan.Story@eg.edu>
:address [
a :Address;
:country "France"@en ]
].
Graph representation

These graphs can be merged into the
following graph especially if the mbox
f ll i h i ll if th b
relation is stated as being inverse functional


Graph representation(merged)

"Who does Henry know who lives in Canada,
and what is their e‐mail address?"
d h t i th i il dd ?"
Can only be answered by aggregating data
f
from both documents.
b th d t
Can not be done using the XML query
l
languages, which can only work
hi h l k on the
h
surface of the document.

SELECT ?name ?mail
WHERE {
[a :Person;
:name "Henry Story";
:knows [
[ :name ?name; ;
:mbox ?mail;
:address [ a :Address;
:country "Canada"@en;
] ] ]
] ] ].
} 61
Names and websites of contributors to
PlanetRDF
Pl tRDF
PREFIX foaf: <http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/>
SELECT ?
SELECT ?name ?website
? b it
FROM <http://planetrdf.com/bloggers.rdf>
WHERE {
?person foaf:weblog ?website ;
foaf:name ?name .
?website a foaf:Document }

Protocol Example (1)
PREFIX foaf: <http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/>
PREFIX dc: <http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/>
SELECT ?who ?g ?mbox
FROM <http://my.example/publishers>
FROM NAMED <http://my.example/alice>
p // y p /
FROM NAMED <http://my.example/bob>
WHERE {
?g dc:publisher ?who .
GRAPH ? { ? f f b ? b } }
GRAPH ?g { ?x foaf:mbox ?mbox } }
Protocol Example (1)
HTTP/1.1 200 OK
Date: Wed, 27
d Dec 2005 12:48:25 GMT
8 G
Server: Apache/1.3.29 (Unix) PHP/4.3.4 DAV/1.0.3
Connection: closeContent‐Type:
application/sparql‐results+xml; charset=utf‐8
<?xml version="1.0"?>
l i
<sparql xmlns=“…"> … …
</sparql>

References
http://www.w3.org/2004/Talks/17Dec‐
sparql/intro/all.html
l/i t / ll ht l
http://jena.sourceforge.net/ARQ/Tutorial/
http://blogs.sun.com/roller/page/bblfish
http://xmlarmyknife.org/api/rdf/sparql
http://xml.com/lpt/a/2005/11/16/introducing
‐sparql‐querying‐semantic‐web‐
tutorial.html
http://www.w3.org/2005/Talks/12May‐
p 3 g 5 y
SPARQL/all.html
References (2)
http://www‐
128.ibm.com/developerworks/xml/library/j‐
8 ib /d l k / l/lib /j
sparql/
http://www.w3.org/TR/rdf‐sparql‐protocol/
htt // /TR/ df l t l/
http://www.w3.org/2004/Talks/17Dec‐
sparql/intro/ex1.rq
l/i /
http://www.oreillynet.com/pub/wlg/7823

THANK YOU…
For your attendance
and patience
67
ANY QUESTIONS?
68
DUA ONTOLOGY
Taxonomy
Dua
Qurani Duas Masnoon Duas
Duas To Seek
DuasToSeekParadise ….
K
Knowledge
l d

RDF Model of Duas
containsDua isRelatedTo
Surah Dua
Prophet
isContainedIn
hasRelatedDua
hasTheme
Theme

SAMPLE SPARQL QUERIES
Search Dua with a Particular Theme
PREFIX dua:
<http://www.semanticweb.org/ontologies/2
htt // ti b / t l i /
008/9/DuaOntology.owl#>
SELECT ?D ?theme
WHERE { ?D dua:hasTheme ?theme.}

SAMPLE SPARQL QUERIES
é é
Tested with Protégé 3.3.1
PizzaOntology
Querying for Classes

SELECT ?subject ?object
WHERE { ?subject rdfs:subClassOf ?object }

PREFIX p: <http://www.co‐
ode.org/ontologies/pizza/2005/10/18/pizza.o
d / t l i / i / / / 8/ i
wl#>
SELECT ? bj t ? bj t
WHERE { ?subject rdfs:subClassOf ?object }

d / t l i / i / / / 8/ i
wl#>
WHERE { ?subject rdfs:subClassOf p:Pizza}

d / t l i / i / / / 8/ i
wl#>
WHERE { ?subject rdfs:subClassOf
p:PizzaTopping.
Pi T i
}

ode org/ontologies/pizza/2005/10/18/pizza o
wl#>
WHERE { ?subject rdfs:subClassOf
p
p:DomainConcept.p
?subject owl:disjointWith ?object.
}

Dua Ontology
Querying on Instance Data

List all Duas with Corresponding themes
PREFIX dua:
SELECT ?D ?theme
WHERE { ?D dua:hasTheme ?theme.}

Example: List of Duas, their Themes which are
contained in Surah Taha
PREFIX dua:
SELECT ?D ?theme
WHERE { ?D dua:hasTheme ?theme.
?D dua:hasSourceSurah dua:Taha. }

List of All Dua’s which have some Theme and
have some source Surah
PREFIX dua:
SELECT ?D ?theme ?surah
?D dua:hasSourceSurah ?surah.}

PREFIX dua:
<http://www.semanticweb.org/ontologies/2008/9/DuaOntology.owl#>
SELECT ?D ?theme ?surah ?no
WHERE { ?D dua:hasTheme ?theme
?D dua:hasSourceSurah ?surah .

?surah dua:hasSurahNo ?no
?surah dua:hasSurahNo ?no.
}
ORDER BY ?no

PREFIX dua:
SELECT ?D ?theme ?surah ?no ?ayah
WHERE { ?D dua:hasTheme ?theme
?D dua:hasSourceSurah ?surah ;
dua:hasSourceAyah ?ayah.
?surah dua:hasSurahNo ?no
}
ORDER BY ?no

Notice the change in results with the use
of OPTIONAL
PREFIX dua:
SELECT ?D ?theme ?surah ?no ?ayah
WHERE{ ?D dua:hasTheme ?theme.
?D dua:hasSourceSurah ?surah.

OPTIONAL{ ?D dua:hasSourceAyah ?ayah.
}}
ORDER BY ?no

Use of Regular Expression to retrieve duas
that contain the word Rabbi
PREFIX dua:
<http://www.semanticweb.org/ontologies/2008/9/DuaOntology.
owl#>
l
SELECT ?D ?surah ?no ?text
WHERE{
?D dua:hasSourceSurah ?surah
?D dua:hasTextAyah ?text.
FILTER regex(?text, "Rabbi") .
}

Use of Regular Expression to retrieve duas
that contain the word Rabbana
PREFIX dua:
SELECT ?D ?surah ?no ?text
WHERE{
?D dua:hasTextAyah ?text.
FILTER regex(?text "Rabbana")
FILTER regex(?text, Rabbana ) .
}

AN interesting Query!. …Think about
what it does!
PREFIX dua:
SELECT ?Dua ?DuaOther ?surah2
WHERE{
?Dua dua:hasSourceSurah dua:Taha.
?Dua dua:isRelatedTo ?p.
?DuaOther dua:isRelatedTo ?p
?DuaOther dua:isRelatedTo ?p.
?DuaOther dua:hasSourceSurah ?surah2.
}

Find other Duas related to the same
prophet in a given Surah
“Find other duas related with the prophet of a
given surah.
given surah ”

SPARQL Tutorial II &amp; III

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SPARQL TUTORIAL

Adapted from fabien, gandon, inria

FAST – NU, Islamabad, Fall 2008

PREFIX ex: <http://inria.fr/schema#>

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PREFIX ex: <http://inria.fr/schema#

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PREFIX ex: <http://inria.fr/schema#>

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PREFIX ex: <http://inria.fr/schema#>

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PREFIX ex: <http://inria.fr/schema#

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PREFIX ex: <http://inria.fr/schema#>

PREFIX ex: <http://inria.fr/schema#>

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PREFIX ex: <http://inria.fr/schema#>

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PREFIX ex: <http://inria.fr/schema#>

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GET /sparql/?query=<encoded query>

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<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>

<query>SELECT ?x ?p ?y WHERE {?x ?p ?y}</query>

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Qurani Duas Masnoon Duas

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FAST – NU, Islamabad, Fall 2008

SPARQL Tutorial II & III

SPARQL Tutorial II & III